Composition of Threshold in Japanese Contemporary Architecture Located

計画系 696 号

【カテゴリーⅠ】日本建築学会計画系論文集第79巻第696号，365-372，2014年 ₂ 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 79 No. 696, 365-372, Feb., 2014

COMPOSITION OF THRESHOLD IN JAPANESE CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE LOCATED IN URBAN PARKS COMPOSITION都市公園に建つ現代日本の建築作品における閾の構成 OF THRESHOLD IN jaPaNESE CONTEMPORaRY aRCHITECTURE LOCaTED IN URBaN PaRKS Guillaume FAAS＊ and Yoshiharu TSUKAMOTO＊＊都市公園に建つ現代日本の建築作品における閾の構成ファースギョーム，塚本由晴

Guillaume FAAS*, Yoshiharu TSUKAMOTO** ファース・ギョーム，塚本由晴

The aim of this study is to clarify the composition of threshold in Japanese contemporary architecture located in urban parks. “Threshold” is seen as a space which possesses the potential to provide people with a place to congregate, rest, and views to the vicinity. The principle of threshold is seen as the transitional space from the exterior to the interior in public architecture that can have different character by various arrangement of elements and open space according to the access circulation. First, the elements that compose the threshold are defined. Second, the arrangement of the threshold is examined. Third, the compositional diagrams of the threshold with the Volume are examined, and typologies of the threshold are established. From the comparison of these typologies four characteristics with tendencies are clarified: Isolating (the interior), Concentrating (the exterior, the interior, the exterior with depth), Dispersing (the interior, the interior with depth, the interior and of the exterior, the interior and the exterior with depth), Blurring (the interior and the exterior)

Keywords: Japanese Contemporary architecture, Urban Park, Threshold, Composition, Arrangement, Typology. 現代日本建築作品，都市公園，閾，構成，配列，類型

1 Introduction of a door. The sill defines the limit between two distinct spaces, 1.1 Background and purpose which can be between an exterior and an interior, between two Public facilities do not only serve activities for people, but also exteriors or between two interiors. The sill is always in between provide people opportunities to gather and meet each other, in since it belongs to the spaces on both sides. In this paper, this in- light of the fact they are open to all. The spatial transition be- betweenness of the sill as the treshold is extended into spatial tween the exterior and the interior of the architecture possesses composition. the potential to provide people a place to congregate and rest 1), After the Second World War, the Japanese society has built and a view towards the vicinity. This transitional space is seen many public facilities within urban parks 5) which welcome people as a “mise-en-scene” 2), for the coexistence of different people and for recreational activities and offer them a more natural environ- their behaviors 3), which is the basic condition of public space even ment with lawns, trees or ponds in the city. In the urban fabric, in the territory of a single building. A previous paper 4) examined the transitional space between exterior and interior, is defined by “exterior slanted space” as a public space promoted in the single existing built structure such as buildings, squares, streets, but in public facility. This paper focuses on the type of space calling it a urban parks it is defined by the architectural element with open “threshold” in public facilities. space. It shows how architecture can have an effect on exterior The threshold is defined by the succession of architectural ele- space which is less defined by the boundary than architecture, and ments, activated by the access circulation toward the entrance. how this effect integrate the open space within the architectural The principle of threshold can be explained by referring to the sill composition.

＊ Faastatekawa Architectes, Dr. Eng. Faastatekawa Architectes 博士（工学）＊＊ Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Architecture and Built Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Dr. Eng. 東京工業大学大学院理工学研究科建築学専攻 * faastatekawa architectes・博士（工学） faastatekawa architectes, Dr. Eng. 准教授・博士（工学）

** 東京工業大学大学院理工学研究科建築学専攻准教授・博士（工学） Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Architecture and Built Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Dr. Eng. － 365 －

1 In that particular condition, contemporary Japanese architecture exterior interior attempts to introduce various characteristics of the threshold as a device to promote social behaviors within urban parks. It is im- approach entrance portant to establish a theoretical frameworks in order to make the “sill” 6) role of the composition of the threshold in the design practice exterior interior adjacent open space exterior interior architecture architecture (water/pavement) more understandable. exterior interior (arcade) (hall) architecture architecture approach entrance The aim of this study is to investigate the composition of thresh- adjacent open space old and clarify its characteristics for the contribution to promote approach entrance “threshold” public space in contemporary Japanese architecture located in ur- “threshold” Gallery of Horyuji Treasures - Ueno park ban parks, built during the post-war period in Japan (1950-2012). Fig. 1 Principle of threshold in architecture located in urban park 1.2 Principle of threshold Table 1 Urban park type according to year issued

2 The threshold, the transitional space from the exterior to the 00`s~ (14) a c a a a a a s s a c s a 2 2 2 2 interior in public architecture can have different characters by 90`s (24) a cc c a s c s a s c a c s s c c a s a 2 80`s (23) c a c c c c a c c c s c c a c c c s a c a s 2 2 2 the various arrangement of the architectural elements and the 70`s (18) c a a c a c s s c a c c c a c 3 60`s (7) a c s s c open space according to the access circulation. In this principle, year issued the open space is distinguished by whether it holds access or not, 50`s (2) a c 0,25~5 ha 5~10 ha 10~75 ha 75~ ha architectural elements are distinguished by whether it is interior Neigh- Recre- District City Nucleus legend: borhood ational urban urban a: administrative (29) or exterior, and entirely closed or not (Fig. 1). urban ; c: cultural (40); s: sport (19) urban park (13) park (62) park (6) ex: s 3 > three sport facilities park(7) Based on this principle, 88 samples (Attached Table 1) were type of urban park found in Japanese contemporary architecture built after the Sec- Table 2 Elements of threshold and volume ond World War located in urban parks surrounded by urban fabric. These samples are published in the periodical Shinkenchiku 7) open space exterior architecture interior architecture no definitive no definitive no definitive definitive from 1950 to present, due to its consistent approach of review and function function function function free restricted the precision of its data. The information was based on the pho- entrance entrance visual partial visual visual partial visual tographic images, plans and sections 8). In this paper, the urban connection connection connection connection park has to be surrounded by urban fabric. Most of the works have been constructed during the 1990s (24) Enclosure, Pavement, exhibition, and the 1980s (23); followed by a smaller proportion in the 1970s etc: e sand, etc: p storage, etc (18), 2000s (14), 1960s (7) and the 1950s (2). Most of the works all/partially no visual visual connection connection are grouped into Large Scale Urban Parks of a City Nucleus (62), Grass: g Trees, Arcade, bush, porch, followed by District Urban Park (13), then Recreational (7), and garden: t etc: a in a smaller number, for Neighborhood Use (6). The buildings` Water: wa function are mainly cultural (40) institutions, such as museum, no definitive function Hall, foyer, definitive function /free entrance etc: h /restricted entrance followed by administrative (29), such as community centers and Stairs: st /all-partial visual connection /no visual connection sport (19) such as stadiums (Table 1). Element of threshold Volume : v 1.3 Relevancy p There are several studies that show a correlation with this pa- volume access in pavement

