The Treatment of Japanese Garden Based on Zen Philosophy in Mental

International Journal Of Architecture and Urban Development 41 Ghazal Safdarian 2 to strive to strengthen the spiritual power and achieve absolute power and achieve to strive to strengthen the spiritual calm. a training and is in fact philosophy a special does not have Zen method that focuses its teachings on the basis of an intuitive is not of this experience and the rational content experience, Buddhist. is necessarily that System thought a with provided Japan, in formation Zen the of beginning the at Accordingly, principles of the sense of relaxation in the architecture of in the architecture principles of the sense of relaxation Japanese buildings and gardens of Research Fundamentals Theoretical What is Zen? Briefly, Zen is one of the products contact with Indian thought, which was introduced into China of the Chinese its after in the first century A.D. through in form in the of Buddhism aspects were some There teachings. the medium of Buddhist Kingdom Middle of the people the that to China came which it of a its advocacy for instance, kindly cherish: did not quite homeless life, its transcendentalism or world-fleeing and life- profound its time, same At the so on. and tendency, denying analyses and and penetrating its subtle dialectics philosophy, Taoists the stirred Chinese thinkers, especially speculations, 1959,3). (Suzuki & Jaffe, forces and internal on the spiritual This school orders reliance Recieved 12.01.2017; Accepted 11.06.2017 Recieved 12.01.2017; *Mercede Tahmasbi Fard, *Mercede Tahmasbi 1 Zen Philosophy in Mental Health Zen Philosophy By designing conditions and relaxing spaces with the help of values and concepts of Japanese and concepts of values help spaces with the and relaxing conditions By designing Tranquility, Cheerfulness, Zen philosophy, Japanese garden Cheerfulness, Zen philosophy, Tranquility, [email protected] M.A. Student, Department of Architecture, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran. Pardis, Azad University, Branch, Islamic Pardis Architecture, of M.A. Student, Department he Treatment of Japanese Garden based on based Garden of Japanese Treatment he 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran. Pardis, Azad University, Branch, Islamic Pardis Architecture, of Department Assistant Professor, 2 T International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development and Urban Architecture of Journal International 2017 No.2 Spring Vol.7,

community health. Keywords: has tried to bring an experience of relaxation to the audience. This article seeks to investigate a principled relationship a principled seeks to investigate This article audience. to the of relaxation has tried to bring an experience of and the effects of Zen philosophy, with the teachings between the principles of Japanese gardens in accordance its tranquility and cheerfulness. In fact, a set of principles The point of view. from a psychological of the audience relaxation role in the mental for philosophy can play an effective the design of Japanese gardens influenced by Zen's the types of the garden, the rocks, the elements of the Zen Gardens from the point of view: the style of architecture in these Relaxation on the audience. effect positive psychological of lines and shapes used in them, and... Have a numbers of that are facing increasing buildings in cities design of public and private gardens can be used in landscape and promoting illness mental in improving be effective could architecture correct perhaps the so that illnesses, mental ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: it and relaxation, of complexity avoidance purity, based on simplicity, based on Zen's philosophy that architecture, *Corresponding Author Email: compared with the principles and rules of the Japanese of the and rules principles with the compared done has been philosophy Zen on based that architecture of Zen's teachings effect knowing of the the With Japan. in on calming and reducing stress, it is possible to extract the MATERIALS AND METHODS MATERIALS At the first of this study,Zen's philosophy books and articles were principles and based on this, theoretical were studied and at there all the elements create with the former thought and and thought former with the create elements the all there and at intention of calm, that is the ultimate goal of Zen philosophy. minimal design and for the calm yet profound atmosphere design and for the calm minimal These 2005). Lyons, & Tonder (Van engender. they which gardens are designed with the principles of Zen philosophy, ended up representing what the world perceives as “Japanese world perceives the what up representing ended aesthetics.” (Interaction green, 2017). sophisticated, known for their well gardens are Also Japanese and minimalist approach. People find the essence of “less is arts Although Zen yet powerful Zen aesthetics. in quiet more” culture, traditional Japanese entire of the variation one just are seems as if Zen it thousands years in history, which stretches INTRODUCTION simplicity unique its for admired often is design Zen-influenced many Zen leaders were the subject of Confucius philosophy (IRNA, 2013). The basic point of Zen's philosophy is that the universe and its components are not a few, but all are real; a fact that is part of a whole broader. Human logic ignores this unity by analyzing

