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اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] ﻟــ: أﻧﻮر ﻃﻮاف اﻟﯿﻤﻦ [email protected] anwrt w [email protected] ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ واﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] إھﺪاء ﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺃﻧﺔ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺇﻧﻲ ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﻷﺑﻲ ﻭﺃﻣﻲ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺗﺬﺗﻲ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺒﺎﹰ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺻﻴﺮﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﺨﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ .. ﻓﻬﺆﻻﺀ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ ﺃﺿﺎﺀﻭﺍ ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ ﺃﻫﺪﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺃﻣﺘﻨﺎﻥ ﺃﺭﺟﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺃﻟﻴﻬﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ: (ﻗﻞ ﻫﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﻧﻤﺎﻳﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﹸﻭﻟﹸﻮﺍ ﺍﻻﻟﺒﺎﺏﹺ ) [ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ : ٩] . ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ : (ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺀﺍﻣﻨﻮﺍ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ) [ﺍﺎﺩﻟﺔ : ١١] ﻟﻘﺪ ﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻃﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻼ ، ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺜﹸﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ، ﺃﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺟﺎﺀﻋﻦ ﺃﰊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺩﺍﺀ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ، ﻗﺎﻝ ﲰﻌﺖ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ : ( ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺎ ﯾﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﯿﮫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺳﻠﻚ اﷲ ﺑﮫ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق اﻟﺠﻨﺔ ، وإن اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻜﺔ ﻟﺘﻀﻊ أﺟﻨﺤﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ رﺿﺎ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ، وإن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﯿﺴﺘﻐﻔﺮ ﻟﮫ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﻮات وﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻷرض واﻟﺤﯿﺘﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮف اﻟﻤﺎء، وإن ﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻟﯿﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺪر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ، وإن اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ورﺛﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﯿﺎء، وإن اﻷﻧﺒﯿﺎء ﻟﻢ ﯾﻮرّﺛﻮا دﯾﻨﺎرا وﻻدرھﻤﺎ وﻟﻜﻦ ورﺛﻮا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻤﻦ أﺧﺬه أﺧﺬ ﺑﺤﻆ واﻓﺮ ) . (ﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﻝ ﻳﻬﺎﺑﻮﻧﻚ ﻭﳚﻠﻮﻧﻚ، ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﳛﺒﻮﻧﻚ ﻭﻳﻜﺮﻣﻮﻧﻚ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﻃﻠﺒﻪ ،ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ؟ ﻭﱂ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳉﻬﻞ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﳛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ، ﻭﻳﻐﺒﻂ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺀﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﻝ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺭﻋﻨﻪ ، ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺭﺫﺍﺋﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ؟ ﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ، ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ، ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﻀﻨﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻣﻄﺎﺭﺡ ﺍﻵﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳍﻢ ، ﻭﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﳌﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺲ ، ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﺩﺍﻉ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ، ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻄﻮﻝ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﳑﺎ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ، ﻭﰲ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﺃﺗﻌﺐ ﺿﻌﻔﺎﺀُ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻙ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﺘﺸﺎﻏﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻄﺮﻧﺞ ، ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺮﺩ ، ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺮ ، ﻭﺍﻷﻏﺎﱐ ، ﻭﺭﻛﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺏ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪ ، ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻮﺩﺑﺎﳌﻀﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ، ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻓﻼ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ وﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب ﻗﻮﻟﮫ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﺔ وﺳﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﰊ ﻫﺮﻳﺮﺓ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ : ﻗﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ( ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ) : {" ﻣﻦ ﺳﺌﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﻓﻜﺘﻤﻪ ﺃﻟﺠﻢ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻠﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺭ "}. ﻣﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﯿﻦ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ وﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ ھﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﺬي ﺑﯿﻦ أﯾﺪﯾﻜﻢ واﻟﺬي أﺳﺄل اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﺮﯾﻢ أن ﯾﺠﻌﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺣﺴﻨﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] اﻟﻔﮭﺮس ﻣﺼﺪر ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﺮة ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ ﻟﯿﻨﻜﺲ ﺟﻨﻮ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺷﻌﺎر ﻟﯿﻨﻜﺲ ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﺎت ﻟﯿﻨﻜﺲ أواﻣﺮ ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ ﺑﯿﺌﺎت ﻟﯿﻨﻜﺲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﻟﯿﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ أﺧﯿﺮة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻣﻔﺘﻮح اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح ھﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺎدىء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻔﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ و إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ و اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ. ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﺎدة ﻟﯿﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺷﯿﻔﺮات اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ )اﻷﻛﻮاد) اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺪون ﻗﯿﻮد اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﯾﺔ .و ھﺬا ﯾﺘﯿﺢ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮاﻣﺞ، و ﺗﻌﺪﯾﮭﺎ، وإﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﮭﺎ. ﻇﮭﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ (Open Source) اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﮫ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح، ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ارﯾﻚ رﯾﻤﻮﻧﺪ (Eric Steven Raymond) ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﮫ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﺮة(free software) اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﯾﻔﮭﻢ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﻣﺠﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻠﺒﺲ اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ Free ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺎت أﺧﺮى ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﺎن ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﺎن ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ (gratis)ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺣﺮ .(libre) إذ ﻛﺎن ﻗﻄﺎع اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﯾﺘﺨﻮف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻟﯿﻨﻜﺲ واﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة، ﻷن ﻛﻠﻤﺔ (Free) ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻟﮭﻢ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﯿﺔ، وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد أرﺑﺎح، و ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻗﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻠﺒﺲ. ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎ، ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﻼم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ، ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة. ﻟﻜﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻄﻮر ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح، ﻗﺎم ﺑﺮوس ﺑﯿﺮﻧﺰ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر. اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر، ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ: • ﺣﺮﯾﺔ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ. • ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﺼﺪري ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ، وﺣﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﺼﺪري. • ﺣﺮﯾﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ أو ﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ، وﺣﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﮭﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻲ. • ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﺼﺪري ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮط اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﺑﺘﻮزﯾﻊ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻼت ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ. • ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد أي ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﻷي ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أو أﺷﺨﺎص. • ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد أي ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ. • اﻟﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ إﻟﯿﮫ. ھﺬه اﻟﻤﯿﺰات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻷي ﺗﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﺗﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﻣﻔﺘﻮح اﻟﻤﺼﺪر. ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﺮة اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ(Free Software :، ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة، ھﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ، وﻧﺴﺨﮭﺎ، ودراﺳﺘﮭﺎ، وﺗﻌﺪﯾﻠﮭﺎ، وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﮭﺎ ﺑﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ أو ﺑﺪون أي ﻗﯿﻮد. اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﻮد ﻛﮭﺬه ﺟﺰء ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة، وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ. اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد ﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﻛﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﺮة ھﻮ ﺗﺮﺧﯿﺼﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ رﺧﺼﺔ ﺣﺮّة (أو وﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ)، وﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ. ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ"Freeware" ، وھﻮ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة ﺑﺪون ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ، ﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻣﺤﺘﻜﺮة وﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﺣﺮّة. ﺣﯿﺚ ﻻ ﯾﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﯾﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ، وﻧﺴﺨﮭﺎ، ودراﺳﺘﮭﺎ، وﺗﻌﺪﯾﻠﮭﺎ، وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﮭﺎ. ﻛﻤﺎ أن ﺷﻔﺮﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺮ وﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺸﺮ، وﻗﺪ ﻻ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪّﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ. ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة: ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻣﻨﻊ ﺑﯿﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻌﺪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮّة. رُﺧﺺ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿّﺎت اﻟﺤﺮّة ﻃﺒ ﻘ ﺎ ﻟﺮﯾﺘﺸﺎرد ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻤﺎن و ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺎت اﻷرﺑﻊ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﯿﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻟﻔﻆ "ﺣﺮّة:" • اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ ٠: ﺣﺮﯾﺔ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻷي ﻏﺮض. • اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ ١: ﺣﺮﯾﺔ دراﺳﺔ وﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ. • اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ ٢: ﺣﺮﯾﺔ ﻧﺴﺦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﺟﺎرك أو ﺻﺪﯾﻘﻚ. • اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ ٣: ﺣﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻨﮫ، وإﺻﺪار ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻨﺎﺗﻚ وإﻇﮭﺎرھﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ، ﻟﺘﻌﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة. اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ ١ و ٣ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ، ﻷن دراﺳﺔ وﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺪون اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ، وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ، وأﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎ. اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﯿﺔ ﯾﺤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ. أﺷﮭﺮ ﺗﺮاﺧﯿﺺ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮّة، رﺧﺼﺔ ﺟﻲ.ﺑﻲ.إل. اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮّة • ﻧﻈﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ :ﺟﻨﻮ، ﺟﻨﻮ/ﻟﯿﻨﻜﺲ، ﺑﻲ.إس.دي، داروﯾﻦ و .ReactOS • ﻟﻐﺎت ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﯿﺮل، ﺑﺎﯾﺜﻮن، ﺑﻲ.إﺗﺶ.ﺑﻲ وروﺑﻲ. • واﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم :ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻨﻮﻓﺬة إﻛﺲ، وﺑﯿﺌﺎت ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﯿﺪي وﺟﻨﻮم. • ﺣﺰﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﯿﺔ أوﺑﻦ أوﻓﯿﺲ و ﻣﺘﺼﻔّﺢ اﻟﻮﯾﺐ ﻣﻮزﯾﻼ ﻓﺎﯾﺮﻓﻮﻛﺲ. • ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة(Free Software Foundation) وﺗﻌﺮف اﺧﺘﺼﺎرا اﯾﻀﺎ ب FSFو ھﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ رﺑﺤﯿﺔ ﻗﺎم ﺑﺘﺄﺳﯿﺴﮭﺎ رﯾﺘﺸﺎرد ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻤﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ١٩٨٥ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﺸﺠﯿﻊ و دﻋﻢ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة. أﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﯾﺮھﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬي ﻓﮭﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎ ﺑﯿﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاون. اﻟﻲ ﺣﺪود ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻮﻇﻒ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻌﯿﺔ ﻣﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ و ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﺮة .و ﻣﻨﺪ ان ﺑﺪأت اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ، رﻛﺰت ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ و اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ داﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة. ﯾﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﺎت رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ و ﻟﻌﻞ أھﻤﮭﺎ ﻣﺸﺮوع ﺟﻨﻮ واﻟﺬى ﯾﺘﻮﺧﻰ اﻧﺸﺎء ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﺣﺮ. و إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ھﺬا ﺗﻘﻮم ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻌﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﺳﺘﺸﺎرات ﻋﺎﻣﺔ وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﺎرﯾﺮ ﺣﻮل ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة. ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ 1991ﺗﻢ اﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة اﻷورﺑﯿﺔ (Free Software Foundation Europe) وﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ٢٠٠٣ ﺗﻢ أﯾﻀﺂ ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة اﻟﮭﻨﺪﯾﺔ (Free Software Foundation india)و ﻣﻨﺪ ﺳﻨﺔ 2005ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ﻟﻼﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﺎ اﻟﻼﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ (Free Software Foundation Latin America ) وﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﺷﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة.(FSF) ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ (Proprietary software :ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮫ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة ﻟﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﺎده ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة. ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪة أﺣﯿﺎن. ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺻﺤﺎب أو ﻣﺤﺘﻜﺮ و ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻮم ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻜﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮق ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﮫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪم ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﻜﻮد اﻟﻤﺼﺪري ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ .أو ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻮم ھﺬا اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮق ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﻛﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻦ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ آﺧﺮﯾﻦ. ﻓﻲ ﻏﯿﺎب ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻈﺮوف ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﺳﺘﺨﺪام و ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ و دراﺳﺔ و إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﯾﻘﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة. أﻣﺜﻠﮫ ﺷﮭﯿﺮة ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻧﻮاﻓﺬ ﻣﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ، وﯾﻦ زﯾﺐ، أدوب ﻓﻮﺗﻮﺷﻮب. ﻣﺒﺎدرة ﻣﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ھﻲ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮر اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺨﻄﺊ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ و ﯾﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺣﺮة. ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﯿﻌﮭﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أﻓﺮاد أو ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ. وھﺬه اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻧﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺠﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﺑﺠﯿﺚ ﻻ ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻞ أو ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺷﯿﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﺳﻮا ﺻﺎﺟﺐ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﺎﻛﯿﺔ وھﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻮرة ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺔ. وﯾﻌﺘﺮض اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﻮري اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻸﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻘﻮدة ﺑﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ.وﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺮ ذﻛﺮه ﻓﻲ ﺧﺬا اﻟﺨﺼﻮص ھﻮ ﻛﻮن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﯿﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻔﺘﻮح اﻟﻤﺼﺪر. ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﺤﺪودة (ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ ١٥-٣٠ ﯾﻮﻣﺎ) ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮاﺋﮭﺎ. ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺳﺨﺎض أو اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﺑﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔأﺧﺘﺮاف اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ أرﻗﺎم و رﺧﺺ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮭﻢ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ أو ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ وﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ. ﯾﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام رﻗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ أو رﺧﺼﺔ ﺗﺴﺤﯿﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ رﺳﻤﯿﺔ وﻣﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ. ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ (Unix)أو (UNIX) ھﻮ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻗﺎم ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺘﮫ وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮه ﻣﻮﻇّﻔﻮ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ) AT&T ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮات ﺑﯿﻞ). ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻷُول اﻟﺬﯾﻦ أﺷﺮﻓﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ھﻢ : ﻛﯿﻦ ﺗﻮﻣﺴﻮن، "دﯾﻨﯿﺲ رﯾﺘﺸﻲ"، و "دوﺟﻼس ﻣﻜﯿﻠﺮوي". ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف اﻟﯿﻮم ﺑﺄﺣﺪ أھﻢ ﻧُﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ، ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ﯾﺨﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎل اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﺠﺎح اﻟﻤﺒﮭﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﺑـ "ﯾﻮﻧﻜﺲ" أو "ﯾﻨﻜﺲ." اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯿﻨﻜﺲ [email protected] [email protected] ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺷﮭﺪت ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺴﺘﯿﻨﯿﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﺗﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ : ﻣﻌﮭﺪ ﻣﺎﺳﯿﺘﺸﯿﻮﺳﯿﺘﺲ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎMIT ، ﺷﺮﻛﺔ) AT&T ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮات ﺑﯿﻞ)، و ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﯿﻨﯿﺮال إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮﯾﻚ (GE)ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﻲ أُﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﺳﻢ ﻣﻠﺘﯿﻜﺲ .)Multics) ﻛﺎن ﯾﻔﺘﺮض ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻠﺘﯿﻜﺲ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﯿﺎ وﻣﺘﺠﺎوب ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻧﺎھﯿﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺮورة أﻣﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺎوﻻت اﻹﺧﺘﺮاق ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻈﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﺤﻔﻆ.
