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Art Cram Kit ®

19 2 0 1 3 YEAR S 2 014 DOING OUR BES EDITIO N T, S O YOU CAN DO Y ART OURS ART Art in the CRAM KIT Early 1900s

EDITOR ALPACA-IN-CHIEF Nicole Chu Daniel Berdichevsky

®

the World Scholar’s Cup® ART CRAM KIT ®

A Word from the Author ...... 2 Elements of Art, Principles of Composition, and Techniques ...... 3 Introduction to ...... 8 Western Art History ...... 9 Nonwestern Art History ...... 20 Woman with a Hat (1905) ...... 22 Ma Jolie (1911-12) ...... 23 Street, Berlin (1913) ...... 24 Little Painting with Yellow (Improvisation) (1914) ...... 25 (1950 replica) ...... 26 Building (1925) ...... 27 Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913, re-cast 1931) ...... 28 Portrait of a German Officer (1914) ...... 29 Republican Automatons (1920) ...... 30 Wake Up, America! (1917) ...... 31 War Memorials ...... 32 Liberty Memorial (1926) ...... 33 Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme (1932) ...... 34 The Hand of Man (1902) ...... 35 Nature Symbolized No. 2 (1911) ...... 36 Both Members of This Club (1909) ...... 37 Ethiopia Awakening (1914) ...... 38 City Night (1926) ...... 39 (1923-25) ...... 40 Art in Three Pages ...... 41 List of Lists ...... 44

BY KEELY SARR ‘14

TO - BECAUSE NOBODY LOVES A CRITIC (EXCEPT ME, APPARENTLY) ART CRAM KIT | 2 WHAT IS A CRAM KIT? A Word from the Editor

COMPETITION IS NEARING… STRUCTURE OF A CRAM KIT

The handful of days before competition can be the The main body of the Cram Kit is filled with charts and most overwhelming. You don’t have enough time to diagrams for efficient studying. You’ll also find helpful review everything, so you need to study strategically. quizzes to reinforce the information as you review. Cram Kits are designed to help you achieve that The concluding Crunch Kit condenses the entire subject goal----to offer you a quick snapshot of both the most into a few final pages of must-know facts----followed by a testable and most easily forgotten facts in each event. series of glossary-like lists to help you organize key information. CRAMMING FOR SUCCESS A Word from the Author

EXPLAINING THE OVERVIEW PIECES OF THE ART PIE

MODERNIST TIMES Section IV 25% This year’s USAD Art Resource guide uses eighteen Section I examples of 20 th century painting, , and 25% architecture to explore the rise of before, during, and after WWI. . Section I includes a brief from the Paleolithic to the present and introduces the basic elements of art . Section II focuses on the growing modernist movement in Europe in the early 20 th century Section III 25% Section II . Section III covers art specifically created in 25% response to WWI . Section IV expands upon pre- and postwar Section I is perhaps the most dense, but little of what it TIME IS TICKING! includes is directly related to modernism. Try to study Modern artists were all basically part of the same big this section in the context of the works included in the clique. Many artists and critics (such as Louis other three sections. Vauxcelles, to whom this Cram Kit is dedicated) were Since this is art history, don’t forget to spend some time associated with more than one movement. Studying the getting up close and personal with the works movements’ shared figures will help you if you know themselves! Instead of memorizing every comment Cubists but forget the Fauves. about the visual aspect of a work of art, practice your close looking skills on the featured works and use the On that note, treat the 1913 Armory Show like it’s one of images to aid your analysis. these important artists! Nearly every artist featured in the Resource Guide showed at or visited this exhibition. When you’re down to the last few hours (or minutes), take a break from re-reading written information: it Again, every bit of information in the Resource Guide all probably won’t stick with you. Spend those last five comes back to the images, so start by spending a good minutes reviewing the works again (but beware: you chunk of time with the Art Reproductions Booklet. If you might find visions of Uncle Sam and automatons like flashcards, screenshot the works from the booklet dancing through your head during the test!). and use PowerPoint to create a digital image set that’s perfect for last-minute reviewing. ART CRAM KIT | 3 ART FUNDAMENTALS Elements of Art, Principles of Composition, and Techniques (1/5)

LINE, SHAPE, SPACE, TEXTURE, PERSPECTIVE COLOR

LINE: THE MOST BASIC ELEMENT OF ART Primary color + primary color = secondary color Secondary color + primary color = tertiary color Type of Line Example Effect Creates Implied ...... illusion of a line

Curved/jagged Active

The Horizontal Peaceful horizon Moves eyes Gothic Vertical upward and instills churches awe

SHAPE (2-D) AND FORM (3-D)

Hue Name of color on the wheel Neutral Black, white or shade of gray Value Lightness or darkness of a hue or a gray SPACE Intensity Purity of a hue (Primary colors are purest) Positive space: The figures in an artwork; here, the alpaca DASTARDLY COLOR SCHEMES Negative space: Empty areas; here, the black background Complementary Opposite colors on the color wheel colors (such as blue and orange) TEXTURE Warm colors Red, orange, yellow Actual texture: Touchable surface; i.e., an alpaca Cool colors Green, blue, violet fleece rug or impasto (thick layers of paint) Local color Real-life lighting on colors Visual texture: Illusion of texture; i.e., photo of sandpaper or contrasts of light and dark Optical color Color in different lighting condition s Arbitrary color Emotional or symbolic colors WAYS TO ACHIEVE ILLUSION OF DEPTH

Atmospheric perspective: Mimics smoke or fog LIGHT(E)NING QUIZ

Linear perspective: QUESTIONS ANSWERS Lines meet at a vanishing point 1. What is impasto? 1. thick layers of 2. Art’s most basic element. paint—usually Different sizes and levels of oil 3. Which three colors are the detail based on distance MOST intense? 2. line Overlapping of objects 4. Footprints form a(n) 3. red, yellow, higher or lower in the image ______line. and blue 4. implied ART CRAM KIT | 4 ART FUNDAMENTALS Elements of Art, Principles of Composition, and Techniques (2/5)

PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION DRAWING MEDIA

RHYTHM: MOVEMENTS AND PATTERNS Hard pencils: thin & light lines Graphite A motif is an element of a pattern. Soft pencils: thick & light or dark lines Individual squares are motifs in checkerboard Extreme version of a soft pencil; the pattern, for example. Charcoal Motif color of the paper can show through Soft, easily blended sticks of color Pastels Fixatives reduce smearing Popular in 18 th century portraiture

Pattern SHADES OF SHADING BALANCE: DISTRIBUTION OF VISUAL WEIGHT

Symmetrical balance

Approximate balance Hatching Crosshatching Stippling

Asymmetrical balance DON’T PLAY WITH MATCHES

1. Stippling A. Draws thin lines 2. Pastel B. Element of a pattern PROPORTION: RELATIVE SIZE 3. Hard pencil C. Dots create shading 4. Motif D. Draws thick lines According to Classical Greek sculptors: 5. Charcoal E. Contrasting element . A typical human is seven-and-a-half-heads tall 6. Focal point F. Unites dissimilar . Eyes: halfway between chin and top of head 7. Soft pencil objects . Nose: halfway between chin and eyes 8. Hatching G. Easily blended medium popular in . Lips: halfway between chin and nose 9. Approximate portraiture balance H. Parallel lines create CONTRAST 10. Asymmetrical shading balance Focal point: I. Same as symmetrical balance, only with An element that stands out ANSWERS slight variations and attracts visual interest, A(3), B(4), C(1), such as this fountain J. The color of the paper D(7), E(6), F(10), shows if this medium G(2), H(8), I(9), is applied lightly J(5) ART CRAM KIT | 5 ART FUNDAMENTALS Elements of Art, Principles of Composition, and Techniques (3/5)

PAINTING SCULPTURE

PIGMENT + BINDER + SOLVENT = PAINT RELIEF VS. FREESTANDING SCULPTURE Colored powder made out of Pigment clay, minerals, gemstones, or animal/plant materials Wax, egg yolk, or linseed oils to Binder make pigments stick together Water or oil changes the Solvent thickness or drying time of paint Low relief High relief sculpture Protrudes slightly from Protrudes further from the carrier surface the carrier surface PAINTING MEDIA Freestanding Oil paint Versatile and easily blended . Visible from all Glazes: transparent layers . Michelangelo’s Pieta . Dries slowly is a famous example Tempera . Water-based . Egg yolk serves as the binder FOUR BASIC SCULPTURAL METHODS Dries quickly: cannot mix after . Carving Subtractive process; removes application wood or stone to create an object Gouache . Water-based and opaque Modeling Additive process; builds objects . Dries slower than watercolor out of clay, wax, plaster, or papier-mâché . Bright colors and precise details Casting Encloses a sculpture in plaster, Watercolor Most popular water-based paint . then uses the dried plaster as a . Paint lighter colors, background mold to make copies areas, and broad details first Construction Sculpts or welds metal or wires . Paint darker colors, foreground areas, and small details last MOBILES Acrylic . Made of plastics, polymers, and Alexander Calder produced synthetic materials mobile hanging from . Invented after World War II wires. Wind or air currents move these sculptures. . Dries faster and makes glazes more easily than oil paint BEFORE YOU CAN BREATHE A SIGH OF RELIEF Encaustic . Wax-based . Marks ancient Egyptian graves QUESTIONS . Hot irons fuse colored molten 1. Ancient Egyptians used wax-based paint called wax to a surface ___. 2. What are the four basic sculptural methods? FRESCOES 3. Paint consists of three ingredients: _____. Buon Apply pigments + water to wet ANSWERS fresco (true) plaster on a wall/ceiling 1. encaustic Fresco Apply pigments + water to dry 2. carving, modeling, casting, and construction secco (dry) plaster 3. a pigment, a binder, and a solvent ART CRAM KIT | 6 ART FUNDAMENTALS Elements of Art, Principles of Composition, and Techniques (4/5)

PRINTMAKING ARCHITECTURE

PROCESSES KEY INNOVATIONS In all processes, the artist creates the Seen in Stonehenge original image on a matrix ( plate). Post and lintel and the Greek construction Remember, negative space = the background. Parthenon Relief prints . Cut the negative space out of the wood/linoleum matrix Inspired the dome . Use a brayer (roller) to ink the Arch and vault (tunnel of positive space arches) . A press or burnisher (rubbing tool) holds paper to the ink, Enabled the wrought placing the image on the paper Industrial iron frameworks in Revolution Paris’ Eiffel Tower Intaglio . Opposite of relief printmaking advances and ’s Crystal prints . Two methods: etching & Palace Antonio Gaudi (1852--- Engraving . Cut lines in a wood/metal plate 1926) pioneered this Organic art form in Spain Etching . Incise lines through a layer of architecture His buildings lack wax or varnish on a metal plate flat surfaces or . Acid removes exposed metal straight lines . Ink the etched grooves or the positive space and wipe ink off the negative space THE PERFECT MATCHES BRING RELIEF . A press forces paper into the inked grooves 1. Inks the surface in relief A. Squeegee printmaking B. Burnisher Lithographs . A waxy pencil/crayon outlines 2. Places ink on fabrics in C. Brayer the image on a matrix made of screen printmaking D. Vault stone, zinc, or aluminum 3. Alternative to a press in E. Post . Add water, then ink to the plate relief printmaking F. Lintel . The ink resists water and only 4. Vertical unit G. Lithography colors the wax design 5. Tunnel of arches H. Screen . A press forces ink on paper 6. Horizontal unit printing 7. Water repels ink Screen prints . The artist picks a photo or other I. Etching (Silkscreens) image as a stencil 8. Acid removes metal . A squeegee forces ink through 9. A stencil directs ink holes in the stencil, coloring fabric (such as a T-shirt) stretched across a frame ANSWERS A(2), B(3), C(1), PRINTMAKING HIGHLIGHTS D(5), E(4), F(6), G(7), H(9), I(8) Low-cost printmaking has illustrated documents since the invention of the in the 15 th century. Prints have played an important role in the Mexican Revolution of the 1910s. ART CRAM KIT | 7 ART FUNDAMENTALS Elements of Art, Principles of Composition, and Techniques (5/5)

MISCELLANEOUS MEDIA

MIXED MEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL ART

Collage Christo and Jeanne-Claude championed this art form in the Photos, Everyday items 1970s. newspaper Example: box filled Material clippings, theater with common They wrapped monuments in tickets, and materials creating a fabric, placed pink plastic similar objects single statement around 11 islands in Florida, and planned other large-scale works. Famous and Marcel Joseph Cornell Artist(s) GLASS Duchamp . Middle Eastern civilizations invented glass in the third millennium B.C.E. . Glass is composed of Silica, and other minerals Theater + art = Performance art . Sand, flint, or quartz creates silica In performance art, the artist becomes the artwork. . Medieval church architecture used stained glass For example, the Guerilla Girls of City don . By the late 19 th century, lampshades and windows masks and deliver public speeches on gender in some houses also consisted of stained glass and race in the art world.

CRAM QUIZ POTTERY

COIL SLAB THROWN QUESTIONS POTTERY POTTERY POTTERY 1. ______describes pottery made on a potter’s wheel. Knead clay Cut slabs of Use hands to 2. Which art form earned Joseph Cornell fame? into coils clay shape pottery on a spinning 3. Civilizations in the _____ invented glass. Stack the coils Make slip (liquid potter's wheel 4. Which two artists popularized the ? to form the clay) to hold object pieces together 5. In performance art, the artwork consists of _____. 6. Slip refers to _____. 7. What are the three possible ingredients of silica? SO YOU WANT TO BE A HAIRY POTTER? 8. Christo and Jeanne-Claude introduced _____ art. First, don’t get a haircut. Then: ANSWERS 1. Thrown 2. boxes containing items that formed a metaphor 3. Middle East 4. Pablo Picasso and 5. the artist 6. liquid clay 7. sand, quartz, and flint 8. environmental ART CRAM KIT | 8 ART FUNDAMENTALS Introduction to Art History

ART HISTORY ART HISTORIANS

Pliny the Elder Roman author OBJECTIVE (23-79 C.E.) Analyzed art in Natural Reconstruct an artwork’s historical context to History understand the work and its meaning. Giorgio Vasari artist (1511-1574) Wrote The Lives of the Artists RELATED FIELDS Johann Enlightenment philosopher History Anthropology Sociology Winckelmann First shaped field of art history (1717-1768) Focused on historical context Aesthetics: the Art criticism: informs the philosophy of beauty public of art events SO YOU WANT TO BE AN ART HISTORIAN?