Vol.7, No.2, Spring 2017 Spring No.2, Vol.7, the diversity of the world, but the irrational part of the mind, or

intuition, can understand this unity (Aftab, 2006). Zen is discipline in enlightenment. Enlightenment means emancipation. And emancipation is no less than freedom. In fact, it is Zen that makes most of enlightenment, or satori (Suzuki & Jaffe, 1959, 6). To realize satori, Zen opens for us two ways in general: verbal and actional. First, as we all know, we human beings cannot live without language, for we are so made that we can sustain our existence only in group life. As Zen is one of the most significant human experiences, one must resort to language to express it to others International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International as well as to oneself. But Zen verbalism has its own features, which violate all the rules of the science of linguistics. In Zen, Fig.1: Zen design position in art styles experience and expression are one. Zen verbalism expresses (Source: Interaction green, 2017) the most concrete experience (same). The ultimate goal in Zen is to calm down, and it's the last point In figure1, it can be seen that the Zen roots in art combine the

of interest and pleasure and mental relaxation. principles of commonality between minimalism, modernism, and the traditional architecture of Japan. Impact on the Arts Zen was commonly studied in semi-monotheistic communities Zen and Minimalism where public people were admitted for limited periods. In Japanese rush painting, a single line can suggest the whole. However, the Zen Temple is a very difficult educational Just a few brush strokes form the shape of a face. In technical school that intertwines reasoning with a significant amount documentation, completeness has often become a fixation. The of joy. Followers in such schools pay particular attention to user may not need to read the complete details of each possible a variety of arts and crafts, especially paintings, calligraphy, action, but instead may need to solve one peculiar problem. To gardening, architecture, and ceremonial drinking. In Japan, try to read about every possible action is like trying to learn swordsmanship, archery, and Jojutsu are also prosecuted in about life by reading an encyclopedia. (Stieren, 1998). this regard. Minimalism not only in art and painting, but also exists in Zen has had a very powerful impact on the arts and industries Japanese architecture and gardening under the influence of of the Far East for the sake of such perspectives as preempting Zen's philosophy. the action of observing and direct observation of nature, and Minimalism means summarize in form with an emphasis not just the acquisition of it. According to Zen, the mind is used on content that is inspired by the sense of tranquility for the properly as a glass window, and not as a mirror, this means that sake of simplicity. Minimalists believe that by eliminating the the mind must provide an immediate image of the world, and enticing composition of the composition, the pure quality of not merely a revelation about It will deal with it. Thus, the Zen color, form, space and material can be achieved. (Jamarani, shows its continuity with the main idea of the philosopher and 2011, 60). founder of Buddhism, Gautama Buddha, by which the suffering Many designers call this architecture a silent architecture. is the result of lust, because according to the Buddhist mind and The silhouette architecture is in fact a skillful expression of emotions, when deliberately fascinated the world of experience, architecture that allows the coexistence of the inhabitants and how they work correctly will be diverted. Therefore, the main the land in which they are located. This simplicity has led, in theme of Zen's religious painting is the natural forms, such as many cases, to critics who focus only on objective aspects, call birds, plants, rocks, and mountains, which are presented merely these "cool" architectures, while minimalism seeks to create as images in the form of a stash that maximizes the technique a special atmosphere for people who love beauty and silence. with a minimum of Design and hinges blend. Such an art This architecture was influenced by Japanese architects and avoids any kind of pictorial (the description or representation artists, and is one of the most prominent architects of the of visual devices, such as images) and expresses the mode of world, including Mies Vondrohe and Tadao Ando. (Davtalab experiencing, rather than the experience-based ideas, because Nezamvazife, 2013). Zen did not believe in any system of teaching. (Farhangian Japanese gardens are the main source of minimalistic attitude. university, 2016) The boulders are best placed in clean sand that is accumulated

