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The Yellow Rail in Michigan

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The Yellow Rail in Michigan Vol.1939 56]J WAL•mS•tAW,TheYellow Rail in Michigan 227 THE YELLOW RAIL IN MICHIGAN BY LAWRENCE H. WALKINSHAW Plate 9 A COMrLETEsummary of the Michiganrecords of the Yellow Rail (Co- turnicopsnoveboracensis) was published by Norman A. Wood in 1909when he stated: "The Yellow Rail has so seldombeen recorded from Michigan that, as I have recentlyobtained some additional data on its occurrencein the state,it seemsadvisable to publishthese in connectionwith the review of the literature on the subject. In Michigan, as in neighboringterritory, owing to its rareness,secretiveness, or both, very little is known of the habitsor local distributionof this species." He summarizesthe literature as: Boles, 1875; Covert, 1881; Gibbs, 1879, 1890, and 1898; Miles, 1861; Sager,1839; Steere, 1881; and Taverner,1908. BradshawSwales (1912) recorded a specimenfrom Detroit and Barrows (1912) added a few additionalnotes about the species. He also stated: "This little rail is oneof the rarestof the family in Michiganand specimens are far from commonin our museums." Norman Wood (1922) collected anotherspecimen from Bertfen County in 1920 and one from Keweenaw County,the first for the Upper Peninsula,in 1931. F. W. Rapp (1931) publishedthree recordsfor Vicksburg,Kalamazoo County. There is a specimenin the Kent ScientificMuseum at Grand Rapidstaken at Fish Point, TuscolaCounty, by E. A. Hyer on May 7, 1927. My personalobservations of the Yellow Rail startedin a uniquemanner. On April 30, 1933,planning to searchthe large ConvisTownship marsh in CalhounCounty for the nestof the SandhillCrane (Grus canadensis tabida), C. J. Henry and I enteredfrom the east wherewe werejoined by Mr. and Mrs. N. T. Peterson, Mrs. L. C. Nielsen and Mrs. Alfred Steinel. We crosseda mile of dampgrass and sedge(Carex) grown marsh, and wereap- proachingthe central part, an area of deeperwater, when a singlecrane rosefrom its nest and two eggs. Not wishingto disturbthe bird for very long, we soonstarted back, flushingas we enteredthe drier area, a bird which none of us had ever before observed. It rose from almost underfoot and, flying weakly, droppedout of sight in the thick sedgesabout thirty feet in front of us, showinga great deal of white in the wingswhile flying. It wasvery yellowin colorand behavedlike a rail. Wishingto collectit, C. J. Henry and I rushedforward to whereit landed but found only a rattlesnake. Expectingto flushit, I shot the snake,yet the bird did not fly. Then the six of us pacedover an area about twenty feet squarefor aboutfifteen minutes, searching through all of the sedgesand grassescare- fully. Thinking it must have hiddenahead, we were about to leavewhen 228 wxLsxw, TheYellow Rail in Michigan [July[Auk on parting the sedges,we exposedthe bird squattingmotionless on the ground. It was only necessaryto bend over and pick it up: a handsome male Yellow Rail. Realizingthat we did not have muchchance of flushinga bird as we had donein 1933, A. B. Chaneland I visited the samearea May 6, 1934, with hisspringer spaniel. We campedall nighton a smalldry peninsula,crossing, at the first indication of dawn, the same location as the previousyear. Within ten minutes two Yellow Rails flushed at the same time in front of the dog,then almostimmediately, another, and later a fourth. Subsequent incidentsduring the year satisfiedme that a dogwas absolutely necessary in Yellow Rail study. All but three of my other observationswere made with the use of a dog. MIGRATIONS Many authors state that Yellow Rails are much easier to find in the autumn than in the springbut I do not agreewith this. The sedges,reeds and grassesare so much higherin the autumn that not only is the going very hard for the dogbut alsothe birdshave better coverin whichto hide. In the springthey have to fly when the dogapproaches too closely. The followingdates in Michigan may probablybe consideredas repre- sentingthe springmigration: B•Rm•N COUNTY,May 6, 1920(N. A. Wood); O•rAwx Co•5•TY (Holland), April 21 and 28, 1896 (A. C. Baumgartel); CxLI•o•;• Co•:q•x (Convistownship), April 30, 1933, May 6, 1934(April 27, 1935, Bedfordtownship), May 2, May 16 and May 19, 1935, April 19, 1936, April 18, April 25, May 23, 1937, April 28, 1938; Jxc•so• Co•;•x (Leonitownship), April 28, May 9 and May 30, 1935,May 3, 1936,May 2 and May 20, 1937;C•n•o• Co•5•x (Bath township),May 5, 1935,April 29, 1937,and April 24, 1938; WxsuT•Aw Co•x, April 19, 1925 (N. A. Woodand A.D. Tinker); W•Y• Co•5•x, March 25, 1908(P. A. Taverner) and April 22, 1911 (BradshawSwales); T•ssco•.x Comv•x (Fish Point), May 7, 1927 (E. A. Hyer). In additionto the aboverecords for the Lower Peninsula,I have observedthe speciesin the Upper Peninsuladuring 1937 in Scuoo•.cRxr•Co•¾ as follows:Manistique township, Sections 26 and 35, T. 45 N., May 6, twelve observed;Doyle township,Section 32, T. 45 N., May 10, three observed,May 11, eight and May 12, two. In the fall thereappear to be no migrationdates for the UpperPeninsula of Michigan but the followingare at hand for the Lower Peninsula:Wxsn- T•xw Cov•c, September13, 1877 (A. B. Covert), September30, 1908 (N. A. Wood); Jxc•so• Cov•Y, September24, 1936 (L. H. W.), Septem- ber 30, 1936(J. Van Tyne), October4, 1036(L. D. Caseand A. E. Staebler); CxrI•ov• Cov•Dr, October4, 1935,September 17, 1936,and September12, 1937,in Convistownship; and September30, 1937,and October1, 1937,in Vol.1939 56]J WALKINSHAW,TheYellow Rail in Michigan 229 Bedfordtownship; KaLxrixzoo Cou•?