Drupaceous, a the Short-Hairy in Some
ThymelaeaceaeDing HouLeyden)
Shrubs, trees, or lianas, rarely undershrubs or herbs, with a very strongly developed and layered, fibrous, tough bast (“Seidenbast”, silky fibres). Leaves opposite or decussate, spiral or alternate, very rarely some ternate, simple, e ntire, exstipulate, articulated at the base, glandular-punctate in Gonystyloideae. Inflorescences terminal, axillary or extra-axillary, or on internodes, sometimes
on sessile brachyblasts, simple or rarely branched, or peduncled, racemose,
umbelliform, spicate, capitate, or fascicled, obviously basically racemose; flowers
rarely solitary, sometimes cauliflorous and condensed into glomerules, bracteate (bracts sometimes forming an involucre) or ebracteate. Flowers bisexual (rarely unisexual by abortion and polygamodioecious or dioecious in extra-Mal. spp.),
homomorphic, rarely heteromorphic, regular, tubular, campanulate or in-
tube short in with almost free in fundibuliform, very Gonystyloideae, or sepals
extra-Mal. circumsciss in lower spp., mostly caducous, some the part, or persistent (sometimes enveloping the ripe fruit in extra-Mal. spp.), sometimes slit lengthwise
in fruit, 4-5(-6)-lobed, the lobes imbricate (rarely valvate in some extra-Mal. spp.), equal or rarely the interior 2 slightly smaller, erect or reflexed. Corolla absent or
represented by free or unitedpetaloid appendages, isomerous and alternating with the calyx lobes, or double in number and arranged in pairs opposite the calyx
lobes, rarely more (Gonystylus), fleshy or membranous, filamentous or oblong,
entire or lobed, rarely united into a ring, inserted at the throat of floral tube or
slightly lower, sometimes behind the stamens, or absent. Stamens 2 only, or 4-~, in Malaysia (except in some Gonystyloideae) mostly diplostemonous, in two or in if in two series then at two the one series, different levels, upper ones opposite the calyx lobes and the lower ones alternate with them, sessile or fila-
mentous; filaments filiform or slightly flattened, entirely or partly adnate to the floral tube; anthers 2-celled, basi- or dorsifixed, obtuse or apiculate, introrse,
hippocrepiform (Gonystyloideae ), or extrorse (extra-Mal. spp.), dehiscing length- Wis e, usually free, sometimes the lower 1/3 — 1/2 adnate to the tube (Aquilaria cumingiana) Disk hypogynous, membranous or subcarnose, annular, cupular, obed, free and scale-like, or none. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled, 3-5(-8)-celled in
Gonystyloideae and extra-Mal. sessile or shortly spp. , stalked; style filiform, terminal caducous, sometimes very short or obscure, or excentric, in Gonystyloideae s ometimes accompanied by ‘parastyles’ at the base; stigma capitate, subglobose, oblong, subclavate or pyramidal, entire and smooth, or slightly emarginate, sometimes papillose. Ovules solitary in each cell, with axial or parietal placenta- tion, pendulous from near the top, sometimes partly or entirely and laterally
adnate to the placenta, the micropyle towards the top and outward. Fruit a drupe or either from drupaceous, a berry, or a capsule, apically or laterally emerging floral in and the tube, 1- or 2(-3)-seeded, or 3-5(-8)-seeded Gonystyloideae ext a-Mal. r spp.; pericarp membranous, pulpy, coriaceous, or fibrous. Seeds with caruncl a e-like or tail-like appendage, usually with an aril in Gonystyloideae, the seed us ually hanging out by one end on a thin, string-like funicle inAquilarioideae; test usuall a y crustaceous, black, often with rather irregular ridges, glabrous or
of albuminous exalbuminous. short-hairy in some spp. Aquilarioideae ; or Embryo straight; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle short, superior.
1 1 2 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6
Distribution. About 50 with about 500 in genera species, chiefly developed south and tropical Africa and Australia; it is almost cosmopolitan.
to In addition subfam. Gonystyloideae which contains 3 genera with 21 species and has been treated in
this Flora (I, 4, 1953, 349-365) by AIRY SHAW, there are 9 genera with 46 species in Malaysia.
Gyrinops, Enkleia and Linostoma are confined to Malaysia and the southern of Aquilaria, , part tropical
continental SE. Asia. Wikstroemia is widely distributed, from eastern Asia at about 37° N southward
throughout Malaysia to northern and eastern Australia and the Pacific Islands (Bonin, Guam, Palau,
Hawaii, Tahiti, Marquesas, Tonga, Samoa, Fiji, Norfolk I., and New Caledonia).
Daphne is distributed in Europe, northern Africa, through central Asia, eastward to China and Japan,
and southward to Malaysia.
Phaleria is developed chiefly in Malaysia and Fiji, westward to Ceylon (P. capitata), southward to
eastern Australia, and eastward as far as Palau, Samoa, and Tonga.
Drapetes shows the typical pattern of S. Pacific subantarctic distribution: South America (Fuegia and Falkland Is.), New Zealand, Tasmania, SE. Australia, and Malaysia (New Guinea and Borneo).
Pimelea is chiefly confined to Australia, with some outlying species in New Zealand, and two others
extending northward to Malaysia (Timor, Sumba, New Guinea, and Luzon in the Philippines).
Ecology. Most Malaysian species are of small to moderate size, while a few species of Aquilaria,
and 45 tall. but Gyrinops , Gonystyloideae are trees up to m They usually occur scattered, Gonystylus
bancanus sometimes stands. constituents of may occur gregarious, forming pure They are chiefly primary
and secondary rain-forests, while Gonystylus bancanus occurs predominantly in freshwater swamp and found peat forest; recently J. A. R. ANDERSON Linostoma longiflorum in peat swamp forest in Sarawak.
Most of the species occur at low and medium altitudes, some of them ascending into the montane zone
(e.g. Phaleria capitata 0-1200 m and Linostoma pauciflorum 0-1300 m), or evenconfined to the montane
zone (e.g. Daphne composita commonly recorded from 1200-2000 m, and Aquilaria apiculata from
1800 m). A few are restricted to the upper montane and subalpine rain-forest (e.g. Daphne luzonica
2000-2500 m, and Wikstroemia brachyantha 1400-2800 m). Drapetes ericoides is commonly reported
from the subalpine to alpine zone from 3000-4450 m.
As to climate, most of the species are confined to everwet regions, some also extend to seasonal areas
(e.g. Phaleria capitata, Gyrinops versteegii, and Wikstroemia indica), while Wikstroemia androsaemifolia
and Phaleria octandra chiefly occur under seasonal climatic conditions.
Pollination. Insect-pollination is indicated by the brightly coloured, generally many-flowered
the the of floral and the usual of the inflorescences, sweet scent, occurrence heteromorphism, presence
hypogynous disk (fide RENDLE, Classif. Fl. PI. 2, 1952, 371). I have no records of observations on Malay-
sian species.
Dispersal. Though no direct evidence has been recorded from Malaysia it can be indirectly inferred
that the red or black coloured drupaceousfruits of Wikstroemia, Phaleria, and Daphne will be dispersed
endozoically by birds or other animals. See RIDLEY, Disp. (1930) 401, 466, 472, and GUPPY, Observ.
Nat. Pac. 2 (1906) 348. Wikstroemia indica has, probably through this agent spread from the Botanic
Gardens at Bogor but its area is only slowly, though steadily, extending into a circle with Bogor in its focus; its radius of c. 60 km was reached only after several decades.
Another dispersal class is represented by species of Linostoma and Enkleia. In Linostoma the in- florescences consist of a few inconspicuous flowers subtended by a pair of thin, cream-coloured or
show attractive rose-pink coloured leaf-like bracts. In anthesis they possibly act as a apparatus to
fruit is ripe, and are to fruit, pollinators. They become pale and papery when the detached,adhering the the of bracts below the inflorescence so as to be blown away separately. In Enkleia, a lofty climber, pair is very inconspicuous during anthesis, but in fruit (one developing only) the peduncle below the small
and the bracts coriaceous leaves When the nut lengthens considerably grow to large, stiff, (fig. lOe). fruit, the it drifting on its peduncle, with the two bract leaves attached, separates from plant, rotates rapidly, forest distance I.e. the is away in the wind, across the to some (RIDLEY, 92-93). Though structure most peculiar, its effect (for longer distances) must not be overrated as winds are scarce in the tropical rain- forest, the apparatus is rather heavy, and as soon as it descends in the canopy it will come down, gradu- ally, in a vertical line.
A third, very interesting dispersal class is represented by the capsular fruits of Aquilaria and Gyrinops, in which the seeds dangle from the apex of the fruit valves onfiliform funicles, the glossy seeds having typically contrasting dark colours and possessing tails or other aril-like structures, probably of a pale
structure is doubtless curious colour, as is also found in Gonystyloideae (fig. 1 and 22). This a adaptation to zoochorous dispersal, but unfortunately no observations have as yet revealed more exact data on its functioning.
Galls. DOCTERS VAN LEEUWEN (Zoocec. N.I. 1926, 397, f.735) recorded a leaf-gall caused by a gall- midge in Phaleria laurifolia (= P. octandra). The leaves bear spherical galls, 2-3 mm in diam. of Heteromorphous flowers. The flowers are heteromorphous in Phaleria macrocarpa. Two kinds
stamens and a flowers are commonly found on different plants of that species, viz possessing exserted short style and short stamens and an exserted style.
" identified as Phaleria F. M." collected by W. DUNN There is a sheet in Leyden Herbarium neumanni v. South which has three branchlets with s.n. (in Nov. 1909) at Acacia D'K, New Wales, separate similar Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 3
vegetative parts and two forms of flowers just like the above-mentioned case. It is not clear whether they
-re collected from the same plant.
Wood-anatomy, DEN BERGER, Determinatietabel houtsoorten van Malesie, Veenman, Wageningen (1949) 20 2 (Aquilaria);; DESCH, Mai. For. Rec. 15 (1954)607; LEANDRI, Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. X, 12 (1930) n« a. - (hand [25 lens); METCALFE & CHALK, Anat. Die. 2 (1950) 1169 & 1178; MOLL & JANSSONIUS, Mikr. Holzes 5 (1934) 413. —By JANSSONIUS I.e. Gonystylus is referred tothe Thymelaeaceae,7 mainly because of , he characteristics shown by the pit pairs; METCALFE & CHALK I.e., although recognizing common leatures, are treating Gonystylaceae as a separate family.—C.A.R.-G.
Morphology. In order to avoid confusion, it is advisable to give a concise explanation of some erms which are used in the descriptions of this revision. These terms serve for convenience of descriptive Purpose.
■.tube.—The vascular bundles going to the ovary are clearly different from those of the tube °ve the pedicel; the tube contains the vascular bundles of the outer whorls, it is 'appendicular' and N°T axile' in origin. Therefore, the tube is not an invaginated receptacle (fide LEANDRI, Ann. Sc. Nat. °t. X, 12, 1930, 235). Miss HEINIG (Am. J. Bot. 38, 1951, 125) confirmed the 'appendicular' origin of e tube which is composed of the fused bases of the sepals and adherent filaments. In the following I ave called the tubular part of the flower the 'floral tube' and its lobes 'calyx lobes'. Petaloid appendages. there situated either the throat . _. —In some genera are petal-like structures, at or w n the receptacle surrounding the ovary. In this treatment, they have been designated as 'petaloid appendages'. Miss HEINIG suggested (I.e. 127) them to represent special enations of the sepals.
»7c.—in and there is thin the base of the some genera species a cup-shaped or free, structure at vary, which has structure here been designated as 'disk'. According to Miss HEINIG (I.e. 128) this is
S art androecium. CA / fold. } \ —A mature seed-coat is formed by the outer integument and the inner integument; th e latter is composed of a sclerenchymatous layer and a reticular layer (cf. GUERIN, Ann. Jard. Bot. BTZ8 29, 1916, 29). a 'he ". seeds least in there at the basal chalazal either caruncle-like ., (at Malaysia) is, part or end, a
'ckening most (in . of the genera) or a tail-like appendage(in some species of Aquilarioideae). The
ofthe tail-like appendagehas been interpretedin different ways. GILG (in E. & P. Pfl. Fam.lll, 11 ' 4, 223) assumes it to be the downward elongation of the LECOMTE Soc. Bot. P ' | integument. (Bull. ' 4-418) accepted it as the elongation of the lower part ofthe ovule. DOMKE (Bibl. Bot. 111, 1934 h ' V, believed it to be formed a more or less transverse fold of the testa and j ' f.43a-h) by deeply 8 at6ditas ? Chalazal fold". However, the ontogeny of this appendagehas not been well understood and ' ur'her . morphological and anatomical studies are needed.
bumen. is found of the seeds it is often thin —Endosperm in most although a very layer, predo-
ounc' on 'he dorsal surface of the cotyledons; it is very abundant in the seeds of Pimelea UE RiN, Ann. r»f r Jard. Bot. Btzg 29, 1916,31-32, t.4). The absence of endosperm is rather rare (some Phalerias).
Cytology. As far as is known a basic number of chromosomes in the family seems to be n = 9, *hich is found in = Wikstroemia, Gnidia, and Daphne; Edgeworthia has n 18. In Wikstroemia indica ERLIND found = also an apomictic triploid 2 n 27 (Hereditas 26, 1940, 1-50). x .°.nom y- Subdivisions.—According to DOMKE (Bibl. Bot. ILL, 1934, 103-104) the family is sub- div'H 10 4 subl »milies, viz Gonystyloideae, and Wilh J" Aquilarioideae, Gilgiodaphnoideae,, Thymelaeoideae. n the exception of Gilgiodaphnoideae, the other three subfamilies all have some representatives in Malaysia.
of Mb. Aquilarioideae-Microsemmatidae, all endemic in New Caledonia, seem to be C l0 ly than their in su«il ?f related to subfam. Gonystyloideae arrangement two distinct subfamilies would , they ' 'c Dar-ufV ac the pellucid dots and the petaloid appendages ofthe latter. But Solmsia has the typical el . nervation, venation, and leaf texture as in Gonystylus,r, and the nervation and texture ofthe leaves Microsemma and Deltaria is resembling that of Amyxa. Furthermore, the structure Of macroscopical s fibers in the fine .fc.k? 5 three genera of Microsemmatidae resembles that of Gonystyloideae and is not so
ca' Aquilarioideae. the fruit in Aquilarioideae is 3- or more-celled in both" Finally, 2-celled, against crosemniatidae i and Gonystyloideae. „ y' Gonystyloideae has been treated in this Flora (I, 4, 1953, 349-365) by AIRY SHAW. £ e P pellucid-punctate. Flowers with a short or inconspicuous tube. Petaloid appendages 7-40 rM t0 '' tube' near_subu' ate - rarely joined into a low, entire annulus, inserted at the base of the floral TV u Stamens 8-80; filaments free. Ovary (2—)3—5(—8)-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds without c halazalr 'th aril. 0. and ' usua "y w Endosperm (Gonystylus, Amyxa, Aëtoxylon.) 2. tree.f Petaloid free or inserted the throat of the tube sl 'ghtlv appendagesi scale-like, rarely united, at or W °r at most filament none- Stamens (in the Mai. spp.) 10, diplostemonous or haplostemonous; S r In a'' art adnate to the tube. S sPp •) P 'y or entirely Disk 0, or (in Mai. PP.) 2- ring-shaped. Ovary c ii ru'' a capsule. Seeds usually with a conspicuous chalazal fold, and a thin funicle, without aril. End Sperm and 3. or present. (Aquilaria Gyrinops.) ' "■ Thymelaeoideae. Leaves not pellucid-punctate. Floral tube funnel-shaped or cylindric. 4 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 1
Petaloid appendages obscure and ridge-like or represented by scales. Stamens at most 10, usually diplo-
filaments stemonous, rarely haplostemonous or hemistemonous; partly or entirely adnate to the tube.
Ovary 1-2-celled. Fruit a drupe or drupaceous. Seeds mostly without or rarely with a small chalazal fold.
Endosperm 0, or present. (Linostoma, Enkleia, Phaleria, Wikstroemia, Daphne, Drapetes, and Pimelea.)
Generic delimitation in sometimes be difficult of the fact that Thymelaeaceae proves to very on account
though the majority of the species of one genus might be distinguished from those of another genus by
two or even more good characters, there are frequently one or two species - or even different specimens
of one species - which form an exception and are transitional in all but one character. Consequently
is such genera are then sharply separated by one character only, which an unsatisfactory situation.
For instance in Phaleria the petaloid appendages are rim-like, but they are distinct in P. pentecostalis
LEANDRI. In Aquilaria the opposed case occurs, viz that they are distinct in all species except in A.
urdanetensis where they are rim-like. In Aquilaria the anthers are always free from the tube except in where adnate the in of the Also in the A. cumingiana they are partly to tube part specimens! Aquilaria
petaloid appendages are free except in part ofthe specimens of A. cumingiana; the same phenomenon is
observed in Gyrinops where they are free, but in G. moluccana and G. decipiens they are usually united.
Dr B. PETERSON, Lund, who is working on the African Thymelaeaceae, told us of similar difficulties
wrote encountered in defining genera in that area. He (May 1959): "I have devoted much time to generic
delimitation in this family. As I have examined more and more African material (c. 15.000 sheets)
limits in unavoidable several 1 have found that the are some cases so vague that it has appeared to merge
genera. It is often rather easy to give a specific epithet but very difficult to come to a decision of the
generic name. For example the only generic characters in Gnidia, Lasiosiphon, and Arthrosolen, and some
smaller genera, are the number of calyx lobes and the presence or absence of petaloid appendages. And Sometimes these these are not at all enough to keep these genera separate. characters do not even hold
for the GILG and later STANER that these should be united but other type species. proposed genera
botanists have not followed their suggestions. In my monograph of Gnidia 1 will merge seven genera."
and be the first the second Aquilaria Gyrinops seem to very closely allied, being diplostemonous,
haplostemonous, which is the only constant character. HALLIER /. found this difference not sufficient
for generic distinction and united these genera. Dr PETERSON found in Africa a similar case, viz between
Gnidia and Struthiola of which the first is diplostemonous, the second haplostemonous. He "never
found any trace ofstaminodes in Struthiola. In some species of Gnidia, however, usually, but not always,
the upper whorl of stamens is abortive. All species of Struthiola have a whorl of hair round each petaloid
appendage. This arrangement is not found in Gnidia except for a single species as far as I have found.
This will be placed in a separate section."
In Dr PETERSON'S opinion Struthiola and Gnidia, though properly only distinguished 'absolutely' by
should if that the would that one character, not be united; were done, consequence be still more genera
had to be merged in the complex which would lead to an unsatisfactory situation. In this revision I have not followed HALLIER /. in uniting Aquilaria and Gyrinops.
The difference between Wikstroemia and Daphne seems, by being merely vegetative, still more feeble,
the chief distinction being the opposite phyllotaxis in Wikstroemia, notwithstandingthe note by STAFF
(Bot. Mag. 156, 1933, sab t. 9313, p. 2). If it is realized that the phyllotaxis varies widely within the single
genus Pimelea, it is tempting to merge Wikstroemia and Daphne.
The merging of Aquilaria and Gyrinops and of Daphne and Wikstroemia might give a better reflection
of natural the character the of these in the affinities, as single separating components pairs effects, my
opinion, not a natural segregation.
Specific delimitation in Thymelaeaceae is in many cases also extremely difficult, specially because it
not also within flowers of has appeared that characters only vary within a single species, but the one
single specimen, as for example the shape of the disk in Wikstroemia aurantiaca (cf. STAPF, I.e.). I have
encountered several similar cases in other species and Dr PETERSON communicated to have a similar
to experience with African representatives which has led him a severe reduction of accepted species.
difficult in Wikstroemia and Phaleria for Specific delimitation in Malaysia proved particularly ;
much wider limits than W. indica I have accepted specific my predecessors.
Affinities with other families.—For a detailed review and discussion of the relationship of Thyme-
laeaceae and other families, one should consult the works of DOMKE (Bibl. Bot. Ill, 1934, 1-3, 16) and
HEINIG (Am. J. Bot. 38, 1951, 113 & 131).
According to Miss HEINIG'S studies on the floral morphology the polypetalous and polystemonous condition of the primitive members of the Thymelaeaceae and the modified parietal placentationsuggest such a derivation from some polymerous parietalean family as, possibly, the Flacourtiaceae; there seems with the Tiliaceae. also a possible relationship
ERDTMAN (Pollen Morph. & PI. Tax. 1952, 43) stated that there is a more or less close relationship
between Thymelaeaceae and Euphorbiaceae, especially the crotonoid members of the latter. , and Uses. The heartwood of some species of Aquilaria and Gonystylus contains aromatic substances
is used as incense (cf. BURK. Diet. 2, 1935, 197-205). The scented portions are only found in irregular small parts of the heartwood and are obviously caused by some abnormality (infection by fungi or
trees. described the of scented insects?) and they occur not in all SCHUITEMAKER occurrence thymelaea-
ceremonials connected with the of it ceous wood in West Borneo and the collecting (Tectona 26, 1933, Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 5
85 '-892, The used for walls of fig. l_6). strong barks of some species are weaving, huts, paper-making, and tying purpose. Wood of bancanus is used for internal building construction; it is one of _ . Gonystylus ® most important timber exports of Sarawak and Brunei.
Note. Sterile identified to the material has a limited value and can sometimes hardly be even genus with certainty, viz in and Flowering or fruiting material is Aquilaria-Gyrinops Phaleria-Wikstroemia._ essential for identification. 1 am indebted to Dr J. LEANDRI for putting his valuable manuscript notes at my disposal.
KEY TO THE GENERA
1 and material Based on flowering fruiting
'■ Leaves not pellucid-dotted. Stamens and pctaloid appendages adnate to or inserted onthe floral tube. Fruits 1-2-celled. Ligneous, • perennial. Inflorescences without involucral bracts, or (in Phaleria and Daphne composita) with free ones. Stamens 4 or more. Stamens ■ twice the number of the calyx lobes. 4- Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Petaloid appendages usually distinct and always densely pubescent or puberulous 1. Aquilaria Fruit ' a drupe or drupaceous. Petaloid appendages if present always glabrous. 5. Ovary 2-ceiled (Petaloid (rarely one cell abortive in Phaleria perrottetiana). Fruits (l-)2-seeded.
appendages none, or obscure and rim-like.) 2. Phaleria 5. Ovary J J M1-celled. Fruits1 1-seeded. always VVIIVU. I LI I I JVVUWUi
»■ Usually climbing shrubs. Inflorescences usually provided with 2 leafy bracts on each branch. Petaloid appendages well developed. Ovary densely pubescent.
Stamens two in series. obscure shorter than the .... 3. Enkleia ■ Style or ovary '■ Stamens in one series. several times as as the 4. Linostoma Style long ovary .... Erect shrubs. Inflorescences without leafy bracts. Petaloid appendages none. Ovary glabrous
or only hairy at the top. 8. Leaves opposite. Disk lobed, scale-like, lobes free or united in pairs . 5. Wikstroemia 8. Leaves alternate. Disk ring-like or cup-shaped 6. Daphne
menS same number as the calyx lobes. 9 T Shrubsh • or trees. Leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, U/i-24 by ('/3~)I-3 cm. Ovary densely hairy,
celled; style terminal. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, protruding either from the top or from the split side of the floral tube 7. Gyrinops
Dwarf-shrub. Leaves 3-5 2 the half the • linear, by /) mm. Ovary hairy at upper or only at top, ce" style lateral. Fruit a inside the floral tube 8. drupe, developing ... Drapetes 2 A nnu al I ', herbs. Inflorescences with 4, partly united involucral bracts. Stamens 2 . 9. Pimelea aves pellucid-dotted. Stamens free. Petaloid appendages inserted on the receptacle. Fruits 3-5 t-8)-celled. i( Leaves decussate, sometimes some subopposite; nervation lax and open. Flowers subumbellate. * '°bes valvate. Petaloid appendages fused in a ring. See vol. 4, p. 365 11. Aetoxylon 10 L . eaves spiral or alternate. Inflorescences thyrsoid or racemose. Calyx lobes imbricate or subvalvate. p . 7-40. j appendages I j eaves with few, spaced nerves. Petaloid appendages 10, more or less in pairs. Parastyles subulate-
" rn orm Fruits See vol. 363 and this vol. long-beaked. 47 ... 10. 11 ; 4, p. p. Amyxa eaves with numerous parallel nerves, veins distinctly prominent. Petaloid appendages 7-40,
a rox matc n°r PP ' pairs. Parastyles if present very small and clavate. Fruits not beaked. See vol. 4, P 35 °- ' 12. Gonystylus
KEY TO THE GENERA
Based on sterile material 1 Leaves not pellucid-dotted. 2 0US ' perennial Plants- 3 L eav at ' east uS mm long, penninerved, not linear, at least 1 mm petioled. Lowland or montane s"ru bs or trees. 4 e nerves and intermediate veins more or less 5 r parallel. aVeS a' ternate or spiral. Erect shrubs or trees 1. Aquilaria & 7. Gyrinops 5 Le 6S °PP°s' te also with some erect shrubs or . rarely subopposite ones. Liana, rarely n very trees 4. i 4. Linostoma a era' nerves curved, intermediate veins reticulate or cross-bar like 6. r (Enkleia). p St r ' ct decussate 6- , opposite or 2. Phaleria & 5. Wikstroemia es alternate or spiral, or at least not all strictly opposite. ____
J° me genera the floral Parts characters can usually easily be studied in the fruiting state as the floral a 6 generally persistent. 6 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 61
7. Liana, often provided with hooks. Cross-bar veins subparallel 3. Enkleia
Venation reticulate 6. 7. Erect shrub or small tree. Daphne
3. Leaves small with 7-9 more or less parallel, longitudinal nerves, sessile, linear. (3-5 by 2/ 3 mm), Subalpine dwarf-shrub 8. Drapetes
2. Annual herbs 9. Pimelea
1. Leaves pellucid-dotted.
11. 8. Leaves opposite or subopposite. See vol. 4, p. 365 Aetoxylon
8. Leaves alternate or spiral.
veins rather obscure. See vol. 363 and this vol. 47 9. Leaves with few, spaced nerves, 4, p. p. 10. Amyxa
vol. 350. 9. Leaves with numerous more or less parallel nerves, veins distinctly prominent. See 4, p. 12. Gonystylus
1. AQUILARIA
1 ibid. 2 Bibl. LAMK, Encycl. (1783) 49, nom. gen. conserv.; (1786) 610; DOMKE,
Arn. Arb. 27 402.—. Bot. Ill (1934) 118, map 2; Quis. J. (1946) Agallochum LOUR. Fl. RUMPH. ex LAMK, Encycl. 1 (1783) 48, nom. gen. rejic.—iOphispermum
Coch. 1 (1790) 281.— Gyrinopsis DECNE, Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. II, 19 (1843) 41;
J. Arn. Arb. 27 404.—Decaisnella O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 2 Quis. (1946) J (1891) Bull. Soc. 584.—Aquilariella VAN TIEGH. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. VII, 17 (1893) 216;
Bot. Fr. 40 (1893) 77.—Aquilaria sect. Agallochum HALLIER /. Med. Rijksherb. n. 44 (1922) 15.—Aquilaria sect. Gyrinopsis HALLIER /. I.e. 16.—Aquilaria sect.
Amphinoman HALLIER /. I.e. 18.—Fig. 1.
Shrubs, treelets or trees. Innovations always pubescent but usually glabrescent.