Discover an artwork’s meaning through: WHAT IS ART? In early art history In history FORMAL ANALYSIS CONTEXTUAL The artwork’s elements of ANALYSIS ‘‘Fine art’’ only----for Broad definition: anything composition: line, shape, form, Historical context: audience appreciation manmade with meaning color, space, and texture cost, patron, Paintings Crafts popularity, audience Prints (even tattoos!) access, location Drawings Mass culture Sculpture (advertisements) COMPARATIVE STUDY Architecture Household items Compare artworks from two time periods and identify (forks, sofas) the historical events that caused the changes in style

HOW DOES AN ARTWORK’S MEANING CHANGE? WRONG ANSWERS ARE HISTORY

Access Religion QUESTIONS 1. Which single era most shaped modern art history? Education Race 2. Modern art history emphasizes ______context. 3. (Formal analysis/Contextual analysis) may focus on criticism of an artwork. 4. (Formal analysis/Contextual analysis) may focus Social Individual Gender status interpretation on the color of an artwork. 5. Giorgio Vasari’s book ______shows artists’ new social roles during the Renaissance.

ANSWERS 1. The Enlightenment 2. historical 3. Contextual analysis 4. Formal analysis 5. The Lives of the Artists ART CRAM KIT | 9 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (1/11)

THE STONE AGE ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

OLD STONE AGE (UPPER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD) Several ancient civilizations arose in Mesopotamia, the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Chauvet Cave paintings (c. Notes Artwork(s) 30,000 B.C.E.) in S.W. of France Culture •Depict animals such as horses and lions Sumerian Built Ziggurats •Early humans drew these figures in red c. 4,000 platform (stepped and yellow ochre and in charcoal B.C.E. temples pyramids) Invaded Freestanding and Akkadian Sumerian relief sculptures Venus of Willendorf (c. 28,000 – c. 2,340 cities under about the 25,000 B.C.E.) B.C.E. king Sargon monarchy •Typical fertility figurine from this period with oversized belly and breasts Guti Entered Near •Lacks feet or facial details; stubby arms barbarians East from the N/A c. 2,150 mountains Ziggurat temples: Altamira & Lascaux paintings (c. Neo- Installed the also economic & 13,000 – 11,000 B.C.E.) in France Sumerian King of Ur administrative and Spain c. 2,090 centers •Feature animals and human handprints King Stone stele of •Altamira also contains the first human Babylonian figure to appear in cave paintings. Hammurabi sun-god c. 1,792 set first legal Shamash and B.C.E. code Hammurabi

MIDDLE STONE AGE (MESOLITHIC PERIOD) Assyria Conquered Relief carvings of the entire battles, sieges, . Warmer climates initiated the Middle Stone Age c. 900 B.C.E. Near East and other events . Cave dwellers moved outside to rock shelters Humans conquer animals in rock shelter paintings, Hanging gardens . Neo- Gradually which date to between c. 7,000 and 4,000 B.C.E. and the Ishtar Babylonian overthrew th Gate covered in 7 century Assyria B.C.E. animal figures NEW STONE AGE (NEOLITHIC PERIOD) . Neolithic cultures erected formations of megaliths (‘‘great stones’’) in western Europe . Stonehenge (c. 2,000---1,000 B.C.E.) in England, NOT-SO-COLOSSAL QUIZ remains the most famous megalith QUESTIONS ANSWERS 1. Altamira contains the first 1. human to ______. appear in cave 2. Stonehenge’s heel-stone paintings marks _____. 2. the 3. Which civilization built the midsummer Ishtar Gate? solstice sunrise 3. Neo- Babylonian

Stonehenge on the morning of the midsummer solstice ART CRAM KIT | 10 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (2/11)

PERSIA, EGYPT, AND NUBIA AEGEAN SEA CIVILIZATIONS

PERSIA CYCLADIC (C. 3,200--2,000 B.C.E.)

The Persian Empire arose in . Grew on the Cyclades archipelago modern Iran. The Palace at . Sculpted nude female figurines in Persepolis, which borrows simple geometric forms from Egyptian architecture, . Crafted marble wares and showcases the Persians’ skill decorative pottery in architecture.

EGYPT MINOAN (C. 2,000--1,000 B.C.E.) More artworks have survived in Egypt than in . Centered on the city of Knossos Mesopotamia due to Egypt’s dry climate, burial on the island of Crete customs, and natural barriers (deserts and . Known for the legend of the mountains). Minotaur, a man- that lived in the labyrinthine palace of Knossos c. 3,500 B.C.E. 332 B.C.E. . Created sea-themed and Beginning of the Alexander the Great's naturalistic artworks such as predynastic period conquest of Egypt statuettes of a snake goddess and palace frescoes The beginning and end of ancient Egyptian civilization . Built four organic-styled unfortified palaces on Crete Egyptian artists introduced two techniques seen in the figure of King Narmer on the Narmer Palette: MYCENAEN

Hierarchical scale . Peaked at the same time as the Size reflects a subject’s status decline of the Minoans Fractional representation . Historians believe the Eyes and torso in frontal view Mycenaeans obliterated the Head and lower body in profile Minoans . Constructed elegant tombs, which held objects fashioned out of gold and relief sculptures

CRAM REVIEW

QUESTIONS 1. Fractional representation depicts the (torso/head) Unlike most Egyptian tombs, King Tutankhamen’s in profile. remained hidden until 1922. Archaeologists uncovered 2. Cycladics created (geometric/naturalistic) works. the king's burial mask, made of blue glass and semi- 3. (Minoans/Mycenaeans) were skilled goldsmiths. precious stones. ANSWERS NUBIA 1. Head The Nubians controlled a wide swath of Africa to the 2. Geometric south of Egypt and even ruled Egypt for a brief period. Very little Nubian art has survived. 3. Mycenaeans ART CRAM KIT | 11 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (3/11)

‘‘HA HA! THAT’S CLASSIC!’’ ETRUSCANS AND ROMANS

ARCHAIC GREEK (C. 660--475 B.C.E.) ETRUSCAN (1 ST MILLENIUM B.C.E.) . Created freestanding marble/limestone sculptures . Emerged in modern Italy . Borrowed from Egyptian and Mesopotamian work . Bridged idealistic Greek and practical . Preferred more dynamic and realistic figures . Drew from Greek architecture in temples . Built temples containing Doric or Ionic columns highlighting columns and triangular gables . Greek vase painting styles first popular during the . Skilled in bronze work Archaic period . Painted bright, colorful paintings on tomb walls and ceilings EARLY CLASSICAL GREEK (C. 475--448 B.C.E.) ROMAN Sculpted strong, simple, and solemn characters . Produced Etruscan-influenced art early on poised before or after a significant action . . Aspired to Greek by the 2 nd century B.C.E., especially in portraits of rulers . Built the Pantheon (118---125 C.E.) using vaulted construction and the Colosseum (70---80 C.E.) . Romans invented concrete, a very efficient mortar Silhouette Athenian Corinthian Red for binding stone. figure Simple Linear Ornate The Roman Empire built large domes, aqueducts, black black ground Black . figures figures ground and a road system with concrete. Invented contrapposto (‘‘counter positioning’’): a . ROMAN SCULPTURES figure with its weight on one leg Built temples featuring thin Doric columns . Monumental triumphal Funerary relief sculptures arches featuring relief on tombs or sarcophagi MIDDLE CLASSICAL GREEK (C. 448--400 B.C.E.) sculptures . Employed post and lintel construction to restore Large public statues Small portrait busts, the Parthenon after Persian invaders destroyed it commemorating often used in funeral statesmen or nobles processions LATE CLASSICAL GREEK (C. 400--323 B.C.E.) . Architecture stagnated after Athens’ loss in the Peloponnesian War LIES AND SLANDER? . Corinthian columns gained popularity over Doric columns. CORRECT THE FALSE STATEMENTS 1. True/False: Athenian vase paintings favored red HELLENISTIC GREEK (C. 331--23 B.C.E.) figures. 2. True/False: The Doric column order lacks a base. . Combined the styles of Greece and Asia Minor in sculptures 3. True/False: The Middle Classical period introduced major advances in architecture. . Examples: the Venus de Milo and Laocoön Group. 4. True/False: The Pantheon features posts and lintels.

ANSWERS 1. False; black figures 2. True 3. True 4. False; vaulted construction ART CRAM KIT | 12 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (4/11)

BYZANTINE AND

BYZANTIUM As the eastern half of the Roman . Gothic art grew in the early 12 th century and Empire, Byzantium survived Rome’s endured into the 16 th century collapse in western Europe. . This style shaped some secular buildings, but The Byzantines excelled in religious mostly prevailed in church architecture mosaic work made of shards of glass, stones, or tiles. KEY GOTHIC ARCHITECTURAL TECHNIQUES Byzantium also built the Hagia Sophia in Pointed Ribbed Flying Constantinople. arches vaults buttresses

MEDIEVAL EUROPE: ‘‘HELP! I’M BEING REPRESSED!’’ Exterior half- Crested Two lean arches While war, famine, and disease preoccupied arches stone arches . reinforce walls enhance the (ribs) cross Europe, the Catholic Church preserved artworks to offset vertical, lofty and support and books barrel vaults' mood of the downward . Monks hand-copied and illuminated books Gothic intersection of and outward interiors two vaults . These books spread artistic ideas between thrust northern and southern Europe . Often, only nobles and clergy could read Hefty stone walls limited Romanesque church Latin was the international language . . architects to small windows and doors • Nomadic Germanic . In Gothic churches, flying buttresses allowed larger craftsmen made abstract, windows and higher ceilings decorative, and geometric . Chartres Cathedral in France typifies Gothic metalwork out of bronze, churches, with its towering arches and vibrant silver, gold, and jewels stained glass windows Early • Viking artists designed medieval carvings on wooden ships period • A Hiberno-Saxon style DO A BARREL VAULT (Viking + Anglo-Saxon + Celtic) grew out of the 1. Anglo-Saxon and Celtic A. Viking invasions of styles England and Ireland B. Ravenna, Italy 2. Famous Byzantine mosaics C. England and 3. The Hagia Sophia Ireland • Church dominated 4. Saint-Sernin basilica D. Constantinopl architecture 5. Early medieval metalwork e • Cathedrals based on E. Toulouse, France Late Roman arches inspired the medieval Romanesque style period • Roman arches typically involved a barrel vault ANSWERS • Fire-resistant stone vaults A(5), B(2), C(1), replaced churches with D(3), E(4) wooden roofs ART CRAM KIT | 13 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (5/11)

EARLY RENAISSANCE THE GENERATION

TRANSITIONAL PERIOD INFLUENCES LEONARDO DA VINCI . Fresco painter Giotto di Bondone (1267--1337) . Inventor, architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, . Lived in Florence between the Gothic and scientist, and musician Renaissance eras . Along with Michelangelo, inspired . His realistic simple perspective overlaps figures the term ‘‘Renaissance man’’ and departs from unemotional, stylized Gothic art Painted The Last Supper and the . Sfumato in . The invention of paper money Mona Lisa the Mona Lisa . Allowed future patrons like the . Introduced sfumato ( fumo is Medici family to hoard their wealth Italian for smoke): soft colors and outlines blur transitions between forms EARLY MICHELANGELO DI BUONAROTTI (1475--1564) Renaissance art flourished early in Italian cities such as Florence because of the region’s access to . Active in Florence at the same time as Leonardo ancient Greek and Roman works. . Won a design competition and sculpted the marble David While Greek traditions deemed artists lower-class laborers, Renaissance society . In 1505, Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to design began to value artistic genius. his tomb, but canceled the project . Michelangelo accepted a later commission from Julius II to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel MAJOR ARTISTS

Lorenzo Ghiberti (c. 1378-1455) SANZIO (1483--1520) In 1400, won a competition to design a set of . . Although a rival of Michelangelo, studied his work doors on the Florence baptistery . Michelangelo was a recluse, but Raphael recruited . Sculpted a classical image of the sacrifice of Isaac assistants for frescoes such as School of Athens . Later spent 25 years crafting the Gates of (commemorating Greek philosophers and scientists) Paradise for the same baptistry . Painted history’s most acclaimed images of the Virgin Mary, including Sistine Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) . Placed second to Ghiberti in the above contest . Focused on architecture and won a competition to MUTANT NINJA QUIZ design Florence cathedral's dome . Planned an ingenious double-shelled dome QUESTIONS . Invented linear perspective 1. Which artist founded ? 2. ______invented sfumato painting. Donatello (c. 1386-1466) 3. _____ specialized in the Madonna. Founder of modern sculpture . 4. ______sculpted the bronze David. . Sculpted the bronze David , the first known 5. _____ sculpted the marble David. freestanding nude since the classical period ANSWERS Botticelli (c. 1444-1510) 1. Donatello . Inspired a new ideal of female beauty in The Birth 2. Leonardo da Vinci of Venus , one of the first full female nudes since 3. Raphael Sanzio the classical period 4. Donatello 5. Michelangelo ART CRAM KIT | 14 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (6/11)

FROM RENAISSANCE TO NORTHERN EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE