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International Journal Of Architecture and Urban Development 43 with water and used properly. Since the color is applied with applied is color the Since properly. used and water with characteristics their of because selected are plants the elegance, in different seasons, resulting in "flowering cherries", "wild apple" or "plum", "Japanese", "Japanese apple" and "lily" issue of establishing and the planted plants are scattered Very and comfort is very much in the calm plant communication examined. rites that only monks engage in. Each stone should be based should stone Each in. monks engage only that rites on its type. are gardens of these effects natural and psychological The of walls the outside and around plants massive by exacerbated the garden. of rock policies for the proper placement There are traditional chosen for their groups and sandstone sandstones. Plants are one distant is only There and seasonal changes. symbolism landscapes in the form landscape, but there are very different person in the of the movement the throughout of a landscape garden. different and many investigated is being movement Water Japanese proposed orientally. are current, such as direct types, are found in nature plants that design tries to combine planting of plants on the shores of It avoids the combination together. the sea and the mountains and creates plant compounds from in and stability limitation Simplicity, climates. very different use of ever- through the demonstrated designs are planting arrangement delicate and gradual a in result that plants vegetable in elements groups with and Asymmetries forms. and colors of The plants do the number of individuals are highly regarded. enough space to other but give them with each not interfere grow. Azaleas, and Japanese Japanese Pine, Japanese Red Pine, are among these plants. Bamboo species add tissue Camilla connected Ferns and mosses are garden. the to contrasts (Wikipedia, 2008) (Wikipedia, for spaces are gardens sandy culture, Japanese ancient In and reflection and secrecy. meditation is covered sand that shallow with are covered Sandy terraces grass or natural sometimes rocks, and with sand, pebbles, and rest, and in to strengthen meditation elements, which helps abstract world with their eyes. Sense those who can enter this of balance. gravel, sand and are garden of the parts important most The but not by using water, of the seaside, which are reminiscent the groove is formed and indicating but by using sand where the waves of the sea. (Fig.2) every Monks Japan. Kyoto are gardens in most important The regular harnesses, and by creating day carry ribs with their sea that does not screw a kind of gentle grooves, they create that gems are these ribs, there wind. Inside the down, even them And this is a self-explanation cannot be seen at the same time. by the seen be never wise, which can and the visionary for the universe, and we must find everything within ourselves that is unimaginable. from the rhymes, which are symbolically Stones originating in special included and well understood, but not obvious, are to the extent that the slightest change in these gardens is to the extent comes from Zen. This mini-tax considered an important event. the Zen Garden. In this kind of garden, the minimalist school, the Zen Garden. In this kind of garden, the minimalist as much as possible" and transferring "minimizing (meaning with the least elements), reaches its peak, the most elements Zen Gardens (Sandy Gardens) gardens is types of philosophical One of the most beautiful perspectives on depression and its treatment are available. on depression and its treatment perspectives (Reinecke & Davison, 2007, 453) Zen Garden (Japanese rock garden) is a kind of Japanese garden, that the following is discussed about their details. human development and adaptation. This volume represents volume This adaptation. and development human As to explore human depression and its treatment. an effort of range a demonstrate, ably volume to this contributors the through the garden, different perspectives become available. perspectives through the garden, different one perspective us to relinquish requires Moving, however, of understanding our with is So it another. gain to order in garden, however, it is not possible to view each of the dusters of the each view to possible is not it however, garden, take in all of the rocks one must move. To simultaneously. As you step points. a number of vantage One must take islands filled with flowers and plants. elegant and gardens, is simple Japanese Most traditional stones, of three to four in form. It contains several clusters of the size Given the sand bed. raked by a surrounded each a combination of colorful and diverse plants with elements of colorful and diverse plants with elements a combination fences made such as stone steps, shallow ponds, stone fences, of bamboo, wooden bridges or rock over ponds and artificial The Japanese Garden is the name of a particular style of particular The Japanese Garden is the name of a used extensively. are nature in elements which the in gardening, of Japanese gardens is used in the combination Commonly Japanese Culture. In Japan this ma are spaces of spiritual or of spiritual spaces ma are this In Japan Culture. Japanese philosophical significance that respond to the need of mental repose and detachment (Kurokawa, 1988, 56). pluralism for architecture. Ku and ma are all key words which all Ku and ma are for architecture. pluralism spaces, temporal, between territory express the intervening the quality of physical, or spiritual, and in this they all share nature (Kurokawa, 1988, 55). This ma, recognition of which This ma, recognition 55). nature (Kurokawa, 1988, could not architecture, is now being restored in contemporary alone. and rationalism on the basis of functionalism be created in symbolism and The awareness of ma opens new frontiers important clues to the nature of Japanese culture. Ma is the important clues to the phenomena or between between two different interval temporal dimensions of varying or between two contradictory elements “hole in the universe”, or “sky”. In Japanese the word of Kukan, the In Japanese or “sky”. universe”, the in “hole The space). for kan (interval, character composed of Ku and the also a key word providing can also be real ma, which is character Space in Japanese architecture (Kukan) literal, as an empty as an literal, (Kukan) Space in Japanese architecture place. The first character in this word originally stoodof a on its present meaning took and later “hole in the ground”, for a Japanese gardens were created in the spirit of spiritual balance, balance, of spiritual in the spirit were created Japanese gardens of the area. was a design style this West but in the Architecture Japanese Traditional in rotating patterns, and this is nothing but pure minimalism. but pure minimalism. and this is nothing patterns, in rotating Vol.7, No.2, Spring 2017 Spring No.2, Vol.7,