Leaves on the lateral twigs alternate, penninerved; nerves distinct or obscure, simple or sometimes branched, usually slightly curved, ascending towards the veinlets margins and joining several intramarginal veins; veins and numerous,
recurved and thickened. parallel or subparallel; margins wavy, slightly Inflores- cences axillary or supra-axillary, sometimes on internodes, terminal, or rarely cauliflorous, sessile or short-peduncled, simple or rarely branched, umbelliform or paniculiform, usually without bracts, rarely with a few small ones. Flowers usually 5-merous, pedicelled, articulated at the base of the pedicel. Floral tube fruit sometimes cupular to tubular, persistent, in splitting on one side, outside with reflexed hairs in puberulous or pubescent, inside puberulous arranged lengthwise lines towards the upper part. Calyx lobes (4—)5(—6), reflexed or erect, twice usually shorter than or rarely as long as the tube. Petaloid appendages as
the united in inserted at the throat many as lobes, free, or a ring (A. cumingiana), of the tube, lanceolate, ovate, semi-orbicular, or rim-like (A. urdanetensis), each pair opposite the calyx lobe, usually densely pubescent or puberulous. Stamens twice from the tube at the level as the as many as calyx lobes, emerging same appendages, rarely emerging slightly below them, sometimes behind them, sessile or filamentous, equal in length or sepalous ones longer than the others;
sometimes anthers linear- filaments filiform, slightly swollen at the upper end; oblong, dorsifixed, free (but in A. cumingiana the lower Yi-fz adnate to the tube); connective broad over the whole length of the anther. Disk none or rarely ring- like. Pistil included. Ovary sessile or stiped, ovoid, oblanceolate or ellipsoid, densely short-puberulous, 2-celled (or incompletely 2-celled in extra-Mai. spp.)'>
obscure dilated the style terminal, or distinct, gradually to ovary, densely of puberulous towards the base; stigma distinct, globose, capitate, pyramidal, the of the and adnate to oblong, black. Ovule attached near top septum partly
or smooth' it. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, globose, obovoid, oblanceolate, rugose or Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 7
Fig. 1. Aquilaria TIEGH. 2 b. anthers beccariana VAN a. Habit, x /3, opened flower, two removed, X 3,
c. dehiscing fruitemerg ing from top offloral tube with one seed danglingout, nat. size.—A. brachyantha
(MERR) HALL. f. d. Opened flower, X 3.—.A. hirta RIDL. e. Opened flower, x 3, f. dehisced fruit, nat.
size A. microcarpa BAILL. g. Dehisced fruit, nat. size.— A. malaccensis LAMK. h. Dehisced fruit, nat. A. cumingiana (DECNE) RIDL. i. Dehisced fruit emerging from lateral slit of floral tube, one seed dangling out, nat. size d seed ( a-b SAN A 1726, c SF 29381, FB 19562, e BÜNNEMEYER 7575, f CUMING
1617, g SAN 16965).
s ''8htly compressed laterally, protruding either from the top or from the P side of the floral _ . tube, distinctly stalked, densely puberulous to glabrous; icarp coriaceous or woody. Seeds 2, or 1 by abortion, ovoid or ellipsoid; testa Cr UStanpni.<. • J , 0118 sornet atThe^ ' ' mes downy, bearing a caruncle-like or tail-shaped appendage usua]1 ' y the whole seed and sometimes a portion of the appendage is late 11 a^ nate to the septum, with an obscure or a distinct funicle; in the latter easethe see ds of the fruit the end of the thin funicle in dangle out on open capsules; ajbu en none or scant; cotyledons thick, plano-convex. D istr
Spp tn ~ c r\r\r\ i h toremtc at U... —1 i: l : : orests at 1 low and medium altitudes, some species occurring from 1000-1700 m. 8 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 1 KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Flowers cupular or bell-shaped, 4-6 mm long, the lobes usually as long as the tube. Stamens distinctly filamentous, filaments of the episepalous ones at least as long and usually longer than the anthers. 2. Calyx lobes reflexed in anthesis. Ovary densely pubescent; style absent or obscure. 3. Fruits obovoid, 3-4 by 2'/2 cm. Seed with a tail-like, slightly twisted and pubescent appendage c. than the 10 mm long. Episepalous stamens longer petaioid appendages . 1. A. malacccnsis 3. Fruits slightly obcordate, %-l'/2 by 1-1 Vi cm. Seed with a caruncle-like, glabrous appendage c. 2 mm long. Episepalous stamens usually shorter or as long as the petaioid appendages. 2. A. microcarpa erect. 2. Calyx lobes always Ovary slightly pubescent; style distinct, filiform and almost as long as the ovary 3. A. brachyantha 1 x Flowers short-tubular to cylindric, (5—6—)7—15 mm long, the lobes usually — the of the tube. I. / 2 / 5 length Stamens sessile or subsessile, filaments rarely up to '/2 as long as the anthers, in A. urdanetensis the episepalous ones as long as the anthers. 4. Calyx lobes c. x /i the length of the tube. Seed with a short caruncle-like appendage at the base. rim-like. Filaments of 5. Petaloid appendages obscure, the episepalous stamens sometimes as long as the anthers. Style distinct. (Fruits globose, contracted at the base into a distinct stalk.) 4. A. urdanetcnsis 5. Petaloid semiorbicular or ovate to the anthers. appendages distinct, oblong, /3-'/£ as long as short. Stamens sessile or subsessile. Style absent or very outside. 6. Flowers 8-10 mm long, densely pubescent Ovary slightly obovate-oblong, truncate at the covered with of short hairs mixed with apex, densely a layer densely set, reflexed, some ap- pressed, straight, long hairs. Stigma pyramidal, sessile. Leaves densely pubescent beneath. 5. A. citrinaecarpa 6. Flowers 5-6 mm long, sparsely puberulous or glabrous outside. Ovary slightly elliptic-oblong, towards the covered with gradually narrowed top, only densely set, appressed, straight long hairs. short Stigma capitate or globose, on a very style. Leaves slightly pubescent, glabrescent, or glabrous beneath, very rarely densely pubescent. 7. Fruit with a distinct stipe as long as or longerthan the floral tube. Floral tube usually not splitting in fruit. Pedicels at least as long as the flowers 6. A. apiculata 7. Fruit sessile or on a short stipe (c. 2-3 mm), not longer than the floral tube. Floral tube in fruit splitting on one side. Pedicels usually shorter than the flowers. 8. Fruits slightly obovoid or broadly ellipsoid, gradually narrowed to the base, sessile or some- times with a very short stipe. Floral tube in fruit sometimes transversely curved and calyx lobes usually reflexed. Leaves 10-20 by 3—5V2 cm > the nerves scarcely distinguishable from the intermediate veins 7. A. filaria 8. Fruits globose,contracted at the base into a short, slender stipe. Floral tube usually flat in fruit and lobes erect. Leaves 4'/ 2 -15 by l-4 lA cm, nerves 7-12 pairs, distinct from the intermediate veins 8. A. parvifolia 1 1 a 1 - 4. Calyx lobes ~ the length of the tube, c. in A. beccariaim. Seeds with an elongated or tail- l a U /6 / 3 like appendage (except in A. cumingiana). is 9. Fruits oblanceolate, 2-3(4 by 1-1(4 cm, attenuate to the base and narrowed into a stipe which the floral ovoid usually longer than tube. Seeds or ellipsoid-oblong,brownish hairy or puberulous, Petaloid free and inserted at the with a tail-like appendage. appendages same level as the stamens. Anthers free from the floral tube. 10. Undersurface of the leaves and the fruits densely pubescent. Leaves acute. Petaloid appendages deltoid, 1/3-1/2 the length of the anther, long-hairy, the hairs as long as the appendages or longer. Seeds cuneate to the base and attached to a glabrous, elongate appendage c. 10 mm long. 9. A. hirta 10. Lower surface of the leaves and the fruits sparsely pubescent, glabrescent, or glabrous. Leaves acuminate. 11. Seeds narrowed to the base and elongated into a long (c. 15 mm), glabrous or subglabrous appendage. Petaloid appendages unknown 10. A. rostrate lonS 11. Seeds narrowed to the base and separated from the tail-like, hairy appendage c. 10 mm constriction. Petaloid by a short, thin stipe-like appendages oblong, almost as long as the stamens, shortly puberulous 11. A. beccarian® obovoid l } at bas& 9. Fruits subglobose, globose, slightly or ellipsoid, /4 by 11/3 cm, contracted the _ . . ... with obscure Seeds " sessile or an stipe. broadly ovoid, planoconvex, glabrous, c. I by y4 cm, with 0 small caruncle-like appendage. Petaloid appendages short, usually united in a ring. Lower '/j-'A the anthers usually adnate to the floral tube 12. A. cumingia"' Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 9 1- AquUaria 1 malaccensis LAMK, Encycl. (1783) seed, separated from it by a short, thin, stipe-like w, t. DC. Prod. 356; 2 (1825) 59; MEISN. in DC. constriction. | 4 (1857) Prof 602,, excl. citat. of BENTH.; MIQ. Distr. India (Bengal and Assam), Burma Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1858) 883; KURZ, Nat. Tijd. (Tenasserim), and Malaysia: Sumatra (Simalur, 27 (1864) 171; For. Fl. Burm. 2 (1877) 236; Sibolangit, Palembang, and Banka), Malay L Linn S Soc Lond n 3 Bot C1893) Peninsula (common), N. & E. Borneo, and the tai V ' ' - - > - G Bot ' Jahrb 18 (A-!/',o - - (1894) 506, f. 8, B; Philippines (Luzon). 'bid. 28 (1900) 145; BOERL. Handl. 3 (1900) 112; Ecol. Primary forests at low and medium id L. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 35 altitudes 270 £ (1901) 73; up to m. J. As. RAMBLE, Soc. Beng. 75, ii (1912) 264; Uses. According to HEYNE, I.e. and RIDLEY °RD Exk. Fl. Java 2 (1912) 656 (erron.record); (1901, I.e.) the tree yields a celebrated incense liHp L Sc riof^'fo " - 10 (1915) Bot. 44; Int. Rumph. wood which is obtained from the center of an old BR OWN, Minor Prod. Philip. Forests 1 or tree. It is said to be caused by a disease (lQ->n\ dying ' Merr En - Born which the old M ' - (1921) 417; HALL./. gains entry through decaying iea.H Rijksherb. n. 44 (1922) 16; MERR. En. branches. Its greatest use has always been for (' 923) 130; Ridu F1 - Ma'- Pen - 3 (' 924 ( fumigating and it is highly valued in the Orient 147 D RK & Henders Gard. Bull. S.S. 3 furnishes a - (1925) for ceremonial It also 417 u ' purposes. NE Nutt P L- ED 2 HENDERS. fiV ' - - (1927) 1149; beautiful, silvery bast used for making ropes and A J 4 (1928) 314; METCALFE, Kew clothes. The bast is highly prized for its strength Bun , 3 ) 5; 677'(-v CORNER, Ways. Trees (1940) and durability. ' J- Uls Am. Arb. 27 . / - (1946) 403; MERR. J. Vern. Calambac, ching karas, gaharu, galoop, Arn.Arb. " 31 (1950) 270.—/ ' Agallochum secundarium garu, karas, kayu gaharu, kĕkaras, kĕpang, laroo, immense & A.* * malaicense RUMPH. Herb. Amb. 7 • "tMIUIbC/IJC mĕngkaras, tabak, taras gharu, tĕngkaras, M, f_(1741) 10.—. 34-35, t. A. ovata CAV. Diss. (1789) Sumatra: alim, Batak, J sigsigi, Borneo; halim, t. 224.—. A. secundaria DC. Prod. 2 (1825) 59; Lamp., karèh, Minangk.; Malayaneaglewood tree, Mm PI , Bat ' BOERL. Handl. 3 - 0858) 883; E. -Agalloclium malaccense O.K. RCV. are : . uiMiMkbViwv Note. The of this species ( „ n vegetative parts en P1 2 "_ - (1891) 583.—, . Aquilariella malaccensis similar to those ofA. microcarpa in the herbarium, iEGH Ann Sc- Nat- 17 - - Bot. VII, (1893)216; and I cannot find any good character to separate uuRnn l>- Soc. Fr. Bot. 40 (1893) 77.—Fig. lh. them. r ® e U P t0 40 m by 60 cm. Bark smooth, u- . w ' slender, pale brown, pubes- 2. BAILL. Adansonia 11 rent Aquilaria microcarpa g'abrescent. * ' ' . Leaves chartaceous, sub- (1875) 304; GILG, Bot. Jahrb. 28 (1900) 145; Ce0l ' a' g ,rous sometimes pubescent be- MERR. En. Born. (1921) Bibl. Bot. neath f' ' 417; DOMKE, 8 a'5rescen ellint'' ' t. shining on both surfaces, 111 (1934) t. 4 f. 43f; Quis. J. Am. Arb. 27 (1946) on to ® — 2U_m/ oblong-lanceolate, 7'/2—' 2 by 403. Aquilariella microcarpa VAN TIEGH. Ann. 1 k C^ ase acute attenuate, or obtuse; Sc. Nat. Bot. VII, 17 (1893) 216; Bull. Soc. Bot. apex- ' > acun lnate ? » acumen to 2 nerves 12—16 Fr. 40 (1893) 77.— borneensis Pairs . up cm; Aquilariella VAN a er T 'Tegular, often branched, curving TIEGH. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. VII, 17 (1893) 217; UDVVT , e evatec ' beneath, plane or obscure above, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 40 borneensis veins H' . (1893) 77.— A. 'stinct beneath, invisible 4_g above; petiole GILO in E. & P. PFL. Fam. Ill, 6a (1894) 224; • Inflorescences terminal, axillary or supra- BOERL. Handl. 3 (1900) 112; MERR. En. Born. axin ar omet i mes on branch- 417.— ed with' ' internodes, usually (1921) Fig. lg. umbels and each with about 10 Tree to 40 80 flower up m by cm. Bark grey, super- S m ' °re rarely a simple umbel; peduncle or ficially fissured; branchlets light brown, puberu- com m ° n P eduncle 3-6 5-15 mm; pedicels slender, lous, glabrescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, shining 11 owers fireen or dirty-yellow, cam- and glabrous Panulat above, rather dull, glabrous or mm ' ong' scattered puberulous sometimes scattered hairy beneath, elliptic-oblong ' a '"de nearly glabrous within, to obovate-oblong distinct! . or oblanceolate, 4'/ 2 -10 by y 'd" " 2-3 r'bbed. Calyx lobes ovate-oblong, 1 base , '/2-4'A cm; cuneate to attenuate; apex acute mm1 ° n8, almost as Inn,, densely puberulous within, to acuminate, the acumen up to 1 cm; nerves Petaloid appendages 12-19 pairs, sometimes branched, slightly curved SI1 sliehtlv • Shtly ovate-oblong, c. 1 mm long, and to the thickened margin, y ascending pro- lncurv ~ mm _ ed, densely pilose. Stamens 1 -2 ,„ -— y - minent visible veins and veinlets -**ui j * /•*4 beneath, above; ions • eP lsepalous others-a \h ones longer than the rather irregular, subparallel, distinct beneath, ''near than > obtuse, as long as or shorter obscure 3-5 the fii above; petiole mm, pubescent. aments d enselv ' - Ovary ovoid, 1-11/2 mm long, Inflorescences axillary or supra-axillary, terminal, r, *+..1. r-. y Plibesppnfe . . ?cent; style obscure; stigma capitate. or on short lateral Fruitsj QL^ 1 branchlets, usually branched, ° r rounded at the apex °b°void-oblong, rarely simple, short or to 1 cun peduncle up cm, t the base 3-4 cm Flowers ' by 21/2 ' usual,y 6-11-flowered. white, light-yellow or u ' pa °escent Car outside, glabrescent; peri- yellow, 5 mm long; pedicels c. 5 P Wood mm, puberulous. e suture face c. 6 mm wide. Seed Floral tube Proper j outside, HW OVOld - . puberulous sparsely puberu- nc di u n g the beak 10 6 lous inside. densely J j by mm, Calyx lobes ovate or oblong, obtuse, C w t!l l°n * rec* - *""• the beak c. 4 mm g. the hairs, iiiv uvurv v< r densely puberulous on both surfaces. Petaloid ine annp /i ' PP ern n ...... >dage twisted and the as long as appendages almost as long as the stamens or 10 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 1 sometimes slightly longer,ovate or oblong, densely elliptic-oblong to broadly lanceolate, 4-9 by hairy. Stamens 1-1 Yi mm, alternately long and 11/2-3/4 cm; base cuneate to attenuate; margins both short; anther c. V2 mm, usually shorter than the slightly thickened and shining on surfaces; Pistil the 1 filament, rarely as long or longer. ovoid, apex acuminate, acumen up to cm, pointed 1 l/i~2 mm long. Ovary densely pubescent; style or obtuse at the tip; nerves and veins undistin- obscure or rarely very short; stigma capitate. guishable, numerous, divaricate, subparallel,some Fruits subcordate, slightly compressed, 8—12(— 16) of them branched, distinct beneath, obsolete by 10-12(-15) mm, l-(2-)seeded; persistent floral above; petiole 3-4 mm. Inflorescences axillary, Seed short with tube sometimes splitting on one side. ovoid, sessile or very peduncled, usually a few, 6 4 brownish caruncle- caducous 2- by mm, densely pubescent; very small, bracts, or 3-flowered; like appendage 2 mm long. pedicels c. 3'/2 mm, sparsely pubescent. Flowers Distr. Malaysia: Malay Peninsula (Singapore), short-tubular, 5-6 mm long, yellowish. Floral Sumatra (Sidjungdjung, Palembang, and tube 3'/2-4 mm long, sparsely pubescent outside, Lampongs), Billiton, Banka, and throughout pubescent towards the base and at the mouth Borneo. inside. Calyx lobes 5(-6), ovate and obtuse, Ecol. Lowland forests 200 up to m. sparsely pubescent outside, densely puberulous Vern. Sumatra: tĕngkaras, M, hepang, Banka; inside, l'/2-2 mm long. Petaloid appendages Borneo: ĕngkaras, Dayak, karas or sigi-sigi, Bugis, obscure, rim-like. Stamens free from the tube 2 kumbil, garu, tulang, M. slightly below the petaloid appendages, /j-l '/2 filament shorter than mm, episepalous oneswith a 3. Aquilaria brachyantha (MERR.) HALL. /. Med. the anther or as long as it, the others sessile. J. Rijksherb. n. 44 (1922) 16; Quis. Am. Arb. 27 Pistil e. 2 mm long. Ovary ellipsoid, densely (1946) 403.— Cyrinopsis brachyantha MERR. Philip. puberulous, narrowed into a short style c. 1 mm; J. Sc. 7 (1912) Bot. 313; ELM. Lead. Philip. Bot. 5 stigma nipple-like. Fruits globose or slightly (1913) 1629; MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 130; obovate, glabrous when mature, c. 8 mm diam., DOMKE, Bibl. Bot. 111 (1934) t. 2, f. 8; t. 5, f. 43e. with a slender stipe 3-6 mm; persistent floral tube —Fig. Id. splitting on one side. Seed ovoid, plano-convex, Small tree or shrub up to 2 m. Branchlets black, c. 1 cm long, with a short caruncle-like glabrous, yellowish brown to brownish when dry, appendage. the tips usually pubescent. Leaves chartaccous to Distr. Malaysia: Philippines (Mindanao: Mt subcoriaceous, shining on both surfaces, oblong, Urdaneta), twice collected. elliptic-oblong,or lanceolate, 8-16 by cm; Ecol. In the mossy forest on exposed ridges, base acute or obtuse; apex acuminate; nerves and c. 1700 m (c/. MERR. I.E.). veins numerous, homogeneous, slightly elevated Vern. Mañgod, makolan, Mbo. beneath, obscure or invisible above; petiole c. Note. Known only from the authentic collec- 5 mm. Flowers greenish, small, axillary, I to tions, ELMER 14195 (lectotype) and 13742 (para- several in fascicle short a on a very peduncle; type). pedicels 1-3 mm, pubescent. Floral tube cam- panulate, 3-4 mm long, pubescent or puberulous 5. Aquilaria citrinaecarpa (ELMER) HALL. /. Med. on both surfaces, usually glabrescent outside. Rijksherb. n. 44 (1922) 18.— Gyrinopsis citrinae- Calyx lobes 5, slightly oblong or ovate-oblong, as carpa ELMER, Leaf). Philip. Bot. 5 (1913) 1631; long as the tube or sometimes slightly longer. MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 130; Quis. J. Am. Arb. Petaloidappendageslinear or oblong, c. 1 mm long, 27 (1946) 405. densely pubescent. Stamens 1-1% mm long, Small tree up to 8 m. Young branches densely filamentous, the episepalous ones slightly longer olivaceous tomentose, glabrescent. Leaves SU'5 " ______than the others. Ovary ovoid, c. 1 % mm long, coriaceous, dull, olivaceous, and densely pubes- cent and slightly pubescent; style distinct, filiform, c. 1 mm; beneath, shining, reddish-brown, glabrous stigma capitate. Fruits narrowly obovoid, com- above, elliptic-oblong, or slightly obovate-oblong, pressed, 1 ~y t- 1 Yi by %-l cm. Seed including the 6—10(—12) by 2V4—4(—5V2) cm; base cuneate; apex caruncle-like appendage c. 1 cm long, pubescent, acute; margins slightly recurved; nerves 15-20 distinct, persistent floral tube splitting on one side. pairs, onthe lower surface obscure, rarely Distr. Malaysia: Philippines (Luzon: Cagayan slightly ascending towards the margin; veins and Prov.), twice collected. veinlets obscure or visible beneath, obscure above; Ecol. In primary forests at low altitudes. petiole c. 3 mm. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, sessile or with a very short peduncle, 4. Aquilaria urdanetensis (ELMER) HALL. /. Med. densely hairy, usually with a few small bracts, Rijksherb. n. 44 (1922) 16.—Gyrinopsisurdanetense 3-6-flowered; pedicels 2-4 mm, pubescent. ELMER, Leafl. Philip. Bot. 5 (1913) 1630; MERR. Flowers 8-10 mm long, greenish. Floral tube En. Philip. 3 (1923) 131; Quis. J. Am. Arb. 27 cylindric, densely pubescent outside and towards (1946) 405. the base inside. Calyx lobes oblong or ovate, Slender shrub, up to 7 m. Bark dull grey and 3-3 >,4 mm long, densely puberulous on both sur- smooth. Young branchlets whitish pubescent, faces. Petaloid appendages oblong or ovate, about glabrescent. Leaves chartaceous, shining on both 1/2 the length of the anthers, densely villose. leaves beneath Stamens 1 surfaces, young pubescent es- sessile, '/i mm long. Ovary slightly pecially on the nerves and veins, glabrescent, obovate-oblong, densely puberulous, c. 3 mm Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 11 g. style stigma none; pyramidal, black. cent. Leaves subcoriaceous, glabrous or scattered SU ' ' % cm bright or nhf ' yellow citrine, hairy rarely pubescent beneath, oblong, elliptic- tiise to subtruncate the the at apex, attenuate to oblong to lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate-oblong, Se S0 niet ' rnes slightly compressed, 10-20 3-5'/ base obtuse to fir> 'i 1 persistent by 2 cm; cuneate; apex a tube splitting on one side. Seeds deltoid, 8 shortly acuminate; nerves and veins usually homo- y mm, plano-convex, acute to the apex, almost geneous, slightly elevated beneath, obscure above; ncate at the with base, a very short caruncle- petiole 3-5 mm. Inflorescences axillary and extra- e appendage at the base. axillary, umbelliform or condensed paniculiform, ys 'a: Philippines (Mindanao), once rarely cauliflorous, very short-peduncled, (I—)3—7 collected (-oo)-flowered; pedicels 2-5 mm, pubescent. m °i st soil offorested > compact ridges, Flowers yellowish-green or white, infundibular, r ijUU m. 5-6 'A mm long. Floral tube sparsely pubescent Vern. Agododan, Mbo. outside, glabrescent. Calyx lobes oblong to slightly 2 ovate, c. mm long, densely puberulous on the U laria aP'culata MERR. J. Sc. 20 and the the whole n r tree to 3 Branchlets reddu° U P m. 1 mm long, the episepalous ones with short, fleshy ' S brown, pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves the others sessile subsessile. Paperv.Dnnp . filaments, or Ovary „i 8labrous above, or sparsely scattered obovoid, c. 31/4 mm long, densely villous; style Cent beneath, elliptic-lanceolate, 8-14 short or obscure; capitate. Fruits 2i/ 4 by very stigma C11 '33Se cuneate t0 attenuate; acu- obovoid ntinat h' apex ellipsoid to or subglobose, slightly com- e e acumen up to 2 nerves 1 ' . cm, tip obtuse; pressed, - 1 by 1 cm, sparsely hairy, g_lr rugose, y4 Y2 % Pa rS ' curved ancl ascending to the margin, narrowed to the sometimes Drom ' glabrescent, base, on a ent beneath, visible veins Seeds som(»i" above; distinct, very short stipe,. yellow. deltoid, including . lm es visible obscure the 3 3_ s beneath, above; petiole appendage c. 4 by % cm, plano-convex, black, n "fl°rescence sessile }' s or short- with a short caruncle-like Pedn . axillary, very appendage. 3_g_f,nc ' usually with a few small bracts, °we ed: Pedicels 6-7 F/ / mm, puberulous. 6 mrn long. Floral tube 4_5 short-tubular, m 8 Puberulous outside and slnhr„ ' inside, ' a yx '°bes ovate to oblong, 1 Vi—2 mrn densely Puberulous on both surfaces. Petalo a "d Ppe a8es semi-orbicular to , - ovate, Vs-V/i-v. 'th»h 6 of the i stamens, hairy. Stamens elml ' 1 - 1 mm Innn . SC S^e or e se a^ous ones on s h°rt filament' l P' P Ovary sl 3 mm - 'ghtly obovate, '°n g» -«*IK neden«#»Kr... " pu h escen '. slightly attenuate towards 'he bas aaute ar| d narrowed towards the style v/' apex; Fruits yellowish "Cdtei.. . s''Sbtly ° n ton'nf 1°"*' compressed, developing nder from Vl~ 1 cm long stipe, protruding thp n ° ' rU tUbe by 1 tu be ' cm; persistent floral ent' ° r somc'' Seeds ov^H mes splitting at one side. 8-9 by 6 with a carunclp rl mm, dark-brown, a PPcndage c. 2 mm long. Fig. 2. Localities of Aquilaria filaria (OKEN) Distr J ays ® ukidnon p"* 'a: Philippines (Mindanao: MERR. l ov'b Ecol in j ,n Pry and forests, Distr. Malaysia: ■ mossy 1100-1800 m. Philippines (Dinagat I. and Bucas Grande I.), Moluccas (Morotai, Ceram, and a FI 'ARI (1950)" ? (°KEN) MERR. J. Arn. Arb. 31 Ambon), and New Guinea (Sorong, Babo, and 128 3 excl. syn. 2. ' brachyantha Kapor). Fig. GyrinopsisXfl Cnvt 1-1 1 —■"" Mr filarius Herb. Amb. 7 Ecol. In lowland collected in ? RUMPH. forests, once open (1755) J 3 filarium forest PLEYTE 130 Pittosporum ferrugineum var. β swamp (Sorong: 393), up to m. cit ro( (1824) -; DON K' 347, excl. RUMPH. t. 7 Vern. Agd, Sorong, bòkuin, Morotai, lason, R ST OKI-M" A^' ' 1 (1831 ) 374.