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    pipenightdreams osgcal-doc mumudvb mpg123-alsa tbb-examples libgammu4-dbg gcc-4.1-doc snort-rules-default davical cutmp3 libevolution5.0-cil aspell-am python-gobject-doc openoffice.org-l10n-mn libc6-xen xserver-xorg trophy-data t38modem pioneers-console libnb-platform10-java libgtkglext1-ruby libboost-wave1.39-dev drgenius bfbtester libchromexvmcpro1 isdnutils-xtools ubuntuone-client openoffice.org2-math openoffice.org-l10n-lt lsb-cxx-ia32 kdeartwork-emoticons-kde4 wmpuzzle trafshow python-plplot lx-gdb link-monitor-applet libscm-dev liblog-agent-logger-perl libccrtp-doc libclass-throwable-perl kde-i18n-csb jack-jconv hamradio-menus coinor-libvol-doc msx-emulator bitbake nabi language-pack-gnome-zh libpaperg popularity-contest xracer-tools xfont-nexus opendrim-lmp-baseserver libvorbisfile-ruby liblinebreak-doc libgfcui-2.0-0c2a-dbg libblacs-mpi-dev dict-freedict-spa-eng blender-ogrexml aspell-da x11-apps openoffice.org-l10n-lv openoffice.org-l10n-nl pnmtopng libodbcinstq1 libhsqldb-java-doc libmono-addins-gui0.2-cil sg3-utils linux-backports-modules-alsa-2.6.31-19-generic yorick-yeti-gsl python-pymssql plasma-widget-cpuload mcpp gpsim-lcd cl-csv libhtml-clean-perl asterisk-dbg apt-dater-dbg libgnome-mag1-dev language-pack-gnome-yo python-crypto svn-autoreleasedeb sugar-terminal-activity mii-diag maria-doc libplexus-component-api-java-doc libhugs-hgl-bundled libchipcard-libgwenhywfar47-plugins libghc6-random-dev freefem3d ezmlm cakephp-scripts aspell-ar ara-byte not+sparc openoffice.org-l10n-nn linux-backports-modules-karmic-generic-pae
  • Download the Index

    Download the Index

    41_067232945x_index.qxd 10/5/07 1:09 PM Page 667 Index NUMBERS 3D video, 100-101 10BaseT Ethernet NIC (Network Interface Cards), 512 64-bit processors, 14 100BaseT Ethernet NIC (Network Interface Cards), 512 A A (Address) resource record, 555 AbiWord, 171-172 ac command, 414 ac patches, 498 access control, Apache web server file systems, 536 access times, disabling, 648 Accessibility module (GNOME), 116 ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface), 61-62 active content modules, dynamic website creation, 544 Add a New Local User screen, 44 add command (CVS), 583 address books, KAddressBook, 278 Administrator Mode button (KDE Control Center), 113 Adobe Reader, 133 AFPL Ghostscript, 123 41_067232945x_index.qxd 10/5/07 1:09 PM Page 668 668 aggregators aggregators, 309 antispam tools, 325 aKregator (Kontact), 336-337 KMail, 330-331 Blam!, 337 Procmail, 326, 329-330 Bloglines, 338 action line special characters, 328 Firefox web browser, 335 recipe flags, 326 Liferea, 337 special conditions, 327 Opera web browser, 335 antivirus tools, 331-332 RSSOwl, 338 AP (Access Points), wireless networks, 260, 514 aKregator webfeeder (Kontact), 278, 336-337 Apache web server, 529 album art, downloading to multimedia dynamic websites, creating players, 192 active content modules, 544 aliases, 79 CGI programming, 542-543 bash shell, 80 SSI, 543 CNAME (Canonical Name) resource file systems record, 555 access control, 536 local aliases, email server configuration, 325 authentication, 536-538 allow directive (Apache2/httpd.conf), 536 installing Almquist shells
  • P2P and Bittorrent

    P2P and Bittorrent

    inf5040 - Presentation by group 1 nghial, baardehe, chricar 30.10.08 Goals of today After this lecture you should have a general understanding of what P2P and bittorrent is be able to recognize the main differences of bitTorrent and other P2P networks A way of organizing resource sharing in computer networks What is P2P? Server/client model Peer-to-peer model Characteristics of P2P networks Peers act as equals Peers function as both client and server No central server managing the network No central router Examples of ”pure” P2P networks Gnutella, Freenet (filesharing) In short Decentralization and multirole BUT! Most networks and applications described as P2P actually contain or rely on some non-peer elements History 1970 – SMTP, NNTP (Usenet) One process both server and client IBM, 1984 ”Advanced Peer to Peer Networking” Software for filesharing in a LAN 1990 – IRC (DCC), MBONE One client can both send and receive 1997 – Napster Created a lot of controversy Convicted because of the centralized file indexing Advantages of P2P networks Better performance and reliability compared to server/client scheme Popular resources will be available at several locations Principle of locality -> less delay and faster transmission Overlay routing Application layer routing (middleware) Two ways of searching for files Flooding DHT (Distributed Hash Table) Area of application Mostly used in ad hoc networks Often categorized by what it’s used for Filesharing Media streaming Telephony (skype) Discussion forums Used to distribute
