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Fish Fauna Observations at the Kermadec Island Group (N.Z.)

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Fish Fauna Observations at the Kermadec Island Group (N.Z.) FISH FAUNA OBSERVATIONS AT THE KERMADEC ISLAND GROUP (N.Z.) By Sidney Lee Marsh 12 A Crisp Avenue, Pukekohe, South Auckland INTRODUCTION Situated 740-980 kilometres north-east of New Zealand, the Kermadec Islands lie between 29°13'S and 31°21'S, and between 177°50'W and 178°53'W. They consist of a chain of volcanic islands and rocks about 250 kilometres long running N.N.E., the closest rock being about 740 kilometres and Raoul Island 980 kilometres from New Zealand. The Kermadecs are a series of pinnacles on top of the Kermadec ridge forming four main groups of islands. From north to south these are: i) Raoul Island (and the Herald Islets) - 29 km2 ii) Macauley Island - 3km2 hi) Curtis and Cheeseman Islands — <1 km2 iv) L'Esperance Rock Mean sea surface temperature varies between 17°C and 23°C in the vicinity of Raoul Island. The Kermadecs are influenced by tropical water to the north of the tropical convergence for part of the year; the convergence may be located at about 30-35°S in summer and about 23-25°S in winter. (Francis 1985). In July 1986 the 'Pegasus //'(skippered by Capt. E. Gosse) visited the Kermadec Island Group for 10 days as part of the first leg motoring up to the Kingdom of Tonga and the Fijian Islands. While in the vicinity I endeavoured to observe and also positively identify as many of the different species of fish as possible. However, due to the excessively rough conditions and high winds (at one stage gusts up to 70 knots) encountered over the first five days, the group of nine SCUBA divers were initially very restricted as to when and where they could dive (resulting in myself conducting only 14 SCUBA dives at eight different dive sites). Because of the great numbers of unfamiliar tropical, sub-tropical and previously unrecorded fishes found in the area, I opted for the method of recording the different fish species observed at the random dive sites on a slate, rather than using the transect method. RESULTS * Species also seen in the vicinity of Raoul Island. + Species further encountered at Minerva Reefs or 'Ata Island. TANE 31, 1985-86 145 RAOUL ISLAND Fig. 1. Location of dive sites, Kermadec Islands. Dive Site 1 — L'Esperance Rock (N/E side) An overcast day with little wind. A one to two metre swell was hammering the SW quarter of the rock face. SCUBA diving down through the 25 metres underwater visibility my buddy and I witnessed one 16 kilogram yellowtail kingfish (Seriola ialandi)* being hauled up to the boat caught on a trolled line. From 6 metres down to 25 metres several other kingfish (one individual approaching 50 kilograms) came in very close perhaps attracted by the food-like appearance of our SCUBA exhaust bubbles. Several hundred demoiselles (Chromis dispilus)* were milling about spread from the surface waters down to 30 metres where a sandy, gravelly terrace was studded and dominated by large stone monoliths and boulders which were for the most part totally devoid of any brown algal forests or extensive coralline growths. Also present in large numbers near the fringing white water margin, hundreds of blue maomao (Scorpis violaceus)* swam while scores of pink maomao (Caprodon longimanus)* intermingled with equal numbers of a drummer-like silvery-grey kyphosid, (Kyphosus bigibbus)*\ Two very striking "banana maomao", a yellow variety of the same fish, were also seen in amongst this plankton-feeding group of fishes. Several golden snapper (Centroberyx assinus) and trevally (Psendo- caranx dentex)* were seen in mid-water along with one small mado 146 (Atypichtyhys latus)*. Nearer the rocky substrata at around 25 metres, a greyish-white angelfish*, (Parma) similar to black angelfish in most aspects except colour, hovered over their sporadically spread, territorial patches. A solitary male sandager's wrasse (Coris sandageri)*p\us several male and female green wrasse (Pseudolabrus inscriptus)* were seen as well as one dozen Lord Howe coral fish (Amphichaetodon howensis)* swimming in pairs and often singly. Loose schools of orange damselfish (Chrysiptera rapanui) congregated with juvenile demoiselles over the numerous bare rocky outcrops. Many painted moki (Cheilodactylus ephippium)* fossick• ed around the nooks and crannies and fissures occupied by some extremely large examples (averaging 50 cm long) of scorpionfish (Scorpaena cookii)*, similarly sized red cod (Lotella sp), and one speckled moray (Gymnothorax nubilus)*. On the gravelly sandy bottom at 30 metres a rocky overhang sheltered a 50 cm long yellow banded perch (Acanthistius cinctus)* and a 100 cm long spotted black grouper (Epinephalus daemelii)*+ sporting a uniform navy blue colour scheme. Both of these fish were extremely shy and could not be enticed any closer than 6 metres away. At the end of the dive my buddy and I were just boarding the boat