International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

Fig. 2: Sand and gravel, which are reminiscent of the seaside (Sorce: Coudert , 2013)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Triangular rocks and rock clusters are preferred. As Zen garden design is a kind of art. These gardens are built for compositional units, or so-called triads, they express earth, meditation and relaxation. Artists in the design and construction man and the divine through horizontal, diagonal and vertical of these gardens have achieved an extraordinary combination lines, respectively. of nature and human genius to fly the transcendental spirit of Odd-numbered groupings of rocks are preferred; the total human. number of clusters should also be an odd number. There's a lot of effort to explain what sand dunes are at Zen The largest rock in each cluster is set first. Smaller rocks must gardens. Some of them are as follows: then be placed such that they are in ‘good agreement’ with the The sand representing the ocean and rocks represents the island main rock of each cluster. of Japan. The composition can be rounded off through various techniques The rocks represent the material of the tiger and its children of adding rocks. For example, ‘base stones’ are typically placed who swim towards the dragon. at the foot of the dominant rock in a cluster, to extend its base The rocks display a form of heart and mind in the Kanji and make it look more triangular; Sute Ishi, literally meaning language. thrown away stones, are low, inconspicuous stones that appear In terms of mathematical analysis, the empty parts of the garden as if scattered in a random manner. These techniques are used are constructed according to the architecture of the temple. The to make a composition look more natural. stretching of the axis of symmetry of the garden reaches the Arranging rocks like the scales on a fish (also called the folding main hall of the temple, which is traditionally the best place screen technique), creates the impression of a vast, deep to see the garden, and seeing the rocks from this angle in the landscape with mountains. human sense of vision makes it possible to see a natural shape Suggested landscape features, like streams, should never be like a tree. This effect cannot be obtained when you look straight, but curved in a manner suggestive of an endlessly directly at the garden, but it is said that the unconscious mind winding structure. of humans is able to communicate delicate between the rocks. Asymmetry of all aspects of the design should be considered. Each gardens can be a sign of something. For example, there (Van Tonder &Lyons, 2005). is a garden that is the Yin and Yang double symbol (Chinese In general, the following can be found in Japanese and Zen signs). Another garden is a symbol of the Causes and Effects Garden: Act, and the other has the value of a clean heart. It depends on -The style of Japanese gardens is rooted in the religious the viewer what they get from these arrangements. Whether conception of nature, and all the elements that form the it only sees rocks and rocks around it, or it is able to relax in symbolic role in the overall framework. It should be noted that order and rest. this style should not be synonymous with the natural landscape Also, Japanese garden designers, today, would be familiar with of landscape. In natural style, an artificial and artificial the following list of the key techniques used in garden design: landscape looks like a natural ecosystem, while in the Japanese Rocks form the backbone of the garden composition. style it merely reflects on the spiritual and symbolic perception