  • Escuela Politécnica Del Ejército Facultad De

    Escuela Politécnica Del Ejército Facultad De

    ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA DEL EJÉRCITO FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA EN SISTEMAS ANÁLISIS E IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE OFIMÁTICA CON SOFTWARE LIBRE EN EL HOSPITAL GENERAL DE LAS FF.AA. Tesis previa a la obtención del Título de: INGENIERO EN SISTEMAS E INFORMÁTICA POR: RAMIRO FERNANDO NIETO ALMEIDA. SANGOLQUÍ, 3 de Agosto del 2009 1 CERTIFICACIÓN Por medio de la presente certificamos que el Sr. Ramiro Fernando Nieto Almeida, realizó el trabajo previo a la obtención del título de Ingeniero de Sistemas, Titulado “Análisis e implementación de ofimática con software libre en el hospital general de las FF.AA”, la misma que está elaborada de conformidad con los reglamentos, normas y disposiciones vigentes. ING. JORGE QUISHPE. ING. JOSÉ LUIS TORRES DIRECTOR CODIRECTOR 2 DEDICATORIA A Jesús por permitírmelo, con Él todo es posible. A mis queridos padres Adriana y Ramiro por su inmenso amor, sacrificio, apoyo y haberme guiado por el camino del bien. A mi hermana Adriana por motivarme y brindarme su cariño incondicional. A toda mi familia quienes me entregaron su apoyo y afecto. A todos mis compañeros y amigos quienes me ayudaron en el camino. 3 AGRADECIMIENTO Conforme ha pasado el tiempo la lista de personas a las que debo las gracias por ayudarme en el camino ha ido creciendo, a todos ustedes mis sinceros agradecimientos por creer en mí y apoyarme. Les doy gracias a mis queridos padres Adriana y Ramiro por su infinito amor, son mi apoyo y guía, por procurarme un mejor porvenir, son mi ejemplo para ser un hombre de bien, a mi hermana Adriana por su apoyo incondicional y su gran cariño.
  • Ernst & Young 2008 Entrepreneur of the Year Magazine

    Ernst & Young 2008 Entrepreneur of the Year Magazine

    Matthew Szulik Red Hat, Inc. Ernst & Young Strategic Growth Forum 2008 Nationally sponsored by: Strategic Growth Forum It’s the Ernst & Young Strategic Growth Forum, the country’s most prestigious gathering of high-growth, market-leading companies. An event Forbes.com hailed as one of its seven “get-ahead executive retreats.” The 22nd annual Entrepreneur Of The Year awards concluded the Forum, which we believe was our best yet. Congratulations to Matthew Szulik of Red Hat, Inc., our overall winner, and to all of our national category and regional award recipients — you’re all winners because what you do makes life better for all of us. You can read many of their stories on the following pages. The 2008 Forum featured more than 100 prominent speakers, who discussed, debated and provided advice on growth strategies, including how to continue growing your company in the face of an uncertain economy, manage the impact of climate change on your business, remain innovative, maintain and foster an entrepreneurial 2/3 Cover flap culture, conduct a successful IPO or strategic transaction, learn about various capital opportunities and much more. This one-of-a-kind event also included nearly 30 highly focused content-rich sessions. Participants also heard from successful CEOs, eight of the world’s largest private equity firms, two of the world’s top sovereign wealth funds, as well as leading investment bankers, institutional investors, board members, attorneys, Ernst & Young professionals and others. The Forum is designed to provide CEOs with the kind of “first to know” information and access that results in valuable industry insights that help companies achieve their true potential.