VENETIAN RENAISSANCE ARTISTS Prior to Renaissance influences spreading northward from southern Europe, northern European artists Artist Claim to fame produced smaller but more realistic Gothic art in the 15 th century. New oil paint enhanced the of Giorgione (c. Introduced the landscape as a northern European artworks. 1477---1510) subject of paintings in The Tempest and other works Commerce connects Titian Vecelli Painted curtains, columns, and Italian artists travel in Venetian traders and (1477---1576) other backdrops in his portraits, rich German merchants thereby revolutionizing the genre of portraiture Northern Tintoretto Mannerist artist who bridged the of famous artists visit (1518---1594) Renaissance and styles Italian Italian Italy and Renaissance artworks study Known for his use of chiaroscuro art influences cirulate Renaissance (contrast of light and dark) northern through works European art Followed his own color scheme Europe rather than Mannerist hues MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD (C. 1475--1528) MANNERIST STYLISTIC PREFERENCES . Like Dürer, a Southern German Renaissance artist . Toxic colors . Known for religious scenes, such as the crucifixion Painted the Isenheim Altarpiece . Subjects in twisted poses . . Distortion of the elements of the art ALBRECHT DÜRER (1471--1528) . Initially studied Gothic works but then traveled to REFORMATION & COUNTER REFORMATION Italy and shared Renaissance ideas in Germany The Protestant Reformation criticized the Catholic . United Italian theories and northern naturalism Church’s supposed luxury and corruption. The . Engraved The Four Horsemen of the Church’s response, a Counter Reformation, doubled down: it favored even more upscale church decoration (1497--1593) and theatrical, emotional subjects. . Born in Germany but more famous in England Court painter to King Henry VIII of England EL GRECO . . Painted personal, detailed portraits . Icon of the Counter Reformation NORTHERN OR NOTHING . Studied under Titian a . Stretched his figures into dramatic positions QUESTIONS 1. Giorgione painted the first ______. . Represents the transition between the Renaissance 2. Which style bridges the Renaissance and Baroque? and Baroque eras 3. Who completed the Isenheim Altarpiece ? ANSWERS 1. Landscapes 2. 3. Matthias Grünewald ART CRAM KIT | 15 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (7/11)

BAROQUE-ORAMA

Renaissance era Baroque era NORTHERN EUROPEAN BAROQUE ARTISTS •Clashes between •Conflicts between PETER PAUL RUBENS (1577–1640) city-states empires •Static, calm, and •Dynamic, energetic, . Flemish Baroque painter simple art and ornamental art . Influence lasted for generations REMBRANDT VAN RIJN (1606–1669) . Adept painter, printmaker, and draftsman Painted an unconventional group portrait in The CHANGE WE CAN BELIEVE IN? . Night Watch In Europe, the Catholic church aimed to maintain . Placed some guards in more visible positions power over Spain and Italy. Missionary orders such as Painted insightful self-portraits the Jesuits traveled to convert natives of new colonies. . . Died in poverty Baroque art favored theatrical and emotional calls to faith instead of the simple classical style. KING LOUIS XIV OF FRANCE

RULE BY THE ABSOLUTES Louis XIV’s rule marked the peak of the Baroque era. Russia France Austria Spain The ‘‘sun king’’ built the lavish Palace of Versailles and Peter the Great Louis Maria Philip started the salons , exhibitions that influenced French th Catherine the Great XIV Theresa IV artistic tastes into the 19 century. Baroque monarchs took their power from the Aristocrats also used the new French Academy to impoverished lower classes. Happily for us, whatever control artistic standards. their other flaws, they served as art patrons----leaving DIEGO VELÁZQUEZ (1599–1660) a legacy of amazing works for us to behold. . Court painter to Spain’s King Philip IV This Spanish Baroque artist began his artworks with ITALIAN BAROQUE ARTISTS . areas of color, not lines CARAVAGGIO (1573-1610) . Impressionists later adapted Velázquez’s approach . Famous for extreme chiaroscuro lighting contrasts (caravaggesque ) FILL-IN-THE-BAROQUEN-LINES . Painted poor people as religious subjects. ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI (c. 1593-1652) QUESTIONS . Studied in her father’s painter studio 1. Unlike static, calm, and simple Renaissance art, . Painted chiaroscuro self-portraits and images of Baroque art favors ______, ______, and ______art. women from the Old Testament 2. Which artist drew influences from theater design? 3. Chiaroscuro contrasts ______and ______. GIANLORENZO BERNINI (1598-1680) 4. Which group emulated Diego Velázquez’s art? . Primary Baroque artist . Worked in sculpture, architecture, painting, ANSWERS drawing, and theater design 1. dynamic, energetic, and ornamental Applied influences from his theater career to The . 2. Gianlorenzo Bernini Ecstasy of Saint Teresa 3. light; dark 4. the Impressionists ART CRAM KIT | 16 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (8/11)

ROCOCO AND

BAROQUE ART VS. ART Romanticism departed from Neoclassical linearism, order, and reason. Baroque and Romantic Favored theatricality Illustrated romance and art share an emotional emphasis, but Romanticism and emotion lighthearted court life introduced new subjects.

Human and ROCOCO PAINTERS Foreign Historical animal settings events Rococo art catered to aristocrats, violence who favored creamy colors and gold decorations. Romantic painter Eugène Delacroix particularly Jean-Antoine Invented the fête galante , in favored the above subjects. Like many Romantic Watteau which nobles sport fashionable artists, he created work that was (1684---1721) clothes and relax in the country Painted mythical female nudes in Imaginative Dreamlike Passionate François nobles’ parties. Enjoyed the Boucher patronage of Madame (1703---1770) REALISM Pompadour, Louis XV’s mistress Jean-Honoré Studied under and emulated Realists challenged Neoclassicism and Romanticism Fragonard Boucher; also earned patronage as they touted unbiased images or subjects. (1732-1806) from Madame Pompadour According to Realism, images such as Gustave Courbet’s The Stonebreakers (which depicted road NEOCLASSICISM workers) deserved just as much attention as historical and religious paintings at Salons . France’s Revolution of 1789 inspired republican movements and artworks across Europe. The Enlightenment and interest in Greco-Roman MATCHING LOCAL ARTISTS SINCE 1789 democratic ideas inspired a Neoclassicism, which countered the Rococo style. 1. Baroque style A. Theatrical, emotional 2. Eugène Delacroix B. Received patronage Jacques Louis David Jean Dominique Ingres 3. Romantic style from Madame (1748 - 1825) (1780 - 1867) Pompadour 4. Rococo style •Led anti-Rococo •Studied under David C. Linear, geometric 5. François Boucher Neoclassical movement •Applied a linear style, D. Emotional, imaginative •Painted republican- unemotional subjects, 6. Gustave Courbet E. Leader of the Realists themed artworks like precise geometry, and 7. Neoclassical style Oath of the Horatii rationality, all typical of F. Enjoyed painting 8. Jacques Louis David •Master of ceremonies for Neoclassicism foreign settings 9. Realist style French Revolutionary •Rival of Romantic artist G. Reacted to rallies Eugène Delacroix Neoclassicism and •Propaganda painter for Romanticism Napoleon Bonaparte H. Propaganda painter for Napoleon I. Lighthearted, cheerful

ANSWERS A(1), B(5), C(7), D(3), E(6), F(2), G(9), H(8), I(4) ART CRAM KIT | 17 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (9/11)

A GOOD FIRST IMPRESSION WORKS WONDERS LATE 19 TH -CENTURY INFLUENCES

THE IMPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT NEW INVENTIONS

Paris's Académie des Beaux-Arts institutes strict Artists could work artistic rules • The paint tube outdoors—inspiring • Chemical paint

Annual Salon exhibitions exclude many artists from the Impressionist movement At first, paintings became more like photographs— • Photography then they became less Édouard Manet (1832–1883) realistic than ever before. . Scholars consider Manet the first Impressionist, but Manet himself disagreed with this classification COLONIALISM . Contrasted bright colors to mimic light in The expanding domain of European nations brought Luncheon on the Grass (Le Dejéuner sur African masks, Japanese prints, and other foreign L’herbe) , which inspired other Impressionists items to Europe, where they inspired artists. . Luncheon on the Grass riled controversy for Impressionist Edgar Degas (1834-1917) imitated displaying a nude woman in a casual setting Japanese prints and photography through his overhead perspective and snapshot style, respectively. Claude Monet (1840-1926) . Encouraged fellow artists to paint outside, capturing their fleeting impressions of the world LATE 19 TH -CENTURY STYLES . Monet’s Impression Sunrise inspired the originally derogatory name for the entire Pre- Arose in England out of opposition Impressionist movement. Raphaelite to the Industrial Revolution Pre-Raphaelite works can appear POST-IMPRESSIONISM religious due to their moralizing, Romantic, and archaic aspects Artist Influence Contribution Drew from Pre-Raphaelite broad Paul Cézanne Faded Based art on curves and images of nature (1839---1906) Impressionist geometric forms, forms which inspired the Seen in decoration and Cubists architecture

Georges Bright Optical mixing: Flowing lines represent floral life Seurat Impressionist dots of (1859---1891) colors complementary LEAVE A GOOD IMPRESSION hues create color QUESTIONS Vincent van Impressionist Emotions dictated Gogh (1853--- emotions colors in works like 1. True/False: Manet painted Impression Sunrise 90) Night Café 2. True/False: Gauguin studied under van Gogh 3. True/False: In Art Nouveau, flowing lines Impressionist Left van Gogh to represent human figures (1843---1903) lights and paint the island of colors Tahiti ANSWERS 1. False; Monet did . 2. True 3. False; plants and flowers ART CRAM KIT | 18 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (10/11)

MODERNISM

Modernism refers to a group of unconventional early 20 th -century artistic movements including and the other styles listed on this page. Psychologist Sigmund Freud inspired Salvador Dali and the Surrealists to portray the human AND imagination. New Colors New Forms and Pablo Picasso, Georges BAUHAUS others built on Post- Braque, and the Cubists . Beginning in the 1920s, the German Bauhaus Impressionism's bright broke single images into school implemented standards for streamlined, colors. multiple perspectives. and furniture. Their arbitrary, Cubist paintings are . The Bauhaus style integrates form and function. outlandish colors meant to imitate the . Nazis closed the Bauhaus school in 1933, but the earned them the label human experience of school’s professors, such as Josef Albers, "fauves" (‘‘wild beasts’’). perception. continued to teach in the

EXPRESSIONISM MODERNISM IN THE UNITED STATES appeared in two German artist groups. The Barnes Foundation organized the 1913 Armory Show exhibition, which introduced modernist artworks 1. Die Brücke illustrated the inner human mind to the United States: through Fauvist arbitrary colors and the emotions typified by Norwegian artist Edvard Munch . Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon 2. followed Russian painter Vassily . Duchamp’s Nude Descending a Staircase Kandinsky, who painted abstract works lacking . Brancusi’s The Kiss any natural subjects. . Vassily Kandinsky’s abstract paintings Cubist figures in works by Picasso, Duchamp, and Brancusi enraged American audiences at first, but Vassily Kandinsky inspired Dutch overtime Modernism won over American artists. artist Piet Mondrian to paint De Following the Armory Show and the World Wars, New Stijl paintings consisting entirely of York City replaced Paris as the center of the art world. flat colors and geometric forms .

INSTANT REVIEW DADAISM AND READY-MADES . After World War I, social dissidents, especially in QUESTIONS Zurich, satirized traditional values and norms 1. Cézanne inspired the ______. . Marcel Duchamp’s mustachioed Mona Lisa 2. Who painted canvases? angered viewers and typifies 3. ______exhibited at the Armory Show. . Duchamp conceived the art genre of ready-mades, which places items like urinals in a new context ANSWERS . Picasso combined a bicycle seat and handlebars to 1. Cubists create Bull’s Head , an example of a ready-made 2. Piet Mondrian 3. Picasso, Duchamp, Brancusi, and Kandinsky ART CRAM KIT | 19 ART FUNDAMENTALS Western Art History (11/11)

ABSTRACTION AND 20 TH CENTURY ART

BEFORE ABSTRACTION 20 TH -CENTURY INFLUENCES ON ART World War II halted art movements. Artists either Atomic served in the army or designed propaganda. The exponential growth Electronics power of new technologies Kandinsky’s non-representational art inspired the Abstract Expressionists of the 1940s to create action- paintings and paintings. Minimalists reduced art to its basic elements. Their works favor simple forms and small color ranges. . Frank Stella used acrylic paint and airbrushes to Action-paintings paint hard-edged, abstract, geometric forms •Emotional colors and dramatic, David Smith and Dan Flavin made abstract sculptures sweeping brushstrokes . represent feelings (Jackson from stainless steel and neon tubing, respectively Pollock) Color field paintings Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, and other Photorealists produced extremely realistic •Large areas of color inside simple, usually geometric artworks resembling photographs. forms : REACTIONS TO MODERNISM

REACTIONS Postmodernists either pushed beyond modernism or revived Abstract Expressionism motivated some artists to aspects of earlier art to counter return to naturalism. modernism. . Jasper Johns crafted of flags, maps, and Architect Philip Johnson did the letters latter. He looked to the past: he AT&T Building . Robert Rauschenberg created ‘‘combines’’ of placed a decorative finial atop the A finial is a discarded items AT&T Building, opposing the decorative Bauhaus idea that form should . Rauschenberg’s Monogram includes a stuffed goat, top . a tire, and other found objects. follow function.