v entrance per. From the viewpoint of architectural composition, studies by arcade enclosure volume and st v e p Terauchi and Sakamoto on buildings with separated blocks by ar- hall g v a a h v v ticulation of the site that demonstrates the relationship between h e entrance p 9) 10) v st the building and its surroundings , on approach space , and p g entrance access in p pavement access in pavement volume on the arrangement of exterior spatial elements, which shows the pg adjacent to grass v importance of coupling elements such as solid/plane and artificial/ natural into the composition of the exterior space 11). A study by No 11 morioka castle park No 59 meiji park iwate prefecture library tokyo sports hall Nakai and Sakamoto on exterior spatial composition and condi- arrangement of correlation arrangement of correlation threshold according with volume threshold according with volume tions of location exhibits how the spatial composition determines to circulation to circulation

12) the public characteristics of the typology . These studies give ar- v p p v h st p h st chitectural composition relevancy for the study of exterior space. e g e a a v g g v From the viewpoint of social environment, a study by Oshima; pg p p Amano; Taniguchi on use and sitting behaviors of museums in Fig. 2 Analysis example 1 Fig. 3 Analysis example 2

－ 366 －

2 In that particular condition, contemporary Japanese architecture parks shows how visitors show interest for sitting space, such as a from a pavement as an access adjacent to grass, an arcade to a exterior interior attempts to introduce various characteristics of the threshold as hall or the surrounding of the museum entrance 13). It proves the transparent hall that includes one entrance, and is intruded in a device to promote social behaviors within urban parks. It is im- relevancy that approach territories of public buildings located in the volume. In the same manner, the threshold of Example 2 (Fig. approach entrance portant to establish a theoretical frameworks in order to make the urban parks can be considered as fields for socializing. 3) is arranged from two opposite pavements as access to an enclo- “sill” 6) role of the composition of the threshold in the design practice exterior interior This study focuses on the composition of the threshold, which sure, and is inserted within three independent volumes that each adjacent open space exterior interior architecture architecture (water/pavement) more understandable. exterior interior (arcade) (hall) gives the condition of public space within the construction of pub- include one entrance. architecture architecture approach entrance The aim of this study is to investigate the composition of thresh- adjacent lic facilities in urban park. In order to study this character, the In the context of bringing “public space” in public facilities, more open space old and clarify its characteristics for the contribution to promote approach entrance concept of threshold is extended towards both interior and exte- space for the threshold tends to appear within the Total Area of “threshold” public space in contemporary Japanese architecture located in ur- “threshold” rior as well as towards open space. the building. Therefore, the Threshold Area of the architectural Gallery of Horyuji Treasures - Ueno park ban parks, built during the post-war period in Japan (1950-2012). Fig. 1 Principle of threshold in architecture located in urban park 1.4 Methodology of study elements is examined within the Total Area of the building (Fig. 4). 1.2 Principle of threshold Table 1 Urban park type according to year issued Based on the principle of threshold, this study is developed as With these remarks, a certain meaning can appear from the per-