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International Journal Of Architecture and Urban Development 45 ) Kawana, 1977 Ophiopogon Japanese, Liriope Japanese, Liriope Ophiopogon In addition to the desk and bench, In addition to the desk Abelia X gradiflora and Pinus Muga. and Pinus Abelia X gradiflora information. use proper their and elements gardening Zen by Inspired in designing urban landscapes and gardening, and in some used in these spaces, the techniques hidden ways using the can be positively impacted of the audience effects psychological and many mental illnesses, such as depression Improved. one that stones are informed about cosmic harmony, as a result as a harmony, cosmic about stones are informed one that the and shaped, clearly are objects the which in magic, the of the The point that point. at a very precise observer is placed Thought. opportunity Meditation and If we look at the garden from a designated point, we find that on effect of hypnotic of rocks has a kind arrangement the that helps the viewer is more focused and The effect people. thoughtful. in an of life the beauty Zen monks seem to try to reveal way in the garden, but one should not forget incomprehensible is, in any case, a elements natural between harmony the that law that exists throughout the world, so it can be identified in should be followed in the garden law that A this garden too. the secret of the garden requires Understanding geometry. a network of lines that garden: a look at the we take that cover the entire garden, separates the invisibly geometrically The Japanese of the garden. . from the margins gray rectangle has only one which unfortunately atmosphere is a unique way, name in Iran, and each view is placed by placing a rock In of the Japanese style, while this thinking is wrong, the name in external space projects, the type and shape of the altars, and the elements is important, corridors, water spots and lighting type the finally and design space the Then garden. Japanese a of and the ideal rhythm. the coherence of plants will determine extension of plants in any and longitudinal The longitudinal the of implementation the to key the is conditions weather Shrubs include: Shrubs include: plants Coverage include: and various glauca var. helix, Festuca ovina Muscari, Hedra polyanthum. Jasminum including plants, flowering and arsenic Japanese garden furniture: is also used in stone lanterns, wooden Japanese garden furniture and so on. ( umbrellas and domes, CONCLUSION in a neat Japanese garden is arranged The traditional an architectural of objects designed to create arrangement closely rocky garden is a kind of space that is A perspective. where the visitor The place to the observer's location. related rock garden A the harmony of objects. arrives properly from garden with its roots in Zen philosophy. is a kind of Japanese and temples, the near built are these gardens cases, In most - a place where the opportunity the interior of the temple thinking - extends provides a kind of deep and relaxing The rocks are arranged in the rocky gardens below outward. to which the Japanese stone rules according a set of geometric gardens can be defined within a seven-seater network of lines. of the seventh- the harmony and beauty An observer receives (Keane, Given the premise of creating premise Given the Native plants, some of which The road means the path to life. : The presence of the bridge in this style : An important element in Japanese gardens. The in Japanese gardens. element An important The existence of rocks and rocks in Japanese landscapes of rocks and rocks in Japanese The existence : As a passage from one stage to another. In various life As a passage from one stage to another.

