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Acle, Norfolk, in 2009-2014

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Acle, Norfolk, in 2009-2014 Archaeological Test Pit Excavations in Acle, Norfolk, in 2009-2014 Catherine Collins 1 2 Archaeological Test Pit Excavations in Acle, Norfolk, in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014 Catherine Collins 2017 Access Cambridge Archaeology Department of Archaeology University of Cambridge Pembroke Street Cambridge CB2 3QG 01223 761519 [email protected] http://www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk/ (Front cover image: The excavation underway at ACL/10/2; Copyright ACA) 3 4 Contents 1 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................... 11 2 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 ACCESS CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGY ................................................................................................ 12 2.2 THE HIGHER EDUCATION FIELD ACADEMY (HEFA) .......................................................................... 12 2.3 TEST PIT EXCAVATION AND RURAL SETTLEMENT STUDIES ................................................................. 13 3 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND DESIRED OUTCOMES .......................................................................... 14 3.1 AIMS .................................................................................................................................................. 14 3.2 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................ 14 3.3 OUTCOMES ......................................................................................................................................... 14 4 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 15 5 LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................... 16 5.1 THE VILLAGE TODAY .......................................................................................................................... 16 5.2 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 18 6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND............................................................. 19 6.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................ 19 6.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 24 6.2.1 Prehistoric .................................................................................................... 24 6.2.2 Romano-British ............................................................................................ 25 6.2.3 Anglo-Saxon ................................................................................................ 28 6.2.4 Medieval....................................................................................................... 28 6.2.5 Post medieval and later ................................................................................ 30 6.2.6 Undated ....................................................................................................... 31 7 RESULTS OF THE TEST PIT EXCAVATIONS IN ACLE ................................................................ 33 7.1 THE 2009 EXCAVATIONS .................................................................................................................... 34 7.2 THE 2010 EXCAVATIONS .................................................................................................................... 46 7.3 THE 2011 EXCAVATIONS .................................................................................................................... 58 7.4 THE 2013 EXCAVATIONS .................................................................................................................... 66 7.5 THE 2014 EXCAVATIONS .................................................................................................................... 76 8 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................... 87 8.1 PREHISTORIC ...................................................................................................................................... 87 8.2 ROMANO-BRITISH .............................................................................................................................. 89 8.3 ANGLO SAXON ................................................................................................................................... 90 8.4 MEDIEVAL .......................................................................................................................................... 91 8.5 POST MEDIEVAL AND LATER .............................................................................................................. 93 9 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 95 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. 96 11 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 97 12 APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................................... 99 12.1 POTTERY REPORTS – PAUL BLINKHORN .............................................................................................. 99 12.1.1 2009 Pottery Results .................................................................................. 101 12.1.2 2010 Pottery Report ................................................................................... 105 12.1.3 2011 Pottery Report ................................................................................... 108 12.1.4 2013 Pottery Report ................................................................................... 110 12.1.5 2014 Pottery Report ................................................................................... 113 5 12.2 OTHER FINDS – CATHERINE COLLINS ................................................................................................ 117 12.2.1 2009 test pit finds ....................................................................................... 117 12.2.2 2010 test pit finds ....................................................................................... 126 12.2.3 2011 test pit finds ....................................................................................... 131 12.2.4 2013 test pit finds ....................................................................................... 136 12.2.5 2014 test pit finds ....................................................................................... 141 12.3 MAPS ................................................................................................................................................ 149 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of England with close up insert of East Anglia and the approximate location of the village of Acle highlighted in red .................................................................................. 16 Figure 2: The extent of the parish of Acle © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 40,000 ........................................................ 17 Figure 3: Modern OS map of the settlement of Acle © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 .................................................. 17 Figure 4: Extract of Fadens 1797 map of Norfolk, with a close up of Acle (from http://www.fadensmapofnorfolk.co.uk/mapBrowser.asp) ................................................... 21 Figure 5: Tithe map of Acle c.1840 © Norfolk County Council (available at: http://www.historic- maps.norfolk.gov.uk/mapexplorer/).................................................................................... 21 Figure 6: First OS Map of Acle © Copyright Norfolk County Council and © Crown Copyright and Database rights 2011 Ordnance Survey ..................................................................... 23 Figure 7: The extent of the great estuary Gariensis during the Roman period in East Norfolk .......................................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 8: Likely extent of the Gariensis estuary in the Roman period at Acle and the location of all the test pits (NB test pits not to scale) 2009: yellow, 2010: purple, 2011: orange, 2013: green and 2014: red. © Brian Grint and © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ........................................................ 27 Figure 9: The locations of the five years of test pitting in Acle (NB test pits not to scale) 2009: yellow, 2010: purple, 2011: orange, 2013: green and 2014: red. © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ................................. 33 Figure 10: Location map of the Acle test pits from 2009 (NB test pits not to scale)
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