Sind Imidazolinrezeptoren an Der Blutdrucksenkung Durch Clonidin-Artige Antihypertensiva Beteiligt ?

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Sind Imidazolinrezeptoren an Der Blutdrucksenkung Durch Clonidin-Artige Antihypertensiva Beteiligt ? - 1 - Aus dem Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau SIND IMIDAZOLINREZEPTOREN AN DER BLUTDRUCKSENKUNG DURCH CLONIDIN-ARTIGE ANTIHYPERTENSIVA BETEILIGT ? INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Medizinischen Doktorgrades der Medizinischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau vorgelegt von Christina Bock-Ketterer geboren in Freiburg i. Br. - 2 - Dekan: Professor Dr. rer. nat. M. Schumacher 1. Gutachter: Professor Dr. med. B. Szabo 2. Gutachter: Professor Dr. med. H. Neumann Jahr der Promotion: 2003 - 3 - Herrn Professor Dr. Bela Szabo danke ich für die Überlassung des interessanten Themas, die Geduld, hervorragende Betreuung und stetige Hilfestellung bei der Durchführung der Arbeit. Frau Dr. Nathalie Niederhoffer danke ich für die Zusammenarbeit und Unterstützung während der Arbeit im Labor. Frau Claudia Schurr danke ich für die zuverlässige Aufbereitung der Blutproben. Professor Dr. Klaus Starke und allen Angehörigen des Pharma- kologischen Instituts danke ich für die Hilfsbereitschaft und die freundliche kollegiale Zusammenarbeit. Meiner Familie danke ich für die Unterstützung auf dem Weg durchs Studium und meinem Mann für die Geduld und Hilfe bei der Fertigstellung dieser Arbeit. - 4 - Teile dieser Arbeit wurden veröffentlicht: Bock C, Niederhoffer N, Szabo B (1999) Analysis of the receptor involved in the central hypotensive effect of rilmenidine and moxonidine. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol 359(4):262-71 Szabo B, Bock C, Nordheim U, Niederhoffer N (1999) Mechanism of the sympathoinhibition produced by the clonidine-like drugs rilmenidine and moxonidine. A N Y Acad Sci 881: 253-64 Die Ergebnisse wurden auch auf einem Kongress präsentiert und in Abstraktform veröffentlich: Bock C, Niederhoffer N, Szabo B (1998) Comparison of Rilmenidine and Moxonidine with α-methyldopa: are different receptors involved in the sympathoinhibition? Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie 17.-19. März 1998 in Mainz (Poster) - 5 - INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung 6 2. Methode 19 2.1. Einleitung 19 2.2. Katheterherstellung 19 2.3. Operation 19 2.4. Experimente 21 2.5. Versuchsprotokoll 23 2.5.1. Versuchsprotokoll für Experimente mit α-Methyldopa 23 2.5.2. Versuchsprotokoll für Experimente mit Rilmenidin, Moxonidin oder Kochsalzlösung 24 2.6. Datenregistrierung 26 2.7. Plasmakatecholaminmessung 26 2.7.1. Katecholaminextraktion aus dem Plasma 27 2.7.2. Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie 27 2.8. Statistik 28 2.9. Substanzen 29 3. Ergebnisse 30 3.1. Ausgangswerte 30 3.2. Wirkung der Agonisten 30 3.3. Wirkung von Kochsalzlösung nach Applikation der Agonisten 33 3.4. Wirkung der Antagonisten nach Applikation der Agonisten 36 3.4.1. Wirkung der Antagonisten nach Applikation von α-Methyldopa 36 3.4.2. Wirkung der Antagonisten nach Applikation von Moxonidin 36 3.4.3. Wirkung der Antagonisten nach Applikation von Rilmenidin 38 3.5. Wirkung der Antagonisten nach Applikation von Kochsalzlösung 39 