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Elebda3.Net-8162.Pdf اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] ﻟــ: أﻧﻮر ﻃﻮاف اﻟﯿﻤﻦ [email protected] anwrt w [email protected] ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ واﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] إھﺪاء ﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺃﻧﺔ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺇﻧﻲ ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﻷﺑﻲ ﻭﺃﻣﻲ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺗﺬﺗﻲ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺒﺎﹰ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺻﻴﺮﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﺨﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ .. ﻓﻬﺆﻻﺀ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ ﺃﺿﺎﺀﻭﺍ ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ ﺃﻫﺪﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺃﻣﺘﻨﺎﻥ ﺃﺭﺟﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺃﻟﻴﻬﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ: (ﻗﻞ ﻫﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﻧﻤﺎﻳﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﹸﻭﻟﹸﻮﺍ ﺍﻻﻟﺒﺎﺏﹺ ) [ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ : ٩] . ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ : (ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺀﺍﻣﻨﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ) [ﺍﺎﺩﻟﺔ : ١١] ﻟﻘﺪ ﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻃﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻼ ، ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺜﹸﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ، ﺃﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺟﺎﺀﻋﻦ ﺃﰊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺩﺍﺀ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ، ﻗﺎﻝ ﲰﻌﺖ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ : ( ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺎ ﯾﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﯿﮫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺳﻠﻚ اﷲ ﺑﮫ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق اﻟﺠﻨﺔ ، وإن اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻜﺔ ﻟﺘﻀﻊ أﺟﻨﺤﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ رﺿﺎ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ، وإن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﯿﺴﺘﻐﻔﺮ ﻟﮫ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﻮات وﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻷرض واﻟﺤﯿﺘﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮف اﻟﻤﺎء، وإن ﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻟﯿﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺪر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ، وإن اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ورﺛﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﯿﺎء، وإن اﻷﻧﺒﯿﺎء ﻟﻢ ﯾﻮرّﺛﻮا دﯾﻨﺎرا وﻻدرھﻤﺎ وﻟﻜﻦ ورﺛﻮا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻤﻦ أﺧﺬه أﺧﺬ ﺑﺤﻆ واﻓﺮ ) . (ﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﻝ ﻳﻬﺎﺑﻮﻧﻚ ﻭﳚﻠﻮﻧﻚ، ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﳛﺒﻮﻧﻚ ﻭﻳﻜﺮﻣﻮﻧﻚ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﻃﻠﺒﻪ ،ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ؟ ﻭﱂ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳉﻬﻞ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﳛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ، ﻭﻳﻐﺒﻂ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺀﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﻝ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺭﻋﻨﻪ ، ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺭﺫﺍﺋﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ؟ ﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ، ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ، ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﻀﻨﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻣﻄﺎﺭﺡ ﺍﻵﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳍﻢ ، ﻭﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﳌﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺲ ، ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﺩﺍﻉ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ، ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻄﻮﻝ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﳑﺎ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ، ﻭﰲ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﺃﺗﻌﺐ ﺿﻌﻔﺎﺀُ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﺘﺸﺎﻏﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻄﺮﻧﺞ ، ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺮﺩ ، ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺮ ، ﻭﺍﻷﻏﺎﱐ ، ﻭﺭﻛﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺏ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪ ، ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻮﺩﺑﺎﳌﻀﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ، ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻓﻼ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ وﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب ﻗﻮﻟﮫ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﺔ وﺳﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﰊ ﻫﺮﻳﺮﺓ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ : ﻗﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ) : {" ﻣﻦ ﺳﺌﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﻓﻜﺘﻤﻪ ﺃﻟﺠﻢ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻠﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺭ "}. ﻣﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﯿﻦ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ وﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ ھﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﺬي ﺑﯿﻦ أﯾﺪﯾﻜﻢ واﻟﺬي أﺳﺄل اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ أن ﯾﺠﻌﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺣﺴﻨﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] اﻟﻔﮭﺮس ﻣﺼﺪر ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﺮة ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ ﻟﯿﻨﻜﺲ ﺟﻨﻮ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺷﻌﺎر ﻟﯿﻨﻜﺲ ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﺎت ﻟﯿﻨﻜﺲ أواﻣﺮ ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ ﺑﯿﺌﺎت ﻟﯿﻨﻜﺲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﻟﯿﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ أﺧﯿﺮة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻣﻔﺘﻮح اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح ھﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺎدىء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻔﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ و إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ و اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ. ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﺎدة ﻟﯿﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺷﯿﻔﺮات اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ )اﻷﻛﻮاد) اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺪون ﻗﯿﻮد اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﯾﺔ .و ھﺬا ﯾﺘﯿﺢ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮاﻣﺞ، و ﺗﻌﺪﯾﮭﺎ، وإﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﮭﺎ. ﻇﮭﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ (Open Source) اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﮫ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح، ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ارﯾﻚ رﯾﻤﻮﻧﺪ (Eric Steven Raymond) ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﮫ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﺮة(free software) اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﯾﻔﮭﻢ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﻣﺠﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻠﺒﺲ اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ Free ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺎت أﺧﺮى ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﺎن ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﺎن ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ (gratis)ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺣﺮ .(libre) إذ ﻛﺎن ﻗﻄﺎع اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﯾﺘﺨﻮف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻟﯿﻨﻜﺲ واﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة، ﻷن ﻛﻠﻤﺔ (Free) ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻟﮭﻢ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﯿﺔ، وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد أرﺑﺎح، و ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻗﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻠﺒﺲ. ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎ، ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﻼم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ، ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة. ﻟﻜﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻄﻮر ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح، ﻗﺎم ﺑﺮوس ﺑﯿﺮﻧﺰ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر. اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر، ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ: • ﺣﺮﯾﺔ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ. • ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﺼﺪري ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ، وﺣﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﺼﺪري. • ﺣﺮﯾﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ أو ﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ، وﺣﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﮭﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻲ. • ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﺼﺪري ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮط اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﺑﺘﻮزﯾﻊ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻼت ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ. • ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد أي ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﻷي ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أو أﺷﺨﺎص. • ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد أي ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ. • اﻟﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ إﻟﯿﮫ. ھﺬه اﻟﻤﯿﺰات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻷي ﺗﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﺗﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﻣﻔﺘﻮح اﻟﻤﺼﺪر. ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﺮة اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ(Free Software :، ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة، ھﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ، وﻧﺴﺨﮭﺎ، ودراﺳﺘﮭﺎ، وﺗﻌﺪﯾﻠﮭﺎ، وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﮭﺎ ﺑﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ أو ﺑﺪون أي ﻗﯿﻮد. اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﻮد ﻛﮭﺬه ﺟﺰء ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة، وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ. اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد ﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﻛﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﺮة ھﻮ ﺗﺮﺧﯿﺼﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ رﺧﺼﺔ ﺣﺮّة (أو وﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ)، وﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ. ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ"Freeware" ، وھﻮ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة ﺑﺪون ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ، ﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻣﺤﺘﻜﺮة وﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﺣﺮّة. ﺣﯿﺚ ﻻ ﯾﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﯾﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ، وﻧﺴﺨﮭﺎ، ودراﺳﺘﮭﺎ، وﺗﻌﺪﯾﻠﮭﺎ، وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﮭﺎ. ﻛﻤﺎ أن ﺷﻔﺮﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺮ وﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺸﺮ، وﻗﺪ ﻻ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪّﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ. ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة: ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻣﻨﻊ ﺑﯿﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻌﺪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮّة. رُﺧﺺ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿّﺎت اﻟﺤﺮّة ﻃﺒ ﻘ ﺎ ﻟﺮﯾﺘﺸﺎرد ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻤﺎن و ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺎت اﻷرﺑﻊ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﯿﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻟﻔﻆ "ﺣﺮّة:" • اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ ٠: ﺣﺮﯾﺔ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻷي ﻏﺮض. • اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ ١: ﺣﺮﯾﺔ دراﺳﺔ وﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ. • اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ ٢: ﺣﺮﯾﺔ ﻧﺴﺦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﺟﺎرك أو ﺻﺪﯾﻘﻚ. • اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ ٣: ﺣﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻨﮫ، وإﺻﺪار ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻨﺎﺗﻚ وإﻇﮭﺎرھﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ، ﻟﺘﻌﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة. اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ ١ و ٣ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ، ﻷن دراﺳﺔ وﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺪون اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ، وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ، وأﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎ. اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﯿﺔ ﯾﺤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ. أﺷﮭﺮ ﺗﺮاﺧﯿﺺ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮّة، رﺧﺼﺔ ﺟﻲ.ﺑﻲ.إل. اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮّة • ﻧﻈﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ :ﺟﻨﻮ، ﺟﻨﻮ/ﻟﯿﻨﻜﺲ، ﺑﻲ.إس.دي، داروﯾﻦ و .ReactOS • ﻟﻐﺎت ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﯿﺮل، ﺑﺎﯾﺜﻮن، ﺑﻲ.إﺗﺶ.ﺑﻲ وروﺑﻲ. • واﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم :ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻨﻮﻓﺬة إﻛﺲ، وﺑﯿﺌﺎت ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﯿﺪي وﺟﻨﻮم. • ﺣﺰﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﯿﺔ أوﺑﻦ أوﻓﯿﺲ و ﻣﺘﺼﻔّﺢ اﻟﻮﯾﺐ ﻣﻮزﯾﻼ ﻓﺎﯾﺮﻓﻮﻛﺲ. • ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة(Free Software Foundation) وﺗﻌﺮف اﺧﺘﺼﺎرا اﯾﻀﺎ ب FSFو ھﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ رﺑﺤﯿﺔ ﻗﺎم ﺑﺘﺄﺳﯿﺴﮭﺎ رﯾﺘﺸﺎرد ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻤﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ١٩٨٥ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﺸﺠﯿﻊ و دﻋﻢ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة. أﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﯾﺮھﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬي ﻓﮭﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎ ﺑﯿﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاون. اﻟﻲ ﺣﺪود ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻮﻇﻒ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻌﯿﺔ ﻣﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ و ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﺮة .و ﻣﻨﺪ ان ﺑﺪأت اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ، رﻛﺰت ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ و اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ داﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة. ﯾﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﺎت رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ و ﻟﻌﻞ أھﻤﮭﺎ ﻣﺸﺮوع ﺟﻨﻮ واﻟﺬى ﯾﺘﻮﺧﻰ اﻧﺸﺎء ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﺣﺮ. و إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ھﺬا ﺗﻘﻮم ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻌﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﺳﺘﺸﺎرات ﻋﺎﻣﺔ وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﺎرﯾﺮ ﺣﻮل ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة. ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ 1991ﺗﻢ اﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة اﻷورﺑﯿﺔ (Free Software Foundation Europe) وﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ٢٠٠٣ ﺗﻢ أﯾﻀﺂ ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة اﻟﮭﻨﺪﯾﺔ (Free Software Foundation india)و ﻣﻨﺪ ﺳﻨﺔ 2005ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ﻟﻼﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﺎ اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ (Free Software Foundation Latin America ) وﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﺷﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة.(FSF) ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ (Proprietary software :ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮫ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﻟﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﺎده ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة. ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪة أﺣﯿﺎن. ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺻﺤﺎب أو ﻣﺤﺘﻜﺮ و ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻮم ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻜﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮق ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﮫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪم ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﻜﻮد اﻟﻤﺼﺪري ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ .أو ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻮم ھﺬا اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮق ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﻛﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻦ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ آﺧﺮﯾﻦ. ﻓﻲ ﻏﯿﺎب ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻈﺮوف ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﺳﺘﺨﺪام و ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ و دراﺳﺔ و إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة. أﻣﺜﻠﮫ ﺷﮭﯿﺮة ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻧﻮاﻓﺬ ﻣﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ، وﯾﻦ زﯾﺐ، أدوب ﻓﻮﺗﻮﺷﻮب. ﻣﺒﺎدرة ﻣﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ھﻲ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮر اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺨﻄﺊ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ و ﯾﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﺮة. ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﯿﻌﮭﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أﻓﺮاد أو ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ. وھﺬه اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻧﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺠﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﺑﺠﯿﺚ ﻻ ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻞ أو ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺷﯿﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﺳﻮا ﺻﺎﺟﺐ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﺎﻛﯿﺔ وھﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻮرة ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺔ. وﯾﻌﺘﺮض اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﻮري اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻸﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻘﻮدة ﺑﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ.وﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺮ ذﻛﺮه ﻓﻲ ﺧﺬا اﻟﺨﺼﻮص ھﻮ ﻛﻮن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﯿﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻔﺘﻮح اﻟﻤﺼﺪر. ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﺤﺪودة (ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ ١٥-٣٠ ﯾﻮﻣﺎ) ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮاﺋﮭﺎ. ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺳﺨﺎض أو اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﺑﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔأﺧﺘﺮاف اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ أرﻗﺎم و رﺧﺺ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮭﻢ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ أو ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ وﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ. ﯾﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام رﻗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ أو رﺧﺼﺔ ﺗﺴﺤﯿﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ رﺳﻤﯿﺔ وﻣﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ. ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ (Unix)أو (UNIX) ھﻮ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻗﺎم ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺘﮫ وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮه ﻣﻮﻇّﻔﻮ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ) AT&T ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮات ﺑﯿﻞ). ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻷُول اﻟﺬﯾﻦ أﺷﺮﻓﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ھﻢ : ﻛﯿﻦ ﺗﻮﻣﺴﻮن، "دﯾﻨﯿﺲ رﯾﺘﺸﻲ"، و "دوﺟﻼس ﻣﻜﯿﻠﺮوي". ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف اﻟﯿﻮم ﺑﺄﺣﺪ أھﻢ ﻧُﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ، ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﯾﺨﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎل اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﺠﺎح اﻟﻤﺒﮭﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﺑـ "ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ" أو "ﯾﻨﻜﺲ." اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺷﮭﺪت ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺴﺘﯿﻨﯿﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﺗﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ : ﻣﻌﮭﺪ ﻣﺎﺳﯿﺘﺸﯿﻮﺳﯿﺘﺲ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎMIT ، ﺷﺮﻛﺔ) AT&T ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮات ﺑﯿﻞ)، و ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﯿﻨﯿﺮال إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮﯾﻚ (GE)ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﻲ أُﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﺳﻢ ﻣﻠﺘﯿﻜﺲ .)Multics) ﻛﺎن ﯾﻔﺘﺮض ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻠﺘﯿﻜﺲ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﯿﺎ وﻣﺘﺠﺎوب ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻧﺎھﯿﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺮورة أﻣﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺎوﻻت اﻹﺧﺘﺮاق ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻈﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﺤﻔﻆ.
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