when some curious dolphins came in close. We immediately plunged back in with full SCUBA equipment for a brief surface encounter with seven or eight defecating bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) who soon lost interest and meandered away even after we tried dolphin kicking and using various sound attention-gaining methods (rapping knife against tank, vocal, etc.) in a vain attempt to lure them in closer to us. Dive Site 2 — Stella Passage — Curtis Island Curtis Island is a live volcanic cone smoking and smelling very sulphuric. Before entering the water here, a 10 kilogram yellow-tail kingfish was pulled up on a line, tagged and released. An overcast sky accompanied the bitterly cold, strong southerly winds that limited our party to only two SCUBA dives in this area. A sandy, gravel bottom at 18 metres was strewn with boulders of various sizes (football to room size), many of which were haphazardly stacked up, one on top of another. Due to heavy swells stirring up the sandy bottom, underwater visibility was a poor 10 metres. Diving here I encountered large schools of mado and demoiselles but not so many blue maomao or "drummer" as were seen at L'Esperance Rock. Green wrasse and sandager's wrasse were relatively common as were the greyish-white angelfish, notchhead marblefish (Aplodactylus etheridgi)*, scorpionfish, red banded perch (Ellerkeldie sp)*, gold ribbon grouper (Aulacocephalus temmincki)*, golden snapper, black-spot goat fish (Parupeneus signatus)*, trevally, yellow banded perch and some 147 large (75 cm in length) bluefish (Girella cyanea)*. En masse, big eye (Pempheris analis)*, crowded the sheltered undersides of ledges an< dark caverns, while around one such location (a small area covering approximately 10 m2), 10 painted moki sheltered and browsed. Other fish seen on this dive were: a pair of Lord Howe coralfish, one small red mullet (Upeneichthys lineatus)*, one male yaldwins triple-fin (Tripterigion sp), a few black angelfish (Parma alboscapularis)* displaying a prominent white ear spot in most cases, one clown toado (Canthigaster callisternus)*, one toadstool grouper (Trachypoma macracanthus)*, one mosaic moray (Enchelycore ramosus)*, one blue knifefish (Labracoglossus nitida) and two lionfish (Pterois volitans)*'. I encountered four spotted black grouper at this site as well. One 40 kilogram individual remained in the vicinity of the anchor and warp. This fish was very curious but at the same time very wary and shy — he remained a uniform navy blue colour and didn't approach within seven or eight metres of the divers. Nearly 100 metres away another fish of similar size was seen by another diver to be hovering rapturously within five metres of my prostrate form totally engrossed in writing on an underwater slate. (I was unaware of its presence at the time!) Finally, a little further on from this location (possibly 20 metres) two other spotted black grouper were lying passively just outside their lair — a large boulder, supported by three or four other rocks, forming a dark protective shelter. The largest grouper was estimated to be 60-70 kilograms in weight. This fish sported a black/grey/white mottled colouration and allowed four divers to approach within touching distance. However, after some gentle strokes along the length of its body, this majestic creature slowly finned over to the confines of its lair, and from there peered back at the divers for the remainder of the dive. Dive Site 3 — Denham Bay (South-West Face) Raoul Island Appalling weather conditions, high winds and vicious squalls caused a large swell to run into the Bay stirring up sediment and reducing underwater visibility to 7 metres. Large numbers of lionfish hovered in pairs, or just by themselves, close to pock-marked rockfaces and shady underhangs. In one small hole jostling each other side by side was a yellow banded perch, a painted moki, and a Lord Howe coralfish. Crimson cleaner fish (Suezichthys sp.) were also seen for the first time. Throughout this dive red banded perch were seen resting and surveying their domains without moving from their little separate home ranges. Dive Site 4 — Meyer Island (Western Side) Raoul Island At the time gusting winds (up to 70 knots) and horrendous ocean swells made this the only feasible anchorage for 'Pegasus IF over a 48 148 hour period. Surges crashing into the south-eastern face of the nearby Napier Island sprayed white water 15 metres into the air. Over a period of one week we were to dive this location four separate times. At around mid-morning on the first day a few divers descended down the anchor warp through the fluctuating 4 metre underwater visibility (the poor visibility was attributed to the stirred-up sandy bottom of the surf-pounded beaches of nearby Raoul Island). My buddy and I encountered a very gradual sloping bed of sand at 20 metres. Closer to Meyer Island itself, rocky pinnacles guided us to scoured-out ravines winding deep into the substrata.
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