POP ART FINIAL IN THE BLANK In the 1960s, Robert Rauschenberg and his contemporaries worked with everyday objects. QUESTIONS 1. ______illustrated soup cans in his silkscreens. Icon of Pop Art | Remembered Andy Warhol 2. ______inspired the Abstract Expressionists. (1928---1987) for silkscreens of soup cans and movie stars 3. ______earned repute for hard-edge paintings. 4. ______designed “combines” like Monogram. Roy Hard-edged, precise images Lichtenstein modeled after comic books---- ANSWERS (1923---1997) with fields of stippled dots 1. Andy Warhol Robert Indiana Painted through commercial 2. Vassily Kandinsky (1928-) sign stencils 3. Frank Stella 4. Robert Rauschenberg ART CRAM KIT | 20 ART FUNDAMENTALS Nonwestern Art History (1/2)

ASIAN ART AFRICAN ART

CHINESE ART Art historians categorize Egyptian art in Western art history due to Egypt’s impact on Mediterranean cultures. •2,000 miles long The rest of African art is considered non-Western and •No longer of any defensive value has a long history. For instance, cave paintings in The Great •Now perceived as an artwork Wall Namibia date to 23,000 B.C.E. •Proves that what counts as art changes over time Africa’s humid climate limits the chances of art surviving.

NOK CIVILIZATION •Houses the first emperor to Emperor unite China of Qin's •Contains an entire army of life- . Arose in present-day tomb size clay soldiers Nigeria in c. 500 B.C.E. . Completed naturalistic terracotta sculptures, perhaps of political and •Created in China's Golden Age religious leaders Artworks •Unsurpassed ceramic from the sculptures and contemplative Tang ink scrolls BENIN KINGDOM dynasty •Showcase Buddhist influence . Occupied Nigeria from the 13 th to the 18 th century . Placed bronze portrait INDIAN ART busts on ancestor altars . British army looted Benin Early civilizations in India crafted palace and its art in 1897 sensual sculptures, many of them of Hindu deities such as Shiva. European colonists crushed many African artworks, which they perceived as anti-Christian. Greek influences affected images of Buddha in later Indian art. UNDER THE INFLUENCE

QUESTIONS JAPANESE ART 1. Which religion influenced art in China and Japan? . As in China, dynastical rule affected Japan’s 2. ______and ______briefly transformed some history and art. Japanese art in the late 19 th century. . Japanese art also draws from Buddhism. 3. Why do art historians classify Egypt as a western culture? . Japanese art’s isometric (same size) perspective and flat areas of color remained a tradition even 4. Hellenistic Greece affected Indian images of after Western influence reached the country. ______. . In the late 19th century, Japan sent a group of ANSWERS artists to study in France. 1. Buddhism . Japan briefly adopted linear perspective and 2. Impressionist colors; linear perspective Impressionist colors, but soon returned to 3. Egypt greatly influenced Mediterranean cultures. traditional techniques. 4. Buddha ART CRAM KIT | 21 ART FUNDAMENTALS Nonwestern Art History (2/2)

OCEANIC AND ISLAMIC ART ART OF THE AMERICAS

OCEANIA: POLYNESIA, MELANESIA, & MICRONESIA PRE-COLUMBIAN CIVILIZATIONS . Oceania’s inhospitable climate and nondurable People settled in the Americas as early as 12,000 years art media make art historical study of the region ago, arriving over the Bering Strait land bridge. difficult. Due to environmental conditions and the use of . Polynesian tattoos, which signified social status, impermanent media, most surviving American artworks only survive as engravings. are from the last 2,000 years. These include: . Melanesia’s Asmat group discontinued . Stone and clay statues headhunting and warfare, but still produce black, . Jewelry white, and red shields as cultural symbols. . Textiles . Other Melanesian communities used carved masks in rituals to summon ancestor spirits. MESOAMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA . Fortunately, cultures such as the Maori in New Zealand still apply their traditions Olmec Maya Toltec Inca Aztec ISLAMIC ART The religion of Islam developed in the Arabian peninsula. Some of these cultures eventually formed cities, where they built grand structures such as the Pyramid of the . The Quran, Islam’s Sun. holy book, contains the teachings of the NORTH AMERICA Muslim prophet Muhammad . In the late Prehistoric period, Native Americans built pueblos in what is now the American By religious . Southwest. tradition, Islamic art must be . Many pueblo complexes sprawl over at least 100 abstract----lacking human or animal figures rooms and multiple stories . Instead, abstract patterns and lettering decorate NANO REVIEW religious buildings and copies of the Quran . Early Islamic structures include Jerusalem’s QUESTIONS Dome of the Rock (687---692) 1. Islamic art is not representative, but ______. . Each mosque features a qibla wall facing the holy 2. Where is the Pyramid of the Sun located? city of Mecca 3. In Polynesia, tattoos represented ______. 4. What sorts of artworks are common from Melanesia’s Asmat culture?

ANSWERS 1. Abstract (or patterned) 2. Mexico 3. social status 4. wooden shields patterned in red, black, and white ART CRAM KIT | 22 DEVELOPMENTS IN EARLY 20 TH CENTURY MODERNISM Woman with a Hat (1905)

THE 20 TH CENTURY ART WORLD MATISSE AND THE FAUVES

A NEW KIND OF ARTIST WELCOME THE WILD BEASTS Cosmopolitan, mobile, and stylistically Matisse and a group of avant-garde painters showed their work inventive, 20 th century artists were radically together for the first time in 1905 at the Salon d’Automne. Their different from their predecessors. Their works used color to emphasize emotion instead of imitating innovations were inspired, however, by the nature. avant-garde artists of the 19 th century. Displeased by this seemingly arbitrary use of color, art critic Louis Vauxcelles nicknamed the group ‘‘ fauves,’’ or wild beasts. HENRI MATISSE Vauxcelles reserved his harshest criticism for Matisse’s . Henri Matisse (1869-1954) was a prolific Woman with a Hat. artist in a variety of media and styles . He studied law and only seriously took up A MOVEMENT BY ANY OTHER NAMER painting at the age of 20 Critic Louis Vauxcelles’ mocking words . He trained at the Academic Julian with a inadvertently named two art movements: Fauvism traditionalist, William Adolphe-Bouguereau and Cubism. According to Vauxcelles, George . Matisse also studied at Ecole des Beaux- Braque’s work was nothing more than ‘‘des petits Arts under , who cubes.’’ Braque, who developed Cubism with encouraged his interest in color and Pablo Picasso, also associated with the Fauves. imaginative painting . Matisse’s wife, Amelie Noellie Parayre, WOMAN WITH A HAT frequently served as his model . He traveled frequently and lived in London, Corsica, Toulouse during his early career Perspective During World War I, Matisse was not . •Shows the body in allowed to enlist because of his age three-quarter view . He developed a more traditional style during WWI Fan & Hat . When an illness kept him from painting in •Indicate the sitter's 1914, he experimented with drawing and interest in fashion paper cutouts Audience . He also completed book illustrations, a mural cycle, and the entire decorative •Intended not as an scheme of the Chapelle du Rosaire in Vence intimate portrait but for the public eye . Matisse died of a heart attack in 1954 Title MATISSE’S INFLUENCES •Suggests a study of the human figure rather "Primitive" Art Islamic Art than a portrait Subject Landscape J.M.W. Turner Painters •Features Matisse’s wife, Henri Matisse a hatmaker Impressionists Claude Monet

Vincent van Gogh Post- Impressionists Paul Cezanne ART CRAM KIT | 23 DEVELOPMENTS IN EARLY 20 TH -CENTURY MODERNISM Ma Jolie (1911-12 ) THE LIFE OF PICASSO MA JOLIE

PABLO PICASSO (1881-1973) . Ma Jolie refers to the refrain of a popular song and to Picasso’s nickname for lover Eva Gouel During his long career, Picasso produced paintings, sculptures, prints, drawings, and theatrical designs. He . It features text and the forms of a woman and also co-pioneered the Cubism movement and set the instrument abstracted to geometric shapes stereotype of the bohemian male artist. . Treats classical theme of ‘‘woman as muse’’ in a new abstract way Picasso’s interest in art began in childhood, spurred by his father, an art professor. He attended the Royal Academy . Ma Jolie is an example of High Analytic Cubism of San Fernando, where he broke with tradition and created his own avant-garde style. SHAPES TAKE CENTER STAGE Picasso and George Braque developed Cubism in 1908. The movement focused on geometric shapes and inspired many future styles, including , Futurism, Dada, and Surrealism.

PHASES OF CUBISM

Analytic Cubism Synthetic Cubism

•11909 •11912 •MMedium: painting •MMedium: collage •DDissected formal •IIntroduced new elements of subjects media to art world

REVIEWING IN THE ABSTRACT

QUESTIONS ANSWERS 1. The Fauves used color to emphasize ___. 1. Emotion 2. Cezanne 2. Which Post-Impressionists and van influenced Matisse? Gogh 3. _____ Cubists produced 3. Synthetic collages. 4. Eva Gouel 4. Ma Jolie may be a portrait of ____. ART CRAM KIT | 24 DEVELOPMENTS IN EARLY 20 TH -CENTURY MODERNISM Street, Berlin (1913)

ERNST KIRCHNER DIE BRUCKE’S DISSOLUTION

ART ON THE BRINK THINGS FALL APART Ernst Kirchner, a leader of the German Expressionist Die Brucke relocated to Berlin in 1911. By this time, its movement, captured the sense of unease in European artists’ styles had already begun to diverge. They urban life in the years leading up to WWI. officially parted ways in 1913 when Kirchner published the Chronik Die Brucke. In the text, Kirchner claimed GERMANY’S MATISSE sole responsibility for the group’s innovations. Kirchner founded Die Brucke, an artistic movement considered the German parallel to the Fauves. Though EXPRESS YOURSELF both groups’ artworks were characterized by an expressive use of color, Kirchner denied any Die Brucke is considered part of the larger German connection to Matisse. Expressionism movement. Expressionists believed art should make the inner workings of the mind visible. Die Brucke’s artists distinguished their work through KIRCHNER MATISSE simple, flat forms and broad areas of color. Career Discouraged by Started his his parents from career as a STREET, BERLIN an artist’s life lawyer

Writing Attracted new Asserted the PAINTING THE CITY followers in his importance of mature career color in Notes Part of a series of seven major oil works, Street, Berlin due to his new of a Painter focuses on the dehumanizing relationship of female texts on art prostitutes and their potential clients in urban Berlin.

WWI Suffered a mental Spent the BERLIN, STREET -- 1913 breakdown during wartime further training and developing his released from art skills conscription

Reputation Persecuted by the Earned acclaim & Legacy Nazis and labeled in his later a ‘‘degenerate career after a artist’’ financially unstable start

KIRCHNER AND DIE BRUCKE . Kirchner and three fellow architecture students founded Die Brucke (‘‘the bridge’’) in 1905 . The group held their first joint exhibition in 1906 . They were inspired by the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche, who used the idea of a bridge as a frequent motif . Die Brucke held a particular interest in the representation of the human figure The men are united by their identical dress, while the women feature individual outfits, expressions, and a sense of movement. Long slashes of harsh, jarring color and a lack of close details convey the ambivalence of urban life. ART CRAM KIT | 25 DEVELOPMENTS IN EARLY 20 TH -CENTURY MODERNISM Little Painting with Yellow (Improvisation) (1914)

WASSILY KANDINSKY LITTLE PAINTING WITH YELLOW

THE GLOBAL ARTIST exemplifies the international nature of modern art. This artist spent most of his artistic career in Western Europe while remaining committed to Russian traditions.

•Studied law in his early career •Began practicing and teaching painting at Early Life the age of 30

•Paul Gauguin •Henri Matisse Influences

IMPROVISED ANXIETY •Edited the Blue Rider Almanac with Franz Marc . Part of Kandinsky’s Improvisations series painted “Blue Rider” •The volume reflected Kandinsky’s interest in between 1911 and 1914 the spiritual role of art Period . May reflect the sense of chaos and anxiety at the start of WWI . Emphasizes organic forms •Forced to leave Germany Provides a sense of depth but no real ‘‘background’’ •Produced only watercolors and drawings . WWI or ‘‘foreground’’

•Returned to Russia and took on roles in art administration after the 1917 Revolution DER BLAUE REITER Mature •Taught at the Bauhaus School in Germany until 1933 Career THE BLUE RIDER GROUP Der Blaue Reiter, led by Russian artists living in Germany, emerged in in 1911 and lasted until •Included, like Kirchner, in the Nazis' “Degenerate Art” exhibition of 1937 1914. Its members promoted the expressive use of WWII color and the spiritual qualities of art.

THAT’S THE SPIRIT! Kandinsky’s second text, Concerning the Spiritual in Art , argued that music and art could serve as the path to spiritual renewal. Der Blaue Reiter also cited ‘‘primitive’’ THE ROAD TO ABSTRACTION art as the most ‘‘raw’’ and spiritual of all. Kandinsky was one of the first artists to completely renounce representation in favor of abstraction. His work influenced the later Abstract Expressionism movement. ART CRAM KIT | 26 DEVELOPMENTS IN EARLY 20 TH -CENTURY MODERNISM Fountain (1950 replica)

MARCEL DUCHAMP DADA

SATIRIST, CHESS MASTER, AND ARTIST THE ART OF ANTI-ART Though Marcel Duchamp produced relatively few The Dada movement originated in Switzerland in 1916 works of art, his radical pieces and theories and included the visual, theatrical, and literary arts. significantly challenged ideas in Europe and the United Disillusioned by the war, Dada artists produced ‘‘anti- States about art and its meaning. art’’ to reject reason and embrace nonsense. A RADICAL LIFE . Duchamp grew up in an artistic family and finished Marcel his first as a teenager Duchamp To finance his art studies, he completed cartooning . Francis and satirical works on the side Man Ray Picabia . Impressionism and Cubism were important influences for young Duchamp . He also developed interests in science and math New York . Duchamp intended to ‘‘put art back in the service Dada of the mind’’ Movement . Some of his most famous works were ‘‘ readymades,’’ or art pieces assembled from found objects FOUNTAIN . A heart issue kept him from entering the war, and he immigrated to New York in 1915 . He remained active in the Surrealist and Dada art scene, as well as the world of chess, until his death

RETINAL ART Duchamp opposed ‘‘ retinal art,’’ his term for art that was consumed visually. He believed his readymades could be only fully understood with the mind.