—jPittosporum Ceram, kasjik, Tehid lang., malowassi, Uliassers. filarium Allg. 2 ■ Naturgesch. 3 (1841) 299. Notes. In the description of Cortex filarius A. tomentosa C 'LG, Bot. Gy Jahrb. 28 (1900) 145. RUMPH. (Herb. Amb. 7, 1755, 13) RUMPHIUS re- rino psis Int brachyantha R ("°" MERR. 1912) MERR. corded the bark with strong bast and the leaves umph.(1917) 380, quoadspecim.—G with more or less veins which acuminataGyrinopsis parallel agree with En - Philip J- Sc. 17 (1920) 294; the characters of Aquilaria. He described the fruit 3 (1923) Arn. 130.—.A. acuminataJ J- as one of the cells and filled arh — O 2-celled; being ■>-> uls - empty 946) 403 Sh " with the other seeds. rub L( pulp, having two However, k or ° r c up t0 17 "i by 50 cm. Young in Aquilaria the is 2-celled and each has anchlets i: ,^ , ovary t-brown, pubescent and glabres- only one ovule. Based on the description, the 1 12 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 8-9 smooth, shining, common name 'Malowassi' and the usage, HEYNE by 6'/2-7 mm, dark-brown, with caruncle-like at the (Nutt. PI. 1927,p. 1151)identified itas a Gyrinopsis an obscure appendage sp. (= Aquilaria). base. MERRILL (Int. Rumph. 1917, 380) in inter- Distr. Malaysia: Philippines (Luzon: B.S. preting RUMPHIUS' Cortex filarius, with the re- 26876, 41562, 76441—type (A), WENZEL 1201). presentingspecimen (ROBINSON'S Pi. Rumph. Amb. Ecol. On forested slopes, 1000 m. Very closely related to A. but n. 274), referred it to Gyrinopsis brachyantha Note. filaria, MERR. (= Aquilaria brachyantha). The leaves of easily separated from the latter by the persistent to each other. floral tube with erect lobes and the smaller these two species are very similar calyx lateral See also BARKER (Fl. Mai. I, 5, 1957, 359-360). leaves with distinct nerves. J. SMITH initiated the error to combine the plate of Cortex foetidus RUMPH. (t. 7) with the de- 9. Aquilaria hirta RIDL. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. n. 35 ii scription of Cortex filarius RUMPH. referring them (1901) 78; GAMBLE, J. As. Soc. Beng. 75, (1912) Mai. 3 both to Pittosporumferrugineum (in REES, Cycl. 265; RIDL. Fl. Pen. (1924) 148; DOMKE, Bibl. Ill 5 f. A. moszkowskii 27 art. Pittosporum, 1814), although he remarked Bot. (1934) t. 43g.— already that the "thready bark" ascribed to it by GILG, Notizbl. Berl.-Dahl. 5 (1908) 84; Quis. J. le-f. RUMPHIUS does not occur in Pittosporum. This Arn. Arb. 27 (1946) 403.—Fig. to and rather smooth error was continued by DE CANDOLLE, I.E. Tree up 14 m with whitish In reviewing OKEN'S work in 1950, MERRILL bark. Young branchlets light brown, covered with (J. Am. Arb. 31, 1950, 283) pointed out that the silky hairs, glabrescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, the description of Pittosporum filarium OKEN was dull and pubescent beneath especially on and sometimes wholly taken from RUMPHIUS' Cortex filarius and midrib, nerves veins, glabrescent, concluded that Gyrinopsis brachyantha MERR. shining on the upper surface, elliptic-oblong, of base should be added to the synonymy Aquilaria ovate-oblong, 6*4-14 by 2!4-5!4 cm; filaria (OKEN) MERR. cuneate to obtuse or rounded; apex acuminate, to at On examining ROBINSON'S specimen indicated the acumen up 1 !4 cm, mucronate, pointed above and another specimen collected by TEYS- the tip; nerves 16-30 pairs, irregular, sometimes it elevated visible to obsolete MANN ( s.n Bo) from Soja, Ambon, however, branched, beneath, ., that is distinct from the Phi- curved and towards the appears A. filaria above, slightly upward lippine A. brachyantha. A. filaria is characterized margin; veins distinct or visible beneath, obscure by calyx lobes about half the length of the tube, or not visible above; petiole 5-7 mm, thickened, sessile to stamens sessile or very short-filamentous, ovary curved, pubescent. Inflorescences or up 5-14-flowered; densely villous, and the style obscure, while A. 10 mm peduncled, pubescent, brachyantha is characterized by calyx lobes about bracts small. Flowers white (fide Kep. 71521) or to 2 as long as the tube, stamens distinctly filamentous light yellow (fide BUNNEMEIJER 7575), up cm than the Floral tube 6-8 and the filaments as long as or longer pedicelled, pubescent. cylindric and the distinct outside and towards anthers, ovary sparsely hairy, style mm long, densely pubescent the the base ribbed and villose within and as long as ovary. inside, sparsely the lobes and at upper part. Calyx ovate obtuse, — mm pubescent outside and 8. Aquilaria parvifolia (Quis.) nov. comb. 2-3 long, densely Petaloid Gyrinopsis parvifolia Quis. J. Am. Arb. 27 (1946) densely puberulous inside. appendages 405. inserted slightly behind the stamens, ovate or Shrub c. 1 m tall, branches light brown or semi-orbicular, densely villous, almost as long as sometimes reddish-brown. Leaves subcoriaceous, slightly the stamens, even slightly longer. pubescent beneath, glabrous above, elliptic- Stamens sessile, c. 1 mm long, oblong, connective oblong, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, 4V4-15 by dark-brown. Pistil clavate, 5 mm long; ovary absent; stigma capitate. 1-4J/2 cm; base acute to cuneate; apex narrowly densely puberulous; style the floral tube, oblan- acute to acuminate; nerves 7-12 pairs, slightly Fruits protruding from curving upward,distinctlyelevated beneath, slightly ceolate, abruptly acute at the apex, attenuate to elevated above; veins distinct beneath, invisible the base, including the stipe 3'/2-5 by 1 cm, densely coriaceous. Seeds above; petiole c. 5 mm, sparsely pubescent, gla- golden puberulous; pericarp glabrescent, brescent. Infructescences axillary, terminal, some- ovoid, 10 by 6 mm, puberulous, the times extra-axillary, umbelliform,short-peduncled, shortly beaked at the apex, cuneate at base, sometimes almost sessile, each with 1 to 4 fruits; black and shining, with a long glabrous appendage Persistent 10 pedicel c. 3 mm, puberulous. flower c. mm long. short-tubular, 5-6 mm long. Floral tube sparsely Distr. Malaysia: Malay Peninsula (Trengganu, and puberulouson both surfaces. Calyx lobes ovate or Pahang, Johore, Singapore; lectotype: -2 MURTON RIDLEY 3837, SING ovate-oblong, 1 '/2 mm long, densely puberulous 2, SING; paratypes: K, SING), E. Sumatra (Sena- inside and onthe margins and tips outside. Petaloid and RIDLEY 11020, maninik), Riouw, and appendages orbicular or deltoid, c. V3-V2 the length Lingga. hairs Ecol. Hill from the lowland to of the stamens, villous, the slightly longer slopes, up than the appendage. Stamens sessile, c. 1 mm long. 300 m. kayu chandan, Fruits slightly obovoid or globose, 1-1 '/2 by 1-114 Vern. Chamdan, changang, when constricted the sahare Sumatra: karas. cm, yellowish, rugose dry, at , M; moszkowskii GILG described a base into c. 2 mm long stipe. Seeds broadly ovoid, Note. A. was on Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 13 s erile specimen collected by MOSZKOWSKI (12, B) nerves (10-) 15-25 pairs, curving and ascending 3 benamaninik, eastern Sumatra. I have not seen towards the margin, elevated and prominent type, but P the locality and GILG'S detailed des- beneath, distinct above; veins loosely reticulate; cription agree very well with the present species, petiole 5-7 mm. Inflorescences axillary or extra- especially the hairs silky occurring on the under- axillary, branched and up to 1V2 cm peduncled, 1 e of the leaf which is peculiar to this species. short-paniculiform, pubescent; pedicels 3-7 mm, pubescent. Flowers 7-12 mm long, yellowish, Aquilaria rostrata j<>- RIDL. Fl. Mai. Pen. 3 (1924) greenish or yellowish-white. Floral tube cylindric, 10-costate, sparsely hairy outside. Calyx lobes rCe ® hlets ranc pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves slightly ovate, puberulous inside, 2-3 mm long, siiK onac £ eous, glabrous, rather shining on both densely puberulous on both surfaces, sometimes K ' ' Pelaloid anceo ate on the > rarely ovate-oblong, 6'/i-10 glabrescent outside. appendages by2\/ ' cm ' base obtuse, cuneate to attenuate; oblong, c. 1 mm long, densely short-hairy. Stamens anpCX acum ' nate the nerves with short > acumen up to 1Y2 cm; usually sessile, filaments, If rarely very mar|y pairs, simple or almost as long as the petaloid appendages. Disk i rarely branched, spread- ° r Slightly curved and ascending, elevated ring-like to cupular, densely puberulous. Pistil c. be? ?, cal and visible ! above; veins visible beneath 5 mm long, with a distinct stipe c. 2 mm long, the , ° cure accrescent and ? above; petiole 3 V2—7 mm. Pedicels c. stipe elongated. Ovary ellipsoid, 3 n 1 "1 ' wn h s hairy. Floral lube cylindric, 6 mm attenuate to the base, gradually narrowed at the Ion . . ' " sp lt ' n SDar' , 8 on one side, glabrous outside, apex; stigma capitate. Fruit protruding from the y pu ' ' 5eru ous inside. Calyx lobes slightly top of the floral tube, ellipsoid or obovoid, 2—3 V4 oblo°P > ' 3 Vi mm long, puberulous on both by 1 /J slightly puberulous and glabrescent, face V- sur- cm, appendages unknown. Stamens narrowed to the base into an elongate stipe up to sesc'i ."' ,s (young) obovate-oblong or oblan- 1 '/2 cm, acuminate to the apex, usually slightly cenl ? ln the Cluding 3 3 _1! cm contracted in the floral tube stipe by /< /2 > middle; entire, very brow,1ku i, "airy outside, long-narrowed towards rarely splitting onone side (KADIR A 3601). Seeds the K. ase a > Pex beaked. Seeds 10 5 u. slightly ellipsoid- black, ovoid, by mm, sparsely puberulous, 0 by 4 mm the acuminate the with tail brow (excl. appendage), to apex, an elongate c. pu h ei"u'ous, acuminate, base attenuate 5 mm long, attached at the center of the appendage, and 1' C ngate .? ' nto a slender appendage, glabrous. the appendage slender, c. 1 cm long, densely l) a^a s Peninsula reddish-brown Wrnv' y 'a: Malay (Pahang, pubescent. tvnl I P, Gunong Tahan, RIDLEY 16264, Distr. Malaysia: Sumatra (Palembang), Malay K., SING). Peninsula (Johore), and common in Borneo. TE S men"oned by RIDLEY the Ecol. Primary forests, in forest are specimens rarely swampy D?? V material has been collected since from the lowland the (Johore:S.F. 29008, K), up to type M ave seen two sheets of the number 825 m. and ' type 6 ■°"ler sterile unnumbered sheet. Only Vern. Mĕrkaras puti, Sum., youncf gaharu, gumbil, rU ,S are ava '' tanduk = r' a hle, with the persistent floral M, garu. Born. tube I i njabak, rt nately tbe etaloitl and Notes. This is characterized by the ' P appendages species stamens f L ° 1 were eaten by insects except the cylindric floral tube, the oblong and puberulous basal n- ftS two sessile From i? °^. stamens in one flower. petaloid appendageswhich are almost as long as the ava *'able v material, it is to sessile or subsessile stamens, and the stiped pistil erifv th impossible ° number and shape of the with a short, puberulous, ring-like disk atits base. apnenH- pctaloid 86S and tbe ber of stamens. The of the species was This num type specimen present S^ eC es as POINTED is collected BECCARI from Sarawak. c haractp ! ' out by RIDLEY, by (PB 2339, Fi) y tbe lo N S-beaked fruits. In ad- It has rather small leaves (8'/2-13'/2 by 4 cm) tuition th n "oral a tube is than the and flowers. The of A. nd tho ? longer lobes, young type grandifolia the stamens sessile. collected in the are (GRASHOFF 693, Bo) swamp forest, Palembang, S. Sumatra, has larger leaves (17-27 fi BECCARIANA 0t Vl'i ! VAN TIEGH. Ann. Sc. Nat. by 6—8 '/2 cm) and young flowers. Many T specimens (1893 (1893) 77.1 ) 217; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 40 collected in the Malay Peninsula (e.g. S.F. 29008, Bot Handl t'S - Jahrb- 28 (1900) 145; BOERL. 29195, 29381, 29470) and Borneo (e.g. bb 34916, 112 Becc Nelle C.F. 592; Mp. = - Foreste (1902) ENDERT 3319, 4035, 34453, PURSEGLOVE RR ' En - Born. 0 (1921) 416.—.A. grandifolia P4752, RUTTEN 68, PATRICK PING San A 1726, 0tlZb1 Berl -Oahl. 11 (1932) 348.— and WOOD San 15218) have flowers and fruits in "»mW ' 'fl Biill. (1940)"'"r, l"r^. parv or " AIRY SHAW, Kew different stages of development and their leaves ' Gyrinopsis show variable size. From this additional material Am. A "J" zrandifolia J. a a „ Quis. 94 406 Tree —F'g- la~c- we can clearly infer that only one species is Up to 2o' f\ - an 4 with d. stamens, 3. Phaleria JACK. a. Habit, x 2/3, b. opened flower, X / , c. ovary disk, x 7, Fig. capitata 3 of nat. x of one seed removed to show meshes X 7, e. fruit, size, f. seed, 2, g. longitudinal section fruit, 4 macro- — L. M. h. X i. bract, X 2/3. —P. endocarp, X 2. P. elegans PERRY, Opened flower, /3 , punctate 4 (SCHEFF.) Opened flowers, dimorphous, X l. longitudinalsection of fruit, one carpa BOERL . j-k. / 3 , seed 4 2 — BAILL. m. X n. nat. o. longitudinal P. octandra (L.) Opened flower, / 3 fruit, size, removed, x /3 . , XI-B-III-8, section of fruit, one seed removed, X 2 (a BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK 2294, b-d C.H.B. h BRASS i BRASS k-l C.H.B. m-o e-g C.H.B. XI-B-XVII-43, 24484, 24483, j ATASRIP 139, VIII-G-93, WALSH 36). Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 15 12. Aquilaria cumingiana (DECNE) RIDL. J. Str. Br. short-stiped, densely hairy. Ovary obovate, at- R. As. Soc. 35 the (1901) 80; HALL./. Med. Rijks- tenuate to the base; style continuous with nerb. 44 ( 1922 ) n._r obscure Fruits Gyrinopsis cumingiana ovary, or distinct; stigma capitate. DECNE, Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. II, 19 (1843) 41, t. 1 globose, slightly obovoid, or ellipsoid, rugose, 21; i~ MEISN. in DC. Prod. 14 (1857) 603; protruding laterally from the split floral tube, m MIQ. FL. Ind. Bat. 1 F.-VILL. NOV. 1 Seeds 1, (1858) 883; y4 by 1V3 cm- broad-ovoid, plano-convex, IDAL Phan. Cuming. (1885) 1 by i/4 cm with a short caruncle-like appendage. lirf n . 'to; Rev. Pi. vase. Filip. (1886) 230; MERR. Bull. Distr. Malaysia: S. Borneo (Sampit region), »UR- For. Philip. 1 (1903) 41; ELM. Leafl. Philip. Philippines (common), and Moluccas (Morotai °ot 5 - (1913) 1629; En. Philip. 3 (1923) 131; and Halmaheira). "OLTHUIS & LAM, Blumea 5 (1942) 216; Quis. J. Ecol. In primary forests at low and medium b " 27 (1946) 405: Med Pl Philip (1951) altitudes. 63™' - " ' ' Decaisnella O K ReV Gen PL Uses. to the bark "cumingiana According QUISUMBING, I.e., 2 (1891) 584.—r ' " ' Gyrinopsis cumingiana var. pubes- and roots are used to stop bleeding from wounds. censELM. Leafl. Philip'. Bot. 5 MERR. The and fruit are used as a substitute R (1913) 1629; bark, wood, En-„ Philip. 3 (1923) 131.--Gyrinopsis decemcostata for quinine. 1 Med ITIK'I ';/' - Rijksherb. 44 (\92T)\l- DOMKE, Vern. Alahan, maga-an, palisan, Tag., bago, Blb "- Bot. Gyrinop-1U (1934) t 2 f. t. 4 f. Ak. Bis., butlo, dalakit, S.L. . 9; 36p.—■ Mbo., binukat, Neg., sis pubifolia QUIS J Am Arb 27 (1946) 406 — Bis., magwalem, Sub., pamaluian, Bag.; giba Fig li ' ' " " ' kolano, Halmaheira. 1 5 ° r sma" tree 5 Bark Note. The of !! UP t0 m. ashy grey, type specimen Gyrinopsis pubifolia mom e ar"i i smooth. branchlets densely Quis. is B.S. 75314 (A). According to QUISUMBING nn Young Pubescent, ' glabrescent. Leaves chartaceous to it was collected at Mt Abucay, Catanduanes, - (,1c.) suh naCeOUS fibrous on or some- at c. 1928 field data timp° ' both surfaces 1600 m, September 11, (the s Pubescent on the lower surface; oblong- on the label of this specimen are simply indicated 1„ nL.eo e"iptic-oblong, or ovate-oblong, rarely as "Catanduanes, M. RAMOS & G. EDANO, July- Vate" oblong the ' 14-18 cm; base Sept. 1928"); it has rather young flowers with cun by 51/2-8% t ' rafely lower of the anthers united with the floral rounded; apex acute to acuminate, part acum en up to . '% cm; nerves 12-18 pairs, slightly tube. There is another specimen (B.S. 75516, c I1C' ascer| bing to the margin, elevated and SING) which is similar to the above one and bears disti t k nea 'b. elevated veins and the same field it has both and mature veinit slightly above; data; young e s numerous 4-6 flowers and has been distributed > forked; as , irregularly petiole mm „ Gyrinopsis scences simple or sometimes branched, cumingiana DECNE (= A. cumingiana) with which few- t ° man 5 I In these it lono y"f°wered; peduncle short, c. mm agree. comparing two specimens, rarplv <...1 "mg, _-i_ - rarely subfile; 3 that is Flow pedicels mm, setose. appears Gyrinopsis pubifolia conspecific w ''' sh, cylind" 13-16 mm long. Floral tube with A. cumingiana. ne ' Puberulous outside, glabrescent, densely 0r s Excluded pubescent inside, the retrorse hairs ° t ,S m^ ' mes distinct'y 10-costate inside, Aquilaria? bancana MIQ. Sum. (1861) 355 is ac- usually Wl"1 ' rre 8u' ar wart-like cording to AIRY SHAW Mai. > sulphureous, (FL. 1, 4, 1953, 361) e*creti S a' l°bes 2-3 mm'i yx ovate or oblong, obtuse, = Gonystylus bancanus (MIQ.) KURZ ( Thyme- on ®' dep „,: sely puberulousonboth surfaces, laeac.). som S'ubrescent. " ' "' usual! Petaloid appendages. short, Aquilaria? macrophylla MIQ. Sum. (1861) 356 usually_Ju united Un tecl in a r 'n 8> rarely "free or united at is according to AIRY SHAW (Fl. Mai. 4, 1953, the has ,' 1, e ' about = half as long as the stamens, den- 354) Gonystylus (MIQ.) AIRY SHAW sely h : macrophylla a ry le ' la' rs ' than apnen,i. ' on 8cr or as long as the (Thymelaeac.). geS S,a '"cns sessile, fr tht 1-2 mm long, free Aquilaria pentandra BLANCO, Fl. Filip. ed. 1 om » u s ghtly below the '.' the appendagesor at (1837) is according to BAKKER (Fl. Mai. 1, 5, samp. 1 i e them the lower of the = (BLCO) an ' 1957, 355) Pittosporum pentandrum therus., .n usually adnate to the tube. Pistil c. 7 mm long, MERR. ( Pittosporac.). 2. PHALERIA Ac K, Mai. Misc. 2(1822) Bot. 1 Blbl 59; reimpr. HooK.Comp. Mag. (1835) 156; DOMKE, - Bot. in (1934) 123, t.4 f.36h, 6; MERR. J. Arn. Arb. 33 (1952) 239. Drim map yspermum KEINW - PI. Ratisb. 2 RCHB. Nom. Bot. Hort. 2Q§41)65 Syll. (1825) 15; Pseudais Ann. Sc. 11, 19 (18431 - Drymispermum DECNE, Nat. Bot. „ - Leucosmia BENTH. in Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 2 (1843) 231.—.Dais (" on LINNE) au«.-_ Fig> 3 9 ~ ° " Shrub S ° r trees Leaves decussate terminal ' or opposite. or a xillar Inflorescences v ' Sometimes caulifiorous, capitate, fascicled or umbelliform, peduncled, 16 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 1 rarely sessile, peduncles usually with decussate, persistent, reddish-brown, glabrous bracteoles towards the base and gradually increasing in size and more spaced towards the upper parts, sometimes 4 or more involucral bracts at the uppermost part of the peduncle surrounding the flowers. Flowers monomorphous rarely heteromorphous, white, sessile, articulated at the base. Floral tube infundibuli- both surfaces. form or cylindric, glabrous or puberulous on Calyx lobes 5, rarely 4 Petaloid obscure and or or 6, slightly unequal. appendages rim-like, none, rarely distinct (P. pentecostalis LEANDRI, an extra-Mai. sp.). Stamens in two series, usually filamentous and exserted, sometimes included, rarely sessile; anthers oblong, dorsifixed. Disk cupular, submembranous. Ovary ovoid or ellipsoid, glabrous or hairy at the apex, 2-celled or rarely 1-celled by abortion, once found 3-celled in P. octandra; style terminal, filiform, sometimes exserted; stigma Fruits 2- and capitate, papillose. drupaceous, or 1-seeded, exocarp mesocarp fibrous and fleshy (sometimes hard in the herbarium), endocarp coriaceous and hard. Seeds exalbuminous; cotyledons thick and hemispherical. About 20 in SE. Distr. spp., distributed Ceylon (P. capitata), Asia, through Malaysia to Australia, Micronesia (P. nisidai), and the Pacific (as far as Samoa and Tonga). Ecol. In rain-forests, rarely in seasonal forests, from the lowland up to 1400 m. Note. The genericname Drimyspermum has in literature frequently been mis-spelled asDrymispermum. No attempt has been made to indicate this erroneous etymology, except where new species or com- binations have been proposed. KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Inflorescences terminal and/or in the leaf axils of the terminal node, sometimes also occurring in the in several nodes in P. sometimes cauliflorous in P. and upper two nodes, rarely octandra, capitata P. coccinea. Only one peduncle in each axil, bearing (6-)8-many flowers. Flowers homomorphic. Fruits small, less than 3'/2 2 pericarp thin, less than cm thick. usually by cm; y2 Fruits and both 2. Floral tube pubescent outside, very rarely glabrescent. ellipsoid apiculate at ends, often spindle-shaped. 3. Involucral bracts 8 or more, large, 2 I/i-3'/i by 1-2 cm. Floral tube wide, 12-15 mm diam. at the throat I. P. clegans 3. Involucral bracts usually 4 or 5, smaller, '/i-l'/i by V3-I cm. Floral tube narrow, 2-6 mm diam. at the throat. Inflorescences Flowers 1 4. 8-10(-15)-flowered, very rarely many-flowered. i/i—2(—2V4) cm long; calyx lobes V^(—1/3) the length of the tube. Ovary glabrous. Leaves elliptic-oblong, elliptic- lanceolate, or obovate, (4—) 13—26 by (1 Vi—)3—8 cm; nerves 9-11 pairs . . 2. P. octandra 4. Inflorescences 20-many-flowered. Flowers 3-4'/i cm long; calyx lobes lA~V» t'le length of the tube. Ovary usually hairy at the top, rarely glabrescent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate or rarely 11 13—22 3. P. ovate-oblong, t/i—33 by 3Vi—14 cm; nerves (8—) pairs . pcrrottctiana 2. Floral tube glabrous outside. Fruits subglobose, ovoid, or ellipsoid, usually rounded or obtuse at the (acute acuminate towards both ends in P. both ends, sometimes apiculate at apex or sogerensis)- 5. Stamens and style always included. Stamens sessile or short-filamentous. Style usually not longer than the tube 4. P. nisidai 5. Stamens and style exserted. Stamens long filamentous. 6. Flowers 2'/i-4'/2 cm long. Calyx lobes %-% the length of the tube. Ovary glabrous or hairy at the top. sometimes cauliflorous 7. Inflorescences usually 8-flowered, and many-flowered. Ovary glabrous. Fruits subglobose, 1-1 Vi cm in diam.; endocarp perforated (fibrous strands interlaced, leaving distinct meshes) 5. P. capitata 7. Inflorescences 20-many-flowered, rarely cauliflorous. Ovary usually hairy or puberulous at the Fruits 1 Y -2 by 1 usually blunt at both ends, sometimes apiculate at the apex; top. ellipsoid, 2 cm, endocarp not perforated (fibres uniformly arranged, not leaving open spaces) 6. P. coccinca 6. Flowers 1 x /i~2 cm long. Calyx lobes usually the length of the tube. Ovary hairy at the top- Fruits acute or acuminate towards both ends. 10 mm 8. Inflorescences with usually more than 20 flowers. Leaves 12-33 by 4-14 cm. Stamens c. times as as broad exserted beyond the tube. Calyx lobes c. 3 long . 3. P. perrottetianf 8. Inflorescences with 6-10 flowers. Leaves 7-16 by 2/ -l cm. Stamens c. 5-6 mm exserted. Caly* 2 wide 7. P. lobes c. 2-21/2 times as long as sogerensK Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 17 SCCnCeS and in the leaf axils of axillary occurring several nodes along the branches or sornef branchlets, lifl °r0US; 1-3 sometimes several in peduncles or or many each axil, each peduncle 8 llowers - Flowers usually hcteromorphic(sessilestamensandanexsertedstyle,orexserted stamp i U a short style and lheir ' intermediate forms). Fruits , large, 3-51/2 by 3-4'/2 cm; thick w pericarp CK W ' '/! cm P. macrocarpa c cgans L M Perry j Arn. Arb. 39 1 i ' - . - 1, (1858) 885; BLUME & DE VRIESE, Ann. Hort. U958) . . 422, f c , & d _F 3h g Bot. (Fl. Jard.) 2 (1859) 33, with pi.—Drimysper- r S " la tree 2-3 ' m sparsely branched. burmanni Branrhi ,° 7 > mum DECNE, Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. II, 19 C S d ' sb " br °wn, glabrous, hollow. Leavp | terete, (1843) 40, as Drymispermum; BLEEKER, Nat. 6 c rtaceo tis to subcoriaceous, glabrous, ohlir, , Geneesk. Arch. N.I. 2 (1845) 75; MEISN. in DC. late rare > 'y elliptic-lanceolate, 18-30 Prod. 14 51/ JD by (1857) 605.—Drimyspermum blumei Cl ''aSe atten uate; apex acute to short- HASSK. Nat. N.I. acumi y' , (non DECNE) Tijd. 10 (1856) 885. ™ ar8 n s recurved; nerves 8-12 elevateH i pairs, —Drimyspermum ambiguum MEISN. in DC. Prod. °n ll surfaces, curved to- 14 . (1857) as — I wank IK spreading, 605, Drymispermum.'. Drimysper- C mar8 n: vcins slightly elevated on both mum longifolium FI. Ind. Bat. surfaces ' . MIQ. 1, 1 (1858) w'^e'y petiole about !u- reticulate; stout, 885, as Drymispermum. P.i laurifolia HOOK. /. , as the branchlet, red when fresh Bot. t. (fidr i), Mag. (1869) 5787; VAL. IC. Bog. 4 (1913) y n bud )> 8 or more, in whork'n ' arranged (1922) 23.