2 The threshold, the transitional space from the exterior to the 00`s~ (14) a c a a a a a s s a c s a follows: first, the elements that compose the threshold are de- centage (Fig. 5). For example, some zones that share similar per- 2 2 2 2 interior in public architecture can have different characters by 90`s (24) a cc c a s c s a s c a c s s c c a s a fined (Ch. 2), second, the entire sample, are diagrammed and the centages are observed: the hall area=0% and the threshold area 2 80`s (23) c a c c c c a c c c s c c a c c c s a c a s 2 2 2 the various arrangement of the architectural elements and the 70`s (18) c a a c a c s s c a c c c a c arrangement of the threshold are examined (Ch. 3), third, the is less than 10%, the threshold (5) is only arranged with arcade 3 60`s (7) a c s s c open space according to the access circulation. In this principle, year issued compositional diagram of the threshold with the Volume was ex- and/or enclosure and is minor within the building (Zone 1); the the open space is distinguished by whether it holds access or not, 50`s (2) a c amined. From the comparison of the arrangement of the threshold hall area is > 60% and the threshold area is between 10 and 40%, 0,25~5 ha 5~10 ha 10~75 ha 75~ ha architectural elements are distinguished by whether it is interior Neigh- Recre- with the compositional diagram, typologies of the threshold are the majority of the threshold (29) is dominated by the interior hall District City Nucleus legend: borhood ational urban urban a: administrative (29) or exterior, and entirely closed or not (Fig. 1). urban ; c: cultural (40); s: sport (19) urban established (Ch. 4). From the comparison of these typologies, the and is minor within the building (Zone 2); the hall area is between park (13) park (62) park (6) ex: s 3 > three sport facilities park(7) Based on this principle, 88 samples (Attached Table 1) were characteristics of the threshold in contemporary architecture lo- 40 and 60% and the threshold area is between 10 and 40%, the type of urban park found in Japanese contemporary architecture built after the Sec- cated in urban park are clarified (Ch. 5). threshold (10) is balanced between enclosure, arcade, hall and is Table 2 Elements of threshold and volume ond World War located in urban parks surrounded by urban fab- minor within the building (Zone 3); the hall area is < 40% and the ric. These samples are published in the periodical Shinkenchiku 7) open space exterior architecture interior architecture 2 Elements of threshold threshold area is between 40 and 60%, the threshold (11) is domi- no definitive no definitive no definitive definitive from 1950 to present, due to its consistent approach of review and function function function function The threshold is arranged from the open space to exterior and nated by arcade or/and enclosure and tends to be equal within the free restricted the precision of its data. The information was based on the pho- entrance entrance interior architecture. It is a space for circulation without a defini- building (Zone 4); in the case that the hall area is > 70% and the visual partial visual visual partial visual tographic images, plans and sections 8). In this paper, the urban connection connection connection connection tive function, accessible and at least partially transparent. First, threshold area is between 60 and 100%, the threshold (8) is domi- park has to be surrounded by urban fabric. elements with a definitive function that do not allow accessibility nated by the interior hall and dominates within the building (Zone Most of the works have been constructed during the 1990s (24) or are completely opaque are excluded from the arrangement of 5). Enclosure, Pavement, exhibition, and the 1980s (23); followed by a smaller proportion in the 1970s etc: e threshold. It defines the spatial boundary between the threshold sand, etc: p storage, etc (18), 2000s (14), 1960s (7) and the 1950s (2). Most of the works space and the other spaces of the building. It is defined as a vol- 3 Arrangement of threshold all/partially no visual visual connection connection are grouped into Large Scale Urban Parks of a City Nucleus (62), Grass: g Trees, Arcade, ume that includes purposes such as exhibition, storage, etc., or In order to investigate the threshold, the arrangement interior, bush, porch, followed by District Urban Park (13), then Recreational (7), and garden: t etc: a an opaque hall within the building. Second, elements without a exterior and open space are diagrammed according to the circula- in a smaller number, for Neighborhood Use (6). The buildings` Water: wa definitive function that allow accessibility and all/partial visual tion in the entire sample. (Table 3). function are mainly cultural (40) institutions, such as museum, no definitive function Hall, foyer, definitive function connection are classified such as interior hall as an entrance Comparing the diagrams, four different shapes of arrangement /free entrance etc: h /restricted entrance followed by administrative (29), such as community centers and Stairs: st /all-partial visual connection /no visual connection space within the building that allows a visual connection from/ of threshold are observed such as “Line with End”, Transversal sport (19) such as stadiums (Table 1). Element of threshold Volume : v toward the urban park, exterior enclosure as a space partially Line”, “Multiple Line with End”, and “Branching”. Within these 1.3 Relevancy surrounded by architecture, an exterior arcade as a space with- shapes the number of elements vary which lead to the identifica- p There are several studies that show a correlation with this pa- volume access in pavement out walls and covered by a roof, and open space with trees, pave- tion of twenty-four arrangement of threshold. Among these ar- v entrance per. From the viewpoint of architectural composition, studies by arcade enclosure volume ment, grass (and adjacent to water), stairs (Table 2). rangements, those with at least three samples are described. and st v e p Terauchi and Sakamoto on buildings with separated blocks by ar- hall g v The entire sample is diagrammed according to these elements. Firstly “Line with end” which arranges access and entrance in a a h v v ticulation of the site that demonstrates the relationship between h e For example, the threshold of Example 1 (Fig. 2), is arranged series. It is observed in the majority (61/88). With three elements: entrance p 9) 10) v st the building and its surroundings , on approach space , and p g entrance access in p pavement access in pavement volume on the arrangement of exterior spatial elements, which shows the pg adjacent to grass v In the way to consider general area of architecture, this area excludes every part without a importance of coupling elements such as solid/plane and artificial/ roof. In this paper, the entire territory of the architecture is observed, and the exterior space 100% that is enclosed by a wall as a part of Threshold Area (without open space surface) is included Zone 2 Zone 5 natural into the composition of the exterior space 11). A study by No 11 morioka castle park No 59 meiji park in the Total Area (Threshold Area and volume area). iwate prefecture library tokyo sports hall Total Threshold Area 60 Area Nakai and Sakamoto on exterior spatial composition and condi- arrangement of correlation arrangement of correlation 50 Zone 3 threshold according with volume threshold according with volume to circulation to circulation 40 tions of location exhibits how the spatial composition determines Hall Area% Zone 4 12) the public characteristics of the typology . These studies give ar- v e p p v h st p h a Zone 1 h st chitectural composition relevancy for the study of exterior space. e g e Architecture a a v 0 10 40 50 60 100% g g v Area Hall Area From the viewpoint of social environment, a study by Oshima; pg p p Access Threshold Area% Amano; Taniguchi on use and sitting behaviors of museums in Fig. 2 Analysis example 1 Fig. 3 Analysis example 2 Fig. 4 Total Area and Threshold Area Fig.5 Threshold Area and Hall Area percentage