DUCHAMP’S FIRST CONTROVERSY

A group of Cubist judges rejected Duchamp’s Nude Descending a Staircase in 1912. BEFORE ITS TIME While the piece was on In 1917, Duchamp belonged to the Salon des display at the Armory Independents, a group whose exhibitions were meant Show in 1913, audiences to be open to any artist able to pay the entrance fee. were scandalized by its Duchamp submitted Fountain, a porcelain urinal, to one innovative depiction of a of its exhibitions, under the pseudonym R. Mutt. figure in motion. To protest the work’s rejection, Duchamp published a scathing response in the Dada journal The Blind Man and resigned as the group’s 1917 exhibition director. ART CRAM KIT | 27 DEVELOPMENTS IN EARLY 20 TH -CENTURY MODERNISM Bauhaus Building (1925)

WALTER GROPIUS THE BAUHAUS SCHOOL

LIKE A BAUHAUS AN INTEGRATED CAMPUS was an architect most recognized for his founding role in the Bauhaus School. He created a Gropius designed the range of buildings, invented the Gropius door handle, Bauhaus School as and popularized sans-serif fonts. an ideal environment for art production. The campus featured Early Life an integrated •Raised in a family of workshop building, a architects studio, and the •Opened his own vocational school. architectural firm in 1910

•Concrete Materials •Glass WWI •Wounded on the Western front Visual •Asymmetrical intersection •Named the director of the Elements of lines and plates Bauhaus school shortly after the war Facade •Free of superfluous details 1934 - death •Left Nazi Germany for •Written in vertical sans- America Name serif type •Taught at Harvard •Designed the Alan I.W. Frank House and Tower East Format •A glass curtain wall projecting from the facade THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE Bauhaus was the German manifestation of the ERNST & WASSILY & MARCEL & WALTER International Style. Bauhaus, the International Style, and Holland’s De Stijl movement all sought a universal QUESTIONS style of art production and architectural design free from historical and nationalistic references. 1. With which group did Kirchner fall out in 1913? 2. Which type of art did Kandinsky consider most PEACE THROUGH ART spiritual? . Gropius and other International Style architects 3. Fountain is an example of Duchamp’s ____. avoided references to architecture of the past 4. The ____ Style rejected artistic nationalism. . International Style supporters believed the conflicts of WWI arose from nationalism ANSWERS . The new style was therefore considered the 1. Die Brucke antidote to violence 2. “primitive” The movement rejected decoration without . 3. readymades function 4. International . It influenced later architects such as Le Corbusier and ART CRAM KIT | 28 ART AND WORLD WAR I Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913, re-cast 1931)

FUTURISM UNIQUE FORMS OF CONTINUITY IN SPACE

A BRIGHT FUTURE? ONE SMALL STEP FOR SCULPTURE The Italian Futurists, led by poet Filippo Marinetti, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space depicts an promoted technology, speed, and social agitation. abstracted human figure mid-step. Its confident sense They idealized the modern ‘‘Machine Age’’ and of motion reflects the optimism of the early Futurists. rejected the romantic, ‘‘feminine’’ past. COGS IN THE MACHINE AGE

•Manifesto of 1909 Futurism published

•Many Futurists, including Umberto WWI Boccioni, die in the war

•Marinetti re- establishes the WWII group with a new Fascist ideology

Medium UMBERTO BOCCIONI •Originally cast in plaster because bronze was too Futurist artist and theorist Umberto Boccioni expensive transformed his initial interest in painting into a passion for sculpture. Inspiration BOCCIONI’S CAREER •Evokes the classical pose of the of Samothrace . Boccioni first encountered Marinetti and other Futurists at the Famiglia Artistica in Milan . In 1911, he met Picasso and Braque while visiting Figure Paris •Creates a sense of motion through curvilinear forms . One of his greatest influences was Cubist sculptor Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Marcel Duchamp’s brother . Boccioni published The Technical Manifesto of GOING FOR THE BRONZE Futurist in 1912 He died in a cavalry training accident during WWI The sculpture was re-cast in bronze in 1931. . Boccioni originally chose bronze as the medium for this sculpture in homage to the Futurists’ obsession with the Machine Age. ART CRAM KIT | 29 ART AND WORLD WAR I Portrait of a German Officer (1914)

MARSDEN HARTLEY PORTRAIT OF A GERMAN OFFICER

THE ARTIST ABROAD ABSTRACT AND RADICAL Marsden Hartley was an American painter who spent In Portrait of a German Officer, Hartley uses most of his career traveling. He completed some of his symbolic references to evoke his subject and most notable works while living in Berlin during WWI. challenges viewers to reflect on the meaning of portraiture. FRIENDS IN HIGH PLACES A LIFE CUT SHORT Hartley’s friendships with other artists were crucial to his development as a painter. His close relationship with The officer depicted in the portrait was Karl von resulted in Hartley’s first exhibition at Freyburg, killed in 1914. Hartley had a close 291 Gallery. introduced him to the friendship----and perhaps even a romantic Parisian art scene. relationship----with Freyburg, and completed the work after the officer’s death. HARTLEY’S MANY HOMES

FIGHTING THE FUTURISTS Palette Though Hartley was likely exposed to Futurism in •Limited to colors Paris, he rejected its aesthetic approach in favor of associated with more abstract movements. German nationalism The Iron Cross •Depicted in the City Influences Time Period yellow triangle •A military decoration New Photographer Alfred 1909 first awarded in York Stieglitz New York Prussia during the avant-garde artists Napoleonic Wars •Later transformed Paris Writer Gertrude Stein, 1909 --- 1913 into a symbol of the Matisse, Picasso, German military Futurism Flags Berlin Kandinsky, Franz 1913 --- •Symbols of Marc, German World War II and the German Expressionism Empire “24” Maine Traditional landscape After World painters War II --- •Freyburg’s age at his death death (1943) “4” THE WAR MOTIF PAINTINGS •Freyburg’s regiment . Hartley is best known for his ‘‘War Motif’’ series number . He began the series in Berlin in 1914 “E” . The paintings reflect his fascination with the •Freyburg’s class pageantry of war insignia or the first At the same time, Hartley’s works mourn the letter of Hartley’s . birth name losses of wartime violence . Cubism and Expressionism influenced these works ART CRAM KIT | 30 ART AND WORLD WAR I Republican Automatons (1920)

GEORGE GROSZ REPUBLICAN AUTOMATONS

AN ARTISTIC REBEL ROBOTS IN DISGUISE George Grosz was a German artist best known for his . Republican Automatons is a small watercolor and caricatures and paintings that mocked the structure of pencil drawing on paper German society. He produced his most famous works . The figures appear to be hollow machines in the in the 1920s. shape of men, or automatons . The architecture is reminiscent of the cityscapes of Attended two German Grosz’s contemporary, Giorgio de Chirico Education art colleges and Grosz criticizes the unfeeling and seemingly Academie Colarossi . mechanical ruling class of the Weimar Republic

THE WEIMAR Discharged from the REPUBLIC Service military twice The Weimar Republic was formed in 1919, following the Prewar Radically opposed to German nationalism German Politics Revolution of 1918-19. It replaced the Postwar Joined the Communist German Empire Politics Party and created an unstable period of political tension and hyperinflation. Mature Immigrated to America; Career painted landscapes

A NEW TROPE During his career as a satirist, Grosz often repeated tropes throughout his works. Some of his best-known symbolic trope images include the fat, INITIATE AUTOMATIC FACT RECALL upper-class man with a cigar and the disheveled soldier. QUESTIONS

POLITICS AND THE PAINTER 1. The _____ promoted the rise of the machine age. 2. Portrait of a German Officer features which symbol Grosz’s opposition to the Weimar Republic was the of the German military? driving force of his early life and work. 3. In 1919, the _____ replaced the German Empire. He even changed his name from ‘‘Georg’’ to the Anglicized ‘‘George’’ to reflect his support for America ANSWERS and the United Kingdom. 1. Futurists 2. The Iron Cross 3. Weimar Republic ART CRAM KIT | 31 ART AND WORLD WAR I Wake Up, America! (1917)

JAMES MONTGOMERY FLAGG WAKE UP, AMERICA!

THE MAN BEHIND UNCLE SAM James Montgomery Flagg was an illustrator who produced American propaganda posters during both World Wars, including the famous ‘‘I Want You’’ poster featuring Uncle Sam.

Youth •Published his first illustrations at the age of 12

Education •Studied at the Art Students League of New York

Career •Part of the permanent staff of Life and Judge magazines since he was a teenager

Propaganda THE WAR ON AMBIVALENICE •Designed 46 different propaganda posters during When the United States finally entered WWI in 1917, WWI not all Americans agreed with the decision to end neutrality. Propaganda used clear visual language to encourage patriotic sentiments during wartime. ART AND PROPAGANDA In Wake Up, America!, the personified America sleeps . The American government launched its first in luxury while the outside world is dark and troubled, widespread propaganda campaign during WWI symbolizing the folly of Americans who were ambivalent towards the war. . President Woodrow Wilson established the Committee on Public Information in 1917 . The Committee used radio, moving pictures, FASHIONABLE FREEDOM newspapers, and posters to promote support for the war America wears a Phrygian cap, a traditional symbol of liberty. The cap originated in ancient . Posters in particular used visual imagery to encourage military recruitment, liberty bond sales, Rome and was popular during the French and and public awareness of the war effort American revolutions. . Though the posters featured catchy slogans, their images were the most effective propagandistic tools ART CRAM KIT | 32 ART AND WORLD WAR I War Memorials

ART AND THE EMBODIMENT OF MEMORY MEMORIAL ICONOGRAPHY

THE MODERN MEMORIAL Before WWI, war memorials primarily celebrated Ancient victories in battle. The staggering death tolls of WWI Egyptian resulted in the creation of memorials that served as Tomb Art reminders of the horrors of wartime violence.

Renaissance •At-home displays of photographs, letters, Classical Art Private Architecture Memorials and medals assembled by the family of the deceased

WWI •Placed in marketplaces, traffic islands, Memorials Public Memorials churchyards, street corners, and rural areas

•Serve an obvious function in addition to Utilitarian memorializing the dead Memorials MEMORIALS AND RELIGION •Parks, hospitals, museums, bridges, clocks Allegorical figures, or personified representations of ideas such as Justice or Liberty, were very popular in Non- •Function only as sites of remembrance utilitarian memorial design. These figures were more Memorials •Arches, sculptures, monuments acceptable than religious iconography in the United States, which emphasizes the separation of church and state. •Empty tombs representing those lost Cenotaph whose remains were never found Monuments •Cenotaph at Whitehall, London PATRONAGE AND CONSTRUCTION

•Mark the burial sites of unidentified Tombs of the individuals lost in the war THE COST OF MEMORY “Unknown” •Tomb of the Unknowns, Arlington, VA Organizations like the British Imperial War Graves Commission provided public funds to construct some war memorials. Other memorials relied on charitable A PLACE FOR POLITICS AND PEACE contributions from individuals and the community. . Some memorials recognize groups who are otherwise marginalized, such as soldiers from Board formed overseas colonies who fought in WWI to manage the Proposal construction . In Italy and Germany, WWI memorials often exhibited strong nationalistic tones . These Italian and German memorials interpreted WWI in a way that was favorable to the rise of Competition held to select Designer Fascism in WWII an architect . Memorials are also politicized when used as the location for pacifist protests WWI memorials are most frequently visited on . Funds sought November 11 or Armistice Day, which for Public Private commemorates the end of WWI construction (government) (individuals) ART CRAM KIT | 33 ART AND WORLD WAR I Liberty Memorial (1926)

AMERICAN WAR MEMORIALS THE LIBERTY MEMORIAL

LOCATION The Liberty Memorial is located in a heavily populated urban center across from Union Station. It consists of a towering monument, two buildings, and a museum.

Size

•217.5 feet high

Material

•Limestone

IT TAKES A VILLAGE Style Americans across the nation began planning war •Art Deco & Egyptian Revival memorials soon after the Armistice. City-specific memorials such as the Liberty Memorial in Kansas Buildings City relied on citizens’ support to honor local soldiers. •Built to house flags, trophies, and other relics of war Leader The memorial board was led by philanthropist Robert Shaft Long. •Faceted with four inset piers topped with allegorical figures of Courage, Sacrifice, Patriotism, and Honor Type •Crowned with a series of circular rings The board selected a non- A much later museum utilitarian design made it semi-utilitarian SEARCHING THE NATION

Funds The United States government did not commission a Aided by voluntary contributions from Kansas City national memorial after WWI. Today, the Liberty citizens, the board raised 2.3 million dollars Memorial and the District of Columbia War Memorial are the top contenders for this title.

Competition TEST YOUR MEMORIAL MEMORY Some of the most important architects in the country submitted plans QUESTIONS 1. When did the United States launch its first widespread propaganda campaign? Winner The winning plans belonged to Harold van Buren 2. What was the main function of pre-WWI Magonigle memorials? 3. Who funded most of the Liberty Memorial project?

Completion ANSWERS The memorial was Calvin Coolidge led the 1. 1917 completed in 1926 dedication 2. Celebrating wartime victories 3. Kansas City citizens ART CRAM KIT | 34 ART AND WORLD WAR I Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme (1932)

EUROPEAN WAR MEMORIALS THE THIEPVAL MEMORIAL

THE THIEPVAL MEMORIAL AN INTERNATIONAL TRIBUTE The Thiepval Memorial is one of the largest, most . The memorial takes the form of a triumphal arch significant WWI memorials. It is a British memorial . It measures 150 feet high located in France that recognizes soldiers who fell at . It was constructed using red brick and Portland the Battle of the Somme from 1915-18. stone Portland stone is a limestone traditionally used in PATRONAGE AND COMMISSION . important British buildings The Imperial War Graves Commission sponsored the . The names of the battles and the deceased are construction of the memorial. The committee selected carved on the structure’s faces Sir Edwin Lutyens, as the architect for the project. Lutyens had already designed at . Both British and French flags fly atop the memorial Whitehall.

banks

administrative country buildings houses Sir Edwin Lutyens

bridges castles

THE RIGHT MAN FOR THE JOB The memorial is located in the village of Thiepval in Picardie, France. Lutyens’ previous experience with building country houses proved indispensable in this rural location.

