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A Pilot Study of Littoral Fish Assemblages on Kangaroo

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A Pilot Study of Littoral Fish Assemblages on Kangaroo A PILOT STUDY OF INSHORE REEF FISH ASSEMBLAGES ON KANGAROO ISLAND By S.A. Shepherd1, M. Kinloch2 and H. Bartram2 1 South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences), PO Box 120, Henley Beach, SA 5022. 2 Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Board, PO Box 520, Kingscote, SA 5223 Summary In this pilot study, we examined the feasibility of establishing a quantitative monitoring system for coastal reef fishes around the Kangaroo Island (KI) coastline. In this system, fish species abundances and size compositions are estimated visually along measured transect lines, or during standard timed swims, and recorded on waterproof data sheets attached to underwater slates. The pilot study was conducted at six sites, encompassing two reefs in each of three bays on KI: Emu Bay, D’Estrees Bay and Hanson Bay (see Figure 1). Across all sites, 16 species of fish were recorded at total densities ranging from 0.10 - 0.16 fish per square metre (m-2). Three species occurred in moderate to high abundance, (blue-throated wrasse, banded sweep and zebra fish) but the most suitable indicator species are likely to be blue-throated wrasse, western blue groper, magpie perch and moonlighter because of their position at the top of the food chain and their susceptibility to fishing pressure. The sex ratio of blue-throated wrasse is also a useful indicator of the intensity of recreational rock fishing. The abundance of juvenile and sub-adult blue groper, a protected species in parts of SA, was very high at Osmanli Reef, suggesting a recruitment hotspot within D’Estrees Bay. Introduction A biodiversity monitoring program is currently being developed for the marine and coastal environments of Kangaroo Island, South Australia. This involves the selection of representative indicator species and index sites to assess trends in the condition of regional biodiversity assets and identify threats to ecosystem structure and function. The species composition and size structure of fish assemblages are useful indicators of the health of subtidal rocky reefs. Fish feed at different levels of the food web, from herbivores to top carnivores, and their abundance and size are affected by fishing, pollution and other human impacts. Repeated, quantitative surveys of reef fish fauna are therefore a valuable means of detecting impacts and monitoring changes in inshore, hard-bottomed marine ecosystems. Methods We used the standard visual census technique (Barrett & Buxton 2002) to estimate the sizes and numbers of all fishes sighted within 2.5 metres (m) either side of a 100-m transect line, set at a given depth (see Shepherd & Brook 2003b for further details). Six reef systems situated on the north and south coasts of KI were selected for study and surveys were conducted over three consecutive days (25 – 27) in late November 2004. Reef locations are shown in Figure 1, and further details about each site are given in Table 1. At each site, one diver deployed the transect line, then all three divers swam along the line about 1 m above the algal canopy and independently recorded the count and length, by species, of every fish seen within the 5-m wide swathe. Where large schools of fish were encountered, the number of fish in the school and their average length were estimated visually. The sex composition of blue-throated wrasse was also recorded by one author (SAS) and these data were used to calculate the sex ratio for mature fish, assuming that all fish > 15 cm long were sexually mature (see Shepherd & Brook 2003b). At some sites, after establishing that a diver could swim 100 m in 10 min., we 2 used timed 10-min swims instead of laying a transect line, thus providing considerable savings in time. Four to six replicate transects were surveyed per site, except at the first two sites in Emu Bay, where training sessions for the second and third authors were conducted, reducing survey time and hence the number of transects. Replicate fish counts from each diver were used to calculate mean species abundances, with standard deviations, at each site Table 1. Locations of sites surveyed, with number of replicate samples (N), estimated rocky bottom relief (R), water depth (D) and exposure to swell (E). Relief and depth are recorded in metres. Exposure to swell is given in three categories: sheltered (s), moderately exposed (m), and fully exposed (e). Location Site Lat. Long. N R D E Emu Bay 1. East Point 35º 34´ 18.25″ S; 137º 33´ 51.4″ E 2 2 3 s-m 2. Cape D’Estaing 35º 34´ 25.0″ S; 137º 30´ 00.0″ E 3 2 5 m D’Estrees Bay 3. Osmanli Reef 35º 58´ 47.1″ S; 137º 37´ 26.7″ E 4 1.5 3 e 4. Point Tinline 35º 59´ 7.0″ S; 137º 37´ 26.7″ E 