－ 367 －

2 3 it arranges a narrow pavement adjacent to trees, an exterior en- Table 3 Arrangement of threshold Table 4 Compositional diagrams and typologies of threshold arrangement of threshold closure and a hall in series; L(pt-e-h) (9), a pavement or a pave- arrangement of elements L(pt-e-h) Volume Encircle (3) Line with End (61) Transversal Line Multiple Line Branch (9) average Threshold area: ment adjacent to grass or trees, an arcade and a major hall area in (12) with End (6) p 13% p t e Legend: v Note of Table 4: p: pavement legend: I Signs are explained in Table 2: : stair (Th) series; L(p-a-h); L(pg-a-h); L(pt-a-h) (30). With four elements: it a e h h: hall v: volume e h a: arcade a e entrance p h v (en) a arranges a pavement adjacent to trees or grass, an exterior enclo- v h wa e: enclosure treshold e v e (ac) g: grass `: in the case of 2, 5, 55, 67:1f p (4) 69: e p t: trees and b1f are examined, and for (v) sure, an arcade and hall in series; (10). p No L(pt-e-a-h); L(pg-e-a-h) ML g wa: water 22: 1f is examined. p t 2` 55` t 67` t (Threshold area %) 2, 55, 67 6, 7, 43,75: (p-e/e-p) access (20%) (12%) (8%) Secondly, “Transversal Line”which arranges access and en- L(p-a) pt open space L(p-a) L(p-a-h) L(pt-e-h) Volume Extrude (17) trances in a series from two opposite sides of the building is h average Threshold area: No v II p III h p v v p v 23% h number a h a a h observed. With five elements: it arranges pavements adjacent to p p h h h a v h 8, 41 : h (Hall Area is >50% of a a a h a v p h ML Threshold Area) t v e grass and trees, exterior enclosures and a hall in a transversal number v v 2 elements (12) (pt-h/h-pt) pt p p 6 75 t p 64 79 (Th) p (Hall Area is <50% of 7 12 21 70 t 34 series from two opposite sides; TL(pt-e-h-e-pt); TL(pg-e-h-e-pg) pg Threshold Area) (17%) (16%) (3%) (12%) (14%) (18%) (20%) (8%) (29%) a (v) 66, 84 : TL(p-e) L(pt-e-a-h) L(p-a-e-h) ML(p-e/e-p) ML(pt-h/h-pt) ML(pg-a/a-pg) (4); it arranges large pavements or a pavements adjacent to grass, a a L(p-h) t (3) arrangement of v t e g a a p w w IV threshold h h v p h a a 3, 6, 7, 8, 12, arcades and a hall in a transversal series from two opposite sides; 26, 62, 73: a ex: Transversal Line a v p v p g v t e v a a a a g 21, 26, 34, 35, ML (pavement- e h t g v v e p p 62, 64, 65 69, TL(pg-a-h-a-pg); TL(p-a-h-a-p) (3). With seven elements: it ar- a (pg-a/a-pg) pg enclosure) wa p h p w w e p a g 70, 73, 75, 79 e 69 t 26 p ranges a large pavement adjacent to grass, exterior enclosures, All the signs are 3 a 65 35 8 g 62 73 a (48%) (40%) (8%) explained in Table 2: (77%) p (33%) (28%) (8%) (11%) arcades and a hall in a transversal series from two opposite sides e (elements of threshold) L(p-h) L(p-a) TL(p-a-h-e-p) TL(pt-e-h-e-pt) TL(p-a-h-a-p) L(pt-a-h) Volume Intrude (20) 46: h h: hall L(pg-e-a) e a: arcade: v average Threshold area: TL(pg-e-a-h-a-e-pg) (3). pg v v v v v Va e: enclosure v v h v h h 28% (9) p v g: grass e a h h a h t a h h h a a a Thirdly, “Multiple Line with end” which arranges indepen- t: trees h p p v a p 32, 34, 16, 58, 2, wa: water p t p a e t (Th) e 28 ,55, 67, 71: p: pavement w t p p p dently different accesses and entrances in series can be observed L(pt-e-h) p g t t wa t h (pg: pavement 66 84 p 43 88 10 15 51 37 54 68 pt a adjacent to grass (22%) (12%) (2%) (34%) (57%) (43%) (14%) (19%) (34%) (11%) as a combination of several Line with End. With two elements at pt: pavement L(pg-a-h) L(pg-e-a-h) (v) Compositional diagrams between Threshold and volume 49, 87, 9, 11, 14, 19, (30) adjacent to trees) g each of the sides, it arranges pavements adjacent to trees and ar- p 3 elements (41) 20, 24, 25, 36, 38, 50, v g g v wa VI h wa a v v Vb h 63,72 : L(pg-a-h) g v g 10, 11, 15, 19, h a h h h h p e cades independently in series; ML(pg-a/a-pg) (3). h g v e a v g p 20, 22, 37, 38, a 21, 12, 64, 70, 79: v p a a h a g v a a h g p g h v 43, 48, 50, 51, L(p-a-h) p g wa g g g p wa Lastly, “Branch” which arranges accesses and entrances in dif- e g a p 54, 60, 63, 66, pg p g p a g h e wa e g 50 38 63 87 11 20 22` 48 60 57, 74, 4, 17, 33, 37, h p 19 g 68, 84, 87, 88 ferent subdivisions that extend laterally is observed. With nine (37%) (26%) (14%) (63%) (30%) (29%) (16%) (26%) (30%) (35%) 51, 52, 54, 68, 77 : 59: L(pt-a-h) p L(pt-e-h) L(pt-h-a-e) L(pt-e-a-h) L(pg-a-h-a) L(pt-a-e-a-h) L(pt-e-a-e-h) B(pt-a-e-h-e-a-pt) TL(p-e-p) e Two Volumes Insert elements and more, it arranges pavements adjacent to grass, exte- (25) e e t t v p a v v h a h average Threshold area: rior enclosures, arcades and hall(s) in different subdivision; B(pg- h pg e pt t v v v v v v h a h p t e h v 33% a p h p v a v a t h a e e t v e e a e e a p h e-a-e-h-e-a-e-pg) (3) e h w h e a t h v h v g t g a h h e p g p v p h t p t t e pt 58 71 p t 30 pt 5` 23 39 53 45 t 18 (Th) (23%) (23%) (53%) (24%) (44%) (14%) (60%) (38%) (34%) number of elements t pt 30 : L(pt-h-a-e) a 13, 82: TL(pt-e-h-e-pt) TL(pg-e-h-e-pg) TL(pg-e-a-h-a-e-pg) B(pt-e-h-pt) B(pg-a-e-h-e-a-pg) ML(pt-h/h-pt) 4 Compositional diagrams and typologies of threshold h 88: B(pt-e-h-pt) a t g p e pg TL(p-a-h-e-p) p g g p t pg v VII t (v) 4.1 Compositional diagrams e v e g v v e a p h (10) e v p h a e v g a t h h v h e a a e e a a e g h v v v v In order to understand the position of threshold in the entire h p p p h p h wa a e h a h v v h v p e a e h p pt e v g e v v g t v h territory of the building, this chapter firstly distinguished the (4) p e g v a p 3, 23, 61, 65, 5, 29, h pg p 42 t e e a t 31 g 40 80 81 p 82 13 g 44 t 41 47: L(pt-e-a-h) (29%) (31%) (31%) h (23%) (19%) (21%) (19%) (80%) (76%) compositional diagrams between the threshold and the Volume. 56 : 5, 9, 13, 18, 23, pt 22, 48, 60: h 10, 31 : L(pg-e-a) L(pg-a-h) L(pt-a-h) L(pg-e-a-h) TL(pt-e-h-e- B(pg-h-a-h-pg) 24, 30, 31, 36, Based on the observation of the diagram, six different shapes of g t a e pt) v 39, 40, 41, 42, a pg v v VIIIa v a p VIIIb h v a wa w h 44, 45, 46, 53, a 27, 40: a v h a pt compositional diagrams are found. These compositional diagrams h g p h w 57, 58, 71, 74, h pt TL(pg-e-h-e- a g h v h e v v t a v 77, 80, 81, 82 pg) p a v are shown in the vertical axis of the Table 4. The diagrams are w p a a a pg a e h t t h g p p a h 46 g 9 p 24 36 57 74 77 ordered according an increase in the percentage of Threshold Area (32%) p 39: L(pg-a-h-a) e a (53%) (28%) (14%) (27%) (26%) (14%) pg a (3) L(pt-e-h) L(pt-a-h) TL(p-e-p) TL(pg-e-h-e-pg) Multi Volumes Insert within the Total Area. There are, Volume Encircle (3), Volume w t h h pg p t wa t t p (16) e a v p t e a t e v t t v t a v 44: B(pg-a-e-h-e-a-pg) t h v IX t v v a v v a X v v Extrude (17), Volume Intrude (20), Two Volumes Insert (25), e g v p v average Threshold h 18: B(pt-a-e-h-e-a-pt) v h v h v p 76, 86: w v v p e h a h p e p p h g area: 48% TL(pg-a-h-a- v h v v h v v