—P. octandra var. laurifolia WARB. ex S inner whorl longer, oblong or VON MALM in ovate ->?/ Fedde, Rep. 34 (1934) 282.— P. by '"2 cm obtuse or sliehti'v ' acute, BACK. Blumea 5 u parvifolia (1945) 494.—Fig. US towards the u er art inside 3m-o. PP P . espec all n r tbe margins, glabrescent, some- Shrub times ?? up to 5 m by 5 cm. Leaves chartaccous to uc d " d °tted, 6-20-flowered. Flowers in- fundihMi. ' subcoriaceous, elliptic-oblong, narrowly elliptic 74 Cm long' Floral tube 11/4-11/2 or obovate, (4-) cm diam'at iflu 13-26 by (]i/ 2 -)3-8 cm; base roat a densely pubescent outside nd t attenuate, rarely short-acute; tow u ; apex acuminate; base ' nstd e lobes Pubesre,?! ■ - Calyx sparsely nerves 9-11 pairs, slightly ascending and curved; outslt' e nnd densely pubescent inside, veins ± Ohio,, rather widely reticulate, slightly elevated ° by obtuse. •? cm, Petaloid below, and visible ap- plane above; 6 mm. 1 petiole Stamens 6-10 "r • included, filamentous, In/lorescences usually terminal in the axils mm and/or ee rom tbe tube at ,be throat of the slightlv k't - or terminal node, sometimes in the axils along U; anthers about oblong, l>/ mm the branchlets (BEUMEE '°ng. Dist 2 2405, Bo), 8-10(— 15—OO)- C " sha P P ed 2 > c. mm Pistil inei, , crenulate, long, flowered; peduncles very short to to j up l'/2 cm, ° vary glabrous, ellipsoid, c. 3 mm usually with 'ong craH decussate, small, lanceolatescales at nar d towards the ■ . rowe apex; the base in Aliform t style gradually increasing size apically. In- Cn st'Sma globose. Fruit filiform' }I ellipsoid to volucral bracts ovate n/ 4, rarely 5, or obovate, by 1I/2_I % cm slightly com- 8-12 by 4-11 Pressed 'ae,mT- . mm, puberulous on the upper part minale on botb ends. Seeds 0vate o'r' 1 broadly of both surfaces, persistent, rarely caducous after " Vate or 'fi ' sem igl°hose, plano-convex, anthesis. by 7_io° Flowers (1-)1 cm long. Floral mm. Di sharply pointed at the tube str apex. cylindric, slightly swollen at the base, usually I.), "'aysia: New Guinea ' (Goodenough pubescent on both surfaces, sometimes glabres- cent. Petaloid appendages rim-like. ndeE sometimes V 8r °wth of an oak forest and casiona'l oc- Calyx lobes 4 or 5, oblong or slightly elliptic or 10 the 1600— forest m. Note Th' - 1750 obovate, 4-7 by 2-3 mm, densely puberulous out- s ecies is characterized by 8 side and the more lamp f or at upper part inside. Stamens and a 0 ra' which fter ? bracts are caducous anthcsi" 1^ pistil long-exserted (up to 8 mm) in anthesis. S a wide f°ral tube which n| J . is densely Disk membranous. Pubescent cup-shaped, Pistil 2-2'/2 cm e and the style. ' included stamens and long. Ovary. glabrous,ellipsoid, narrowed into the filiform style; stigma capitate. Fruits ellipsoid, a, ovoid, sometimes slightly compressed, 11-16 cria octandra by (L.) BAILL. Allans. II ' (1875) 9-15 acute or • MERR, mm, attenuate and pointed towards Philip, j Sc , 9 (, 92I) Dais367 _ both 2- or octandra ends, usually 2-celled, 1-seedcd, once F1 - Ind 6 9;BURM/ found 3-seeded - (S; (VALETON 123, Bo). S- - - (»°n Dais dubiosa Distr. Bl 1 r> ' Australia: North Queensland UtCN (MICHAEL Sp E. Herb. Timor. ANo , (1834) 41; 1250, Bo), and CHEE> L Malaysia: throughout Java, ">naea 15 (1841) 335.- Madura, Bawean, and Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali mumDrimysper-laurifolium 19 "ECNE ' Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. II, to Timor and Tanimbar), Moluccas (Halmaheira), t- 1, ® L£ f. 1-12, ; as Drymispermum; and EKER, N , - South New Guinea (Daru I.). 4. A R Fig. n esk 2oli Arch N -'- 2 - ( Systyst Wr ? - - 1845 ) 75 ; Ecol. In Vef , beach-forest, common on soil z. 2 sandy - (1854) 117; MIQ. FL Ind. Bat! of teak forest in E. Java, rarely in primary and 18 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 61 mixed from the lowland VALETON (in K. & V. Bijdr. 13, 1914, 40), one secondary forests, up to can find flowers the 600 m, in Jamdena up to 800 m, in Timor up to occasionally glabrous among KOORDERS 30200 30145 and 1000 m. hairy ones (cf. /?, /?, BUWALDA 7291). In the Kew Herb, there are two specimens of cultivated origin identified as Phaleria laurifolia. One ofthem has flowers with a floral tube glabrous outside which has been used for the plate in CURTIS'S Bot. Mag. t. 5787; the other has flowers with a floral tube pubescent outside. In other res- pects their characters entirely agree. It is not clear whether they were collected from the same or from different plants. According to VALETON (IC. Bog. 4, 1913, 47) P. octandra is slightly more xerophytic than the others and obviously cannot well maintain itself in rain-forest and the specimens which had been introduced in the Bogor Botanic Gardens have perished. The fibers which constitute the endo- 4. Localities of Phaleria octandra (L.) BAILL. and form rather thick with Fig. mesocarps a layer, a (+) and P. perrottetiana (DECNE) F.-VILL. (•). smooth, compact, shining inner surface, more loose than the peripheral parts but leaving no Vern. Kopinan, mritja sunda, pantjalpamor, J, meshes among them. kaju pateng, Kangean, mandalika, manpulang, In 1893 H. HALLIER (320, Bo) once collected it Bawean; Lesser Sunda Islands: daun wèmpè, nu along the border of the Palace Garden (Herten- impi, Jamdena, koffifui, Timor, lolong, Sumba; kamp) adjoining the Botanic Gardens at Bogor; Sawai pèpigéow, Halmaheira, lang. it must have escaped or been derived from Note. Dais octandra was first published by cultivation (c/. VALETON in K. &. V. Bijdr. 13, in 1767 PI. There is collected LINNAEUS (Mant. I, p. 69). a 1914, 47). One specimen was by specimen in the Linnean Herbarium which bears HOOGERWERF (42, Bo) in the beach forest of LINNAEUS'S handwriting and agrees with the Udjungkulon, W. Java, which is apparently the original description with the exception that some western limit of this species. of the flowers are sparsely pubescent outside. P. octandra is closely related to P. perrottetiana. Dais octandra In 1768, one year later, appeared Some specimens collected at Sumbawa (ELBERT in BURMAN'S Fl. Ind. p. 104, t. 32 f. 2. There are 3903, 3949, 3994, 4099, 4127) have 1 5-c\>fIowered two specimens of BURMAN'S in the Herb. Delessert inflorescences. One specimen collected in the at Geneva; one of them bears in BURMAN'S Tanimber Is. (S. Moluccas) (BUWALDA 4369), has " handwriting Dais octandra" and the other has a large leaves (20 by 9 cm) which are similar to label "Java Kleinhoff". These two specimens are those of P. perrottetiana both in size and shape. similar to each other and may belong to one collection. They are also similar to the specimen 3. Phaleria perrottetiana (DECNE) F.-VILL. NOV. in the Linnean Herbarium mentioned above but App. (1880) 183; MERR. Sp. Blanc. (1918) 378; the flowers more on the outside Minor Prod. For. 1 403; appear pubescent BROWN, Philip. (1920) of the floral tube. I assume BURMAN has sent his MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 131; Philip. J. Sc. 29 drawing with one of his specimens - which might (1926) 404; MERR. & PERRY, J. Am. Arb. 22 have been the one which he had used for the des- (1941)265.— Drimyspermum perrottetianumDECNE, cription - to LINNAEUS, as LINNAEUS cited "Burm. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 11, 19 (1843) 40, as Drymisper- Ind. t. 33, f. 2" in the description. mum; Sleeker, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. N.I. 2 (1845) FI- In 1876 BAILLON (Adansonia 11, p. 321) rightly 75; Meisn. in DC. Prod. 14 (1857) 605; Miq. transferred Dais octandra to Phaleria as P. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1857) 886.—.Dais laurifolia (noil octandra. He mentioned only BURMAN'S publica- JACQ.) BLANCO, Fl. Filip. (1837) 375, ed. 2 (1845) tion and overlooked that of LINNAEUS. According 263, ed. 3, 2 (1878) 125.—Drimyspermum urens 1 to priority we should accept LINNAEUS as the (non REINW.) SCHEFF. Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg author of Dais octandra and the specimen in the (1876) 46.—.Drimyspermum coccineum (non Dais Linnean Herbarium as the holotype. coccinia GAUDICH.) BECC. in d'Albertis, New' Because of some minor discrepancies between Guinea 2 (1880) 398, as Drymispermum, quoad BURMAN'S {I.e.) description and drawing, and both specim.—jP. blumei (non BENTH.) HEMSL. Bot. 4 of them also with the Chall. 3 244.P. VAL. IC. not exactly agreeing spec- (1885) splendida Bog. imens preserved in BURMAN'S herbarium, DECAIS- (1913) 219, t. 370 A-B. based sometimes Branches NE (Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. II, 19, 1843, 40) a Shrub, a tree, up to 8 m. the branchlets and dark-brown. s new species, Drimyspermum burmanni, on and glabrous Leave specimens in the BURMAN Herbarium. However, chartaceous, oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate, of the discrepancies have no value for defining ovate-oblong, 11 '/2—33 by 3'/i-14 cm; base the floral tubes species: are usually pubescent cuneate, rounded; apex acuminate; margins distinct outside but rarely glabrous and, as pointed out by slightly recurved; nerves (8-) 13-22 pairs, Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 19 and elevated on both surfaces, curving and as- cending towards the margin, veins and veinlets 1 slightly reticulate; petiole '/£ cm, slightly winged. Inflorescences terminal and/or axillary at the terminal node, sometimes in the axils of the of upper two nodes the branch, solitary, very rarely more than one in the same axil. Peduncle up to 31/2 cm; bracts small, lanceolate, 3 mm decussate the basal long, densely at part, per- sistent. Involucral bracts 4, caducous after an- thesis, rarely persistent, oblong, obovate-oblong, 15 by 8 obtuse at the mm, apex, apiculate or obtuse, densely puberulous towards the upper both surfaces. part on Flowers (2-)3-41/2 cm long. Floral tube pubescent outside, villose at the lower half or lower % inside. Calyx lobes 5-9 mm long. Stamens and style c. 10 mm exserted beyond the tube. Disk cup-shaped, some- times consisting of 6 or 7 free lobes (PNH 33763). Ovary usually hairy at the apex or on one side of the ovary, usually 2-celled, sometimes 1-celled by abortion. Fruits usually 1-seeded, ovate, gradually narrowed towards the apex, acute at the base, 11/2-3 by n/4-13/4 cm. Seed ellipsoid, plano- convex, 10 by 8 mm. Distr. Louisiade Archipelago (Sudest I.), AdmiraltyIs. and A/d/flys/a.- New Guinea (through- out), Moluccas (Kai Is. and Ceram), Philippines (throughout), and N. Borneo (Banguey I. and Lahat Datu). Fig. 4. Ecol. In rain-forest at low and medium alti- collection tudes, one (NGF 8511) at 1140 m (Western Highlands, New Guinea). Vern. New Guinea: kwareo, Wanigela, bearoa, Gabobora; Philippines: aligpagi, Davao, bágo, Bat., tuba, Cag. Note. Some specimens collected at Davao Prov., Mindanao, Philippines (B.S. 48963, 49614 and MERRILL 11616) seem to be a distinct local form of P. perrottetiana; this form differs from the typical one only by the rather small flowers (c. 2 cm long) and the floral tube which is glabrous outside. Because of the of kinds of presence two flowers P. perrottetiana has been placed in the key twice. Some specimens (v/z CARR 11353, 11672, and HOOGLAND 3788) bear large fruits (c. 3 by 1% cm) with rather thick pericarps (c. 2 mm). Their enormous size might have been caused by the attack of insects, as there are always hole(s) on the pericarps and excrements of insects inside the fruits. 4. Phaleria nisidai KANEHIRA, Fl. Micron. (1933) 248, f. 116; Bot. Mag. Tokyo 47 (1933) 675. Shrub small or tree, up to 3 m. Branchlets smooth, glabrous, yellowish-green to reddish- brown. Leaves chartaceous, greenish when dry and glabrous on both surfaces, elliptic-oblong, rarely lanceolate, 10-18 base by 2Y2-6V2 cm; obtuse, acute or cuneate; apex acuminate; nerves 6-10 pairs, curving and ascending towards the F ig. A margin, elevated beneath, plane and distinct 5. tree of Phaleria bridal attire. sp. in above, veins reticulate, usually rather dense, Kebun Raya elevated Indonesia, Bogor, beneath, distinct or obscure above. 20 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 1 Inflorescences terminal and/or in the axils of the Micron. (1933) 248. —P. urens KOORD. Minah. terminal node, umbelliform, 10-12-flowered; pe- (1898) 577; Suppl. 2 (1922) t. 98; Suppl. 3 (1922) duncles c. 2-4 mm with a pair of opposite, green, 48. —P. cauliflora BEDD. For. Man. Bot. (= Fl. and obovate-oblong bracts (4 by 2 mm) at the Sylv. vol. 3) (1873) 180, t. 25, f. 5; TRIM. Fl. Ceyl. 3 5 upper part; involucral bracts 4, green, glabrous, (1895) 459; HOOK./. Fl. Brit. Ind. (1886) 199.— caducous after anthesis, oblong or elliptic-oblong, Fig. 3a-g, 6. 8-10 by 4-6 mm. Flowers 2-3 l/i cm long. Floral tube cylindric, slightly dilated towards the top, glabrous outside, puberulous or pubescent inside. Calyx lobes 5(—4), oblong, ovate or orbicular, 2-4 '/2 by 2-3 mm, puberulous on the margins and top outside and the whole surface inside. filaments Stamens included; >/2-3 mm; anthers c. 1 mm long. Disk cup-shaped, crenate, mem- branous. Pistil usually shorter than the tube, rarely exserted. Ovary ovoid, c. 2'/2 rrim long, hairy at the apex; style filiform; stigma oblong or slightly globose. Fruits globose or slightly obo- void, 1 V2-2 by 1 l/t-2 cm, slightly compressed, constricted at the base into a 3 mm long stipe. Seeds broadly ellipsoid, 5 '/2 by 7 mm. Distr. Western Carolines (Palau: KANEHIRA 2445, K), in Malaysia: D'Entrecasteaux Is. (Normanby I.: BRASS 25827, K, L), New Britain (Gazelle Pen.: WATERHOUSE 908, K), Louisiade Archipelago (Misima I.: BRASS 27505; Rossel 1.: BRASS 28284, L), and New Guinea (Eastern Highlands: NGF 9564). lowland Ecol. Rain-forests, up to 600 m. Note. All specimens cited above match very well with KANEHIRA'S description and his fine drawing as well as his collection from the type locality (2445, K). This species is characterized by the leaves with rather dense venation and the Fig. 6. Phaleria capitata JACK. Botanic Gardens, flowers with included stamens and pistils. Singapore, Febr. 1952 (Photogr. M. R. HENDERSON). 5. Phalcria capitata JACK, Mai. Misc. (1822) 59; reimpr. in Hook./. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 (1835) 156; K. & V. 13 S. J. Bot. 63 Shrub small Bijdr. (1914) 41; MOORE, or tree, up to 9 m by 16 cm. (1925) Suppl. 89; HEYNE, Nutt. PI. (1927) 1152.— Branchlets reddish-brown. Leaves Dais dubiosa BL. Cat. (1823) 69; Bijdr. (1826)651; glabrous, in dry state reddish-brown above, pale HASSK. Cat. Hort. Bog. (1844) 94; FILET, PI. Bot. brown beneath; elliptic-oblong,(11-)15<4-21(-26) Tuin Weltevr. (1855) 50.— Drimyspermum urens by (3'/S-)5'/2-7(-10) cm; base acute to attenuate, REINW. PI. Ratisb. 1 Ann. Syll. (1825) 15; DECNE, rarely rounded; apex narrow acute to acuminate, Sc. Nat. Bot. II, 19 (1843) 39; BLEEKER, Nat. acumen 1 !4-2'/2 cm; margins sometimes recurved in Geneesk. Arch. N.I. 2 (1845) 74; MEISN. DC. in dry state; nerves 8-10 pairs, elevated beneath, Prod. 14 (1857) 604; HOLTHUIS & LAM, Blumea 5 slightly elevated above; veins loosely reticulate, (1942) 216.— Drimyspermum blumei DECNE, Ann. distinct beneath, obscure above; petiole 5 mm. Sc. Nat. Bot. II, 19 (1843) 39, as Drymispermum; Inflorescences usually terminal and/or in the leaf BLEEKER, Nat. Geneesk. Arch. N.l. 2 (1845) 74; axils of the terminal node, solitary, sometimes ZOLL. Syst. Verz. 2 (1854) 117; MEISN. in DC. cauliflorous, subsessile or on very short (c. 3 mm) Prod. 14 (1857) 604; MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1857) peduncles, with decussate, small bracts at the 885.— P. dubiosa ZOLL. Nat. Geneesk. Arch. N.I. base. Involucral bracts 4, oblong, ovate or 1 (1844) 616.—Drimyspermum laurifolium (non obovate, 6 by 3 mm, usually caducous after DECNE) HASSK. Nat. Tijd. N.I. 10 (1856) 155.— anthesis sometimes persistent, usually 8-flowered. Drimyspermum phaleria MEISN. in DC. Prod. 14 Flowers 2>/2 -4'/ 2 cm long. Floral tube cylindric, (1857) 604, as Drymispermum; MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. gradually enlarged towards the top, glabrous on — 6-7 1, 1 (1858) 884. Drimyspermum cauliflorum both surfaces. Calyx lobes oblong or elliptic, THW. En. Ceyl. PI. (1860) 251, as Drymispermum. by 2-3'/2 mm, puberulous inside and towards the —PP. cumingii F.-VILL. NOV. App. (1880) 183; upper part and margins outside, sometimes VIDAL, Phan Cuming. Philip. (1885) 140; Rev. glabrous outside. Stamens and style usually ex- PI. Vase. Minor Prod. serted sometimes 5 Pistil sometimes Filip. (1886) 230; BROWN, up to mm. it Philip. For. 1 (1920) 403; MERR. Bull. Bur. For. shorter than the tube or about as long as Philip. 1 (1903) 43; En. Philip. 3 (1923) 131; (BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK 5063, BAKHUIZEN KANEHIRA, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 45 (1931) 331; Fl. VAN DEN BRINK /. 688, and San A 3140). Disk Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 21 P-shaped. Ovary ellipsoid, glabrous, apex D'Albertis, New Guinea 2 (1880) 398, quoad arrowed into the filiform style; stigma capitate, basionym, as Drymispermum-P. revoluta BOERL. n by 1 min. Fruits subglobose, 1-1 */2 cm in Handl. 3 (1900) 111; VAL. IC. Bog. 4 (1913) 215, n sorn ? "* etimes at the P. 2-^ 1 short-acute apex, usually t. 369. amboinensis MERR. Philip. J. Sc. 11 ' seec ec'i endocarp inside with distinct (1916) Bot. 294. P. platyphylla MERR. Philip. J. meh Sc. 14 (1919) 429; En. Philip. 3 (1923) 131. P. subcaudata MERR. & PERRY, J. Am. Arb. 22 (1941) 265. Small tree, up to 5 m. Branchlets red-brownish, usually hollow. Leaves chartaceous to coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces; obovate, elliptic, elliptic- to lanceolate-oblong, obovate- to oblan- ceolate-oblong, ovate-oblong, by 6-11 '/$ cm; base rounded to cuneate; margins slightly recurved; apex short-acute, acute, up to 2 cm acuminate; nerves 8-14 pairs, prominent and elevated beneath, slightly elevated or plane above, curving and ascending towards the margins; veins loosely reticulate; petiole thick, c. 5-7 mm long. Inflorescences terminal or/and axillary at the terminal node, rarely cauliflorous, (15-)20-many- flowered; peduncle up to 2 x/i cm. Bracts small, F ig. 7. lanceolate, ovate to obovate, 3-10 mm long; Localities of Phaleria capitata JACK. involucral bracts 4, elliptic- or obovate-oblong, < c on 4-12 2-5 caducous after ~ y Carolines obtuse, by mm, anthesis, l/ . ' > (Palau,//WeKANEHIRA), and A* Flowers Floral 'l ays'a: Malaya (cult, and Sumatra, rarely persistent. 21/2-31/2 cm long. Java t natur.), tube °™eo, Philippines, Moluccas glabrous outside, glabrous or sparsely (Bu ' Celebes, ' 'V inside. lobes nt ew Guinea (Waigeo I.). Fig. 7. puberulous to pubescent Calyx Ecol ? ' primar and obovate-oblong or oblong, 5-7 by 2-3 mm, thi» i i y secondary forests, from to reflexed, usually puberulous on both surfaces. up 1200 m. (C Stamens and 8-10 exserted. Disk HEYNE /-C. BURR. Diet. style up to mm 17031T {' - ; 2, 1935, ° U B villous the 'be bark have been used for cup-shaped. Ovary or puberulous at cordae i *?res I-celled. Fruits ty ng matcrial. The fruits are sweet top, 2-celled, very rarely ellipsoid, and edit fr ' 1 cm, blunt at both sometimes seeds are used for scurfy 11/2-2 by ends, 'n eruptions childre the Seeds 5 apiculate at apex. ovoid, 6/2 by mm. Ver n. Sumatra: Distr. New Britain and Malaysia: Philippines suwa lansat Simalur, rimbò , suloh 1 Lampong; and Moluccas Java: godong-laweh,kakapassan, (Panay Mindanao), (Sula Is., ki-angkrieng, ki s, Ambon, Ceram, and Key Is.), New Guinea lawé-lawé, tangkieh. kojoian, la wé, lawéan, ulati, (Sorong, Waren, Hollandia, Central and South Celebes: J; Borneo: djarum djarum; suka, Bug-, Division, Nabire, Sepik region). Moluccas: sunsuan, susuan, Minah.; Ecol. In rain-forests from the lowland la’awan’a, & Talaud Is. up to Sangi ~ *■*■ Notes Th„ 300 m. rather mesocarP °f 'he fruit is fleshy and s ft T d 6 endocar consists hres P of interwoven wh k 7. Phalcria S. J. Bot. 61 (1923) rm a characteristic network; sogerensis MOORE, through M le mes hes Suppl. 43. e"Dosp,i , one can see the testa of the EED (F Shrub 2 Branchlets reddish- dark- Pig. /- VALETON, IC. Bog. 4, 1914, 21?). up to m. to 3 „ brown, glabrous. Leaves rarely sub- Ther papery, C tWO coriaceous, on both surfaces, sometimes sPec'mens collected CORNER glabrous 2Xdsi by brownish or brownish-green when dry, elliptic- SING) at Johore, Malay w h |c h oblong, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate; 7—16 by driven r' might have escaped or been ed f 'om cultivation. 2'/2—7 cm; cuneate to attenuate towards the base; acuminateat the apex, sometimes with an acumen Not. WAUDICH.) F. V. M. Dcscr. c. 2 cm long; nerves 6-10 pairs, spreading towards quoad basionym; K. Sen. & the margin and then curved upwards, Laut Fl c L' prominent • (1900) 459. Dais coccinea and elevated elevated UDIUI beneath, slightly above; Voy Uranie ' - (1826)443, t. 44. Pseudais veins reticulate, distinct beneath, obscure above; coccinea DE NE ' Ann Sc at- N Bot. 19 petiole c. 5 mm. Inflorescences terminal, and/or (1843) "4i n - - 11, EEKER Nat. Geneesk. Arch. in the leaf axils of terminal one or h ' N.I. the two nodes, '• MEISN. in - Fl DC. Prod. 14 (1857) 603; 6-10-flowered; peduncle none to 12 mm; in- ' lnd Bi Drimysper-9' ' »- 1, 1 (1858) 883.—. volucral bracts 4, slightly obovate, c. 5 by 3 mm, mum30— ~ revolutumT. & • B. Nat. Tiid. N.l. 27 (1864) usually caducous, sometimes persistent. Flowers 14 Drimyspermum cumingii (18"> MEISN. in DC. Prod. 1 '/2-2(-2'/2) cm long. Floral tube glabrous onboth V" ' as- A I . Drymispermum.. —P.1 vriesii surfaces, rarely puberulous inside. Calyx lobes ansonia BAIL U 329.—J L. /.C j (J875) P. zippelii slightly oblong, 5-8 mm long, densely puberulous Drimyspe rmum coccineum BECC. in inside and on the margins outside. Stamens and 22 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 61 Fig. 9. Phaleria macrocarpa (SCHEFF.) BOERL. Phaleria Fig. 8. macrocarpa (SCHEFF.) BOERL. with its beautiful, glossy, bright-red fruits. Kebun Raya Indonesia, Bogor Cultivated in Kebun Raya Indonesia, Bogor. (C.H.B. VIII-G-93). K. SCH. & HOLLR. Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land (1889) pistil slightly exserted. Disk cup-shaped, crenate, 93; WARB. Bot. Jahrb. 13 (1891) 337.—P. papuana c. % mm long. Ovary usually pubescent or WARB. ex K. SCH. & LAUT. Fl. Schutzgeb. (1900) puberulous at the apex, rarely glabrescent or 460; GILG, Nova Guinea 8 (1910) 411.— glabrous. Fruits ellipsoid, acute or acuminate P. sp. GILG, I.e.— P. calantha GILG, I.e.— P. towards both ends, 1 '/2 by 1 cm, rarely the basal wichmannii VAL. IC. Bog. 4 (1913) 222, t. 371.— part of the endocarp inside with small meshes. Fig. 3j—1, 8-9. Seeds 8 5 with Shrub small 18 15 ellipsoid, plano-convex, by mm a or tree, up to m by cm- to caruncle-like appendage, c. 1 Vi mm long. Young_branches hollow. Leaves chartaceous Distr. Malaysia: New Guinea (Sogere,Kanosia, subcoriaceous, glabrous, ovate-oblong, elliptic- Koitaki, Boridi, and Hollandia). oblong, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, 10-25 by Ecol. In forests low and 3-10 base shortly at medium altitudes, cm; cuneate or rounded; apex sometimes 1400 2 up to m. acute to acuminate, acumen up to cm; nerves 6-11 pairs, spreading towards the margins, some- 8. Phaleria BOERL. Handl. 3 times their distal end and united macrocarpa (SCHEFF.) curving upwards (1900) 111; L. M. PERRY, J. Am. Arb. 39 (1958) loop-like, elevated and distinct on both surfaces; veins sometimes 420, fig. a-b.—Drimyspermum macrocarpum loosely reticulate, subperpendi- SCHEFF. Ann. Bot. Gard. Btzg 1 (1876) 46, as cular to the midrib, slightly elevated on both octandra terminal and in the axi' s Drymispermum.• P.J (non (L.) BAILL.) surfaces. Inflorescences Dec. 1960] Thymelaeaceae (Ding Hou) 23 along the 1 branchlets, sometimes cauliflorous, to common and can also be observed in for example rarely > more peduncles in each axil; peduncles bb 25746, BW 5468 from Hollandia, and NGF °r U P to 2'/ 2 cm (cf bb 25746), each 2-5(-8)- 7298 from Morobe Distr. The vegetative and ted; involucral bracts .