COMPLETION AND DEDICATION Edward, Prince of Wales, unveiled the memorial in LIVING THE MEMORY August 1932. The president of France was also in attendance to honor those lost in the war. Elaborate remembrance ceremonies are held at the Thiepval Memorial each year on July 1----the start of the The Battle of the Somme is remembered to this day as Battle of the Somme----and Armistice Day. one of the deadliest battles in modern warfare. ART CRAM KIT | 35

AMERICAN IDENTITIES IN THE EARLY MODERN ERA The Hand of Man (1902)

ALFRED STIEGLITZ THE HAND OF MAN

A NEW ART FORM ARTFUL SNAPSHOTS In the early modern era, photography shifted from a The Hand of Man joins the naturalism of scientific documentation process to a legitimate form documentary photography with the aesthetics of of fine art. Photographer and curator Alfred Stieglitz painting. spearheaded this change. STIEGLITZ’S CAREER Assisted by fellow photographer , Stieglitz ran a popular modern art gallery while still creating his own work.

•Born in New Jersey to an affluent family Early Life •Moves to Berlin as a teenager to study engineering, chemistry, and photography

1891 •Leads the Camera Club of New York

•Leaves the Camera Club 1902 •Creates his own progressive photography group, Photo-

MAN VS. NATURE 1905 •Opens The Little Galleries of the Photo- Secession, later known as 291 . The Hand of Man explores the effects of industrialization and modernization on nature . Painters J.M.W. Turner and Claude Monet had •Closes 291 to focus on his own focused on the relationship between railroads and 1917 photography the landscape . Survey photographer Timothy O’Sullivan •Separates from his first wife to marry produced similar images while documenting the 1920s painter Georgia O’Keeffe settlement of the American West •Photographs the sky and clouds

•Becomes too ill to continue photography MEDIUM 1937 •O’Keeffe assembles a collection of his prints after his death PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES Stieglitz often chose to reproduce The Hand of Man as THE URBAN ARTIST a photogravure or a gelatin silver print. Stieglitz is best known for his images of life in . In his later career, he became particularly interested in photographing skyscrapers. Photogravure Gelatin Silver

•Developed in the 1830s •Popular inthe 1920s-30s P.H. EMERSON •Produces a rich tonal range •Produced by suspending •Used for fine art silver salts in gelatin Photographer P.H. Emerson inspired Stieglitz photography •Creates a light-sensitive during his youth. Emerson was one of the first •Emphasizes the painterly paper on which the image is artists to promote photography as a tool for qualities of photographs printed artistic expression rather than documentation. ART CRAM KIT | 36 AMERICAN IDENTITIES IN THE EARLY MODERN ERA Nature Symbolized No. 2 (1911)

AMERICAN MODERNISM ARTHUR DOVE

ALL-AMERICAN ART THE ABSTRACT PIONEER During the early 20 th century, many American artists Arthur Dove is considered the first American abstract traveled to Europe to complete their artistic education. painter. He combined the traditional techniques of In the years following WWI, however, the United European modernism with his unique take on States became a global center for modernist art abstraction. production. DOVE’S CAREER Dove pursued an art career against his parents’ wishes. WWI He studied in Europe and found the work of Henri The war makes it difficult for Many European artists Matisse particularly influential. Americans to study abroad immigrate to the United States After returning to America and befriending Stieglitz, he held his first solo exhibition at 291 in 1912. He spent his mature life living and painting on a houseboat, supported by his patron Duncan Phillips. Patriotism

After WWI, a new sense of patriotism in the United States encourages a distinctly American artistic tradition

Exhibitions

Modern art shows such as the 1913 Armory Show expose Americans to new movements and artists

Collectors

American collectors like the Stein family return home during or after WWI with new works

THE DYNAMIC DUO NATURE SYMBOLIZED NO. 2 Stieglitz and Steichen’s 291 Gallery introduced many Americans to European modernism. . Nature Symbolized No. 2 is a small oil pastel During his travels, Steichen sent Stieglitz works drawing on paper by artists such as Rodin, Matisse, and Picasso . It uses a limited range of colors, including gold, to display in New York City for the first time. brown, black, blue, and green . The painting features a clear foreground and NEW TRADITIONS background Dove abstracts the natural world while Some American movements, such as the Ashcan . representing depth realistically School, introduced a progressive new focus on realism. Other artists developed new variations on the abstract styles introduced by European modernists. ART CRAM KIT | 37 AMERICAN IDENTITIES IN THE EARLY MODERN ERA Both Members of This Club (1909)

GEORGE BELLOWS BOTH MEMBERS OF THIS CLUB

SPORTS, ILLUSTRATED A FAMILIAR FIGHT Illustrator and painter George Bellows was a prolific Both Members of This Club is based on a fight Bellows artist recognized by his contemporaries as a master saw at the Sharkey Athletic Club in . He of American sports painting. Sadly, he died at 45. painted a series of works inspired by his visits there.

BELLOWS’ CAREER THE BOXER . Bellows was a talented athlete but chose to pursue art instead of sports One boxer is Joe Gans, the first African- American champion boxer. In an era of Jim Crow . He studied painting at the New York School of Art under Robert Henri laws and segregation, Gans faced much racism. . Henri later became the leader of ‘‘ The Eight,’’ the movement that developed into the . He encouraged his students to focus on contemporary life and paint in a realistic manner . Bellows showed some of his works at the Armory Show in 1913

FROM BOXING TO BEACHES Bellows painted in a variety of genres throughout his career. He observed all his subjects directly, resulting in his characteristic gritty naturalism.

boxing matches EYES ON THE PRIZE The scene depicts a prizefight, a popular form of other entertainment in the early 20 th century. In 1900, the WWI sports so-called Lewis Law banned public prizefights but scenes allowed matches between members of private club---- leading clubs to admit would-be fighters temporarily.

Subjects YOU VS. MODERNISM, ROUND 5

QUESTIONS tenement life seascapes 1. Stieglitz’s ____ Gallery displayed the works of many new artists. 2. Who was the first American abstract painter? portraits 3. ____ founded the Ashcan School. 4. What characterizes Bellows’ work?

ANSWERS 1. 291 2. Arthur Dove 3. Robert Henri 4. Naturalism ART CRAM KIT | 38 AMERICAN IDENTITIES IN THE EARLY MODERN ERA Ethiopia Awakening (1914)

META WARRICK FULLER ETHIOPIA AWAKENING

WHERE NO WOMAN HAD GONE BEFORE RECLAIMING THE PAST Meta Warrick Fuller was a successful African- Fuller created bronze and American sculptor at a time when it was difficult for plaster versions of her most African Americans and women to gain patronage and celebrated piece, Ethiopia respect as artists. Awakening. Rather than depicting an individual, the sculpture symbolically •Born into a middle-class Philadelphia family represents all women of 1877 African descent.

Subject •Sculpture included in the Columbian Exhibition in Chicago •Depicts a female 1893 figure slightly smaller than life size •Lower body almost •Travels to Paris to attend Academie resembles an Colarossi architectural column •Meets W.E.B. DuBois , Henry Ossawa 1899 Tanner, and Rodin Dress •Wrapped in the •Designs a sculpture for the Jamestown funerary dressings of Tercentennial Exposition, marking the first an ancient Egyptian time the government commissioned a work queen by an African-American female artist 1907 •Flowing tunic and headdress are also inspired by Egyptian •Produces increasingly politicized work fashion •Gains an interest in the Pan-Africanism WWI movement Title •Ethiopia resisted European colonial rule and symbolized strength, liberty, and THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE Pan-African identity Though Fuller never lived in Harlem, her work is often associated with the Harlem Renaissance. This THE ‘‘AMERICA’S MAKING’’ EXHIBITION period of creativity and artistic production gave voice In 1921, John D. Rockefeller and the Carnegie to African-American artists in the 1920s. Foundation sponsored the ‘‘America’s Making’’ Exhibition to celebrate the contributions of numerous SEGREGATION AND THE GREAT MIGRATION immigrant groups to American culture. . During WWI, industrial production created new jobs and encouraged many African-Americans to ‘‘HONORARY IMMIGRANTS’’ move from the South to Northern cities The exhibition classified African Americans as ‘‘ honorary . This move, called the Great Migration, eventually immigrants’’ and invited representatives to host a resulted in the Harlem Renaissance pavilion. Harlem Renaissance figure W.E.B. DuBois led . Even in the North, African-Americans still faced the project and asked Fuller to create Ethiopia discrimination, especially in the military Awakening for the occasion. Fuller’s work evokes an African-American history with origins in the ancient past. ART CRAM KIT | 39 AMERICAN IDENTITIES IN THE EARLY MODERN ERA City Night (1926)

GEORGIA O’KEEFFE CITY NIGHT

BREAKING UP THE BOYS’ CLUB A ROOM WITH A VIEW Like Fuller, Georgia O’Keeffe managed a successful City Night is an oil-on-canvas painting depicting New career despite the sexism of the 20 th century art world. York skyscrapers in the moonlight. It explores the She is best known for her images of New York City and relationship between humans and nature, a topic that the natural world. O’Keeffe often returned to throughout her career.

O’KEEFFE’S CAREER REACH FOR THE SKYSCRAPERS . O’Keeffe studied at the Art Students League under In the 1920s, skyscrapers transformed New York City. painter William Merritt Chase The city gained 45 new skyscrapers in 1925 alone. . A series of her charcoal drawings caught the After the war, the skyscraper became a symbol of attention of Alfred Stieglitz in 1916, and the two American achievement and progress. developed a relationship The tallest of these skyscrapers----and, in fact, the tallest She had her first show at Stieglitz’s 291 in 1917 . building in the world at the time----was the Woolworth . Stieglitz and O’Keeffe married in 1924 Building, constructed from 1910-1913. . After Stieglitz died, she moved to New Mexico, where she lived until age ninety-eight Perspective Subject THAT’S DEDICATION •Painted from a low •Depicts the Shelton Though O’Keeffe is best known for her painting, vantage point Hotel, where she wasn’t afraid to experiment with other O’Keeffe and Stieglitz mediums. After she lost her eyesight in her later years and could no longer paint, she switched to hand-built pottery for the rest of her life.

A STYLISTIC SYNTHESIS While her partner Stieglitz sought inspiration from painting for his photographs, O’Keeffe’s work borrowed the aesthetics of photography and repurposed it in the context of traditional painting.

Organic Forms Painting Expressionistic Color

Cropping

O’Keeffe Photography Lens Flare

Converging Lines ART CRAM KIT | 40 AMERICAN IDENTITIES IN THE EARLY MODERN ERA Tower (1923-25)

THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE TOWER THE ARCHITECTS

DESIGN AND CONQUER A NEWSWORTHY PAIR Raymond Hood studied at and The Chicago Tribune Tower dominated the Chicago . Massachusetts Institute of Technology before skyline in the years following WWI. This Gothic attending the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris Revival building, though not stylistically progressive, is memorable for the competition held for its design. . There, he met fellow American . The two designed both the Chicago Tribune MCCORMICK AND PATTERSON Tower and the Building In the early 20 th century, cousins Robert McCormick and Joseph Medill Patterson ran the Chicago Tribune. Both men descended from the newspaper’s Style •Neo-Gothic founder. McCormick was known for his conservative politics, while Patterson was more liberal. McCormick’s Size •463 feet high conservatism affected the outcome of the competition.

1910 Design •Spires, flying buttresses, sculptural decoration McCormick and Patterson take over the Chicago Tribune GOING GOTHIC 1922 The Chicago Tribune Tower is a 34-floor structure on North Michigan Avenue. Its features include McCormick and Patterson announce the competition gargoyles and a three-story entrance decorated with for the design of the newspaper’s headquarters carvings of scenes from Aesop’s fables.