4 and more elements (35) p Multi Volume Insert (16),and Multi Volume Infiltrate (7). a e t v p v v a pg) p v e e pg pg v t 35: L(p-a-e-h) a p v 16 t 28 17 33 52 t 4 v (Th) 4.2 Typologies of threshold p (3) p t t 32 g 59 27 pg 15 : e h e (50%) (63%) (50%) (42%) (28%) (23%) (55%) (48%) TL(p-a-h-a-p) a e e (28%) h h Secondly, within each compositonal diagrams, similar arrange- a e L(pt-e-a-h) B(pg-e-a-e-h-e-a-e-pg) B(h-a-p-e-a-e-p-a-h) e a a h a g g g p g t (v) a v v XI v g v XII ment of threshold is observed. In the case there is a minimum of e v v p g e p t pg a t t p v e e e h v p h v h h w a h v h e g e 1, 4, 16, 17, 27, three samples, they are distinguished as typologies. Description a a v h v e p v v ae v e e e e v a v h a a 28, 29, 32, 33, a pg pg v p a v v e a v h e (3) e v p e a v p h a h of typologies is centered on the compositional diagrams with the h v p g g v 47, 52, 59, 61, a t p p p e 85 p t a 78, 83, 85: 47 t wa 78 p p 83 wa 1 78, 83, 85 p 53: L(pt-a-e-a-h) 29 61 (81%) (61%) Volume, the arrangement of the threshold, their variation of ele- a B(pg-e-a-e-h-e- (45%) (41%) t (34%) (70%) (53%) h h a a-e-pg) TL(pg-a-h-a-pg) B(pg-h-a-h-pg) L(pg-a-h) Multi V Infiltrate (7) h h e ments, and the circulation. e a e g p p average Threshold area: e a p g g g s p XIII 73% e a h h g a a h a g a v g (Th) “Volume Encircle” (3) is observed with an average percent- a e a v v v p v v v h v h a e a e a h h v v h h p v a v v age of 13% of Threshold Area. Within this limitation against e pg g s (v) 42, 80, 81: g g g p a TL(pg-e-a-h-a- p g p 1: 76 86 56 14 25 g g 72 14, 25, 49, 56, pt 45: L(pt-e-a-e-h) 49 the entire building a “Line with an End” arranges a pavement e-pg) B(h-a-p-e-a-e-p-a-h) (96%) (81%) (85%) (58%) (68%) (54%) (72%) 72, 76, 86