["e 4, small, obovate, morphological characters of the type agree with n ca^ucous by 2 mm. lon° p'i ' Flowers 1 '/2-4 cm those of P. calantha and P. wichmannii. a tube glabrous ' on both surfaces, some- The type of P. wichmannii was collected by puberu ou thpCt! ' s and hairy on the inside towards ATASRIP (139, Bo, L; cult, in Hort. Bog. under Se a yx lobes 4 2 VIII. G. in northern Dutch New den ' oblong, by mm, reflexed, n. 75) Guinea; Se y Pfberulous inside and on the margins its flowers have a long, exserted style and almost ou( . si e. Stamens sessile or up to 6 mm exserted. sessile stamens. ' the"? ous; sty e shorter than or as long as The type of P. calantha was collected by u 1 or c 5-10 mm exserted. Fruits sub- VERSTEEG L. cult, in Hort. „i , - (1939, Bo, K; Bog. Se t0 broad, time° y ellipsoid or rounded, some- under n. VIII. G. 93) at Merauke, southern Dutch r 8 tnu,„S ,htly obovate and stipe-like narrowed New its flowers have filamentous . Guinea; long 6 base 3-5 woodV 'p ' by 3-41/2 cm, exocarp stamens and a style shorter than or as long as the w "en dry. Seed subglobose or slightly floral tube. The fruits of these two 'species' ovnn c. ■ \y by 2 114 cm. collected from the cultivated plants mentioned r a^a F s'a: in western common New above are similar, large and fleshy. I assume Guinea very that the flowers are heteromorphous and these Pr 'mary and from the forms of 1„ secondary forests, two 'species' represent two one species. owiand up to 550 m, once at 1260 m. Moreover, two other forms have been found, fiS ' S cu'tivated in Sabron Hollandia near viz one with both stamens and style exserted as on r| ay S at m Tbe bark is used the for & Pani. ?'' - by represented example by KLOSS sin. (13/1 for bags 1912 and HOOGLAND 4520 v making (BW 5468). 16/1, [1913], BM) (Bo, n. Dalom, Sentani, kotteh, Djair, matoniek, G, L), and another one with short-filamentous Andjai. stamens and a short style, represented by NGF Note. Phaleria- —»■•••macrocarpa was first described 9564 n.. uurucarpa (L). as Drimyspermum - SCHEFFER . macrocarpum by (l, . c ) . ON F Excluded TEVO.. RU'TING specimens collected by NN , J near Gore, western New Phaleria axillaris ELMER, Leaf). Philip. Bot. 8 Guine- T hese ur| sliehiiw ! y° g fruits are ellipsoid or (1915) 2840 is according to MERRILL (En. Philip. 3, ° stine-lfr ('5 by 12 mm) and narrowed 1923, 535) = Tricalysia tinagaoensis ELMER (Ru- e towards the base. This shape is not un- biac.). 3. ENKLEIA R CALC ' at- st in TIEGH. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. - 234, note; VAN 4C) NS'O (1844) ) 69; Bibl. DOMKE, Bot. Ill (1934) 121, t.4 f.36n & map 3.-7Linostoma subg. Linostoma KURZ, J. As. Soc. Bene. 39. ii (1870 83: reimDr. Flora 53 (1870 •» * W • ) • ) *"—'5 v f ** A V V%/ J A A 1V/AU •/>/ A W / 372 ,. • y f ys Vllllj'l /s Linostoma WALL, EX ENDL.: BENTH. & HOOK./. Gen. PI. 3 (1883) 197, p-p.—l Macgregorianthus MERR. J. Sc. 7 Bot. 312.— 10. „ Philip. (1912) Fig. LI ar >as. Leaves sometimes towards the of the alternate, opposite upper part penninerved with oblique and subparallel cross-bar veins. Inflores- cences amcu''f° rrn terminal, lax, bearing a few flowers on the of the ramifica- tions > top 30 ' 1 which always bears a few or lanceolate °r Quf conduplicate involute, linear, n S °, bracts; these bracts are subopposite, opposite or Pe alternate, usually " 1':u ' ar the to ramification and sometimes slightly curved upwards when y0Un basal two sornet"' accrescent and leafy in fruit, horizontally spreading or IITI< S re^ slightly enlarged at their attachment(not enlarged in the extra- Mai \ Flowers the base of the Floral tube c 5-merous, articulated at pedicel. ylind C b ulous inside. lobes ° S^° P u er outside, glabrous Calyx puberulous n both '- SUl^ aces> - Fetaloid appendages twice as as calyx lobes or the same "Umber many Und then k'hd hnear entire or lrisertpH or oblong, membranous, emarginate, at throat of the tube. in Stamens included, twice as as calyx lobes, • many two «6 mm " 68 1116 ' uPP er series free frorn the tube and inserted just below the throat, the low r ser ies below tous- uf a lidle the upper series, sessile, subsessile or short-filamen- aments if present slightly broadening towards the base of the anthers; 24 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 1 Enkleia malaccensis GRIFF, 2 b. of with hook-like 10. a. Habit, X stem X 2 Fig. /3 , part branchlets, /3 , c. flower, d. stamens, infructescence with 2 2, opened X 6, X 13, e. two leafy bracts, X /3 , f. fruit, X g. cross-section showing structure of pericarp, X 4.—E. paniculata (MERR.) HALL. f.. h. Opened flower, x 6, i. stamens, x 13 (a KEITH 9234, b MAINGAY 1308/2, c-d HEYNE s.n., e ELMER 20834, f KOSTERMANS 7034, h-i ZIPPELIUS 148a). anthers linear or oblong, slightly apiculate or obtuse; connectives distinct on the dorsal side and almost as broad as the two locules. Disk none or obscure, some- times minute scales. represented by some Ovary sessile, ellipsoid or ovoid, densely Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 25 la,r y; Fruits style terminal, distinct; stigma oblong. ovoid or ellipsoid, pro- minently ribbed and reticulate (in the herbarium), surrounded at the base by he torn remains of the floral with thin and hard Seed the tube, exocarp endocarp. same shape as the fruit, testa membranous. ,str Species 3, distributed in the Andaman Is., Burma, Siam, Indo-China, and Malaysia Sumatra, M , - : ay >en / 'nsu ' a' Borneo, Philippines, and New Guinea, p fccol. In lowland forests. KEY TO THE SPECIES e v ®s )f subcoriaceous to coriaceous, rather dark often red-brown when dry, usually broad-elliptic and bluntish. Floral tube not twisted after anthesis. Stamens sessile or shortly filamentous in the per series; 1. j J'P anther longer than the filament, acute and apiculate at the top. E. malaccensis eaves chartaceous, pale (greenish or light brown) when dry, usually ovate-oblong and rather acutish. oral tube twisted after anthesis. Stamens distinctly filamentous in the upper series; anther shorter an or as long as the filament, obtuse to truncate at the top 2. E. paniculata malaeccns 's GRIFF. Calc. J. Nat. Hist. 4 Uses. Said to give an inferior scented 'gaharu' LN NOTE GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. The bast fibers be used fin rlim; ' : Ill, wood (/We HEYNE, I.e.). can ' GAMBLE, J. As. Soc. ii for (19i?i Beng. 75, tying purpose. EXCL AA,,3' S Med. Vern. Akar kareh akar panas, akar „ Y»-; HALL./. Rijksherb. hitam, 44 (1922) 24; RIDL. Fl. • Mai. Pen. 3 (1924) 147; puchong kapur, garu buaja, kapang akar, M, ER Kew ' Bii". „ON" (1932) 182; BURK. Diet. 1 tĕmentak akar, Banka, tĕrap akar. Sum.; Borneo: ' "ANDRI, Rev. Int. Bot. & aka akar Anr T Appl. dian, Kaya, garu, Dusun, tuba-tuba, 29 0949) 505; Proc. 8th Pac. Sc. Con TP' Bajau. n fer. Manila 4 (1957) 585.— Lasiosiphon scan- dens ENDL. Gen. PI. Su'ppl. 4, 2 (1847) 67, nam. 2. Enkleia paniculata (MERR.) HALL. /. Med. IN PLV'J DC. Prod. 14 (1857) 598; MIQ. Rijksherb. 44 (1922) 26.— Macgregorianthus In ' d.Bat. - 1, I (1858) 88!.— - E. GRIFF. MERR. J. Sc. 7 Bot. . ««>• malayana paniculatus Philip. (1912) 312; NOTNot ■ / As. 4 ' - (1854) 363.-Linostoma scandens GILG in E. & P. PH. Fam. Nachtr. 4 (1915) 212; J ' s- Soc - Ben ii MERR. En. 3 132.—E. Flnr.f' 8- 39, (1870) 83; reimpr. Philip. (1923) zippeliana 0) ,71; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 HALL. I.e. Oil—I. (188m " /• /. —Fig. 1 'iqo excl s Boerl. H»vv ■ y"-< Handl. 3 (1900) 111; Climbingshrub. Branchlets puberulous, glabres- nEYN E. Nutt. Pi. (1927) Leaves to HALL 1152.-.E. riouwensis cent. chartaceous subcoriaceous, when f M ed. " ~ Rijksherb. 44 the surface and n. (1922) 25.— dry upper light-brown, glabrous E. coriacea HALL. /. I.e.—Fig. lOa-g. shining, the lower surface somewhat paler, dull, 6r P t0 Prn times cm - Branchlets some- sparsely puberulous, glabrescent; ovate-(rarely tra r rme< !l i nto hook-like reddish 3-5 cm; base acute to brown ' organs, elliptic-)oblong, 5'/4-ll by nc b'ets, and 11-15 inflorescences, young obtuse; apex acute to ± acuminate; nerves 'eaves ni Ways Pem'8ineous-pubescent. towards the _ Leaves pairs, slightly ascending cartilaginous cori a U cor ' v ace°us, upper surface dull, oli- margin and united with it, elevated beneath, aceonc V° bry undersurface elevated veins 0r ' usually brownish, slightly or plane above; slightly redd" k u" wn Pubescent on both elevated slightly impressed s°nietim , ' surfaces, beneath, plane or rescent and 5-8 > usually broad-elliptic above; petiole mm, densely puberulous. ""' 4 '2 by 3-7 obtuse rounded in the 28 both i cm, or at Inflorescences upper axils, up to cm long, en s rare ' 'y distinct short-acute; nerves 12-20 pairs, densely puberulous; leafy bracts oblong, 2>/2-6 by p ' ai e 3 ? beneath, visible and impressed /4-2 cm. Pedicels 3-5 mm. Flowers pale-green, c. above v distinct beneath, obscure above; cm Floral tube cylindric and distinctly Petiole 1 long. ubesc 8 ent vvj ter- costate c. mm min un".o ao"!lP - Inflorescencesv-vv „ inside, long, densely puberulous al,'' 30 „ cm lon each r'u 'r 8. flowers (4—)6—8(— 14) on outside, glabrous inside, twisted after anthesis. at ' on leafY bracts chartaceous, Calyx lobes oblong, c. 2 mm long, densely pu- °bloni> a 'c , ' Flowers c. 8 mm berulous outside and on the margins sometimes - ... long, or ° r w hitish c. 2 rnm'i ' short-pedicelled. Calyx lobes the whole surface inside. Petaloid appendages 0 , ' ar er and 2 smaller erose an d lanceoh'te S ovate, oblong, membranous, emarginate or slightly Pe,at°id appendages 10, linear, c. at the V3-I rnm long. Stamens %, mm. j,„„; ■. - top, ,, e"S c ® mm sess"e or shortly series 1 '/ -2 mm long with filaments as long as or filamentou "p' ' ' 2 S s,'l c - 2 . ' [ included, c. 3 mm than the those of the lower series m m long; ovary longer anthers, . lniTl . Stvlp Ev. ty Fru Short; st c. sessile 'ts ovAiH !w '8ma slightly capitate. 1 mm long, or shortly filamentous; 4 by cm D 'str inn * " anthers c. '/2 mm long, obtuse or slightly apiculate. , 130 r ' s Burma and ovoid °nie .'J -» (Tenasserim Ovary or ovoid-oblong, c. 2'/2 mm long, f; / KURZ), and Camb'DI,/ Indo-China (Laos densely pubescent; style filiform, c. l'/i mm; Malaysia: Sumatra (Palembang), Fruit 1 ,— stigma obovoid, papillose. ovoid, '/2 by n Malay and cm. Malacca} j* Peninsula (Singapore 1 BOme0 E - Distr. and C O Ilnl Malaysia: Philippines (Luzon) ' ln lowland forests. western New Guinea. l 26 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 distribution. from the Ecol. In hill-side forests (Philip.) or lowland geographic However, two sheets of the of E. Bo, rain-forest, 50 m. type paniculata (B.S. 12360, Note. According to HALLIER /. {I.E.) E. zippe- L) as compared with the type of E. zippeliana it that these dif- liana is similar to E. paniculata, but would differ (ZIPPELIUS 148/a, L), appears in leaves shortly and sparsely puberulousbeneath, ferences are only quantitative. There are only with conspicuous and slightly prominent network young flowers on the Philippine specimens and the and floral characters similar those in the New of veins on both surfaces, branchlets, petioles are to panicles minutely rusty (not gray-)tomentose,and Guinea specimen in the same stage. 4. LINOSTOMA WALL. [Cat. (1831) no 4203, nomen] ex ENDL. Gen. PI. (1837) 331; Suppl. 4, Gen. PI. 3 Bibl. Bot. 2 (1847) 67; BENTH. & HOOK./. (1883) 197, p.p.-, DOMKE, 3.—Nectandra BERG. ROXB. 111 (1934) 120, map (non 1767) [Hort. Beng. (1814) 2 — GRIFF, b. 11. Linostoma a. X 2 L. Habit, x c. Fig. longiflorum HALL. f.. Habit, /3. pauciflorum /3 , upper of and d. the same, part of opened flower, schematic, showing positions stamens petaloid scales, X 3, disk base of X 13 HAVILAND b-g in detail, X 4, e. pistil, x 4, f. at ovary, X 8, g. stamens, (a 1759, H. M. BURKILL 240). Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 27 (90), Fl. Ind. — nomen] ed. CAREY 2 (1832) 425, non ROLAND, ex ROTTB. Lino- stoma sect. Eulinostoma MEISN. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, 1 71.—Psilaea — (1855) Sum (,861) 355.—.Linostoma subg. Nectandra [(non BERG.) ROXB.] KURZ, J. As. fcoc. Beng. ii 39, (1870) 83; reirnpr. Flora 53 (1870) 372.—Fig. 11. Lianas, shrubs. rarely erect Leaves opposite or subopposite, glabrous, with fine Parallel nerves; margins somewhat refiexed. Inflorescences umbelliform or Paniculiform, few-flowered, usually on the terminal part of the lateral branchlets, rarely bracts Flowers axillary; 2, rarely 3 or 4, discoloured, opposite or alternate. °y indric, lobes 5, imbricate, then spreading; pedicels articulated at the base. Petaloid appendages 10, long club-shaped or filiform, inserted at the throat of the tube. Stamens twice from as many as the calyx lobes, unequal in length, free the e at the jj throat; filaments long and slender, usually exserted, broadened into le coanective; anthers oblong, slightly separated by the connective except at the °P- Disk sometimes obscure, just a short toothed ring at the base of the ovary. Ovary stipitate, - oblong or slightly obovate-oblong, fi) . densely hairy; style long, ° st rm; '8ma Fruits ovoid or surrounded the cleft base of til capitate.. - - globose, by ® noral tube; pericarp red, crustaceous. Seeds, of the same shape as the fruit; ... esta membranous. Distr. About 6 distributed in Siam spp. y (Chiengmai, and Burma Silhct , ■ Singora, Dulit), (Tenasserim, Ppnir,! Chittagong), southern Indo-China (Annam, Laos, Cochin-China), and Malaysia: Malay nsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. in primary and secondary forests, found in from the once swamp forest, lowland up to 1300 m. XThe SENUS has been subdivided into two sections HALLIER 1922 by /. (Med. Rijksherb. n. 44, > 4/) and " " the two species in our both the region belong to seel. Psilaea (MIQ.) HALL. /. I.e. 28. KEY TO THE SPECIES y ovate as lar e as the ' ordinary leaves, 23-40 14-20 or ' 8 by mm, usually sub- onn ■ opposite " C ' covering at least the lower half of the flower. Flowers cm 1. L. I- Br 2-2'/ 2 long paucillorum actsi small, lanceolate, much smaller than the ordinary leaves, 10 by 3 mm, alternate or opposite, most the covering base of the flower. Flowers 3-3'/j cm 2. L. long . . longiflorum l oma paucifiorum GRIFF. Calc. HKT "°^ J. Nat. translucent and with less lateral nerves than the in ('844) 234, note; GAMBLE, J. As. Soc. leaves. Peduncles 5-10 Be ' mm; pedicels c. 7 mm. " (1912) 261; MEISN. in DC. Prod. 14 Flowers to Floral tube (IBSTI <■ green greenish-white. ' F1 Ind Bat 1858 Miq '• 1 ( > 882 1 slender, narrowed towards both Kur, i ' - - - slightly ends, Soc ' Bene- 39, ii (1870) 83; For. Fl. 12-15 mm Burrn long, usually glabrous on both ( 7) 334; HOOK./. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) surfaces. lobes Petaloid 198 n Calyx linear. appendages °® L Handl. 3 (1900) 107, 111; RIDL. J. STR' R club-shaped or filiform, c. 5 mm long. Stamens AS S 3 °C "" 59 (,91L) 164; FL MAL PEN 7-10 (1924 ' ' " ' mm, usually exserted. Ovary including the ' I^6.—. n0,,, Psilaea Sum dalbergioides MlQ 4-6 mm ° stipe long; style 15-18 terminal or i??o« 355 ' ' mm, L. HALL. Med. leucodipterum» /. slightly Kiilcsv, L"1 . sublateral; stigma Fruits capitate. - ellip- ( 1922) 28; (194 m 44 AIRY SHAW, Kew Bull. soid, c. 1!4 cm long, narrowed to both ends. ' T|g 1 ' A ' Distr. S. A 8- Siam (Singora, Burma cr u Dulit), up t0 24 shrub small t f m rarely a or and ■[ ' (Tenasserim E of in the Martaban ee un t Tounghoa M M BURKILL & SHAH BRANCH* - 240). Hills), and Sumatra I Malaysia: (Simalur), Malay S slender, black when Leaves c hartace dry. Peninsula (Perlis, Kedah, Dindings, Penang, and ®'a'3rou3 rather elliptic ?r/' > glaucous beneath, Singapore), and Borneo (W. Borneo). by obtuse and niuc I~2(—3Vi) cm; apex Ecol. In primary and secondary forests, from r nate base ? or shortly acute; acute, the lowland to 1300 cuneate up c. m. se r 2 In > °. rounded; petiole c. mm. Vern. florei'r*° Bĕbora, kakat bĕtul, kakrat butu or butol. "cw te rm inal or flowered . rarely axillary, (l-) 2-4- pĕrakat bĕtul, tuba bara, M. o^'" 2 B umlj ' elliform, provided with opposite" Use. The Burmese use it medicinally (cf. BURK. or su bopposite bracts at the lower Diet. half .1 leafy of 2, 1935, 1352; field note on CURTIS 3197). ' UnC e '3es' base Petaloid 1 Y2~2'/2 cm; apex obtuse and mucronate; oblanceolate, c. 10 mm long. appendages rounded, sometimes shortly acute. Flowers 10, club-shaped, c. 6 mm long. Stamens c. 10 mm, exserted. surrounded solitary or sometimes 2, axillary, or terminal on usually Ovary c. 7 mm long, the short branchlets in the inferior leaf-axils ofthe at the base by a very short disk; style long filiform, unknown. branch; peduncle c. 5 mm, provided with 2 small 3 l/i cm; stigma capitate. Fruit Flowers Floral Distr. Borneo bracts; pedicels c. 7 mm. green. Malaysia: (Sarawak). forest, at tube slightly ellipsoid, 2-2'/2 cm long, glabrous Ecol. Primary peat-swamp low outside, sparsely pubescent inside. Calyx lobes altitude (.fide J. A. R. ANDERSON 9047). 5. WIKSTROEMIA ENDLICHER, Prod. FL. Norfolk. (1833) 47, as Wickstroemia, nee SCHRADER 1821 Gen. PI. (Theac.), nec SPRENGEL 1821 (Comp.), nom. gen. cons.\ (1837) 332, excl. Suppl. 4 (1847) 68; DOMKE, Bibl. Bot. Ill (1934) 124, t.4 f.36r& s,map 6, Stellera L. 2.—I Mant. PI. 2 nom. syn. n. Capura LINNE, (1771) 149, gen. rejic.— Diplomorpha MEISN. Denkschr. K. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 3 (1841) 289.— Fig. 12. Shrubs or undershrubs, sometimes trees. Leaves opposite or decussate, very rarely ternate, of various texture and shapes. Inflorescences terminal and/or often axillary, fascicled or solitary, spicate, racemose, umbelliform or capitate, 4- ebracteate. Flowers subsessile or distinctly pedicelled, or 5-merous; pedicel articulated. Floral tube cylindric or tubular, sometimes slightly funnel-shaped, Petaloid usually caducous after anthesis, rarely persistent for some time. appendages O. Calyx lobes usually in two pairs, imbricate, the external ones sessile filamen- cucullate and usually slightly longer than the inner ones. Stamens or twice the in two distinct both free tous, as many as lobes, included, series, usually half of anthers basifixed. Disk from the upper the tube; oblong, membranous, free and scale-like. cup-shaped and slightly crenate or dentate, deeply lobed, or Pistil sessile, rarely short-stiped, included. Ovary usually ellipsoid, glabrous or hairy at the top, 1-celled; style terminal, short, distinct or obscure; stigma large, capitate or disciform, rarely cylindric to ovoid. Fruits drupaceous, sometimes surrounded by the dried remains of the floral tube; pericarp fleshy or membranous. with thickened flattened Seeds of the same shape as the fruit; embryo or cotyledons and short or slightly elongated hypocotyl. and Distr. About 70 spp., in SE. Asia, through Malaysia to Australia, Fiji, Polynesia. DC. Taxon. All Malaysian species belong to subg. Wikstroemia.— Sect. Euwikstroemia MLISN. in Prod. 14 (1857) 543.—Subg. Euwikstroemia DOMKE, Bibl. Bot. 111 (1934) tab. facing p. 58 (Type species: W. australis ENDL.). described under the Nomencl. In LINNAEUS'S Sp. PI. (1753) Addenda 559, there are two species genus from Siberia. these Stellera, viz 1. S. passerina L. from Europe, and 2. S. chamaejasmeL. As two species of Stellera L. and its delimitation has caused much belong to different genera, the generic typification far could FASANO Ac. Sc. Fis. Mat. 1788. controversy and confusion. As as I trace, (Atti Napoli 1787, 235) has been the first to point out that these two species do not belongto one genus; he proposed a typified by Stellera L. and left S. L. in Stellera. genus Ligia (= Thymelaea) passerina chamaejasme U< In 1844, C. A. MEYER (Bull. Ac. Imp. Sc. St. 1, 1843, 359; reimpr. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. the of the Stellera. 19, 1843, 49) again clearly indicated Stellera chamaejasme L. as type species genus This has been followed by MEISNER (in DC. Prod. 14, 1857, 548), LECOMTE (Not. Syst. 3, 1914, 212). STAPF (in Curtis's Bot. Mag. 1924, t. 9028), and HITCHCOCK & GREEN (Proposals by British Botanists 1929, 150). L-> DOMKE merged Stellera L. with Wikstroemia, in transferring its type species, S. chamaejasme DOMKE Notizbf to Wikstroemia, retaining the taxon as a separate subgenus Chamaejasme [AMMAN] (C/. Bibl. tab. and he made the Berl.-Dahl. 11, 1932, 362; Bot. Ill, 1934, facing p. 58, p. 124). Accordingly REHDER correctly pointed (J. Arn. Arb. l- new combination, W. chamaejasme (L.) DOMKE. AS has out s; if Stellera and Wikstroemia unite" 1934, 106-107) this is against the Rules of Nomenclature, because are Stellera is 1 for taxonomic reasons, Stellera has priority over Wikstroemia, unless proposed as a nom. ge' rejic. Dec. 29 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) Fig. 12. Wikstroemia 2 4 brachyantha MERR. a. Habit, X / b. opened flower, x W. 3, / 3.— androsaemifolia c. Habit, x DECNE. 2/3, d. opened flower, x 3.— W. tenuiramis X 2 MIQ. e. Habit, /3 , f. opened flower, with scale-like disk at base, 7 CLEMENS 3,g pitilX X (a-b 32439, c COERT 41, d RANT s.n., e-f For. Dep. N. Borneo 4173). REHDER U C-*> - and POBEDIM (FL. U.S.S.R. - 15, --1949, 502) have, retained Wikstroemia and Stellera —, however, 0 dlstir|ct lf DoMk-F' genera. s ~ " " system will be followed, it will be to Wikstroemia Stellera. — desirable conserve against S *° notes USe<* r ty ng Pur Pose rope-making, and is also used in the manufacture ofbank- an Jn't ' ' > strong papers (cf. BROWN, Min. Prod. Philip. For. 1, 1920, 403). 30 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 61 Notes. FAGERLIND (Hereditas 26, 1940, 38 & 48) found an agamogenicclone of W. indica which is an intraspecific triploid (2n = 27). The tropical African Englerodaphne GILG, reduced by DOMKE (Bibl. Bot. ILL, 1934, 134) to Gnidia, looks like Wikstroemia and differ from it the of astonishingly seems to only by presence petaloid ap- pendages. KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Nerves running towards the margin and merging into an intramarginal vein. 2. Leaves membranous to papery, lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate (3—8V2 by V2-IV2 cm). Peduncle the the after flower slender, terete. Pedicel articulated at middle or upper half, falling of the or fruit leaving a short stalk on the rachis 1. W. lanceolata 2. Leaves subcoriaceous to coriaceous, rarely chartaceous, elliptic- or ovate-oblong, rarely lanceolate Peduncle and thickened towards the (5-15 by 21/2-5 cm). stout, slightly angular gradually apex. Pedicel articulated at the base, after falling of the flower or fruit leaving a prominent scar on the rachis 2. W. brachyantha 1. Nerves-running towards the margin and then curving upwards, not merging into an intramarginal vein. 3. Leaves usually ovate, elliptic to lanceolate, (1 15V2 by %-5 cm), membranous to chartaceous, olivaceous rarely subcoriaceous; usually to light-brown; apex always acute to acuminate; margins not cartilaginous. Ali internodes of the branchlets usually distinct and more than 1 cm long. 4. Inflorescences usually axillary and occurring in several subsequent leaf axils along the branchlets, sometimes also terminal in addition. (Leaves rather discoloured). . . . 3. W. tenuiramis 4. Inflorescences usually terminal, and/or in the axils of the terminal node. 5. Flowers articulated at the top of the pedicel, after falling of the flower or fruit leaving a shorl or stalk on the rachis. (Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 4-14 by 3'/2-5 cm; base usually obtuse ovata cuneate, rarely subcordate. Flowers 1(4-2 cm long) 4. W. 5. Flowers articulated at the base or near the base of the pedicel, after falling of the flower or fruit leaving a prominent scar or a short protuberance on the rachis. Inflorescences rachis -4 6. racemose; usually elongating, '/2 cm long, usually many-flowered, sometimes also associated with few-flowered inflorescences. 7. Inflorescences curved the from usually erect, or slightly at upper part, very rarely nodding the base. Flowers loosely arranged on the rachis. Ovary usually glabrous. Anthers usually apiculate 5. W. polyantha 7. Inflorescences nodding from the base. Flowers densely arranged on the rachis. Ovary hairy at the top. Anthers usually obtuse 6. W. venosa 6. Inflorescences umbelliform; rachis not elongating, very short or less than '/$ cm long, few- flowered. 8. Flowers (15—) 18—22 mm long. Stamens usually sessile; anthers 1V2—2 mm long. Leaf base obtuse, occasionally shallow-cordate, very rarely attenuate 7. W. meyeniana 8. Flowers 9-15 mm long. Stamens distinctly filamentous; anthers 1-1'/2 mm long. Leaf base acute, attenuate or obtuse. 