4. Diskussion 40 5. Zusammenfassung 49 6. Literaturverzeichnis 50 - 6 - 1. EINLEITUNG Bluthochdruck ist in unserer heutigen Gesellschaft eine sehr häufige Erkrankung, die das Gesundheitswesen beträchtlich belastet. Man geht in großen nordamerikanischen Studien von einer Prävalenz von 24% in der Population der über Achtzehnjährigen aus, mit zunehmender Prävalenz im Alter (Burt et al. 1995). Bluthochdruck ist die häufigste Ursache für einen Arztbesuch in den USA (Schappert & Nelson 1999). Als Risikofaktor für Gefäßkrankheiten wie koronare Herzkrankheit, Schlaganfall, terminale Niereninsuffizienz und periphere Gefäßkrankheit (Fiebach et al. 1989; MacMahon et al. 1990; Whelton et al. 1992; Stamler et al. 1993; Whelton 1994) sind der Bluthochdruck und seine Therapie eine große Herausforderung für viele Bereiche der Medizin. Pharmakotherapie und nicht pharmakologische Therapieansätze führen zu einer Senkung des Blutdruckes (Working Group on Primary Prevention of Hypertension 1993) und damit auch zu einer Senkung des Risikos, einen Herzinfarkt, Schlaganfall oder eine terminale Niereninsuffizienz zu erleiden (Shulman et al. 1989; Collins et al. 1990). β-Adrenozeptor-Antagonisten, Ca++-Kanalblocker, Diuretika, ACE- Hemmer und Angiotensin-II-Rezeptor-Antagonisten sind Medikamente der ersten Wahl in der heutigen Therapie des arteriellen Hypertonus. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Substanzen aus der Gruppe der Clonidin-ähnliche Antihypertensiva und α-Methyldopa (siehe Abbildung 1) sind als Medikamente der zweiten Wahl in der Therapie des arteriellen Hypertonus etabliert, wobei α-Methyldopa heute besonders in der Schwangerschaft Verwendung findet. Diese Substanzen wirken als Antisympathotonika. Sie senken zentral den Sympathikustonus und steigern den Vagustonus. Dies führt über Senkung des peripheren Gefäßwiderstandes und der Herzfrequenz - und damit des Herz- - 7 - Cl N NH Clonidin NH Cl N NH Rilmenidin O OCH3 N H3C NH Moxonidin NH OCH3 Cl NH CH NNHCNH2 Guanabenz Cl CH3 HO CH2 CNH2 COOH α-Methyldopa HO OH CH3 HO CH α-Methylnoradrenalin NH2 HO ABBILDUNG 1: Strukturformeln von Clonidin und der verwendeten Agonisten zeitvolumens - zur Senkung des Blutdruckes (Kobinger 1978; Kobinger & Pichler 1990). α-Methyldopa ist die älteste zentralwirkende blutdrucksenkende Substanz (Oates et al. 1960). Dabei ist α-Methyldopa selbst nur eine Vorstufe der eigentlich wirksamen Substanz. α-Methyldopa wird in zwei - 8 - Schritten über α-Methyldopamin zu α-Methylnoradrenalin decarboxyliert (Abbildung 1). α-Methylnoradrenalin aktiviert als falscher Neurotrans- mitter mit hoher Affinität α2-Adrenozeptoren und wird wie Noradrenalin selbst gespeichert, freigesetzt und wieder aufgenommen (Carlsson & Lindquist 1962; Day & Rand 1964). Clonidin, ein Imidazolinderivat, wurde 1962 von dem Chemiker H. Stähle auf der Suche nach neuen abschwellenden Nasentropfen bei Boehringer Ingelheim entwickelt. Überraschender Weise kam es bei der Anwendung der neuen Substanz zu einer ausgeprägten Sedierung, was zu weiteren Untersuchungen führte, bei denen zusätzlich eine Senkung von Blutdruck, Herzfrequenz und Speichelproduktion gefunden wurde. Damit wurde Clonidin zum Prototyp eines zentral wirkenden Antihypertensivums (Hoefke & Kobinger 1966; Klingspohr 1983). In den nächsten Jahren wurden