  • Upgrade Issues

    Upgrade Issues

    Upgrade issues Graph of new conflicts libsiloh5-0 libhdf5-lam-1.8.4 (x 3) xul-ext-dispmua (x 2) liboss4-salsa-asound2 (x 2) why sysklogd console-cyrillic (x 9) libxqilla-dev libxerces-c2-dev iceape xul-ext-adblock-plus gnat-4.4 pcscada-dbg Explanations of conflicts pcscada-dbg libpcscada2-dev gnat-4.6 gnat-4.4 Similar to gnat-4.4: libpolyorb1-dev libapq-postgresql1-dev adacontrol libxmlada3.2-dev libapq1-dev libaws-bin libtexttools2-dev libpolyorb-dbg libnarval1-dev libgnat-4.4-dbg libapq-dbg libncursesada1-dev libtemplates-parser11.5-dev asis-programs libgnadeodbc1-dev libalog-base-dbg liblog4ada1-dev libgnomeada2.14.2-dbg libgnomeada2.14.2-dev adabrowse libgnadecommon1-dev libgnatvsn4.4-dbg libgnatvsn4.4-dev libflorist2009-dev libopentoken2-dev libgnadesqlite3-1-dev libnarval-dbg libalog1-full-dev adacgi0 libalog0.3-base libasis2008-dbg libxmlezout1-dev libasis2008-dev libgnatvsn-dev libalog0.3-full libaws2.7-dev libgmpada2-dev libgtkada2.14.2-dbg libgtkada2.14.2-dev libasis2008 ghdl libgnatprj-dev gnat libgnatprj4.4-dbg libgnatprj4.4-dev libaunit1-dev libadasockets3-dev libalog1-base-dev libapq-postgresql-dbg libalog-full-dbg Weight: 5 Problematic packages: pcscada-dbg hostapd initscripts sysklogd Weight: 993 Problematic packages: hostapd | initscripts initscripts sysklogd Similar to initscripts: conglomerate libnet-akamai-perl erlang-base screenlets xlbiff plasma-widget-yawp-dbg fso-config- general gforge-mta-courier libnet-jifty-perl bind9 libplack-middleware-session-perl libmail-listdetector-perl masqmail libcomedi0 taxbird ukopp
  • Peer-To-Peer Protocol and Application Detection Support

    Peer-To-Peer Protocol and Application Detection Support

    Peer-to-Peer Protocol and Application Detection Support This appendix lists all the protocols and applications currently supported by Cisco ASR 5500 ADC. • Supported Protocols and Applications, on page 1 Supported Protocols and Applications This section lists all the supported P2P protocols, sub-protocols, and the applications using these protocols. Important Please note that various client versions are supported for the protocols. The client versions listed in the table below are the latest supported version(s). Important Please note that the release version in the Supported from Release column has changed for protocols/applications that are new since the ADC plugin release in August 2015. This will now be the ADC Plugin Build number in the x.xxx.xxx format. The previous releases were versioned as 1.1 (ADC plugin release for December 2012 ), 1.2 (ADC plugin release for April 2013), and so on for consecutive releases. New in this Release This section lists the supported P2P protocols, sub-protocols and applications introduced in the ADC Plugin release for November 28, 2019. None in this release. All Supported Protocols and Applications This section lists all the supported P2P protocols, sub-protocols and applications supported until ADC Plugin release on October 31, 2019. Peer-to-Peer Protocol and Application Detection Support 1 Peer-to-Peer Protocol and Application Detection Support All Supported Protocols and Applications Protocol / Client Client Version Group Classification Supported from Application Release 120Sports 120Sports 1.6