Plants in Japanese gardens Bridges and arches gardens, include tree species such as: Prunus serrulata, Ginkgo tree species such as: Prunus serrulata, gardens, include Acer biloba, palmatum landscape. symbolic and used in the design of Japanese are traditionally of landscape in terms of content is relatively similar to the gate the to similar is relatively terms of content in of landscape and the passage from one stage of life to another. Footpaths and access paths: form a or broad slabs, sidewalks cracks middle By molding modes, the installation of gates is another feature of Chinese feature is another of gates modes, the installation and Japanese gardens. intellectual and artistic forces, all gardens were separating and artistic intellectual borders or the same fence. Gate: Japanese tea garden. Separation Borders: or Fence and restoration of Japanese gardens for the concentration inevitable passage of time. Water in Japanese designs can be designs can in Japanese Water of time. passage inevitable using by displayed real in pools and lakes or symbolically riverbed slabs as representing sandy materials or by installing in the element streams and rivers. Use water as a cleansing unbreakable and unhealthy stones are not welcome. Water the represents of it existence the and sea the represents water When picking up, they will install them in groups of three, them When picking up, they will install five and even seven. More than one type of rock should not type and the use of be used in the design. Useless use of rock are used in stone. How to pick them up is in accordance with up is in accordance are used in stone. How to pick them vertical, long, of stones used includes type The own rules. its rocks. rocks in horizontal short, arched, and arched vertical Japanese Symbolic Elements Rock : gardening Japanese of styles All survival. of continuum a is both formal and informal methods. In rural environments and environments In rural methods. and informal both formal methods. 'and farmers' homes, using informal farmers 2012) -Empty land is regarded as peripheral spaces in the landscape. -Empty land is regarded are designed - Environments such as passages and palaces in an official style and used in private spaces in cities using -The law is "less than most" ruling. A small piece of stone was of stone piece small A most" ruling. law is "less than -The mountain and a stream of water as a used as a symbol of the symbol of the river. symbolic look of a sidewalk from the outer gate to the entrance the to gate outer the from of a sidewalk look symbolic of the path conception on the imaginary of the house is based from the city to the mountain. appearance than other elements. All elements have the same the have elements All elements. other than appearance status and quality in design. space a particular of the imagination -The goal is to shape the For example, environment. small a in even it extend and gardens are categorized in the rows of official gardens. categorized in the rows gardens are the of characteristic are landscape the in balance and - Harmony prominent should have a more and no element Japanese style, of nature in terms of landscaping. That's why most Japanese why most That's landscaping. of terms in nature of ACKNOWLEDGMENT Aftab, (2006), An overview of Zen's history. retrieved This article has been taken from the Master's Thesis for October 09,2017 from: http://www.aftabir.com/articles/view/ Architecture titled "Designing Health home with the aim of religion/religion/c7c1151328616_zen_buddhism_p1.php Cheerful and improve depression” that is taking place in the IRNA, (2013), Zen and its long-standing influence on Islamic Azad University of Pardis Branch with the guidance of Japanese cultur. Retrieved October 02,2017, from: http://www. Vol.7, No.2, Spring 2017 Spring No.2, Vol.7, Dr. Ghazal Safdarian. irna.ir/fa/NewsPrint.aspx?ID=81075750. Interaction green. (2017). Zen-zero-design. Retrieved REFERENCES September 28, 2017, from: http://www.interactiongreen.com/ Suzuki, D. T., & Jaffe, R. M. (1959). Zen and Japanese zen-zero-design/ culture. Farhangian university. (2016). Criticism of Zen. Retrieved Stieren, C. (1998, September). The zen of minimalism: October 08. 2017, from: http://m.sbh.te.cfu.ac.ir/fa/55643 designing a top-of-class manual for beginners and advanced Wikipedia. (2008), Japanese garden, retrieved October 07. users. In Proceedings of the 16th annual international 2017, from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_garden conference on Computer documentation (pp. 103-112). ACM. Van Tonder, G. J., & Lyons, M. J. (2005). Visual perception Jamarani, S., (2011), architecture of the center of tranquility in Japanese rock garden design. Axiomathes, 15(3), 353-371. with emphasis on Japanese aesthetics. Master's thesis, Faculty Reinecke, M. A., & Davison, M. R. (Eds.). (2007). International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International of Civil and Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Depression: a practitioner's guide to comparative treatments. Branch. Springer Publishing Company. Davtalab Nezamvazife, M., (2013), Designing a Young Keane, M. P. (2012). Japanese garden design. Tuttle Relaxation Center with an Environmental Psychology Publishing. Approach on the Caspian Sea. Master's Thesis, Islamic Azad Kawana, K. (1977). Symbolism and esthetics in the University, Qazvin Science and Research Branch. traditional Japanese garden. Bulletin American Association of Kurokawa, K. (1988). Rediscovering Japanese Space. Botanical Gardens and Arboreta Coudert, O., (2013). The rules of minimalist programming.

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