noch andere zentral wirkende Antihypertensiva entwickelt (siehe Abbildung 1), unter anderem auch die in dieser Studie verwendeten Substanzen Rilmenidin (Laubie et al. 1985) und Moxonidin (Armah 1987; Armah et al. 1988). Die Wirkungsweise von Clonidin und seiner Abkömmlinge wurde in den Jahren nach 1962 erforscht. Man fand heraus, dass das lipophile Clonidin rasch die Bluthirnschranke überwindet und über zentrale Senkung des Sympathikustonus und zentral vermittelte Bradykardie den Blutdruck senkt. Als verantwortliche Rezeptoren vermutete man α2- Adrenozeptoren in der Medulla oblongata. Bei rascher intravenöser Applikation kam es zu einem kurzen Anstieg des Blutdruckes, bevor es zur erwünschten blutdrucksenkenden Wirkung kam. Dies ist auf die Aktivierung peripherer α2-Adrenozeptoren der glatten Gefäßmuskulatur zurückzuführen, die zu einer initialen Zunahme des Gefäßwiederstandes führt (Schmitt 1977; Van Zwieten et al. 1984; Kobinger & Pichler 1990). - 9 - Für die zentrale Wirkungsweise spricht die Tatsache, dass man für dieselbe hypotensive Wirkung bei zentraler Applikation deutlich geringere Dosen von Clonidin benötigt als bei systemischer Applikation (Kobinger 1967; Sattler & Van Zwieten 1967). Der wahrscheinliche zentrale Wirkort für Clonidin-ähnliche Substanzen ist die rostrale ventrolaterale Medulla oblongata (RVLM) (Dampney 1994; Guyenet et al. 1995; Guyenet 1997; Eglen et al. 1998). In der RVLM liegen die Zellkörper der sogenannten präsympathischen Neurone. Diese Schrittmacherneurone innervieren exzitatorisch die präganglionären Neurone in der intermediolateralen Säule des Rückenmarkes und stellen durch ihre Schrittmachertätigkeit den Sympathikustonus her. Die Wirkung auf den Blutdruck und die Herzfrequenz wird von dort über die sympathischen Ganglien an die Blutgefäße und ans Herz weitergegeben (Abbildung 4). Durch Hemmung der Neurone in der RVLM kommt es so also zur Blutdrucksenkung und Bradykardie. Für die typischen Nebenwirkungen Sedierung und Mundtrockenheit sind vermutlich α2-Adrenozeptoren in anderen Zentren des Gehirns verantwortlich. So geht man davon aus, dass die Sedierung durch eine Senkung der Frequenz von Neuronen im Locus coeruleus verursacht wird (De Sarro et al. 1987; Correa-Sales et al. 1992; Scheinin & Schwinn 1992). Wie es zur verminderten Speichelsekretion kommt, konnte bisher nicht sicher beantwortet werden. Es kommen drei verschiedene Angriffspunkte in Frage: erstens zentral im Hirnstamm (Green et al. 1979; Warren et al. 1991), zweitens durch Hemmung von postganglionären cholinergen Neuronen in den Speicheldrüsen (Montastruc et al. 1989; Izumi et al. 1995) oder drittens direkt an den Drüsenzellen in den Speicheldrüsen (Kaniucki et al. 1984; Lung 1994, 1998). - 10 - O N Idazoxan O NH CH2CH3 O N Efaroxan NH Yohimbin N NH H C 3 H H OH3C C O OH Cl N CH3 SK&F86466 ABBILDUNG 2: Strukturformeln der verwendeten Antagonisten Eine neuere Hypothese vermutet, dass nicht α2-Adrenozeptoren sondern I1-Rezeptoren in der RVLM für die antisympathotone Wirkung von Clonidin und besonders seinen Abkömmlingen wie Moxonidin und Rilmenidin verantwortlich sind. Direkt in den der RVLM entsprechenden Nucleus reticularis von Katzen injizierte Imidazolinabkömmlinge verursachten eine Blutdrucksenkung.
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