3 9. Flowers 9-12 mm long, pubcrulous outside. Leaves acute at both ends, 1 5V4C—8) by /J-2!/2 androsaemifolia (-4) cm 8. W. 9. Flowers c. 15 mm long, almost glabrous outside at maturity. Leaves acuminate at the ape*, acute or obtuse at the (4—)6—15V2 (2'/2-)3-5 cm 9. W. ridlcy' attenuate, base, by . . by 3. Leaves usually obovate- or elliptic-oblong, oblanceolate, elliptic, or rarely ovate, 1 Vi—4'/2(—7) rarely V4-2(--3Vi) cm, subcoriaceous, brown to reddish-brown; apex usually rounded or obtuse, acute; margins usually cartilaginous; internodes of the branchlets usually obscure or very short. 2-5 mm long (usually transversely fissured). 10. W. indicf 1. Wikstroemia lanceolata MERR. Publ. Govt Lab. an intramarginal vein; veins obscure or distinct, Philip. 29 (1905) 31; Philip. J. Sc. 1 (1906) Suppl. spreading and loosely reticulate; petiole short- 1 101; 5 (1910) Bot. 366; BROWN, Min. Prod. l-2'/2 mm, appressed-hirtellous. Inflorescence Philip. For. 1 (1920) 404; MERR. En. Philip. 3 umbelliform to shortly spicate, terminal, veO' es (1923) 133.—W. angustissima MERR. Philip. J. Sc. rarely axillary; peduncles very short, sometim Bot. En. 3 132. 1 7 (1912) 92; Philip. (1923) up to '/2 cm, (l-)3-5(-20)-flowered; pedicels An undershrub 4m. branchlets Flowers "r up to Young 1-IV2 mm, appressed-hirtellous. green densely appressed-pubescent and glabrescent. yellowish-green, 6-15 mm long, puberuloiiS' oblonl?' Leaves membranous to papery, glabrous, rarely glabrescent outside. Calyx lobes ovate or shot'' sparsely pubescent on the midrib beneath, obtuse, c. 1 mm long. Stamens sessile or lanceolate to 3—B Disk 2 free 5 narrowly lanceolate, '/2 by filamentous, c. %-1 y2 mm long. scale ; base linear cm; obtuse; apex acuminate; nerves or slightly oblong. Ovary ovoid, slight^ 10-16 sometimes branched and the sub' pairs, irregular, hairy at apex; style obscure; stigma usually slightly elevated beneath,visible or obscure above, globose. Fruits short-ovoid, c. 8 by 5 mm, obliquely spreading to the margins and united into glabrous sometimes sparsely hairy at the top' Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 31 pericarp fleshy. Seeds 6 mm long. glabrous.Leaves membranous to papery, glabrous, lstr Malaysia: Min- in the the surface subolivaceous j- - Philippines (Palawan, dry state upper or r oro, and Luzon). light-brown, rather shining, lower surface dirty- ( ~ ommon on forested °' slopes at low and white or light-green, rather dull, sometimes light- mmerUed.um altitudes to 1300 up m. brown on both surfaces, ovate-oblong, elliptic- *ern. Philippines: karanpinig, Neg., maragawa, oblong, broadly-elliptic, or lanceolate, rarely Salágip, salagó, Tag., suka, tuka, Ilk. ovate, 6-12 by 1 'A-4'A cm; base cuneate, acute or obtuse; apex acuminate, the acumen up to c. 13 MERR. 1 braehyantha J. Sc. nerves 7-12 rather irregular, slightly 13 nomT' Philip. cm; pairs, 3L3 E I N- Philip. 3 (1923) 132.— indistinct on both surfaces, yy elevated, rarely MERR. NOC* ex DOMKE, Bibl. Bot. Ill obliquely ascending close towards the margin and ab ' fadng p 58 - - Fig - 12a-b. then curved veins Shr K upward; loosely anastomosing, r sma '' tree to Br'anr-hi .° U P 3'A m by 2'/2 cm. reticulations usually obscure on both surfaces; puberulous brown. Branches - hght petiole c. 4 mm. Inflorescences usually axillary reddUh K n l anc usually fissured, in leaf axils the Leave 0^ transversally and occurring several along su bcoriaceous to chirf coriaceous, rarely branches or branchlets, sometimes also terminal eOU condition both i' dry surfaces or on the of reduced short branchlet oIiv a t' top a or very Us " .°.wn to brownish, shininn glabrous and with bract-like reduced leaves, 1-5-flowered; 6 'hptic-oblong to short 1 lancenu, ovate-oblong, rarely peduncle very to >/2 cm, appressed-pu- 6 ' A~S cm; base obtuse to berulous. Flowers 10-13 cuneatp l mm long, yellowish, or CX acumi 12-15 elevatpH a^ nute; nerves pairs, cream (fide CLEMENS 20980), subsessile. Floral prom inent beneath, elevated tube or T slightly scattered-puberulous outside, glabrescent. nl in aPove obliquely spreading towards the lobes niarvin >. Calyx ovate-oblong, 2-3 mm long. Stamens 3 united with the with intramarginal vein; c. mm between the two whorls, veins -i x/i space ndSt0r 10s ' ng a'm ost as nervpc' ! ' prominent as the those ofthe upper series sessile or sometimes some ' Petiole 2-3 glabrous. mm. Inflorescences of them shortly filamentous, those of the lower or d in the /an leaf axils at the terminal series always filamentous; anthers linear, node ,. shortly Stm Ct y Pounded; brow'nich' ' peduncles stout, 1-11/2 mni long, acute or slightly apiculate. Ovary u " ' pu 3escent sometimes > angular or flatten- oblong or 2 ed and slightly obovoid-oblong, c. mm long, 8radUally us 'Sickening towards the glabrous or a few hairs at the short uallv h top, top; style very s''8htly fu downward, sometimes with 1 or or 2 hr. sessile; stigma capitate, papillose. Fruits yellow, w 6 to 8 flowers. Flowers or yellowicK ,° apical green orange, ovoid, c. 8 by 5 mm. Fl° 'L yc"owish-green or green, subsessile. Distr. Malaysia: Sumatra (Menggala), Banka, ra| t ' on8» sparsely puberulous Borneo (N. Borneo, and S. outside i Brunei, Sarawak, US nside ' - Calyx lobes 4, ovate- Borneo: Sampit). oblong' ii/ o° /2-3 mm long, obtuse. Two series of Ecol. In from stomen\ forests, swampy land, and hills, C E t0 other, short fila- the lowland ments" . ?u on very up to 1600 m. an s °blong, obtuse, l'/2 mm long. Uses. According to BOORSMA it Disk2 f (I.e.) provides a " g 2 ales 0r ,^°° beds - Ovary ellipsoid scented wood which is used siigh tiv j -i? 5 . only occasionally. Uy ° bov 3 'he ton'- .°'d-obIong, mm long, hairy at The wood is harder than that of Aquilaria and . d ' st ' 1 globoid ■ nct> Aliform, c. stigma scentless, but mm; when burned it gives forth a frag- ~ Il0Se ' Fruits' rance to that of '2 by 9 red, broadly ellipsoid, similar /l/oe-wood. In Banka the » mm. bark is used for '" making ropes. tr Phm ' Malaysia: Borneo and Vern. "iUppines (Kinabalu) Injat, Brunei, kaju lingau, Menggala, n< S ' -uzon and Eco'l' Catanduanes). mĕnamĕng, tĕmĕntak tindat, Banka. | n '° in primary forests at Note. This w anri Philippines can be J species easily distinguished medlum in Borneo Kina- from altitudes, (Mt related ones by the inflorescences balu) i n . axillary and m ° forests 1400-2800 which SSy at m. occur in several leaf axils along the branch- se TV spec ' es ' s characterized lets by its or branches, the more or less discoloured usually th' ti C eaves with peciaiiy prominent venation es- leaves, and the usually indistinct venation. N n„ ,L ' ower each surface, a marginal vein Mrs noted siH« on CLEMENS once this to be a lu J species e. and the stout peduncle. vine (n. but 31292) I believe this to be due to er- roneous information by her native collectors. m ' a tcnuir & 354-jw amis MIQ. Sum. (1861) 141 19 A BUL1 ' A RIC , N "■ 7 = DLIP 8 - (1907) 4. Wikstrocmia HEYNP vf - - - ovata C. A. MEY. [Bull. Ac. Imp. PL (1935) (1927) U52; Burk Dict Sc. St. P6tersb. 2258 - - CI. Ph.-M. 1 (1843) 357; reimpr. W. acuminata As MERR. J. Str. Br. R. Ann. Sc. Nat. - Soc i, ■ Bot. 20 ex „ , 11, (1843) 50, nomen] Un 99 En. Born. - Cal' p'Z, i : (1921) 417; MEISN. in DC. Prod. 14 (1857) 544; MIQ. Fl. Ind. ubl - Bot. 12 MER ' (1929) 218.— W. clementis Bat. R JO 1, 1 (1858) 880; F.-VILL. NOV. App. (1880) B B r R As. Soc76 (1917) En. Orn. . - 99; Phan. (192,; . ; 182; VIDAL, Cuming. (1885) 140; Rev. PI. 9 L. '• HEINE, Pfl. Clemens Kinabalu 53) 6Q Vase. Filip. (1886) 230, excl. syn. Daphne aquilaria 8 12e Shrub ' ~S- BLANCO; MERR. Philip. J. Sc. 1 (1906) Suppl. 101; t0 up 10 m B ™nchlets ''ght-brovvn ' Sp. Blanc. (1918) 279; BROWN, Min. Prod. Philip. dar k-brown, sparsely pubescent, For. 1 (1920) glabrescent n 404; MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 133, ranches smooth, excl. reddish-brown, citation of VIDAL, Synopsis; Quis. Med. PI. 32 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 61 Philip. (1951) 637.—Daphne indica (won LINNE) 5. Wikstrocmia polyantha MERR. Philip. J. Sc. 10 BLANCO, Fl. Filip. (1837) 309, ed. 2 (1845)215, ed. 3, (1915) Bot. 332; En. Philip. 3 (1923) 133.— W- 2(1878) 38.—.Daphnefoetida (non LINNE) BLANCO, candolleana (non MEISN.) RIDL. Trans. Linn. Soc. I.e. Bot. 3 308, as phaelida, II. cc. 217, 37. II, (1893) 341, as candollei, corr. p. 456; Shrub up to 5 m by 7-8 cm. Young branchlets J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. n. 35 (1901) 180; Fl. Mai. Bull. appressed-hirtellous, glabrescent or glabrous. Pen. 3 (1924) 145; BURK. & HEND. Gard. Leaves membranous S.S. 3 Nutt. PI. or papery, glabrous, rarely (1925) 417; HEYNE, (1927) 1152; sparsely pubescent onthe midrib beneath; ovate to BURK. Diet. (1935) 2258; SYMINGT. J. Mai. Br. ovate-oblong, 4-14 by 3'/2-5 cm; base usually R. As. Soc. 14 (1936) 358.— W. junghuhnii (non obtuse acumi- K. & V. 13 or cuneate, rarely subcordate; apex MIQ.) Bijdr. (1914) 58, sphalm. jung- huhniana, J- nate; nerves 8-12 pairs, curved and ascending, —IW. ridleyi (non GAMBLE) GIBBS, slightly elevated below, distinct above; veins Linn. Soc. Bot. 42 (1914) 132; MERR. En. Born. reticulate, distinct beneath, visible or obscure (1921)417.—W. calva BACK. Blumea 5 (1945) 494. 3 Shrub or small 7 above, petiole mm, sparsely appressed-hirtellous. tree up to m by IVi cm- to Inflorescences terminal, short-spicate or umbelli- Branchlets reddish dark-brown, sparsely pu- form, peduncled, sparsely puberulous, sometimes berulous, glabrescent. Leaves membranous, char- . _ with 1 or 2 caducous bracts, 7-20-flowered. taceous, rarely subcoriaceous, glabrous on both Flowers l'/4-2 cm long, greenish, yellowish, at the surfaces, rarely scattered hairy beneath especially of upper end the peduncle, short-pedicelled. on the midrib, in dry condition light-brown to Floral tube cylindric, sparsely puberulous outside. dark-brown above, paler beneath, ovate-oblong, Calyx lobes oblong,obtuse, 2-4 mm long. Stamens elliptic-oblong, or lanceolate, 6—9(—12) by 1V2—3 Vi sessile or on short filaments; anthers 1-1(4 mm, (-4/4) cm; base acute to cuneate, sometimes ob- slightly apiculate. Disk 2 free, oblong, scales. tuse or rounded; apex acuminate, rarely acute! Ovary ellipsoid, 2-3 mm long, hairy at the apex; margins sometimes slightly recurved; nerves style distinct, filiform, 3 /£-l % mm; stigma capitate. pairs, irregular, often branched, elevated beneath, Fruits subglobose to slightly ellipsoid, 8-10 by distinct or plane above, obliquely ascending tow- 6-8 mm. ards the margin; veins obscure on both surfaces, Distr. Malaysia: Borneo (North Borneo, sometimes as distinct as the nerves; petiole 2-\ Sebattik I., Sampit, and Pulu Lampei) and the mm, sparsely pubescent. Inflorescences termina' Philippines (Palawan, Mindoro, Luzon, Negros, or/and in the axils at the terminal node, spicatC' cm- and Mindanao). Fig. 13. gradually elongating, up to 4 cm, rarely to 6 and Ecol. In thickets, primary secondary erect or slightly curved, very rarely noddin? forests low and medium altitudes 800 with 6 6 at up to m. (S.F. 20726), to many flowers; pedund distinct, sparsely hairy. Flowers c. 10 mm long' .... yellow, yellowish-green, or rarely white (fid 1 5 RIDLEY), loosely arranged on the rachis; pedicel a very short, V2-I mm, puberulous, articulated 1 the base. Floral tube scattered puberulous outside- glabrous inside. Calyx lobes oblong or ovate' c oblong, 1 '/2~31/2 mm long. Anthers linear, \ _ 1 mm long, the two series close to each othefi ' filaments c. Vi 'he length of the anther. Disk free, linear or obovate-oblong, c. 1 mm lonIS; irregularly lobed or dentate scales. Ovary eliiraB i . or obovoid, l'/i-2Vi mm long, glabrous at the sparsely hairy top; style distinct, as long or slightly longer than the stigma; globose 1 slightly oblong, c. Vi mm long, papillose. Frtii ' ovoid, red, c. 8V2 by 5'/£ mm. Distr. Malaysia: Malay Peninsula (Pahanfj Kedah, Perak, Johore, Kelantan, Selangor, afl* Fig. 13. Localities of Wikstroemia ovata C. A. MEY. Gunong Korbu), Java (western part), Not'' and ex MEISN. Borneo, Philippines (Luzon). from the lowland a Ecol. In forests, up to 2200 1' Uses. This plant has been used by the Filipinos Use. The wood yields incense. as a purgative. The leaves are a strong purgative Vern. Chandan pĕlaudok, M. when chewed and swallowed and one bowel Notes. BACKER (I.e.) has pointed out that 44 is for taken. The fresh Wikstroemia MI movement produced every name junghuhniana” {nan crt° bark or branches of this plant are tied round given by KOORDERS & VALETON (I.e.) was an about the neck of a patient to relieve bronchial because they intended to identify their catarrh (c/. GARCIA, Philip. J. Sc. 51, 1933, (KOORDERS 26824 and J. J. SMITH 292, Bo) f.. 485-494; Quis. I.e.). W. junghuhnii MIQ. (= W. androsaemifolia Vern. Philippines: arandón, Ilk, dapnit, suka, DECNE). The sheets cited by KOORDERS & VALET4 ' ab0\] Bon., salagó, Tag.; Borneo: gĕlamhutan, Brunei, under “W. junghuhniana as mentioned to pait-pait, Bajau. differ from W. junghuhnii MIQ. and belong D ec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 33 EN SPEC ES; therefore, BACKER FL. G6n. I.-C. 5 LHEM 'N, ' provided (1915) 167; LEANDRI, Proc. 8th m with " a new name Wikstroemia calva” Pac. Sc. 4 Bot. Congr. (1957) 582, incl. var.— om P ,ete,y glabrous W. fenicis MERR. J. Sc. 13 However ovary tip', Philip. (1918) Bot. 312; Wu ' t'le is ■ ovary glabrous or hairy En. Philip. 3 132. at the (1923) * PC ls not a constant character as some Shrub up to 3 m. Young branchlets sparsely SDecim „ VAN Steenis 4187 & 12930) have pubescent, glabrescent, sometimes both k.nH /' glabrous. Leav- ° aries Specimens collected altitude i °y - at high es papery, glabrous, olivaceous, shining, lanceolate e l^ f and reddish-brown leaves. Thp ■ rarely elliptic-lanceolate, (5-)9'/2-13 by (l'/i-) eS ' S by the inflorescp?ip' long-spicate 31/2-41/2 cm ; base obtuse occasionally shallow- are gradually cordate or attenuate; apex acuminate; durini: fir. elongating nerves tlme 11 is closel reIated nutamrZ f - y to w- 9-14 pairs, slightly curved and ascending, elevated HA fr0m .r-. wangtung, China, beneath, visible or obscure veins from it K differing above, reticulate, y Iar 8er leaves, distinct , style, and the slightly elevated beneath, obscure aDnroxir. . above; petiole lnsertion of the two whorls of mm. Inflorescences terminal stamens and axillary, um- belliform, sometimes occurring on short, reduced 1^ 01^80 11065 are erect or curved with^th'J ? sl'ghtly branchlets associated with reduced leaves (2-3 cm of IOn one specimen (S.F. 20726) long) collected !?[ and resembling a leafy panicle, (2-)5-6 at 2100 108 c ■ m which has both 3 erect ' (-lO)-flowered; peduncle up to cm, densely and ap- nodding ones. pressed-hirtellous. Flowers greenish-yellow, (15-) 18-22 mm long, densely puberulous outside. Sa MERR & PERRY J Am Floral tube lobes 266° ' ' ' ' cylindric. Calyx narrow- oblong, 2-3'/2 mm long. Stamens usually sessile C ' oun 8 branchlets densely yellow- of them short 1 'sh-bmu/' T' rarely some on filaments, >/2 -2 mm n Pu"eru '°us; older ones reddish- Disk 2 dark hr or long. free, oblong scales. Ovary slightly Wn . P ube " char^r„ . \ ruIous, glabrescent. Leaves obovoid, 2-2'/2 mm long, hairy at the apex; style US subcoria lower surface ofthe °A ceous, distinct, -l mm yountr lf° >/2 long; stigma oblong, mm UVeS V3—'/2 e' y pubescent on the midrib and s long. Fruit c. catterpH u ovoid, 8 by 6 mm. U scent the in on lamina, glabrescent; Distr. Indo-China and drv m . Malaysia: n Philippines brown s or brown above and (Luzon to hininp i Mindanao). 8 C lan US beneath ovate-oblong to . i Ecol. In primary humid forests at low and ?_7 K ceolate , base obtuse medium a cm; or cuneate; to c. 400 m. Pex acnt' * altitudes, up ° • acumina irr °. te; nerves 7-10 pairs, rather Vern. egular Philippines: sagú, Tag., salagó, Bik„ Tag. q ely s Prea ding towards the and then ' V margin " y curve d elevated . ascending, 8. Wikstroemia androsaemifolia Ann. Sc. beneath ni. DECNE, or s c "ghtly depressed - 2 above; petiole Nat. Bot. II, 20 (1843) 50; in Jacq. Voy. Bot. noddl ng ' PPberulous. Inflorescences .... terminal, (1844) Nat. Genecsk. ""acting, sestiln 146; BLEEKER, Arch. N.I. 2 s c or U to I f pL P cm peduncled; spicate, (1845) 74; MEISN. in DC. Prod. 14 achis J (1857) 546; /2~2 cm Flowers cr ' ' Puberulous. MIQ. FL. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1858) BACK. Bekn. FL. owdedu » C. oX • 879; it . p . mm green tic Pedicel c. Java 4A ulated » 1 mm, ar- (1942) fam. 5.— at W.77, p. e uberul ' Floral tube Sc attered-m.K i P °us. spanoghii DECNE, Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. II, 20 (1843) 0US outs^e and S0n glabrous inside, in Bot. ietimoQ „iu 50; Jacq. Voy. (1844) 146; BLEEKER, Nat. a ide. 0r ls outs Calyx lobes Geneesk. Arch. °vate nKi °i oblong8 N.I. 2 (1845) 74; MEISN. in DC. " " nim Stamens ,ong. shortly Prod. 14 (1857) 545; MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1858) anlhers ' inear c 1 tlle - mm long, obtuse, spacp Kl. > 879.—Eriosolena viridiflora ZOLL. & MOR. Nat. We 2 n th two series c. y free f ? 4 mm. Disk Geneesk. Arch. N.I. 1 excl. li ne ., _ (1844) 615, Hassk. r syn. C b d ' sk ''obe • Wiks tro • brown, glabrous; axillary buds densely covered - in f 1 Philip, Warb - Perk- Fragm. with hairs. golden-coloured Leaves papery, Uppl 71; Merr J. Sc. 1 - ■ - Philip. (1904) on ,, 101 o„ glabrous, rarely sparsely hairy the lower (19 20) Min Prod " - phi For. I surface 404't lip. and especially on the nerves and veins of • —I MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 133. young leaves, in dry state light-greenish, light- Ac[Daphne cannabina Cti (.non NOV. LOUR.) SCHAUER, brown or greenish-brown to and IK brownish shining ,0 Su 1, Wofe° (1843) PP Mil.— the surface; LE'M on upper pale-greenish,light-yellowish EC.OMTE, Not. Syst. 3 (1914) 128; -green or light-brown and dull on the under- 34 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 61 surface; elliptic, elliptic- or ovate-oblong, rarely 1800 m have leaves with distinct, densely reticulat- broadly elliptic, 1 5 !/2(—8) by 3/4-2t/2(-4) cm; ed venation, and flowers with distinct peduncles base and short acute; apex acute to narrow-acute, very rarely styles. obtuse; nerves 8-11 pairs, elevated below and HANDEL-MAZZETTI described a different species slightly depressed above, obliquely spreading from Yunnan, China, as W. androsaemifolia in towards the margin and then curved upward; 1923. If this proves to be a good species it must be veins almost as distinct as the nerves, loosely renamed. reticulate beneath, obscure above; petiole c. 2 mm. 9. Wikstroemia ridleyi GAMBLE, Kew Bull. (1912) Inflorescences umbelliform or spicate, 5-10-flower- 200; J. As. Soc. Beng. 75, ii (1912) 260; RIDL. Fl. ed, terminal and in the axils of the terminal node, Mai. Pen. 3 (1924) 146, f. 147; BURK. Diet. (1935) so usually 3 inflorescences at the top of the 2258. branchlet, of which usually the middle one (some- Branchlets reddish-brown, Shrub up to 2 m. times also the lateral ones) is provided with a sparsely pubcrulous and glabrescent. Leaves mem- pair of bracts or reduced leaves; peduncle obscure branous to chartaceous, usually olive-brown when to 31/2 cm, erect or slightly curved; pedicels c. dry, glabrous on both surfaces, rarely sparsely 1 mm, articulated at the base. Flowers light-green puberulous on the midrib beneath,elliptic-oblong, or yellowish-green. Floral tube slightly pubescent lanceolate, ovate-oblong or ovate, 4-15 by outside, 9-12 mm long. Calyx lobes oblong, or 2Vi-4'/£ cm; base attenuate, acute or obtuse; apex slightly ovate, fleshy, 2-3y mm long, obtuse. 2 curved acuminate; nerves 7-12 pairs, slightly Disk 2, rarely 3 free, linear scales. Stamens towards the margin and then upward, slightly filamentous; anther c. 1 mm long, obtuse, the both veins obscure elevated on surfaces; on both space between the anthers of upper and lower surfaces; petiole 2-3 mm, sparsely puberulous series 1—1 '/2 mm. Ovary ellipsoid or slightly or when young. Flowers c. 15 mm long, yellow the obovoid, lVi-2'/2 mm long, pilose at top, greenish-yellow, 6-14, umbelliform on a terminal, sometimes glabrescent; style obscure to 1 mm very short, slightly puberulous peduncle; pedicels long; stigma globose, c. >/» mm in diarn. Fruits red, c. 1 mm, articulated towards the base, puberulous. oblong, rounded. Floral tube sparsely puberulous outside, glabres- Distr. Malaysia: Central and East Java, cent, glabrous inside. Calyx lobes ovate-oblong, Madura, Kangean Arch., Lesser Sunda Islands obtuse, 3'/2-4 mm long. Stamens shortly filamen- (Flores and Timor), Borneo (North Borneo, tous, free from the tube at the upper half, the two Koetai and Balikpapan), Celebes (Bonthain, 1 series c. mm apart; anthers linear, obtuse of Manado, and G. Pangararan), and W. New slightly apiculate, c. IV2 mm long. Disk 2 free Guinea. 2-lobed scales. linear, c. 1 mm long, Ovary. Ecol. In lowland forests from near the beach ellipsoid or slightly obovoid, 1 '/i-2 mm longi up to 1800 m, in Celebes at 2200-2400 m. the short obscure; hairy at apex; style very or Note. There are two authentic sheets of W. stigma globose and papillose. Fruits red, ellipsoid in the Nat. Hist. one androsaemifolia Mus., Paris; e or ovoid, 8 by 5 mm. Seeds ovoid, the same shup Leschenault' and the other is labelled as 'Java as as the fruit. 'Daphne 341'. Apparently these specimens may Distr. Lower Siam (Telok Udang) arid to one collection, as they are very similar. belong eas Malaysia: Malay Peninsula, chiefly on the 1 The leaves and rather discoloured, are papery coast (Kelantan, Trengganu, Pahang, Burau Bay)' brownish above, light-brown beneath, and not Ecol. Sandy open coastal country. larger than 6 by 2'/2 cm. The flowers are about Uses. The species contains a purgative sub' 10 mm sessile, and fascicled or crowded on long, The stance and the leaves are eaten as an aperient. a short peduncle (c. 10 mm). The ovary is sparsely bark is used as entering into a compound potio'' hairy or glabrous at the top. converted against small-pox; it is pounded and collected The type of W. spanoghii was by into a poultice for applying to boils, or merely tic" leaves rather SPANOGHE (s.n L) in Timor. Its are ., round the neck to stop vomiting. It is also used pale-greenish beneath, light-green- membranous, (41' a fish-poison. The fruits are poisonous 8 ish above, and the size is up to by cm. It has BURKILL). longer, spicate inflorescences and the longest Vern. Dĕpu, dĕpu pĕlandok, M; dalu pĕlandok is densely hairy peduncle is c. 2'/2 cm. The ovary is a misprint (cf. BURKILL, I.e.). is at the top, and the style obscure. Note. According to RIDLEY this plant W3* the of these When one compares type specimens brought from Pekan (not: Penang!) to Singapof' two species they do not seem to be conspecific. in 1890 and "ran wild for some time in Tangli"' of However, after examining a large range spec- Singapore". . intermediate forms in imens, there are too many Three specimens have been cited in the origin" which the differential characters break down. description, collected by RIDLEY at Pahan-® Consequently I have interpreted them as forms of (Kwala Brawas: RIDLEY 1583, lectotype afljj one variable species. Pekan: RIDLEY s.rt., Aug. 1889, paratype) ajj' The of W. type specimen junghuhnii MIQ. 2* Tringganu (Pulo Katan: RIDLEY s.n., Aug. 1 collected by JUNGHUHN (s.n., L) on Mt Ungaran 1899, paratype). (Central Java) and some specimens (e.g. KOOR- AC DERS 43148 /?, 43875 /9, 43876 fi, and VAN STEENIS 10. Wikstroemia indica (L.) C. A. MEY. Bull. (1843) reimpr. N a 17974) collected on mountains between 1100- Sc. St. Petersb. 1 357; Ann. Sc. ' Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 35 20 additional ,®°'V"• (1843) 50; MEISN. in DC. Prod. 14 florescence terminal, sometimes 1-2 543; MIQ. of terminal node, few- Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1858) 880; ones in the axils the N Fl- Austr. R/H- 6 (1873) 37; F.-VILL. NOV. App. flowered, subsessile, sometimes on a very short 182; VlDAL articulated the R ev. PI. Vase. D/2-2 mm, at V,q L - Filip. (1886) peduncle; pedicels FORB. & HEMSL. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26 (1894) base. Flowers green, 10-12 mm long, sparsely RL ' - inside. lobes Hsndl. 3 (1900) 111; BAILEY, Queensl. puberulous outside, glabrous Calyx PI Pt 4 f|- (1901) 1369; BOLD. Zakfi. (1916) 171; 2-3 mm long, broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse. MERR. sp Blanc. . (1918) 279; BROWN, Min. Prod. Stamens very shortly fdamentous, rarely sessile; For 1 of » - (1920) 404; MERR. En. Philip. 3 anthers linear, c. 1 mm long, sometimes those 132; obtuse Rehder j Am. Arb. 15 the lower series slightly shorter, rarely - - (1934) 103; MERRM Comm. Lour. the series 1 (1935) 278; BACK. Bekn. Fl. apiculate at the apex, two c. mm apart. va (em. ed.) 4A fam. scales with (1942) 77, p. 4; HOLTH. & Disk 2 free, linear, c. % mm long LA M, Blumea 5 truncate (1942) 216.—.Daphne indica LINNE, narrowed or obliquely top, sometimes V. D11 bP- PI. (1753) 375.— at Daphne Fl. lobed or crenate the apex. Ovary slightly p;.. aquilaria, BLANCO, P 83 310; ED trim 'I! ?). 2 (1845) 216; ed. 3, 2 (1878) obovoid or elliptic, c. 1 '/i long, sparsely hairy 3Q - y 'r'd'fl°r " MEISN. Denkschr. K. Bayer. or glabrous at the top; style very short or obscure; R T r- ° es R ' Fruits broadly egcnsb. 3 (1841) 286; DECNE, in Jacq. stigma globose, c. >/3 mm diam. v „ 4 red. (1844) 145; MEISN. in DC. Prod. 14 ellipsoid, c. 6 by 4 mm, ' Miq F1 to Ind Bat - 1 858 879 Distr. SE. Asia, through Vm - - - '• (> ) 1 India, Malaysia L ev> PL Fili Australia and N.S. Vasc - (> Australia, Ph;r ', P- 886) 229; MERR. (N. Queensland, Ip Sc. 2 • (1908) Bot. and Melanesia far E as in n : 422; BACK. Ann. Jard. Wales) (as Fiji), . l 8 Suppl. 3 the seasonal absent riQi' 7 (1909) 419; K. & V. Bijdr. 13 Malaysia not found in parts: c Ridl F1 Sunda Islands, in Java only found C,i, : - - Mal - Pen - 3 ( 1924 ) ' 43 ; from the Lesser MIN J ARN ARB in the of and found 1100 m NIIL An ' - - - 13 ( |932 ) 88 ; BURK. vicinity Bogor once at from the Botanic 3339 ANDRI Proc 8dl Pac Sc. near as an 3^^- - Sindanglaja escape ' ' Congr f - Manila 4 I naturalized and (1957) 582. W. ovata (non Gardens, now locally thoroughly ■ EY ') VID W. AL, Synopsis (1883) 229.—indica var. slowly spreading along roadsides and in other viridifloraHOOK. f. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 195.— anthropogenous terrain (BACKER, 1909 I.e.). W. linearifolia 1 ELM. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2(1910) 680; Ecol. In thickets and secondary growths, ob- Merr En Philip. in various - ' 3 (1923) 133.— W. pulgarensis viously very soil-tolerant and occurring L - 5 ( ' 913) 1844; Merr En Philip 3 biotopes, for example on sandy soil near the U923) 133 ' " ' W. pachyphylla1 MERR. Philip. J. Sc. beach, on limestone of a ridge top, on granite 17 FIMN -- . U917) Bot. 297; hill-sides, En. Philip. 3 (1923) 133.— peaks, along river-banks, and on open acea Merr J Str Br R As Soc "• 76 from the lowland to 1300 a few above 2200 (I9n\ in" " ' - - - - - up m, ' J 10°: En. Born. Pfl. m even to 2700 m Celebes and New Guinea). H (1921) 417; HEINE, up (in mens Kinabalu (1953) 69.—."Daphne STEEN. Vern. Borneo: lajak, M; Philippines: inyam, - sp. Bull i J BOt ' BtZg HI 13 ( ,933) 254 ' P. Bis., arandón, baleo, Ilk., palupó, titpuho, lv., Shr K * t0 scatte" UP m ' Branchlets black-brown, salagó, Tag., Bis., Bik., talo, Bik.; Celebes: H 0 Puberulous, glabrescent, sometimes pĕràpata or posi-posi, Manado. transv y h ssured. Internodes usually Note. W. indica is a widely distributed species short ' very CVCa odscure - Leaves chartaceous to sub- and is variable in As — its j very vegetative parts. cor u 5 ' dry reddish0^ cond ''ion usually brown to pointed out by BENTHAM in a note under W. indica rown sometimes Austr. not PubenV ' glaucescent, sparsely (Fl. 6, 1873, 37), "it is, however, always beneath, glabrescent, or to determine the limits to assigned to it". shinino T glabrous, easy be and ra'ber dull beneath, obovate- FAGERLIND has found apomixis in this °r ellin? if (/.C.) spe- 0n8 ' ob'anceolate, elliptic, rarely cies, which give an explanation of its ov ate li/ "?i/ may great to Afr-T) by y2 ) cm; basecuneate vegetative variability and difficulties involving in at j _ -2(-3y 4 U'" c: apex demarcation. of s'ightl rounded, obtuse, sometimes specific With a large number v emarg nate or of this > acute; margins usually specimens species available, no sharply cartilaoi ' nerve often br" .s pairs, irregular, and defined infraspecific taxa or forms can be dis- nc • obliquely towards the margin ascending tinguished. r ar , " 1C basa' a 1 or 2 nerves on each side Excluded scendi'np i a 'be 8 margin towards near the W. amplifolia (SCHLTR) DOMKE (Bibl. Bot. Ill, Osually Hi . top, b enea'h obscure obscure above, sometimes 1934, 60) of New Caledonia (isotype: SCHLECHTER o "h* 11 both v'sible surfaces; veins obscure or in- 14749, L) has erroneously been recorded for New in both " surfaces. Petiole c. 2 mm. In- Guinea by DOMKE (I.E.). 6. DAPHNE n " P1 ED 5 1754 16? S PL 1753 35FI MEISN IN DC PROD 14 (lSnS; - - ( ) ; P- - ( ) ; - - - > 530; GILG, in E. & P. PFL. Fam. 3, 6a (1894) 237; DOMKE, Bibl. Bot. Ill (l934 j 13°VtJfj'& mao S.- LINN£ ne Scopolia /. Suppl. (1781) 409, non JACQ. 1764, c a/.— Eriosolena Bull. (1893 BL. Bijdr. (1826) 651; VAN TIEGH. Soc. Bot. Fr. 40 ) 67 ' Bot. DOMKE, Bibl. Ill (1934) 70-83, 130, t.4 f.36 C & map 10.— 36 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 1 b. Fig. 14. Daphne luzonica C. B. ROB. a. Habit, X 2/3, opened flower, X 4.—D. composita (L.f.) GIL G. section of X c. Habit, X 2/3 d. opened flower, X 4, e. fruit, X 2, f. seed, X 2, g. longitudinal fruit, 2 (a-b BS 40335, c-d RAHMAT SI BOEEA 11238, e-g SF 51832). Daphne sect. Eriosolena MEISN. Denkschr. K. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 3 (1841) 283; in DC. Prod. 14 (1857) 540.—Fig. 14. 5 Shrubs, rarely small trees or dwarf shrubs. Leaves spirally arranged, sometime crowded towards the of the branchlets. $ subopposite or upper part Inflorescence Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 37 usually terminal capitate, ebracteate or surrounded by caducous bracts, and/or axillary, sessile a few flowers in or peduncled, sometimes racemose or a fascicle, rarely bracteoles in the leaf axils the paniculiform, usually with some linear or at base of the peduncle. Flowers 4-merous, sessile. Floral tube cylindric or slightly caducous after ■nfundibuliform, glabrous or pubescent outside, usually anthesis, rarely persistent and the fruit (in extra-Mai. spp.). Calyx lobes 4, surrounding __ v _ erect or spreading, alternating longer and shorter. Petaloid appendages none. Stamens in two anthers dorsi- 8, rows, sessile or on short filaments; linear, or asifixed. Disk and toothed or annular and entire, or membranous irregularly s P'it, sometimes absent. Pistil elongated on one side, or obscure, or always included in the floral tube. Ovary ovoid, sessile or slightly stalked, usually hairy towards the sessile short- top or in the upper half; sometimes glabrous; style or hform, terminal, sometimes slightly lateral (in extra-Mai. spp.); stigma globose ,, or capitate. Drupe ovoid or ellipsoid, with fleshy or dry pericarp, endocarp „ Seed similar in shape to the fruit; testa crustaceous. S from and P«'es c. 70, distributed in the Old World on the northern hemisphere, Europe northern Africa to eastern Asia and Malaysia. Ecol. The genus is represented in Malaysia by two species of widely different affinity. D. composita belongs- to a small section Eriosolena (BL.) MEISN. (cf. GILG in E. & P. PFL. Fam. 3, 6a, 1894, 238) which J S cs ricted to the undergrowth of the montane rain-forest of SE. continental Asia and West Malaysia, . ... - • - - centering in Asja - ■ • • ° D. luzonica to a section GILG (I.e.) which occurs chiefly in belongs Daphnanthoides -/ the H" = ,- lma a . ' ya> China, Japan, and and has reached northern Luzon where it occurs at high- m„ Formosa, montane altitude. Note. and based Scopolia (noil JACQ. nec at.) and Eriosolena BL. which are congeneric even , . , LINNE/.„ ON c same species different have from bCCtiUSC — with type specimens) been Daphne (though TTnil UU1VIV1I1 1/ PV UJ/WMUVIIA; «M»v MVVH awpuiuivuseparated UWUI 11 ower of this taxon tubular it absent in In 1841 MEISNER possesses a hypogynous disk, being Daphne. C- c-) reduced Eriosolena BL. to a section of Daphne and in 1857 (I.e.) he reduced also Scopolia DaPh"e. "" The of BENTHAM reduction Eriosolena has been adopted e.g. by BAILLON (Hist. PI. 6, 1877, 131), £ J, r KER * Gen Pl 3 188 190 GlLO E & P pfl Fam 3 6a l894 238 Boerlage (Handl. ' " ' °- >' (in - " - ' - ' >' 3 lqnn > 105), BACKER fam. others. • (Bekn. Fl. Java, em. ed., 4A, 1945, 77, p. 5), and VAN^ IEGHEM Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. restored (Bull. VII, 17, p. 195; 40, p. 68) Eriosole "" t0 generic rank, basing himself on anatomical characters of the branches and leaves and the f U tUbular disk In ?QM° ' 14 H. LECOMTE (Not. Syst. 3, 99) agreed with VAN TIEGHEM, adding that Eriosolena was, besides, char- . , „ eriz ed . by bracts. In it be remarked that such bracts akr. typical, caducous, involucral passing may ~ 7PP occur in • ■ • ■ -- - - " Daphne s. str.. Eriosolena has further HALLIER n. • - been upheld by /. (Med. Rijksherb. 44, 1922 ' '• '3OMKE 503 (Bibl. Bot. Ill, 1934, 130), LEANDRI (Rev. Intern. Bot. App. Agr. Trop. 29, 1949, A C '>UC- Manila and others. In 'l9i<; K° ' c ' Congr. 4, 1957, 581) some " ' owev er, H. LECOMTE Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris reversed his on the ct... (Bull. 21, p. 291-292) opinion hiatus of r Eriosolena. After having examined all the species of Daphne contained in the Paris Herbari - - U °' 11: 'hat they possessed, without exception, a very clear annular disk, sometimes develor) 't into a truly cupular disk surrounding the base of the for example in D. WALL ovary, papyracea - EX STEUD. (D. cannabina LOUR.) WALL.)! He further advanced that the anatomical data found K VAN IEGHEM 'Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. VII, 17, 1893, 185) concerning the origin of periderm, the r U ' a hhoui>h'i| ,sence internal phloem in the leaves, the existence or absence of crystals and their nature, 0r nterest 'n8 in themselves, cannot serve for solving the question about the rank (generic section ' Eriosolena. He did not recognize it as a separate genus to which I agree. KEY TO THE SPECIES Wers n ' distinctly heads involucral bracts, peduncled (2>/2 -6'/2 cm) enveloped by two caducous, Floral t K - ense'y appressed-hairy outside. Disk distinct, membranous, cup-shaped. Ovary densely hairv it' ,u 1 P 1. D. composita ■ Flowers in °i S 6 ° r heads without ° s^ort Peduncled (0-3 mm) involucral bracts. Floral tube glabrous utside TV t isk • obscure, 2. luzonica , ring-like. Ovary glabrous D. F posita (L. /.) GILG in E. & P. Pfl. 2 BURK. & HOLTT. Gard. Bull. am. 3 !™ Tjib. (1923) 201; FVL (!9| 4) 2) 238; KOORD. Exk. Fl. Jav. 2 S.S. 3 (1923) 70; BURK. & HEND. ibid. 3 (1925) 657 N 258 AMb J. i LE, As. Soc. ii (1912) J. Bot. 63 HOCHR. K & Beng. 75, 417; MOORE, Suppl. (1925) 89; w v " - Bijdr. 13 (1914) 49; KOORD. Fl. Candollea 2 (1925) 443, incl. var. montana HOCHR. 38 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 1 and var. montana f. macrophylla HOCHR. ; BURK. This specimen might have come from Java as the Diet. (1935)765; CORNER, Ways. Trees (1940) 633, epithet indicated (c/. also WIKSTR. Kongl. Vet. f. 240; BACK. Bekn. Fl. Java (em. ed.) 4A (1942) Acad. Handl. 1818, 297). It is distinctly D. com- fam. Nutt. PI. 1152.— of 77, p. 5; HEYNE, (1927) posita. On the back the sheet at the upper left Scopolia composita L./. Suppl. (1781) 409.— corner is written in THUNBERG'S handwriting D. javanica THUNB. MUS. Nat. Acad. Upsal. App. "e Ceilona. Thunberg", for this reason the species II (1806) 4, nomen; Fl. Jav.(1825) 13.—D. pendula has also been listed inTHUNB. Fl. Ceilan. (1825) 5. SM. PI. IC. ined. 2 t. not (1790) 34, 34, nom. illegit.; However, the genus does occur in Ceylon and WIKSTR. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. (1818) 296; the record of this specimen from Ceylon is ap- MEISN. Denkschr. K. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 3 parently an error. (1841) 285; in DC. Prod. 14 (1857) 540, incl. β montana MEISN. and γ concolor MEISN.; MIQ. Fl. 2. Daphne luzonica C.B. ROB. Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. Ind. Bat. 1, I (1858) 877; KURZ, For. Fl. Burm. 35 (1908) 72, 75; MERR. Philip. J. Sc. 5 (1910) Bot. 2 (1877) 333; HOOK./. Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 194; 366; En. Philip. 3 (1923) 132; STEEN. Bull. Jard. BOERL. Handl. 3 (1900) 111; RIDL. Fl. Mai. Pen. Bot. Btzg 13 (1934) 254.—Fig. 14a-b. 3 (1924) 144.—Eriosolena montana BL. Bijdr. Slender shrub up to 1Yi m. Branchlets light (1826) 651; HASSK. Cat. Hort. Bog. (1844) 92, brown to reddish-brown, glabrous. Leaves charta- incl. α macrophylla HASSK. and β minor HASSK.; ceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, Geneesk. Arch. 1 ZOLL. Nat. N.I. (1844) 616; narrow elliptic-oblong, 8-9 by 2!4-2'/2 cm; base 116.— Syst. Verz. 2 (1854) D. montana MEISN. cuneate to attenuate; apex acuminate; nerves 6-8 Denkschr. K. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 3 (1841) pairs, distinct beneath, obscure above, curved as- 284.— Eriosolena TIEGH. Ann. Sc. almost 3 composita VAN cending; petiole absent, up to mm. Nat. Bot. VII, 17 (1893) 196; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. Inflorescences sessile or up to 3 mm peduncled, 40 (1893) 68; MERR. Contr. Arn. Arb. 8 (1934) few- to many-flowered; pedicels 1 or 2 mm. Buds 111.—,Eriosolena BL. Not. Flowers 10 articulated pendula ex LECOMTE, very acute. c. mm long, at Syst. 3 (1914) 101.—Fig. 14c-g. the base. Calyx lobes ovate, 21/2-3 mm by 2 mm, Shrub or small tree up to 10 m by 16 cm. very acute. Stamens subsessile, or with a very short chartaceous to Leaves subcoriaceous, usually filament; anthers l>/2-2 mm long. Disk ring-like. brownish above and glaucous beneath when dry, Ovary ellipsoid-oblong, 3 by I mm, glabrous; elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, (31/2—)7—14(—20) by style obscure; stigma globose. Fruit (young) ovoid, base 7 4 (1 !/2—)2—5 cm; attenuate; apex acuminate; by mm. nerves 9-14 pairs, distinct and elevated beneath, Distr. Malaysia: Philippines (N. Luzon: visible or obscure above, sometimes distinct on Benguet Prov.). both 3-5 Ecol. forest surfaces; petiole mm. Inflorescences In the mossy on the higher moun- axillary, solitary or very rarely 2 inflorescences in tains, 2000-2500 m. KING'S an axil (c/. coll. 6940); involucral bracts 2, Note. The leaves are similar to those of D. to 1-1 odora ovate-oblong oblong, y2 cm long, minutely THUNB., from which it differs by obviously smaller absence of bracts below the pubescent outside; peduncle 2'/2-6 I/2 cm, usually flowers, umbel, nodding, with several small linear bracts at the and absence of the typical yellow tomentum on base, (4-)7-12-flowered. Flowers light-yellowish peduncle and pedicels. From D. kiusiana MIQ. it or white, fragrant, 10-15 mm long, sessile, densely differs in the glabrous flowers, from the Formosan covered with appressed, golden-yellowish or whit- D. arisanensis HAYATA by the absence of floral ish hairs outside. lobes 2 the shorter Calyx convolute, longer bracts, very acute calyx lobes, pedicels, and 2 shorter, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, rarely longer anthers, and larger calyx tube. oblong, 2-4 by 1 mm. Stamens sessile or with short Though MERRILL (1908, I.e.) suggested that filaments; anthers linear, l-V/2 mm long. Ovary there is a closely allied form in Yunnan, I have not l -2 l succeeded in it with Chinese ellipsoid, l /2 mm, densely hairy; style c. l/ 2 identifying a species. Fruits mm; stigma globose. ellipsoid or ovoid, Excluded 10-15 by 5 mm, black (BACKER s.n.) or red (BACKER 14479). Daphne decandra BL. Bijdr. (1825) 650 is according Distr. India, Burma (Southern Shan States, to SLEUMER (FL. Mai. I, 5, 1954, 91) = Casearia Tenasserim and Tounghoo), Indo-China (Annam), velutina BL. ( Flacourt.) (cf. also Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. China (Yunnan), and Malaysia: Sumatra, Malay 1, 1, 1858, 709). Peninsula, Borneo, and West Java. Eriosolena affinis ZOLL. Syst. Verz. 2 (1854) 116. Ecol. In rain-forests (900-1000-) 1200-2000 m. 1 have seen two sheets, one from Paris, with Use. The bark is used as binding material. ZOLLINGER'S own handwriting and the type num- Vern. Kakapasan (also used for Phaleria), ber 3209, collected in Lombok, and oneat Leyden. kěmandèn, S, ki-salam, J; Sum.: kulei manis rimbo. MIQUEL (Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1, 1858, 878) already had Note. Daphne javanica THUNB. (1806, I.e.) is a suggested it to represent a Rubiaceae and 1 have to thank nomen nudum. There is a specimen under that Dr BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK for the final reduction to name bearing THUNBERG'S handwriting in his her- Antirrhoea hexasperma (ROXB.) MERR. bariumat Uppsala, kindly sent on loan from there. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 540 ( Rubiaceae). Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 39 7. GYRINOPS GAERTN. Fruct. 2(1791) 276, t.l40f.6; DOMKE, Bibl. Bot. ILL (1934) 119, map 2; Quis. J. Arn. Arb. 27 (1946) 404.—Lachnolepis , MiQ. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. , , 1 (1863) 132- Brachythalamus GILG, Bot. Jahrb. 28 (1900) 146.—Aquilaria sect. Brachythalamus HALL. /. Med. Rijksherb. n. 44 (1922) 19.—Aquilaria sect. HALL. Gyrinops — /. I.e. Aquilaria sect. Lachnolepis HALL. f. I.e. —Fig. 15. Irees or shrubs. Leaves spirally arranged, usually with distinctly parallel veins joining the several intramarginal veins; thickened. Inflorescences terminal 0 , marginb ...j or axillary, sessile or short-peduncled, in fascicles or a few flowers at the top of a peduncle, with 2 or 3 small caducous bracts. Flowers articulated , 5-merous, pedicels at the base. Floral tube cupular to cylindric, puberulous outside, inside puberulous wi n reflexed hairs in arranged lengthwise lines towards the upper part, some- imes glabrous. Calyx lobes 5, spreading, puberulous on both surfaces. Petaloid app endages 5, distinct, or united in a ring moluccana and G. decipiens), inserted (G. , , 0 v r a e l 'lr oat of the tube, alternating with the w calyx lobes, usually densely hairy.- ' „ * * Stamens , free from ' episepalous, the tube, inserted at the same level as the petaloid or sessile appendages slightly below, or subsessile, linear, basifixed. Disk portly cup-shaped or ring-like, scale-like, or none. Ovary ellipsoid or obovoid, , ess''e or i s hort-stiped, 2-celled; style terminal, distinct or obscure; stigma sm Fruits a loculicidal capsule, obovoid or ellipsoid, long-stiped and emerging rom the top or from the side of the floral tube. Seeds slightly ovoid, plano-convex, s"al 'y with a caruncle-like appendage at the chalazal end. •str. Species distributed 8, in Ceylon (G. walla GAERTN.), and Malaysia (Lesser Sunda Islands, CVi»k„ .. ° as und Ncw ' Guinea )- Fig. 16. Th 'r e distribution _ pattern is very similar to that of Trichadenia Vo1 5 39 - (see - P' >" PcofV-r" v - !• In forests from the lowland up to 900 m. KEY TO THE SPECIES F ora' tu be tubular, 12-14 long. Fruits emerging from the lateral slit of the floral tube. 2 ' mm aVeS na ro w " times lanceolate 5-8 as as wide. Flowers in a F ' long raceme 1. G. moluccana 2 L<» . . VCS c to times "'Ptic-oblong ovate-lanceolate, c. as long as wide. Flowers in umbel, 3 v' an erves prominent and spaced beneath, 16-20 pairs. Infructescences 12-14-flowered. Pedicels c. mm. Petaloid appendages united in a Fruits ring. ovoid-oblong, c. 22'/2 mm long; valves c. th k at the Suture 3 G - dccipiens u olcte arul close each to other, 25-35 pairs. Infructescences 2-3-flowered. Pedicels 3-5 m I>etaloid distinct and connected aPPendages only at the base. Fruits Ion v' , pyriform, c. 17'/2 mm " mm thick at lhe suture '■ 3 G- ledermannii Floraf't - k cu 2-5 Fruits Pular, mm long. emerging from the of the intact floral 4 Leav top tube, USually narr°w-lanceolate, l'/2 -10 by -l cm. Petaloid the cf '/5 appendages oblong, as long as S am S ! G salicifolia 4. ?r • - Uav e "°ol° Ptlc n g or ovate-oblong, rarely 6-15 very lanceolate, by 11/2 -5 cm. Petaloid pDenHn® nda ap- ees shorter than the stamens. 5 e 'eels more than twice long the floral tube. as as Petaloid appendages transverse-oblong. 5. 5. G. caudata Pedirpic n ■ US Sh0rler ,han the floral V tube Petaloid deltoid 6 Nerve ? ' appendages or slightly oblong, similar. Pistil Ve,ns usua"y usually shorter than the floral tube. Fruits / Style none. oho, u. ng ° r elll PS0,d ruminate 6 - Nerve! H° .-° - 6. G. versteegii C and m °re than the V Prominent veins. Pistil usually longer than the floral tube, Style d ,' instinct. Fruits pyriform, the acute, bearing persistent, curved style. 7. G. podocarpus P S oluceana BAILL. 11 78^? ,™ (M'Q ) Adansonia moluccana HALL. Med. ( , Aquilaria /. Rijksherb. : Gilg in E- & P. Pn. Fam. 3, 6a n. 44 (1894) r,< n (1922) 19—Fig. 15a-d. L Am. ' Hund1 3 ( I900 > "'I Q UIS J- Shrub. Leaves Arh „?fn ' - chartaceous, glabrous, oblong- "• 27 • - (1946) 404.—; - Lachnolepis moluccana lanceolate, 18-24 IQ Ann (8-) by (l'/3-)2-3 cm; base ob- Mus - Bot. " ' Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1863) 132.— tuse; apex acuminate; nerves 23-32 pairs, slightly 1 40 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 15. moluccana BAILL. 2 b. anther Fig. Gyrinops (MIQ.) a. Habit, X /3 opened flower, one removed, X 3, , c. attachment of stamen, x 7, c'. stamen, X 7, d. fruit bulging out of floral tube, X 2.—G. versteegii (GILG) DOMKE. e. Opened flower, x 5.—G. podocarpus (GILG) DOMKE. f. Opened flower, X 5, g. frontal 2 and lateral view of fruit protruding from floral tube, X 2.—G. decipiens DING HOU. h. Habit, x /3, i. dehisced fruit bulging out of floral tube, X 2, j. opened floral tube of fig. i, X 3.—G. salicifolia RIDL. 2 2 k. X —G. caudata (GILG) DOMKE. l. X m. opened flower with characteristic Habit, /3 . Habit, /3 , long fruit from floral 2 VRIESE & TEYSMANN pedicel, X 5, n. young protruding tube, X (a-d DE s.n., e VER- STEEG 1381, f-g PLEYTE 567, h-j KJELLBERG 889, k KANEHIRA & HATUSIMA 12443, l-m BECCARI PP 911). Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 41 curved and at 60° to the ascending, c. midrib, Ecol. In rain-forest, at 100 m. nc or visible beneath, indistinct above; veins Note. This species is closely related to G. P '"florescenres axillary, sometimes on moluccana by the long tubular flowers with th P k . e nranches, simple, 3-5-flower- rarely branched, petaloid appendages united into a ring and fruits UnC ealmost 10 i none "P to c - mm some" the lateral but differs from timP«i ' emerging through slit, S 0r ln an " , ax ; P edicels c. 4 mm. Flowers it the characters shown in lnn„ »''u by the key. ar c 15 ' mr >i- lobes m" c. The leaves similar to those of 3 . - Calyx oblong, are Aquilaria ° erect ng apex incurved. Pet /"■ ' > slightly beccariana. eioioia/ appendages usually united behind the lens ' hairs almost as as themselves. p, long s mserted 3. Gyrinops lcdcrinannii DOMKE, Notizbl. Berl.- "!" slightly below the .. appendages, " Dahl. the lower 11 (1932) 349. oThlTu P art ot the others adnate * ube Shrub. Leaves subcoriaceous, glabrous - Pistil c except - 4 mm long. ovoid eIli Ovary or hairs at the lower both surfaces grabua "y sparse parts on nil %t Malaysia: among which c. 25-35 stronger pairs, curved and U^L u'- Moluccas (Buru: Kajeli and ascending towards the apex. hifructescences ' thrice collected. Also cultivated in Hn«o pseudo-lateral or 2-3-tlower- °Jt. bog. (from seed of Buru). terminal, subsessile, e ne s ec ed; pedicels thin, 3-5 mm. Floral tube cylindric, nlant°' 'i? P 'men collected from a cultivated ort indistinctly ribbed, 13 mm long, 1 '/2 mm in diam. 11/ ->!