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4 5 it arranges a narrow pavement adjacent to trees, an exterior en- Table 3 Arrangement of threshold Table 4 Compositional diagrams and typologies of threshold arrangement of threshold closure and a hall in series; L(pt-e-h) (9), a pavement or a pave- arrangement of elements L(pt-e-h) Volume Encircle (3) Line with End (61) Transversal Line Multiple Line Branch (9) average Threshold area: ment adjacent to grass or trees, an arcade and a major hall area in (12) with End (6) p 13% p t e Legend: v Note of Table 4: p: pavement legend: I Signs are explained in Table 2: : stair (Th) series; L(p-a-h); L(pg-a-h); L(pt-a-h) (30). With four elements: it a e h h: hall v: volume e h a: arcade a e entrance p h v (en) a arranges a pavement adjacent to trees or grass, an exterior enclo- v h wa e: enclosure treshold e v e (ac) g: grass `: in the case of 2, 5, 55, 67:1f p (4) 69: e p t: trees and b1f are examined, and for (v) sure, an arcade and hall in series; (10). p No L(pt-e-a-h); L(pg-e-a-h) ML g wa: water 22: 1f is examined. p t 2` 55` t 67` t (Threshold area %) 2, 55, 67 6, 7, 43,75: (p-e/e-p) access (20%) (12%) (8%) Secondly, “Transversal Line”which arranges access and en- L(p-a) pt open space L(p-a) L(p-a-h) L(pt-e-h) Volume Extrude (17) trances in a series from two opposite sides of the building is h average Threshold area: No v II p III h p v v p v 23% h number a h a a h observed. With five elements: it arranges pavements adjacent to p p h h h a v h 8, 41 : h (Hall Area is >50% of a a a h a v p h ML Threshold Area) t v e grass and trees, exterior enclosures and a hall in a transversal number v v 2 elements (12) (pt-h/h-pt) pt p p 6 75 t p 64 79 (Th) p (Hall Area is <50% of 7 12 21 70 t 34 series from two opposite sides; TL(pt-e-h-e-pt); TL(pg-e-h-e-pg) pg Threshold Area) (17%) (16%) (3%) (12%) (14%) (18%) (20%) (8%) (29%) a (v) 66, 84 : TL(p-e) L(pt-e-a-h) L(p-a-e-h) ML(p-e/e-p) ML(pt-h/h-pt) ML(pg-a/a-pg) (4); it arranges large pavements or a pavements adjacent to grass, a a L(p-h) t (3) arrangement of v t e g a a p w w IV threshold h h v p h a a 3, 6, 7, 8, 12, arcades and a hall in a transversal series from two opposite sides; 26, 62, 73: a ex: Transversal Line a v p v p g v t e v a a a a g 21, 26, 34, 35, ML (pavement- e h t g v v e p p 62, 64, 65 69, TL(pg-a-h-a-pg); TL(p-a-h-a-p) (3). With seven elements: it ar- a (pg-a/a-pg) pg enclosure) wa p h p w w e p a g 70, 73, 75, 79 e 69 t 26 p ranges a large pavement adjacent to grass, exterior enclosures, All the signs are 3 a 65 35 8 g 62 73 a (48%) (40%) (8%) explained in Table 2: (77%) p (33%) (28%) (8%) (11%) arcades and a hall in a transversal series from two opposite sides e (elements of threshold) L(p-h) L(p-a) TL(p-a-h-e-p) TL(pt-e-h-e-pt) TL(p-a-h-a-p) L(pt-a-h) Volume Intrude (20) 46: h h: hall L(pg-e-a) e a: arcade: v average Threshold area: TL(pg-e-a-h-a-e-pg) (3). pg v v v v v Va e: enclosure v v h v h h 28% (9) p v g: grass e a h h a h t a h h h a a a Thirdly, “Multiple Line with end” which arranges indepen- t: trees h p p v a p 32, 34, 16, 58, 2, wa: water p t p a e t (Th) e 28 ,55, 67, 71: p: pavement w t p p p dently different accesses and entrances in series can be observed L(pt-e-h) p g t t wa t h (pg: pavement 66 84 p 43 88 10 15 51 37 54 68 pt a adjacent to grass (22%) (12%) (2%) (34%) (57%) (43%) (14%) (19%) (34%) (11%) as a combination of several Line with End. With two elements at pt: pavement L(pg-a-h) L(pg-e-a-h) (v) Compositional diagrams between Threshold and volume 49, 87, 9, 11, 14, 19, (30) adjacent to trees) g each of the sides, it arranges pavements adjacent to trees and ar- p 3 elements (41) 20, 24, 25, 36, 38, 50, v g g v wa VI h wa a v v Vb h 63,72 : L(pg-a-h) g v g 10, 11, 15, 19, h a h h h h p e cades independently in series; ML(pg-a/a-pg) (3). h g v e a v g p 20, 22, 37, 38, a 21, 12, 64, 70, 79: v p a a h a g v a a h g p g h v 43, 48, 50, 51, L(p-a-h) p g wa g g g p wa Lastly, “Branch” which arranges accesses and entrances in dif- e g a p 54, 60, 63, 66, pg p g p a g h e wa e g 50 38 63 87 11 20 22` 48 60 57, 74, 4, 17, 33, 37, h p 19 g 68, 84, 87, 88 ferent subdivisions that extend laterally is observed. With nine (37%) (26%) (14%) (63%) (30%) (29%) (16%) (26%) (30%) (35%) 51, 52, 54, 68, 77 : 59: L(pt-a-h) p L(pt-e-h) L(pt-h-a-e) L(pt-e-a-h) L(pg-a-h-a) L(pt-a-e-a-h) L(pt-e-a-e-h) B(pt-a-e-h-e-a-pt) TL(p-e-p) e Two Volumes Insert elements and more, it arranges pavements adjacent to grass, exte- (25) e e t t v p a v v h a h average Threshold area: rior enclosures, arcades and hall(s) in different subdivision; B(pg- h pg e pt t v v v v v v h a h p t e h v 33% a p h p v a v a t h a e e t v e e a e e a p h e-a-e-h-e-a-e-pg) (3) e h w h e a t h v h v g t g a h h e p g p v p h t p t t e pt 58 71 p t 30 pt 5` 23 39 53 45 t 18 (Th) (23%) (23%) (53%) (24%) (44%) (14%) (60%) (38%) (34%) number of elements t pt 30 : L(pt-h-a-e) a 13, 82: TL(pt-e-h-e-pt) TL(pg-e-h-e-pg) TL(pg-e-a-h-a-e-pg) B(pt-e-h-pt) B(pg-a-e-h-e-a-pg) ML(pt-h/h-pt) 4 Compositional diagrams and typologies of threshold h 88: B(pt-e-h-pt) a t g p e pg TL(p-a-h-e-p) p g g p t pg v VII t (v) 4.1 Compositional diagrams e v e g v v e a p h (10) e v p h a e v g a t h h v h e a a e e a a e g h v v v v In order to understand the position of threshold in the entire h p p p h p h wa a e h a h v v h v p e a e h p pt e v g e v v g t v h territory of the building, this chapter firstly distinguished the (4) p e g v a p 3, 23, 61, 65, 5, 29, h pg p 42 t e e a t 31 g 40 80 81 p 82 13 g 44 t 41 47: L(pt-e-a-h) (29%) (31%) (31%) h (23%) (19%) (21%) (19%) (80%) (76%) compositional diagrams between the threshold and the Volume. 56 : 5, 9, 13, 18, 23, pt 22, 48, 60: h 10, 31 : L(pg-e-a) L(pg-a-h) L(pt-a-h) L(pg-e-a-h) TL(pt-e-h-e- B(pg-h-a-h-pg) 24, 30, 31, 36, Based on the observation of the diagram, six different shapes of g t a e pt) v 39, 40, 41, 42, a pg v v VIIIa v a p VIIIb h v a wa w h 44, 45, 46, 53, a 27, 40: a v h a pt compositional diagrams are found. These compositional diagrams h g p h w 57, 58, 71, 74, h pt TL(pg-e-h-e- a g h v h e v v t a v 77, 80, 81, 82 pg) p a v are shown in the vertical axis of the Table 4. The diagrams are w p a a a pg a e h t t h g p p a h 46 g 9 p 24 36 57 74 77 ordered according an increase in the percentage of Threshold Area (32%) p 39: L(pg-a-h-a) e a (53%) (28%) (14%) (27%) (26%) (14%) pg a (3) L(pt-e-h) L(pt-a-h) TL(p-e-p) TL(pg-e-h-e-pg) Multi Volumes Insert within the Total Area. There are, Volume Encircle (3), Volume w t h h pg p t wa t t p (16) e a v p t e a t e v t t v t a v 44: B(pg-a-e-h-e-a-pg) t h v IX t v v a v v a X v v Extrude (17), Volume Intrude (20), Two Volumes Insert (25), e g v p v average Threshold h 18: B(pt-a-e-h-e-a-pt) v h v h v p 76, 86: w v v p e h a h p e p p h g area: 48% TL(pg-a-h-a- v h v v h v v