Late 1920s READ ALL ABOUT IT IN THE CRAM KIT REVIEW McCormick and Patterson fall out Patterson leaves to found the Daily News in New York QUESTIONS 1. What was the world’s tallest building in 1913? WINNER TAKES IT ALL? 2. Which Chicago Tribune Walter Gropius of the Bauhaus School received publisher was known for third place in the competition. ’s his conservative politics? radical second place design arguably had more of 3. Which tower did an impact on the design of the modern skyscraper O’Keeffe paint in City but proved too progressive for McCormick. Night ? 4. Whose entry most GLOBAL & LOCAL influenced the design of the modern skyscraper? To give the conservative winning design a more modern, international feel, McCormick asked his ANSWERS global correspondents to bring back stones from other countries to include in the construction. 1. The Woolworth Building 2. Robert McCormick 3. The Shelton Hotel 4. Eliel Saarinen’s ART CRAM KIT | 41 CRUNCH KIT Art in Three Pages (Page 1)

ART HISTORICAL METHODS HENRI MATISSE . Art historians use visual and historical analysis to . Monet, Van Gogh, Turner, and Cezanne influenced reconstruct the contexts in which art is created Matisse’s radical painting style . The historian also considers objects . He formed the Fauves in 1905 outside the traditional category of ‘‘fine art’’ . The Fauves rejected naturalism and emphasized the importance of emotions EARLY WESTERN ART Matisse also completed paper-cutouts, prints, a chapel Western art originated in Paleolithic caves . . decorative scheme, mural cycles, and book . Classical Greek art introduced contrapposto illustrations . During the Renaissance, a newly wealthy class of patrons enabled artistic production WOMAN WITH A HAT . The Church responded to the Reformation with the . Matisse’s milliner wife, Amelie Parayre, modeled for opulent, passionate art of the Baroque period this painting th . Rococo and Romanticism continued the Baroque . The figure’s fan and hat reference 19 century tradition of extravagant and fantastic works Impressionist paintings . Impressionists like Monet, Manet, and Pissarro . Author Gertrude Stein purchased Woman with a Hat rejected Realism and the rules of artistic salons and brought it to the United States after WWI . Post-Impressionists established controversial new PABLO PICASSO theories of color and abstraction . Picasso experimented with painting, sculpture, murals, MODERN WESTERN ART and theatrical designs . The Fauves, led by Henri Matisse, used color in . His work received international acclaim by WWI seemingly arbitrary ways . He developed Cubism with in 1908 . The Cubists decried the use of naturalistic forms . The abstraction of Cubism inspired Constructivism, . German Expressionists emphasized emotions Futurism, Dada, and Surrealism . The 1913 Armory Show introduced Americans to MA JOLIE European modernism . Ma Jolie may be a portrait of Eva Gouel, one of . Surrealists such as Salvador Dali attempted to portray Picasso’s mistresses the inner workings of the mind in their works . It reinterprets the classical image of the female muse . Pop Art, pioneered by Andy Warhol, blurred the lines in a new Cubist context between mass-produced and ‘‘fine’’ art . Earthworks, installations, and performance art ERNST KIRCHNER removed art from the static gallery context . Kirchner founded Die Brucke in 1905 with his fellow architecture students NONWESTERN ART . Die Brucke shared an interest in simple forms, broad . The Great Wall and the Terracotta Army are two areas of color, and the writings of Nietzsche massive, iconic works of Chinese art . Kirchner broke from the group in 1913 after he claimed . Hinduism and Buddhism influenced Indian art sole credit for their innovations Traditional Japanese artists excelled at printmaking . . He took his own life after the Nazi party labeled him a . Many African art pieces were destroyed because of degenerate artist 19 th century British imperialism STREET, BERLIN . Oceanic art includes tattooing, shields, and masks Street, Berlin is part of a series of seven major works Islamic art is primarily non-figurative . . by Kirchner South American civilizations such as the Maya, Inca, . It focuses on the dehumanizing relationship between and Aztec created sophisticated architecture . prostitutes and their potential clients ELEMENTS OF ART WASSILY KANDINSKY The basic visual components of art are line, shape, . Kandinsky’s work approached total abstraction over form, space, color, and texture . time Artists first experimented with perspective, or the . He led the Blue Rider movement with artist Franz Marc illusion of depth, during the Renaissance . from 1911-1914 ART CRAM KIT | 42 CRUNCH KIT Art in Three Pages (Page 2)

WASSILY KANDINSKY (CONT’D) MARSDEN HARTLEY . Der Blaue Reiter artists believed that art, especially . Hartley painted his most famous works in Berlin during ‘‘primitive’’ art, possessed spiritual qualities early WWI . Kandinsky taught at the Bauhaus School until 1933 . His associations with Alfred Stieglitz and Gertrude Stein . The Nazis also included Kandinsky’s work in their helped Hartley establish himself in the art world ‘‘Degenerate Artist’’ exhibition PORTRAIT OF A GERMAN OFFICER LITTLE PAINTING WITH YELLOW (IMPROVISATION) . This work in the War Motif series expresses Hartley’s . Little Painting with Yellow was part of the abstract fascination with the pageantry of war ‘‘Improvisations’’ series painted between 1911 and 1914 . Portrait of a German Officer memorializes Karl von . Unlike the Cubists, Kandinsky emphasized organic forms Freyburg, Hartley’s friend, who died in WWI . Symbols such as flags, insignias, letters, and numbers MARCEL DUCHAMP evoke the subject in a symbolic manner . Duchamp produced nonsensical works that challenged widely accepted definitions of art GEORGE GROSZ . He is best known for his ‘‘readymades,’’ or art pieces . Grosz was a satirist most celebrated for his caricatures assembled from found objects . He radically opposed German nationalism, Nazism and . Duchamp is associated with Dada, a movement that the Weimar Republic responded to WWI with nonsense and disorder . The Weimar Republic replaced the German Empire in 1919, creating a period of political tension and FOUNTAIN hyperinflation . Fountain consists of a porcelain urinal with the signature ‘‘R. Mutt,’’ Duchamp’s pseudonym REPUBLICAN AUTOMATONS . An avant-garde group refused to include the piece in . Republican Automatons shows a barren urban scene their exhibition inhabited by two automatons . One figure wears the Iron Cross, a symbol of the Weimar WALTER GROPIUS republic, while the other waves the German flag . Gropius was an architect and designer who led the . This dystopian painting suggests that the Weimar Bauhaus School and designed the Gropius door handle Republic erased human identity and individuality . After WWI, he took over the Bauhaus School in Weimar WARTIME PROPAGANDA . In 1934, he left Germany for America, where he taught at Harvard and designed the Alan I. W. Frank House . The United States launched its first propaganda campaign during WWI THE BAUHAUS SCHOOL . Radio broadcasts, moving pictures, newspapers, and . The Bauhaus School consists of a workshop building, a posters encouraged support for the war studio building, and a vocational school JAMES MONTGOMERY FLAGG . The workshop wing exemplifies the International Style . Flagg completed 46 propaganda images during WWI . The International Style rejected superfluous details and promoted a universal style of art production . He began his illustration career in his early teens . His most famous poster, ‘‘Uncle Sam Wants You,’’ UMBERTO BOCCIONI started out as a magazine cover . Boccioni co-led Futurism from 1909 until WWI WAKE UP, AMERICA! . The Futurists idealized the ‘‘machine age,’’ celebrating technology, speed, and social agitation . Flagg paints America as a woman wearing a Phrygian cap, a traditional symbol of liberty . Boccioni began as a painter before Cubist sculptors introduced him to three-dimensional art in 1912 . The United States remained neutral in early WWI, and only officially entered the conflict in 1917 . He died, along with many Futurists, in WWI . The sleeping woman embodies the apathy felt by many UNIQUE FORMS OF CONTINUITY IN SPACE Americans towards the war effort Unique Forms of Continuity in Space reflects the . WAR MEMORIALS optimism of early Futurism Before WWI, war memorials celebrated victories in It depicts an abstracted human figure in motion . . battle instead of mourning the dead The figure’s pose references classical sculptures such as . WWI memorial iconography favored Classical, the Nike of Samothrace . Medieval, ancient Egyptian, and Art Deco styles ART CRAM KIT | 43 CRUNCH KIT Art in Three Pages (Page 3)

LIBERTY MEMORIAL BOTH MEMBERS OF THIS CLUB . Kansas City citizens helped fund the Liberty Memorial . Bellows observed the featured fight at the Sharkey . A memorial committee selected Harold van Buren Athletic Club in Manhattan Magonigle from a pool of potential architects . In 1900, prizefights could only occur between members . The memorial consists of a towering monument, two of private clubs buildings, and a museum that was added later . One of the fighters pictured is Joe Gans, the first African-American champion boxer THIEPVAL MEMORIAL TO THE MISSING OF THE SOMME . The Thiepval Memorial commemorates those lost in the META WARRICK FULLER deadly Battle of the Somme . Meta Warrick Fuller was the first African-American . The British Imperial War Graves Commission began the woman commissioned by the government to complete a project and hired Sir Edwin Lutyens as the architect work of art . The memorial, located in France, commemorates the . She studied with two leaders of the Harlem unity of the French and British during the war Renaissance, W.E.B. DuBois and Henry Ossawa Tanner . It takes the form of a triumphal arch . Her work was often informed by her interest in Pan- Africanism AMERICAN MODERNISM ETHIOPIA AWAKENING . WWI forced many American and European artists working abroad to leave Europe . This figure is a symbolic representation of all women of African descent . The war also created a strong sense of patriotism that encouraged a specifically American art tradition . Her dress reflects the fashion of ancient Egypt . Ethiopia Awakening was commissioned for the 1921 ALFRED STIEGLITZ ‘‘America’s Making’’ Exhibition . Curator and art photographer Stieglitz gave photography legitimacy as an art form GEORGIA O’KEEFFE . He led the Camera Club of New York and founded his . O’Keeffe’s relationship with Stieglitz helped her enter own group, Photo-Secession the extremely sexist art world . His gallery, 291, displayed many new trends in . She held her first solo show at 291 Gallery in 1917 American and European modernism . During her career, O’Keeffe worked as an art teacher as well as an independent artist THE HAND OF MAN . She is recognized for her images of New York City and . The Hand of Man is a photograph composed in a the natural world painterly fashion . It explores the effects of urbanization on the landscape, CITY NIGHT inspired by Turner, Monet, and Cole . City Night depicts the Shelton Hotel, where O’Keeffe and Stieglitz lived ARTHUR DOVE . O’Keeffe questioned the relationship between humans . Dove is considered America’s first abstract painter and nature . Stieglitz helped launch his career . She borrowed techniques such as close cropping and . Dove’s patron, Duncan Phillips, allowed him to continue converging lines from photography to experiment with abstraction in his mature career CHICAGO TRIBUNE TOWER NATURE SYMBOLIZED NO.2 . Robert McCormick and J.M. Patterson published the . Nature Symbolized No. 2 includes no direct Chicago Tribune during the early 1920s representation of the natural world . They used the newspaper to publicize their contest for . Though the work is abstract, Dove includes a clear the design of the paper’s new headquarters foreground, middle ground, and background . McCormick’s conservative politics eventually caused Patterson to found the rival Daily News in New York GEORGE BELLOWS . Eliel Saarinen’s design won second place because the . Bellows’ childhood interest in sports inspired him to conservative McCormick found it too radical paint athletic scenes . Raymond Hood and John Mead Howells’ more . He trained under future Ashcan School leader Robert traditional Neo-Gothic design was selected instead Henri, who promoted realism . The tower features flying buttresses, gargoyles, and . Bellows died at 45 after a short but prolific career stones from around the world ART CRAM KIT | 44 CRUNCH KIT List of Lists

10 HIGH PRIORITY PAINTERS 8 HIGH PRIORITY MIXED-MEDIA ARTISTS & ARCHITECTS

Henri Matisse Rejected the traditional uses of color and Meta Warrick The first African-American woman depth; led the Fauves Fuller commissioned by the American government to create a work of art Pablo Picasso Developed Cubism with Braque; worked in a variety of mediums Marcel Duchamp Satirist and chess master who produced ‘‘anti-art’’ Ernst Kirchner Founded the Expressionist group Die Brucke with his fellow architecture Umberto Boccioni Futurist painter introduced to sculpture by students Cubist sculptors Wassily Kandinsky Edited The Blue Rider Almanac and Alfred Stieglitz Photographer and curator who ran 291 promoted the spirituality of art Gallery and photographed scenes of New York City life Marsden Hartley Explored the pageantry and trauma of WWI through his ‘‘War Motif’’ series Walter Gropius Designed the Bauhaus School, the Alan I. W. Frank House, and Tower East George Grosz Created satirical works that criticized the Weimar Republic Sir Edwin Celebrated British architect who designed Lutyens the Thiepval Memorial and the Cenotaph at James Produced over forty iconic propaganda Montgomery Flagg posters during WWI Whitehall Raymond Hood Team of architects who designed the Arthur Dove America’s first abstract painter & John Mead Chicago Tribune Tower and the more George Bellows Studied under Robert Henri; produced Howells modern New York realistic sporting scenes and landscapes Harold van Writer and architect selected to design the Georgia Best known for cityscapes and images of Buren Magonigle Liberty Memorial O’Keeffe the natural world

8 HIGH PRIORITY MOVEMENTS/GROUPS 11 CRUCIAL ELEMENTS OF ART

Cubism Multi-genre movement created by Picasso Composition The organization of the elements on the and Braque that rejected the traditional use picture plane of shape and form Perspective Illusion of depth in a two-dimensional image Fauvism Group of artists who used vivid color to Balance The equal distribution of visual weight in express emotion rather than to imitate a work of art nature Focal point An element that contrasts with the rest of Futurism Movement that rejected the past and the composition, creating a point where embraced a technological future through the eye rests innovative art and aggressive literature Aerial A technique that mimics the way in Dada Group that created ‘‘anti-art’’ in response perspective which airborne particles change the to the trauma of WWI appearance of objects from a distance Die Brucke Expressionist movement led by Kirchner Line The path of a point moving through and inspired by the writings of Nietzsche space, which may be hard or soft, bold or Der Blaue Group pioneered by Kandinsky that indistinct, and uniform or varying in width Reiter promoted abstraction and the spirituality Positive space The space that objects, shapes, or forms of art occupy in an artwork The Style of art and architecture that sought a Negative space The space that surrounds the objects, International universal method of art production shapes, or forms in an artwork Style Vanishing point The point at which receding parallel lines American General term for the radical movements viewed in perspective appear to converge Modernism that began emerging in the United States at the start of the twentieth century Optical color The effect that different kinds of lighting, such as candlelight or natural light, have on the color of objects Proportion Size relationships within a composition ART CRAM KIT | 45 CRUNCH KIT List of Lists

8 MEDIUM PRIORITY ARTISTS 5 MEDIUM PRIORITY WORKS

Paul Cezanne Influential Post-Impressionist whose Les Demoiselles 1907 Picasso painting considered a radical interpretation of space and form set d’Avignon foundational piece in the development of the foundation for Cubism Cubism Georges Painter who exhibited with the Fauves in Nude Descending 1912 Duchamp painting rejected by an Braque 1905 and developed Cubism with Picasso a Staircase No. 2 avant-garde group because of its unique in 1909 interpretation of a figure in motion Robert Henri Leader of ‘‘The Eight’’ who trained Bellows I Want You! Iconic Flagg poster used in both WWI and in naturalistic painting WWII to encourage recruitment Vincent van Post-Impressionist painter whose Guernica 1937 monumental Picasso mural depicting Gogh intensified colors later inspired the Fauves the bombing of civilians during the Spanish Civil War Edward Photographer and friend of Stieglitz who Steichen collected modernist art for 291 Gallery Joy of Life 1906 Matisse painting that placed the during his travels in Europe traditional reclining nude female figure against a flattened, abstract landscape Thomas Eakins American painter whose studies of the body inspired Bellows’ action paintings Bicycle Wheel 1913 Duchamp readymade consisting of a bicycle wheel and a stool placed together Giorgio de Greek-Italian Modernist artist whose Chirico dystopian cityscapes resemble Grosz’s Nike of Classical sculpture on display in the Louvre Republican Automatons Samothrace when Boccioni created Unique Forms of Continuity in Space Raymond Cubist sculptor and brother of Marcel Duchamp- Duchamp whose work inspired Boccioni to Emancipation 1913 Fuller sculpture; part of her series of Villon take up sculpture sculptures promoting Pan-Africanism