/ - Bog - has smaller leaves (8-14'/2 by l Calyx lobes Vi~2% cm). ovate, 1 '/2—2 by c. '/2 nim, the outer lobes acute and the inner ones obtuse, pubescent outside, tomentose inside, and also with a tuft of hairs the at top. Petaloid appendages ± rectan- 3 c. gular, /5 by y2 mm, obtuse, connected at the base, villose. Stamens sessile, oblong, 1-114 by '/. mm. Fruits ± pyriform, c. 1% by '/$ cm (in- cluding stipe 3 mm and and acute cuspidate apex 4 mm), short pilose, compressed, irregularly, transversely ± rugose. Seeds 2 or 1 by abortion, c. 9 mm long (including an appendage c. 3 mm long), woolly. Distr. Malaysia: New Guinea (Sepik R., Station Mt Fig. 16. Pfingst: LEDERMANN 7401). Distribution of GAERTN. Gyrinops Ecol. in Slope dense, virgin forest, at the foot ' y of the »"ops mountain, 0-200 m altitude. dccipiens, nov. sp. Note. The G mo^ucca type specimen of this species is not ' "a foliis elliptico- vel sub- m available 'onga, and no additional material has been apico'n °"°. pedunculis brevibus validis collected in that "? crassatis, area. The description above is liberie floribus umbellatis, antheris extracted from the er 0 ' original one. From DOMKE'S rP ate suturato r s ' G KJELL- BERG yP" 889 'Bo ' - - detailed t-. Fig. description, this is a distinct species kiv,pii 1 1 15h-j. tree characterized the ' 4 by long floral distinct ' c m Leaves tubes, ■"arelv' .' chartaceous, glabrous, Pai petaloid e' y ba appendages and the leaves with surfarp! 'ry heneath, shining on both many u obscure nerves. It is allied to dry " closely G. moluccana ' e"'Ptic or slightly obovate- oblong ta i-7 and G. by decipiens by the flower with tubular a cm; hase narrowly cuneate; a Pex «'h I rl floral tube and the fruit emerging from the lateral sl 'ghtlvr° aoaminate; nerves 16-20 pairs, u A slit of but rved it, differs from both of them or obliquely spreading towards the by the margin . 6 teC' characters given in the eVa visible sometimes key. Sc ure heneath, ob- ah r Ve '"fructescences terminal and u mbellir„ ' axillary, rm 12 - ' 1 to peduncle very short 4. 21/ c l Gyrinops salicifolia RIDL. Trans. Linn. Soc. 1 knob-like at -' accrescent, thickened Bot. 9 the tnn II, (1916) 145.—Gyrinopsis salicifolia Quis. p els , e c. 2 mm. Flowers 15 long-tubular, J. Arn. Arb. 27 i (1946) 15k. mni 0" 407.—Fig. 8 p,oraI tube Galyx almost glabrous inside. Slender ink ', shrub, c. 1 m. Branchlets light brown, " 3-4 mm Petaloid pe long" "P- pubescent. Leaves »dages sparsely pubescent on the mid- behind the stamens with i hairs as rib and 'ongasthn sometimes on the and veins 1 nerves es Stamens inserted the ' slightly below beneath, lanceolate annnnH to linear-lanceolate, 1 '/£-10 ageS Fr"i,s "/4 : ?^ ' ovoid-oblong, c. 2'/4 by base cm hy.Vs-l cm; cuneate; and rn t apex acuminate 3 na e to the i suture surface c. nim apex, pointed; and wide nerves veins similar and equally ee unknown. Oistr ? visible vr , strong, slightly beneath, obscure " above; p ysia: Central Celebes (Wavatoli, petiole c. '/2 alarahi). mm. Inflorescences terminal, sessile, 3-5-flowered; pedicel c. 2 mm. Flowers pale 1 42 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 1-3 Flowers yellow, c. 3 mm long. Floral tube c. 2'/4 mm long, mm. white, yellowish, light greenish, cupular, pilose outside. Calyx lobes oblong, c. or yellowish-green. Floral tube cupular, c. 3 V2 mm Petaloid ob- Petaloid 1 mm long, puberulous. appendages long. Calyx lobes oblong, c. 1 mm long. Stamens sessi- about half the long, c. l/z mm long, shortly hairy. appendages deltoid, as long as le, as long as the petaloid appendages. Disk anther, densely hairy. Stamens sessile, c. % mm. obscure, ring-like. Pistil e. 2 mm long, densely Disk scale-like. Pistil c. 21/2 mm long, densely short-hairy. Ovary obovate, 1 mm long; style puberulous, except the stigma. Ovary ovoid, c. filiform, c. 1 mm; stigma obscure. Fruit unknown. 1 mm long, narrowed towards the apex; style ab- Distr. Malaysia: western New Guinea (Utakwa sent; stigma ovoid. Fruits yellow, slightly obovoid and Nabire). or ellipsoid, 2'/2 by 1 cm, shortly acuminate to the attenuate to Ecol. In fringing rain-forest, 300 m. apex, the base. Seeds ovoid, plano- convex, 9 by 6 mm, with a caruncle-like appendage at the base, c. 2 mm thick. 5. Gyrinops caudata (GILG) DOMKE, Notizbl. Berl.- Distr. Malaysia: Lesser Sunda Islands (Lom- Dahl. 11 (1932) 349; Quis. J. Arn. Arb. 27 (1946) bok, Sumbawa, Flores, and Sumba), NE. Celebes 404.—Brachythalamus caudatus GILG, Bot. Jahrb. (Minahassa), and West New Guinea (Alkmaar 28 (1900) 147; in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. Nachtr. 3 Bivouac and Somula). (1903) 238.—Fig. 151-n. Ecol. In forests, scattered, from the lowland up Shrub 17 36 BW or tree up to m by cm, fide to 900 m. 6738. Branchlets greyish, whitish pubescent and Vern. Kětěmunan, Lombok, ruhu wama, Sumba, glabrescent. Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, dull seke, Flores. beneath and shiningabove, elliptic-oblong, ovate- Note. Closely related to G. podocarpus ; more oblong, rarely lanceolate, 6-13 by 1 '/2—4 cm; base material is needed to verify whether it deserves cuneate; apex up to 11/2 cm acuminate; nerves > specific distinction. and veins scarcely distinguishable, numerous, parallel, visible beneath, obscure above; petiole c. 7. Gyrinops podocarpus (GILG) DOMKE, Notizbl. 3 mm. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, 3-10- Berl.-Dahl. II (1932) 349; Quis. J. Am. Arb. 27 llowered, sessile and peduncled, peduncle up to (1946) 404.—Brachythalamus podocarpus GILG, 8 mm. Flowers c. 5 mm pedicelled. Floral tube Bot. Jahrb. 28 (1900) 146; in E. & P. Pfi. Fam. cupular, 2 mm long. Calyx lobes oblong, I mm Nachtr. 3 (1908) 238. —Aquilariapodocarpus HALL. long. Petaloid appendages transverse-oblong, c. ___ Bibl. /. Med. Rijksherb. 11. 44 (1922) 19; DOMKE, Vi mm long. Stamens subsessile, slightly longer Bot. Ill (1934) t. 2 f. 10.—G. ledermannii (non than the appendages. Ovary ovoid, densely pilose; DOMKE) MERR. & PERRY, J. Am. Arb. 22 (1941) style very short; stigma capitate. 264.—Fig. 15f-g. Distr. Malaysia: New Guinea (Sidai and Mt Slender shrub, x/i~2 m. Leaves chartaceous, Arfak). pubescent beneath especially on the nerves and Ecol. Primary forest, 5-20 m ( fide BW 6738). veins, glabrescent or sometimes glabrous, glabrous Vern. Niwawnr, Amberbaken language. above, elliptic-oblong, narrow-oblong, slightly Note. This species is easily recognized by the obovate-oblong, 10-15 by 3-5 cm, base cuneate, pedicel usually c. 2 times as long as the floral tube. apex up to 21/2 cm acuminate; nerves 25-40 pairs, distinct beneath, obscure above; veins and veinlets 6. Gyrinops verstcegii (GILG) DOMKE, Notizbl. visible beneath, indistinct above, sometimes nerves Berl.-Dahl. 11 (1932) 349; Quis. J. Am. Arb. 27 and veins similar. Inflorescences terminal or (1946) 404.—G. walla (non GAERTN.) KOORD. axillary, sessile or with a short peduncle up to Minah. (1898) 577; BOERL. Handi. 3 (1900) 111.— 6 mm, 2-6-flowered; pedicels 2-3 mm, pubescent. Guinea tube Brachythalamus versteegii GILG, Nova 8 Flowers white, 4-5 mm long. Floral cupular. (1910) 410.—Aquilaria versteegii HALL. /. Med. Calyx lobes ovate, 1-1 '/2 mm long. Petaloid ap- Rijksherb. n. 44 (1922) 19.—G. sp. HALL./. I.e. 20. pendages deltoid or slightly oblong, Vi~Vi mm —Fig. 15e. long, densely whitish hairy. Stamens sessile. Disk Pistil Shrub up to 6 m, or tree up to 21 m by 65 cm shortly cup-shaped, crenate. shortly stipitate, (fide bb 21394, Bo). Leaves chartaceous to sub- densely hairy except the stigma, c. 4>/2 mm long. coriaceous, pubescent, especially on the nerves Ovary oblanceolate; style distinct, c. l'/2 mm ; and veins beneath, glabrescent or glabrous, dull stigma capitate. Fruit (young) green, pyriform, acute to and yellowish-brownbeneath, shining and reddish- 15 by 6 mm, densely puberulous, the apex brown above, elliptic-oblong, ovate-oblong, or and crowned by the persistent, curved style, stipe- obovate-oblong, 5-14 by 1 >/ -5 base cuneate; like, cuneate towards the base. 2 cm; apex up to 2 cm narrow-acuminate; nerves and Distr. Malaysia: West New Guinea (Ramoi, veins similar, numerous, slightly oblique and par- Sorong, Monep, and Idenburg R.). allel; petiole short, 3-5 mm. Inflorescences sessile, Ecol. In primary forests, from the lowland up to 8 750 usually terminal, consisting of 6 flowers, to m. rarely axillary, or on the branchlets; pedicels Vern. Kokkoree, Asmat language. Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 43 8. DRAPETES BANKS ex LAMK, J. Hist. Nat. Paris 1 (1792) 188, t.10 f.la-d; PERSOON, Syn. 1 (1805) 148; GAERTN. Fruct. 3 (1807) 199, t. 215; ENDL. Gen. PI. (1837) 33; Suppl. i (1847) 61; BENTH. Fl. Austr. 6 (1873) 35; BENTH. & HOOK./. Gen. PI. 3 (1880) : 0MKE Bibl Bot 111 1934 138 17.—Kelleria ENDL. Gen. PI. J?_ ' - - ) map Suppl. ( > , . (1847) —Daphnobryon — - Bot. Ill map / 61; DOMKE, Bibl. XXX (1934)X X137,f i16.W« DaphnobryonW«» MEISN. J V/iHlVUj L/l • L/V ki I y W»~T / »/ 4 XXXMM Mf/IHIl/Cl f . > n _DC. Prod. Handl. 14 (1857) 566.—Drapetes sect. Daphnobryon BOERL. 3 ...... (1900) 106.—Fie. 17. Warf shrubs with creeping, radiant, or ± tufted and glabrous stems, sending out fibrous roots from beneath, the lower part of the stems marked with prominent scars of fallen leaves. Leaves subopposite or spiral, more or less appressed, sessile, ventral narrow-linear, convex on the dorsal side, plane or slightly concave on the 1 e > with 5-9 striated longitudinal nerves; apex obtuse, with a tuft of hairs; Margins ciliate in the Flowers in small, sessile, . especially young ones. aggregated _ _ erniinai heads almost entirely immersed in the leaves; pedicels short, articulated e apex, articulation hairy. Floral tube continuous, or circumsciss above the ovary (s. after - American sp.), usually pilose outside, glabrous inside, caducous n hesis. Calyx lobes 4, slightly spreading. Petaloid appendages inserted at the ____ nouth ot the tube, of 1 -2 scales Stamens 4, free from consisting episepalous (or 0).. n e tube at the mouth, alternate with the lobes; filaments slender, basifixed, longer than anthers sometimes Pistil Y the anthers; oblong or subglobose. rnes abortive. Fertile pistil usually included, rarely exserted. Ovary e^PS0^ or 1" , m___ - ~ S1 Y °bovoid, or hairy in the half or at the style lin 1-celled, pilose upper apex; e ar, after lateral, usually longer than the ovary, caducous an thesis; stigma and - papillose when Fruit a small drupe with a thin-fleshy pericarp. , . _ young. g _ in shape to the fruit, closely enveloped by the endocarp. ' ec es 'hree of them in S. America and Falkland New Tasmania, an d Au\ (Fuegia Is.), Zealand, 1 ° Eco^r) ne 'n Malaysia (New Guinea and North Borneo). Fig. 18. grassy or r in the in the almost confined to an d alpine" r^ ' °cky places mountains, tropics subalpine N °TE- Drapetes was described in 1792 by LAMARCK (I.e.) with only one species, D. muscosus, 'MiFgia and the Falkland Islands in S. America. Its perianth tube (i.e. floral tube) is circumsciss above , the ov r y> ? whence the upper falls after there are no scales at the throat. The style i » part away anthesis; s 1113'' In iK/i-i'!? Since then some other species have been described from the Old World. 1847 ENDLICHER '• d-c.) based a new Kelleria on HOOK, from New Which *v," * D. dieffenbachii Zealand, I. —, Ogenus ■should differ from str. the continuous the of 4 alternatin -T Drapetes sens. by perianth tube, presence appendages S with the stamens at the throat of the perianth tube, and the capitate stigma. KER/ n Hook. J. Bot. Kew. Misc. of resemble each 5, 1853, 300) maintained that all species Drapetes other ' ve y c|osely and form Kelleria distinct genus. one natural genus without necessity to recognize as a ' MEISNER and , (I.e.) a new genus for Drapetes ericoicles HOOK./, from Borneo ta proposed Daphnobryon D. smanicus Ir HOOK./, from Tasmania. This should be characterized 8 — — by - — Pairs * appendages alternating * with . 7 -rr O ——<=> ine stamens and by the distinctly lateral style. ■EGHEM (Bull. or Dr Soc. Bot. Fr. 40, 1893, 72) stated that the anatomical characters of the twigs apetes, m Kelleria,- a and Daphnobryon as a and differ profoundly from those found 'l other : 7' group closely agree the 1nywelaeaceae. cells ' . Still, because of the different origin of the periderms, different texture of 10 P 1 ' 'heir ' anc t leaves'' f' 'le 9 uant'ty °f the lignified peridesmic fibers in the meristele in the limbs of ) e '° untl to CtoMKiM/' ? reason maintain the three genera as distinct. ,C ') Clrc maintainedonly Drapetes and Kelleria. Drapetes beinc floral tube cylindric, umsciss - ■ characterized: .ftJNON terminal. floral appendages. Style Leaves ovate, semi-amplexicaulous; S. America. Kelleria: tube S ne >ort " c edl i r'dric or e-iii funnel-shaped, continuous. Style lateral. Leaves tg y'| Appendages present. ® eni BEN '"a 11Plexicaulous, spiral or decussate; New Zealand to Borneo. THAM f (/ •c. 36) Hfore th pointed out that whether the nerianth is circumsciss above the ovarv or not "is no an w at is admitted as sectional only in Pimelea”. As for the pairs of appendages, whether th_ eyv 44 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 1 are distinct or confluent into a single entire or notched one, is not constant, as has been pointed out by BENTHAM (I.e. 36) and GILG (Bot. Jahrb. 18, 1894, 514, f. 9A). I have also observed this variation in a single specimen (TRAVERS s.n., IV, 1909, New Zealand), and even in a single flower! Because of the of great resemblance in habit and the number stamens being the same as that of the perianth lobes, BENTHAM (I.e. 36) and BENTHAM & HOOKER/. (Gen. PI. 3, 1880, 196) reduced Kelleria and Daphnobryon to Drapetes. I have followed them in this treatment and believe the first and last could be distinguished in the rank of sections. 1. Drapetes ericoides HOOK./. IC. PI. (1852) t. 895; 484; STEEN. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg 13 (1934) 254. — STAPF, Trans. Linn. Soc. II, 4 Bot. (1894) 221; Kelleria ericoides DOMKE, Bot. Jahrb. 62 (1929) BOERL. Handl. 3 (1900) 111; GIBBS, J. Linn. Soc. 485; STEEN. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg 13 (1934) 254. — Bot. 42 (1914) 132; MERR. En. Born. (1921) 417. — Kelleria patula MERR. & PERRY, J. Arn. Arb. 22 Daphnobryon ericoides MEISN. in DC. Prod. 14 (1941) 267.—Fig. 17. (1857) 566; MIQ. FI. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1858) 881.— Stem reddish- or dark-brown, up to 50 cm; Kelleria Jahrb. 62 branchlets 3-5 papuana DOMKE, Bot. (1929) young villous, glabrescent. Leaves Fig. 18. Localities of Drapetes ericoides HOOK. f. by % mm. Inflorescences (l-)4-9-fiowered; pedi- cels short, c. 1/2 mm. Flowers white, cylindric, towards the slightly expanded apex, 3-5 mm long, 12-costate. Calyx lobes ovate, obtuse, 1-1>/2 mm anthers long. Stamens c. 1 mm long; as long as or slightly shorter than the filaments. Petaloid ap- pendages always 8, in 4 episepalous pairs. Pistil 2-3 mm long, the abortive ones only c. 1 mm. Fruits ellipsoid. Distr. Malaysia: Borneo (Mt Kinabalu) and New Guinea (Mt Carstensz, Lake Habbcma, Mt Wilhelmina, Mt Doorman, Hagen Range, Mt Giluwe, Mt Wilhelm, Mt Albert Edward, Mt Victoria, and Central Div.). Fig. 18. Fig. 17. Drapetes ericoides HOOK. f.. a. Habit, Ecol. Alpine plant, on dry grasslands, shallow nat. size, b. flower, X 6, c. opened flower, pistil soil over rocks on sheltered grasslands, plentiful removed, x 6, d. pistil, x 6, e. stamens, X 13, on sandy banks of streams, and in cracks of 6 occurring from 3000 to over f. stem showing leaf-scars, X 6, g. leaf, X granite, usually (ROBBINS 315). 4000 m. 9. PIMELEA in BANKS & SOLAND. ex GAERTN. Fruct. 1 (1788) 186, nom. gen. cons.; MEISN. DC. Prod. 14 (1857) 496; BENTH. Fl. Austr. 6 (1873) 1; DOMKE, Bibl. Bot. Ill —' (1934) 138, map 18, non Banksia FORST. 1776. Thecanthes WIKSTR. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. Stockh. (1818) 269, 271.—Fig. 19-20. Dec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 45 Fig. 19. Pimelea 2 cornucopiae VAHL. a. Habit, X b. X 2, c. longitudinal section of /3, inflorescence, d. inflorescence, X 2, flower, x 4, e. opened flower, x 4, f. stamen, x 13, g. seed, x 13.—P. concrete F. v. M. h. Inflorescence, x 2, i. longitudinalsection of inflorescence, X 2,j. flower, X 4, k. pistil, X 4 WOMERSLEY (a & VAN ROYEN 5853, b-g WOMERSLEY 8767, h-k VAN STEENIS 3304). 58 S^ru^s ' or undershrubs Leaves soirief (extra-Mai. spp.). opposite or decussate, su Mai r? bopposite, or alternate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary (extra- a p Pitate, rarely spicate or solitary (extra-Mai. involucral bracts partiajj spp.); Un ' or f in extra-Mai. s ree (extra-Mai. spp.), 4, or spp. 4-6(-8) or more, Want' di° n§- Flowers bisexual, sometimes unisexual by abortion or ec iou * ra"Mal. spp.), at least in Mai. centripetally. Floral tube , spp. developing tub ar 0^ ' ten villous silky outside, in Mai. spp. circumsciss above the ovary. Calyx i u 0 6S s Sickened Prea ding or erect. Petaloid appendages 0, but the throat usually r r ' m"'''ce folded. Stamens inserted in the throat of the tube and °PPosite ti° 2, le 2 outer calyx lobes. Disk consisting of 4, scale-like, filiform or 1 46 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 club-shaped lobes or wanting (extra-Mai. spp.). Ovary ovoid; style long-filiform below the Fruit a small and attached to one side of the ovary immediately apex. drupe. Seed in shape similar to that of the fruit, albuminous. of which extend Distr. Subendemic in Australia and New Zealand, comprising c. 80 spp., two to Malaysia. Ecol. In Malaysia in grassland and savannahs in the seasonal areas, mostly at low altitude, ascending to 1000 m. Note.The two Malaysian species belong to subg. Thecanthes (WIKSTR.) MEISN. ex GILG (in E. & P. PFL. also Fam. 3, 6a, 1894, 243); in the text "Untergen." was erroneously printed as "Unterfam.", cf. DE DALLA & HARMS TORRE p. 340). KEY TO THE SPECIES the I. Flowers at anthesis long-exserted from the involucral bracts, exserted parts usually longer than the length of the involucral lobes. Calyx lobes usually spreading. Stamens exserted; filaments at 1. P. concreta least twice as long as the anthers 1. Flowers at anthesis usually included or slightly exserted from the involucral bracts. Calyx lobes as anthers. 2. P. cornucopiae usually erect. Stamens included; filaments almost as long the . to 50 1. Pimelea concreta F. v. M. Fragm. 5 (1865) 73; Annual, simple or branched, up cm, BENTH. FL. Austr. 6 (1873) 6.—P. brevituba FAWC. glabrous throughout. Leaves membranous, nar- in Forbes, Wand. (1885) 516; GILG in E. & P. rowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, or obovate- base acute to Pfl. Fam. 3, 6a (1894) 243, f. 84, D, E.—P. sp. oblong, l%-3!/2 cm by 4-8 mm; — DAMMERMAN, Nat. Tijd. N.I. 86 (1926) 45, f. 1. obtuse; apex acuminate and minutely apiculate; Fig. 19h-k, 20. nerves obscure, 4-6 pairs; petiole short, c. 1 mm. Involucral bracts 4, united at the lower third or lower half into an obconical cup, 7-15 mm long, the free parts ovate or deltoid, rarely obovate, 4-10 by 6-8 mm, acute or acuminate, imbricate, the outer pair overlapping the inner pair and usually longer than wide rarely wider than long. Inflorescences terminal, usually more than 50- flowered; peduncles variable in length, very short dilated or up to 4 1 /4(-7) cm; pedicels flat, usually at the base, very short to 1 •/£ mm, articulated at the top. Flowers 10-15 mm long, inserted on the cup-shaped part of the involucre, centripetally developing, white to rose. Floral tube cylindric. Calyx lobes 4, imbricate, oblong or slightly obovate-oblong, 2-2V2 mm long. Disk scale-like, Stamens 2y -3Y 2 mm. small, c. V2 mm long. 2 Ovary 1-1 sub- ovoid, '/2 mm long; style exserted; stigma capitate. Fruits ovoid, 2-4 by 1 mm, short-stalked. Distr. Australia (Northern Territory) and Malaysia: Lesser Sunda Islands (Sumba and Timor). Fig. 21. Ecol. Grassland and sandy ground, from the lowland up to 1000 m. Vern. Tua leu, Timor. Note. Some specimens collected in Sumba have the involucral bracts deltoid and slightly wider than long. 2. Pimelea cornucopiae VAHL, En. PI. 1 (1804) 305; R. BR. Prod. (1810) 359; MEISN. in DC. Prod. 14 (1857) 496; F. v. M. Fragm. 7 (1869) 3; BENTH. Fl. Austr. 6 (1873) 6; F. v. M. Descr. Not. 2 (1885) 8; BAILEY, Queensland Fl. pt 4 (1901) 1363.—Thecanthes cornucopiae WIKSTR. Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. Stockh. (1818) 271.—P. philippinensis C. B. ROB. Philip. J. Sc. 6 (1911) Bot. 345; MERR. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 134.— Fig. 20. Pimelea concreta F. v. M. Sumba Fig. 19a-g. to 50 tall. Leaves membranous, (Photogr. DE VOOGD). Annual up cm pec. 1960] THYMELAEACEAE (Ding Hou) 47 lanceolate, narrowly oblong, rarely obovate- Archipelago (Misima I. and Sudest I.), and lanceolate, N cm by 1V2—6(—7V2) mm; Malaysia: Philippines (extreme of Luzon, aPex acuminate; base obtuse; nerves obscure, Cagayan Prov. near Sanchez Mira, once collected, 3-6 1 pairs; petiole very short, c. mm. Inflores- B.S. 7410, US) and New Guinea (Western and cences- terminal, 15-40-flowered; peduncles vari- Central Divisions). Fig. 21. able in Ecol. Common savannah and length, very short, or up to Sy 2 cm; pedi- on ridges grass- cels 1-5 mm, flat but not dilated at the base, lands, from the lowland rarely up to 570 m. ar ticulated at the top. Involucral bracts 4, united a' the lower third or half into an obconical cup, 7 -10(-15) mm long, the free parts ovate and Ruminate, imbricate, the outer pair overlapping 'he inner pair, longer than wide, 6-8 by 2 1/£-4(-7) ntm. —7-10Flowers mm long, inserted on the cup- shaped part of the involucre, white, usually in- cluded in the involucral bracts, sometimes slightly Protruding beyond them. Calyx lobes 4, imbricate, 1-2 °blong, or slightly obovate, mm long. Disk sniall Stamens and obscure. 1-1 Vi mm, slightly shorter than the calyx lobes. Ovary ovoid, 1 V2 mm , °ng; style slightly protruding beyond the floral 'jUbe; stigma small, globose. Fruits ellipsoid, 3 by Vi mm, slightly stiped. Fig. 21. Localities of Pimelea concreta F. v. M. Distr. Australia (Queensland), D'Entrecas- (+) and P. cornucopiae VAHL. (•) in Malaysia; eaux Is. (Fergusson I.), New Britain, Louisiade both species also occur in Australia. 10. AMYXA c f AIRY SHAW, FL. Mai. I, 4 (1953) 363, f.5.—Fig. 22. Amyxa J- pluricornis (RADLK.) DOMKE, Bibl. Bot. also take place in nature. The seed colours are 1 I' (1934) 4 116; AIRY SHAW, FL. Mai. I, (1953) marked: fruit green, softish, seed dark glossy J63— 22. Fig. brown, funicle partly very fleshy, aril-like, white. SHAW questioned whether the fruit ofthis small How these colours will be at complete maturity is 0r nean tree is dehiscent. Judging from fruiting unknown; they may change at the last moment. jrtaterial collected in Sept. 1958 by M. JACOBS Tropical fruits are often devoured by animals in 5376) near Belaga, the Third Division of before maturity. When mature the attractive seed arawak, this seems indeed to be the case, though with its contrasting colours will dangle out of the e spontaneous dehiscence of the almost mature dehisced capsule hanging on the thin basal part Ul the ( happened during the process of drying the of the funicle from the apex of valve; it is Pecimens. But the dehiscence of the valves ap- likely to be dispersed by animals. pears so regular along distinct sutures that there Distr. Now also twice collected by KOSTER- er| is to be hardly any doubt that dehiscence will MANS in West Kutai, East Borneo. 22. Fruit of nat. Fig. Amyxa pluricornis (RADLK.) DOMKE, size. When collected it was still closed, but dehisced 3 during drying with valves showing the dark seed and the funicle which is thread-like at the base but thickened, pale, and fleshy in its apical part. In nature the seed is in the ripe state probably dangling from the dehisced fruit (JACOBS 5376). 48 FLORA MALESIANA Excluded and Doubtful Gnidia oppositifolia (non L.) BLANCO, Fl. Filip. (1837) 299, and Gnidia? philippinica MEISN. in DC. Prod. 14 592 are to (1857) according EXELL (Fl. Mai. I, 4, 1954, 555) = Terminalia polyantha PR. (Combret.). Hornera JUNGH. Tijd. Nat. Gesch. Phys. 7 (1840) 314. H. glomerata JUNGH. I.e. 316.—Japan. H. umbellata JUNGH. I.e. 316.—Japan. No type of either of these has been Dr specimen species as yet located. VAN STEENIS and Dr HATUSIMA (in litt.) could not them from the & clarify description. They —might not be natives of —BENTH. , —Y = Japan (cf. HOOK. Gen. PI. SHAW /. 3, 1880, 188-189). Mr AIRY (inlitt.) assumes them to be Lauraceous. Passerina THUNB. Fl. javanica Jav. 2 (1825) 19. The type specimen could not be found in THUNBERG'S herbarium BACKER at Uppsala ( cf C.S., Blumea 6, 1950, 358) and the description is entirely inadequate.