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4 5 adjacent to trees, an exterior enclosure and a hall in series. The Exterior Interior 2: 67% threshold projects inside the Volume (Typology I). 55: 74% exterior area av. hall area av. 67: 91% In the case that the threshold is in front of the Volume; Volume e h Extrude (17), the average percentage of Threshold Area is 23 %. 100% 50% 0 50% 100% isolating pt 27.7% e h 77.3% the interior Within this condition, a “Line with End” arranges a pavement I Volume Encircle and an arcade in series (Typology II), a pavement, an arcade and p 6: - 7: - a hall in series (Typology III), and a “Multiple Line with End” a a 75: - 100% arranges pavements adjacent to grass with arcades independently II 26: - 62: - 73: - in series (Typology IV). The threshold is set at one sides of the Exterior a building, and projects towards the urban park. a centering the exterior In the case that the threshold is partially enclosed by the Vol- pg 50% a a 50% pg IV ume; “Volume Intrude” (20), the average percentage of Thresh-

12: 72% old Area is 28 %. Within this condition, a “Line with End” ar- 21: 41% 64: 88% 27.2% 72.8% h 70: 97% ranges a pavement adjacent to trees or grass, an arcade and a p a h a 79: 66% hall in series (Typology Va, Vb), a pavement adjacent to grass, an 51: 76% 63: 79% III 37: 58% 87: 30% 54: 92% 11: 79% exterior enclosure, an arcade and a hall in series (Typology VI). 68: 82% 19: 79% 50: 64% 20: 68% 38: 59% The threshold is set within the Volume and at one side develops h 30.4% 69.6% a Volume Extrude and Intrude pg-t a h centering proximity with the urban park. Va, Vb the interior

In the case that the threshold is organized within two Volumes; 22: 41% 48: 12% 60: 72% Two Volumes Insert (25), the average percentage of Threshold a h e pg 58.3% e a h 41.7% centering Area is 33 %. Within this condition, a “Transversal Line” ar- the exterior VI with depth ranges pavements adjacent to grass, exterior enclosures, arcades 17: 81% 33: 87% and a hall in a series from two opposite sides (Typology VII), h 52: 80% a 4: 85% pt 16.8% 83.2% a “Line with End” arranges a pavement adjacent to grass or a h 9: 81% X 24: 92% 36: 91% trees, an arcade and a hall in series (Typology VIIIa, VIIIb). The 57: 49% 74: 46% threshold creates complex relations with the interior opaque and 77: 95% h a the urban park. The threshold tends to project towards outside in pg-t 24.3% a h 75.7% dispersing the interior multiple directions. VIIIa, VIIIb In the case that the threshold is organized within several Vol- 47: 75% h 29: 68% 61: 41% a umes; Multi Volumes Insert (16), the average of Threshold Area e pt 38.7% e a h 61.3% dispersing the interior is 48 %. Within this even condition against Volume a “Line with XI with depth 16: 44% End” arranges a pavement adjacent to trees, an enclosure and a 28: 63% h 32: 44% hall in series (Typology IX), a “Line with End” arranges a pave- e dispersing 49.7% e h 50.3% ment adjacent to trees, an arcade and a hall in series (Typology X), pt the interior and IX the exterior a pavement adjacent to trees, an exterior enclosure, an arcade and Exterior 42: 29% 80: 55%

Two and Multi Volumes Insert e a hall in series (Typology XI), a “ ” arranges pavements a 81: 70% Branch h a pg e a h h a e 24.3% e 78: 29% adjacent to grass, exterior enclosures, arcades and a hall(s) in dif- 85: 94% VII 24.3% 51.3% pg 83: 42% ferent subdivisions (Typology XII). The threshold increases access Exterior connections and views towards the Volume and the urban park. dispersing a the interior and e h e In the case the threshold is organized around Volumes; Multi 22.5% 22.5% a the exterior pg e a h h a e e with depth XII pg Volumes Infiltrate (7), the average percentage of Threshold Area 55% 14: 33% is 73 %. Within this dominating condition in the whole, a “Line 25: 71% h 49: 20% with End” arranges a pavement adjacent to grass, an arcade and 72: 96% 45% 55% a pg a h blurring the border a hall in series (Typology XIII). The Threshold is projecting to the XIII between the interior and the whole surrounding of the urban park. exterior Legend: exterior interior All the signs are explained in p: pavement exterior area average (av.) No: hall area % Table 2 (elements of threshold): pg: pavement h: hall adjacent to grass 5 Characteristics of threshold pt: pavement pt e a h a: arcade hall area Multi Volumes Infiltrate e: enclosure adjacent to trees demarcation average (av.) In Ch. 1, threshold was seen as “public space”. It affords a per- between exterior g: grass elements t: trees (not scaled) IX wa: water son to stay, organizes his/her ways of watching the surrounding (typology) activities or vicinity, and defines their itinerary from the urban Fig. 6 Characteristics of threshold

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6 adjacent to trees, an exterior enclosure and a hall in series. The park to the public facilities. As the threshold has enough area for condition the hall and/or arcade are equal and accentuate both Exterior Interior 2: 67% threshold projects inside the Volume (Typology I). 55: 74% people to gather, many might use it simultaneously, and a group the expansion of interior transparent and exterior space. It shows exterior area av. hall area av. 67: 91% In the case that the threshold is in front of the Volume; Volume might share similar behaviors and coexist together. The threshold the characteristic of blurring the border between the interior e h Extrude (17), the average percentage of Threshold Area is 23 %. 100% 50% 0 50% 100% isolating organizes the transition between the open space, exterior and in- and the exterior to the urban park, (Typology XIII). pt 27.7% e h 77.3% the interior Within this condition, a “Line with End” arranges a pavement I terior elements in various ways. Volume Encircle and an arcade in series (Typology II), a pavement, an arcade and In this chapter, from the comparison of the typologies, composi- 6 Conclusion p 6: - 7: - a hall in series (Typology III), and a “Multiple Line with End” a tional diagrams that show similar manners to the threshold posi- The characteristics of threshold were examined in contemporary a 75: - 100% arranges pavements adjacent to grass with arcades independently II 26: - tion according to the volume are examined. The six compositional Japanese architecture located in urban park. The principle of the 62: - 73: - in series (Typology IV). The threshold is set at one sides of the Exterior diagrams (Volume Encircle, Extrude and Intrude, Two and Multi threshold was defined as the arrangement of open space and ex- a building, and projects towards the urban park. Volumes Insert, Multi Volume Infiltrate) are reframed into four terior and interior elements (Ch. 1). First, the arrangement of the a centering the exterior In the case that the threshold is partially enclosed by the Vol- pg 50% a a 50% and show in the vertical axis of Figure 6. Then, within these con- threshold according to circulation was established (Ch. 3). Second, pg IV ume; “Volume Intrude” (20), the average percentage of Thresh- ditions, the in-betweenness of the threshold with several elements the compositional diagram of the threshold with the volume was