9 MEDIUM PRIORITY MOVEMENTS 11 CRITICAL BUILDINGS

The Ashcan Realist movement that focused on Liberty WWI memorial designed by Harold van School capturing daily experiences in New York’s Memorial Buren Magonigle and completed in 1926 working class neighborhoods DC War Utilitarian WWI memorial dedicated in 1931 Photorealism Movement which emphasized hyper- Memorial realistic painting of the subject in sharp Thiepval British and French memorial designed by Sir focus, as in a photograph Memorial Edwin Lutyens and completed 1932 Pan-Africanism Theoretical and political movement that Cenotaph at Urban memorial designed by Lutyens and called for action against racism and Whitehall originally intended as a parade structure repression across national borders th Bauhaus Arts school in Dessau designed by Gropius Post- 19 century movement that Building to be the perfect integrated art campus Impressionism experimented with color and inspired the work of Kandinsky and Matisse Woolworth Tallest building in the world at its Building completion in 1913 German Large artistic movement that encouraged Expressionism expressing the inner workings of the mind Chicago Headquarters for the Chicago Tribune through painting; includes Die Brucke and Tribune Tower designed by Howells and Hood in 1923 Der Blaue Reiter Alan I. W. Pennsylvania residence designed by Postmodernism Style that often reintroduces traditional Frank House Gropius that integrated form and function elements or exaggerates modernist into every aspect of the house techniques to the extreme Shelton Hotel O’Keeffe and Stieglitz lived here when The Harlem Period of artistic and intellectual City Night was painted; built in 1920s Renaissance productivity in Harlem in the 1920s Daily News Headquarters for New York city paper; De Stijl Holland’s version of the International Style, Building also designed by Howells and Hood which appealed to human spirituality Gulf Building 1929 building for which Eliel Saarinen’s The Eight Realist group that later transformed into the Tribune Tower design contest entry was Ashcan School finally put into use ART CRAM KIT | 46 CRUNCH KIT List of Lists

7 LOWER PRIORITY ARTISTS 10 IMPORTANT DATES

Henry Ossawa Acclaimed African-American painter who 1905 Stieglitz opens the Little Galleries of the Tanner mentored Meta Warrick Fuller in Paris at Photo-Secession (later known as 291) the turn of the 19 th century 1905 The Fauves exhibit together for the first Paul Gauguin Post-Impressionist painter whose work, time at the Salon d’Autonmne mostly created in Tahiti, inspired Matisse and Kandinsky 1907 Fuller is first African-American woman to earn a government artwork commission Francis Picabia Dada painter and close friend and associate of Duchamp 1909 Picasso and Braque start Analytic Cubism P. H. Emerson Progressive photographer who inspired a 1911 The Cubists first show together young Stieglitz and developed the 1913 The Armory Show begins showing in photogravure printing technique February in New York City Franz Marc Expressionist artist who developed Der 1916 Dada emerges in Switzerland in response Blaue Reiter with Kandinsky to the war Post-Impressionist artist whose work 1917 The United States enters WWI and emphasized the scientific rules of color launches its first propaganda campaign and introduced optical mixing 1919 Walter Gropius is appointed director of Filippo Poet and publisher who co-led the the Bauhaus School Marinetti Futurists with Boccioni 1937 The Nazi Party mounts its Degenerate Art Exhibition

9 LOWER PRIORITY MOVEMENTS 10 PRE-MODERN ART HISTORICAL ERAS

Art Deco Design style of early 20 th century, with Old Stone Age Period during which the very first works of clean lines and geometric shapes, crisp Western art were produced in Chauvet detailing, and lavish ornamentation Cave in southeastern France Abstract A later Modernist movement influenced New Stone Age Period known for its rings or rows of rough- Expressionism by Kandinsky that promoted total hewn stones, including England’s abstraction and non-objective painting Stonehenge Surrealism Movement led by Salvador Dali and Hellenistic Time during which Ancient Greek artists supported by Duchamp that used art to Period produced the Venus de Milo and the express the workings of the inner mind Laocoon Group Neo-Gothicism Revivalist style well-known in America in Tang Dynasty China’s ‘‘Golden Age’’ (618-907 C.E.) of the 1920s because of its inclusion on the sculpture, scroll painting, and literary arts Woolworth Building (1913) Impressionism Movement with bright colors that Medieval Characterized by illuminated manuscripts emerged in the late 19 th century out of Period and dramatic Gothic church architecture dissatisfaction with the rigid rules of Italian Period of immense artistic productivity French salons Renaissance that includes the careers of da Vinci, Art Nouveau Popular style in the late 19 th and early Michelangelo, and Brunelleschi th 20 centuries that featured sinuous Northern Northern counterpart to the Italian depictions of leaves and flowers Renaissance Renaissance characterized by the painting Realism Style that illustrated all the features of of close detail objects, even the negative ones; led by Baroque Introduced artworks that possessed a Gustave Courbet greater sense of movement and energy to Romanticism Style that harkened back to the Baroque encourage emotion emphasis on emotion; highly imaginative Rococo Extended the Baroque style to celebrate and driven by feeling of gaiety, romance, and life at court th Egyptian 20 century architectural and design Romanticism Rich emotional, nature-inspired style that Revivalism style that appropriated Egyptian tomb recalled the Baroque period elements for a more classical design ART CRAM KIT | 47 CRUNCH KIT List of Lists

6 TYPES OF MEMORIALS 8 USEFUL PATRONS

Private Small displays created in homes during Duncan Phillips Collector who supported Dove in his WWI for private mourning; included mature career photographs, letters, medals, and other Imperial War British memorial board that objects Graves commissioned many memorials, Public Memorials erected at sites placed in Commission including the Thiepval Memorial to the cities, towns, and the countryside Missing of the Somme Utilitarian Memorials such as parks, hospitals, W.E.B. DuBois Sociologist and Harlem Renaissance clocks, and museums that serve an intellectual who first approached Fuller obvious function in addition to with the idea for Ethiopia Awakening memorializing the dead Robert Joint publishers of the Chicago Tribune Non-utilitarian Memorials such as arches, sculptures, McCormick & who sponsored the contest for the and monuments that serve no other Joseph Patterson newspaper’s headquarters concrete function The Medicis Wealthy Italian Renaissance wealthy Tombs to the Memorials that mark the burial of family who sponsored many artworks Unknown unidentified soldiers and represent all the Gertrude Stein American art collector and writer who individuals lost in the war whose remains worked with Matisse and Picasso in Paris were never identified during the 1920s Cenotaph Empty tombs that represent those lost in Sergei Shchukin Russian collector who purchased works monuments the war whose bodies were never found by Matisse and Picasso in the 1920s The Liberty Board which, under the direction of Memorial philanthropist Robert A. Long, planned Association and funded the Liberty Memorial 9 IMPORTANT MEDIUMS 9 MEMORABLE SUBJECTS

Photography Medium legitimized as an art form rather Joe Gans First African-American champion boxer; than a documentary process by Stieglitz depicted in Both Members of This Club Photogravure Photographic technique developed in the Amelie Parayre Matisse’s wife who worked as a 1830s that produced a rich tonal range hatmaker; featured in Woman with a Hat valued for fine art photographs Eva Gouel Picasso’s lover, nicknamed ‘‘ma jolie’’; Gelatin silver Photographic technique popular in the painted in Ma Jolie printing 1920s that suspended silver salts in Karl von German officer who died at a young age gelatin to produce a light-sensitive paper Freyburg and may have had a romantic relationship on which to print the image with Hartley; memorialized in Portrait of a Bronze Traditional sculpture medium that was German Officer expensive and difficult to transport Automatons Early ‘‘robots’’ particularly popular during Plaster Popular casting medium artists often the 19 th -20 th centuries; referenced in used prior to a final bronze version Republican Automatons Oil Type of paint that can be easily mixed Courage, Sacrifice, Four allegorical female guardian spirits and thinned to build up delicate glazes Patriotism, and that top the inset piers on the shaft of the Honor Liberty Memorial Watercolor Common transparent water-based paint used in Republican Automatons that Aesop’s fables Featured on the three-story-high must be in applied in layers entrance to the Chicago Tribune Tower carved by Rene Chambellan Printmaking Group of mechanically aided two- dimensional processes that permit the Phrygian cap Classical and American Revolutionary production of multiple original artworks symbol of liberty worn by the personified America in Wake Up, America! Pastels Soft sticks of color first popularized in the 1700s that are fragile and can be easily Sharkey Manhattan prizefighting venue blended; used in Nature Symbolized No. 2 Athletic Club frequented by Bellows; inspired the setting of Both Members of This Club ART CRAM KIT | 48 CRUNCH KIT The Crunchy Table Selected Work Creator Created Medium Size Location Patron

Woman with a Hat Henri Matisse 1905 Oil on canvas 31 3/4 x 23 San Francisco None 1/2 inches Ma Jolie Pablo Picasso 1911-12 Oil on canvas 39 3/8 x 25 NY Museum of None 3/4 inches Modern Art

Street, Berlin Ernst Ludwig 1913 Oil on canvas 47 1/2 x 35 BY Museum of None Kirchner 7/8 inches Modern Art Little Painting with Wassily 1914 Oil on canvas 31 x 39 5/8 Philadelphia None Yellow (Improvisation) Kandinsky inches Museum of Art Fountain Marcel 1917 (rep. Porcelain urinal 12 x 15 x 18 Philadelphia None Duchamp 1950) inches Museum of Art Bauhaus Building Walter Gropius 1925-6 Concrete, glass Not given Dessau, None Germany

Unique Forms of Umberto 1913 (cast Bronze 43.9 x 34.9 x NY Museum of None Continuity in Space Boccioni 1931) 15.75 inches Modern Art Portrait of a German Marsden 1914 Oil on canvas 68 1/4 x 41 Metropolitan None Officer Hartley 3/8 inches Museum of Art

Republican Automatons George Grosz 1920 Watercolor & 23 5/8 x 18 NY Museum of None pencil on paper 5/8 inches Modern Art Wake Up, America! James 1917 Print poster Not given Library of None Montgomery Congress Flagg Liberty Memorial Harold van 1926 Stone 217.5 feet Kansas City, Liberty Buren high Missouri Memorial Magonigle Association Thiepval Memorial to the Sir Edwin 1932 Red brick and 150 feet high Thiepval, France Imperial Missing of the Somme Lutyens Portland stone War Graves Commission The Hand of Man Alfred Stieglitz 1902 Gelatin silver 3 1/2 x 4 5/8 NYC Museum None print inches of Modern Art Nature Symbolized No. 2 Arthur Dove 1911 Pastel on paper 458 x 550 The Art Institute None millimeters of Chicago

Both Members of this George Bellows 1909 Oil on canvas 45 1/4 x 63 National Gallery None Club 3/16 inches of Art, DC Ethiopia Awakening Meta Warrick 1914 Bronze 67 x 16 x 20 The New York W.E.B. Fuller inches Public Library DuBois

City Night Georgia 1926 Oil on canvas 48 x 30 Minneapolis None O’Keeffe inches Institute of Arts Chicago Tribune Tower Raymond Hood 1923-25 Not given 463 feet high Chicago, IL Robert & John Mead McCormick Howells & Joseph Patterson ART CRAM KIT | 49 FINAL TIPS AND ABOUT THE AUTHOR FINAL TIPS ABOUT THE AUTHOR

. If you remember anything from Section I’s massive Pre-Columbian art lover history of art, make it the Impressionists and Post- Keely Sarr gained an Impressionists: their work laid the foundation for unprecedented affection modernism for modernism (and . Kirchner and Kandinsky were both moody leaders Matisse’s impressive of German Expressionist groups, but their works are beard) in the process of incredibly different in terms of color and form: be writing this Cram Kit. sure not to mix them up She’s currently working towards a B.A. in English . Similarly, watch out for Die Brucke (Kirchner) and Der Blue Reiter (Kandinsky) and art history at Cornell University. . Pay particularly close attention to the processes When she’s not writing through which artists create photographs, oil fiction or studying paintings, watercolors, and sculpture Olmec artifacts, Keely works at the Herbert F. Johnson . Finally, remember to study the images above all Museum of Art and tries very hard not to be (too) else! Set them as your desktop wallpaper and do a snarky on her official Cornell student blog. She enjoys quick visual and contextual analysis of each piece listening to film scores, smiling at dachshunds, and every time you open up your computer--whatever it singing in her all-girl geekapella group, <3. takes to get them in your head

ABOUT THE EDITORS NICOLE CHU DANIEL BERDICHEVSKY JOSEPHINE RICHSTAD

As one of Texas’s top-scoring In college, Daniel decided he could Josephine is many years past Academic Decathletes, an alpaca- be at least enough of an artist to college, but her roommate still influenced child of the Andes, and hang a hiking boot on the wall. His brews beer in the bathtub. Unlike an avid footnoter, Nicole was a roommate had no grounds to Daniel, she is married to her natural fit to become fourth in object, as he was busy brewing roommate. Together with their DemiDec’s long line of Cram Kit beer in the bathtub. daughter, they live in Ithaca. editors.

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