4 2.5 3 e Hanson Bay 5. Outer bar 36º 1´ 4.9″ S; 136º 51´ 13.6″ E 6 3 5 e 6. Inner bay 36º 1´ 4.9″ S; 136º 51´ 13.6″ E 6 2 3 s Figure 1. Locations of survey sites listed in Table 1. Results In presenting our data, we follow the reef fish classification of Shepherd & Brook (2003b). In this system, five ecological groups of fish are recognised according to behaviour and life habit as follows (see Figure 2): Group 1 – pelagic and mid-water species; Group 2 – species that live in seagrass beds but wander into algal habitats; Group 3 – demersal, site-attached species that swim above and close to the algal canopy; Group 4 – demersal, site-attached species usually cryptic within the algal canopy; and Group 5 – cryptic or cave-dwelling species, active mainly at night. 3 Figure 2. Ecological groups of fish on coastal reefs. See text for explanation of each group. A total of 16 species of fish representing three of the ecological groups were recorded at the six sites. The missing groups were Group 2 and Group 5; this is not unusual as transects did not pass over sandy or seagrass habitats, nor were they conducted at night. The fish species encountered and their mean densities per site are given in Table 2. The suite of species present was that generally found on exposed coasts of central South Australia. Only four species (western blue groper, magpie perch, zebra fish and blue- throated wrasse) were recorded at all six sites; absences of particular species at some sites may reflect local habitat features (see below). For example, tommy ruff occurred in highest density at the fully exposed, ‘oceanic’ site on the southwest coast of KI . Total fish densities were in the range 0.1 - 0.16 m-2, as expected for coastal reefs of high relief (see Shepherd & Brook 2003b). Highest mean densities were recorded for Group 3 species at sites of moderate to full exposure. Juvenile and sub-adult western blue groper, a protected species on the northern and eastern coasts of KI, were especially abundant at Site 3 (Osmanli Reef, D’Estrees Bay), with a size range of 10 - 50 cm, suggesting a local recruitment hotspot. The lowest species diversity was recorded at Point Tinline and the highest at the two sites in Hanson Bay. Of special interest were sightings of the purple wrasse at Sites 5 and 6, as this species has not previously been recorded west of Robe, SA (Hutchins & Swainston 1999). At the six sites sampled, the sex ratio of blue-throated wrasse (female: male) ranged from 7:1 at Site 4 off Point Tinline, to 16:1 at Site 2, Cape D’Estaing (mean = 11.7:1 (s.d. 1.1)). 4 Table 2. List of fish species recorded at six sites around Kangaroo Island at 2 - 5 m depth, ordered according to ecological group (see Figure 2 and text for explanation). Mean densities for each site are given in numbers per 500 m-2. Figures in brackets are standard deviations. FT is feeding type, where BC = benthic carnivore; C = carnivore; H = herbivore; O = omnivore; P = planktivore. E Pt = East Point, CD’est = Cape D’Estaing, Oreef = Osmanli Reef, PtTin = Point Tinline, HBO = Hanson Bay outer, HBI = Hanson Bay inner. Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 FT Name of species E Pt CD’est OReef PtTin HBO HBI Group 1: Pelagic and mid-water species Scorpis aequipinnis P - - - - 11.7 4.2 Sea sweep (3.5) (1.8) Scorpis georgianus P 24.0 11.0 11.5 11.8 - - Banded sweep (7.1) (5.0) (3.0) (2.5) Arripis georgiana P - - 2.0 - 5.5 1.8 Tommy ruff (1.2) (3.9) (3.7) Mean density 24.0 11.0 13.5 11.8 17.2 6.0 Group 3: Demersal species Achoerodus gouldii BC 1.0 1.7 8.0 2.5 2.5 3.8 Western blue groper (0) (0.7) (2.2) (0.6) (1.1) (1.0) Dactylophora nigricans H - - 0.5 - 0.8 1.5 Dusky morwong (0.4) (0.5) (0.5) Kyphosus sydneyanus H 1.5 5.0 - - 2.2 10.7 Silver drummer (0.4) (2.4) (0.8) (7.5) Cheilodactylus nigripes BC 1.5 3.0 2.0 0.8 0.8 0.5 Magpie perch (1.1) (1.3) (0.6) (0.4) (0.4) (0.2) Girella zebra H 6.5 12.7 7.3 32.0 27.0 9.7 Zebra fish (4.6) (8.9) (3.1) (5.6) (10.1) (2.5) Notolabrus tetricus BC 28.0 31.0 23.0 30.5 26.7 18.2 Blue-throated wrasse (7.8) (13.0) (1.3) (1.8) (6.5) (4.2) Pseudolabrus fucicola BC - - - - 1.8 0.7 Purple wrasse (1.6) (0.5) Meuschenia flavolineata O - 7.3 0.3 - - - Yellowstripe leatherjacket (1.7) (0.3) Meuschenia hippocrepis BC 1.5 5.3 - - - - Horseshoe leatherjacket (1.1) (2.2) Mean density 40.0 65.9 41.1 65.8 61.8 45.1 Group 4: Demersal cryptic species Aplodactylus westralis H - - 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.5 Western sea carp (0.3) (0.3) (0.3) (0.3) Odax cyanomelas H 2.5 4.0 - - 0.8 0.3 Herring cale (2.1) (1.7) (0.5) (0.2) Parma victoriae H - - 3.5 2.0 3.0 1.0 Victorian scalyfin (0.9) (0.6) (1.3) (0.5) Tilodon sexfasciatum BC 0.5 1.0 0.8 - - - Moonlighter (0.4) (0.8) Mean density 3.0 5.0 4.6 2.5 4.8 1.8 Total species density 67.0 81.9 59.2 80.1 83.4 52.9 Total no.
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