•e, October 19, 1890(Morris Gibbs), middleof September,1900 (Morris Gibbs), October 18, 1912(F. W. Rapp), October24, 1913(F. W. Rapp), September16, 1924(F. W. Rapp). Unless observer'sname is given,observations were madeby the author. NEs?mG JeromeTrombley evidently found a nest of the Yellow Rail May 29, 1894,in the townshipof Ida, MonroeCounty (Barrows,1912). It is pos- siblethat the bird observedMay 30, 1935, by Homer Bradleyand myself in JacksonCounty may have beenbreeding. However,I feel surethat the majority of the Yellow Rails move farther north than southernMichigan to nest. I havenever observed a Yellow Rail duringJune, July or August in the Lower Peninsula. In the Upper Peninsulathey evidently breed more commonly,yet the nestsare very hard to find with the result that only one has ever been discovered.N. A. Wood collecteda specimenin KeweenawCounty, June 9, 1931 (Wood, 1932). The specieswas abundant on the Seneymarshes in SchooleraftCounty during May 1937, and prob- ably breedsthere. Arriving at MunuseongBay, ChippewaCounty, in the Upper Peninsula on June 7, 1934, I was very much surprisedto seetwo specimens,a male and a female, taken the two days previouson that marsh by Francis C. Gillett in front of his dog. The femalecontained an eggmeasuring 7.6 min. This wascertain evidence of breedingso we decidedto searchthe few days whichI spentthere for a nest of the YellowRail. Early on the morning of June8, I went toward the east and heard a peculiarticking with which I was not familiar. It couldbe heard from at least threedifferent places, but I wasunable to flushany birdsto provethe author. The next morning, withouta dog,I did flushtwo YellowRails at oncefrom oneof theseticking areas. I also heard two others. On June 10, four were heard; June 11, four more; June 12, six, two of which were flushedand one male was col- lected. The gonadswere very large in this specimen. On June 13, I lost a film from my Graflex and spent much time searchingfor it. Late in the afternoonI met Gillett comingout on the marshas I returnedto get a bite to eat. He journeyeddown toward whereI had lost the film and his dog pointeda Yellow Rail's nestwith ten eggs. We placeda blind at the nest and althoughI flusheda bird five feet from there on June 14, she finally desertedthe eggs. I broughtsome of theseback with me and placedthem in an incubatorat the W. K. KelloggBird Sanctuary,knowing that the downyyoung had neverbeen seen, but they failed to hatch. The remainder were sent by Gillerr to the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. This nest was located in a densemass of fallen rushes(Seirpus validus), with a thin layer beneathand a muchheavier and thicker massabove. The 230 WILKINSflAW,TheYellow Rail in Michigan [July[Auk groundwas covered at that time with greenmoss directly beneath the rushes and the outer part of this nest consistedalmost entirely of this mossover whichwas a coarselining of Seirpusvalidus, mostly of partsnear the head. The liningalso consisted of a greatdeal of moss. Within two inchesof the nest weresome smaller sedges (Carex pairea) but the rushespredominated. Throughthe rushesthere was no standingwater but underneaththe moss was damp. The measurementsof the nest were: 100 by 114 min. outside, 70 by 75 mm. inside,and about30 mm. in depth. The eggs,ereamy-buff in color,were paler than thoseof the Sora(Porzana carolina) yet slightlydarker than thoseof the VirginiaRail (Railuslimicola limlcola). They werecapped at the larger end with thick reddish-brownspots. Three eggsmeasured: 28.5 by 21 mm., 30 by 21.5 mm., and 29.5 by 21 mm. My vacationtime expiredon June 15 so that I had to leave the area. Downy youngwere capturedon July 25 by FrancisGillett, Drs. JosselynVan Tyne and Max M. Peet at the samearea. They alsocollected four adult specimens. In June 1935,I returnedto the samearea with my dog but failed to find any signsof the YellowRail duringthe firsttwenty days. None washeard and nonewas flushed by the dog. Why the rails shouldnest there one year and not the next is a mysteryto me. WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS A numberof Yellow Rails whichI have capturedhave been weighed and measuredthen released. Severalhave beentaken as specimenswhich were also weighedwhen taken.
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