12: 72% old Area is 28 %. Within this condition, a “Line with End” ar- 21: 41% that can tend toward the exterior, the interior, or found balance, examined. Then, through an observation of the arrangement of 64: 88% 27.2% 72.8% h 70: 97% with/without depth is examined. It leads to the definition of char- the threshold against the volume, thirteen typologies of threshold ranges a pavement adjacent to trees or grass, an arcade and a p a h a 79: 66% hall in series (Typology Va, Vb), a pavement adjacent to grass, an 51: 76% 63: 79% acteristics with tendencies of threshold in architecture located in were established (Ch. 4). Four characteristics with tendencies III 37: 58% 87: 30% 54: 92% 11: 79% exterior enclosure, an arcade and a hall in series (Typology VI). 68: 82% 19: 79% urban park (Fig. 6). of the threshold were clarified through the comparison of these 50: 64% 20: 68% 38: 59% The threshold is set within the Volume and at one side develops h In the case the threshold is organized with a single volume: typologies: Isolating (the interior), Centering (the exterior, of the 30.4% 69.6% a Volume Extrude and Intrude pg-t a h centering proximity with the urban park. Va, Vb the interior Volume Encircle prevails to the threshold, the volume hedges the interior, with depth of the exterior), Dispersing (the interior, with

In the case that the threshold is organized within two Volumes; 22: 41% proximity with the urban park. Within this condition the hall is depth of the interior, of the interior and of the exterior, with depth 48: 12% 60: 72% Two Volumes Insert (25), the average percentage of Threshold a h dominant and expands interior transparent. It shows the charac- of the interior and of the exterior), Blurring (the interior and of e pg 58.3% e a h 41.7% centering Area is 33 %. Within this condition, a “Transversal Line” ar- the exterior teristic of isolating the interior from the urban park (Typology the exterior) (Ch. 5). These characteristics shows the possibilities VI with depth ranges pavements adjacent to grass, exterior enclosures, arcades I). Volume Intrude and Extrude set the threshold at the front, and of the threshold to create a gradual progression through space in 17: 81% 33: 87% and a hall in a series from two opposite sides (Typology VII), h 52: 80% at a single side (or independently others) is in relationship with between the open space, the exterior and the interior. This dem- a 4: 85% pt 16.8% 83.2% a “Line with End” arranges a pavement adjacent to grass or a h 9: 81% the urban park. Within this condition, either the arcade is domi- onstrates the states at which one can pass through space by utiliz- X 24: 92% 36: 91% trees, an arcade and a hall in series (Typology VIIIa, VIIIb). The 57: 49% nant and expands exterior space or hall is dominant and expands ing transitional characteristics of extended public space. 74: 46% threshold creates complex relations with the interior opaque and 77: 95% interior transparency. They show the characteristics of centering h a Notes the urban park. The threshold tends to project towards outside in pg-t 24.3% a h 75.7% dispersing the exterior (Typology II, IV) or centering the interior (Typol- the interior 1 ) Consult reference i. ) multiple directions. VIIIa, VIIIb ogy III, Vab) between the urban park and the interior of the public 2 ) “mise-en-scene” is from French origin and refers to theatrical stage In the case that the threshold is organized within several Vol- 47: 75% facilities. It provides a short access to the public facility for peo- settings. In this study, it is used to refer to the physical settings of the h 29: 68% 61: 41% a threshold that is composed to produce a space for people to congregate umes; Multi Volumes Insert (16), the average of Threshold Area e ple. Within this condition, the arcade and exterior enclosure are pt 38.7% e a h 61.3% dispersing and socialize” the interior is 48 %. Within this even condition against Volume a “Line with XI with depth dominant and expand exterior space, and transition is lengthened 3 ) Consult reference ii. ): Certeau explains public space as namelessness 16: 44% space that integrates the private space through daily use of the hu- End” arranges a pavement adjacent to trees, an enclosure and a 28: 63% inside of the building. This shows the characteristic of centering h 32: 44% man. hall in series (Typology IX), a “Line with End” arranges a pave- e the exterior with depth between the urban park and the inte- 49.7% 50.3% dispersing 4 ) Consult reference iii. ) pt e h ment adjacent to trees, an arcade and a hall in series (Typology X), the interior and rior of the public facilities (Typology VI). 5 ) Consult reference iv. ) IX the exterior a pavement adjacent to trees, an exterior enclosure, an arcade and In the case that the threshold is organized with multiple-vol- 6 ) Consult reference v. ): “In architectural composition, one building is Exterior 42: 29% 80: 55% composed by elements which are combined. Regarding the façade of a

Two and Multi Volumes Insert e a hall in series (Typology XI), a “ ” arranges pavements a 81: 70% umes: Two Volumes Insert and Multi Volumes Insert place the Branch h a ancient Greek temple, it is divided between elements such as column, pg e a h h a e 24.3% e 78: 29% adjacent to grass, exterior enclosures, arcades and a hall(s) in dif- 85: 94% threshold in between volumes, it creates complex relations with etc. They are combined and vary (Doric, etc), which change the order VII 24.3% 51.3% pg 83: 42% ferent subdivisions (Typology XII). The threshold increases access the volume and the open space of the urban park. Within this con- of the facade”. About typology “Variety of composition are found and Exterior reveals the inherent structure. A composition forms an example of a connections and views towards the Volume and the urban park. dispersing dition, the hall is dominant and expands interior space. They show a the interior and building, and the repetition of compositions are called typologies.” e h e In the case the threshold is organized around Volumes; Multi 22.5% 22.5% a the exterior the characteristic of dispersing the interior (Typology VIIIab, pg e a h h a e e with depth They are accessible spaces. Some of them are accessible from the XII pg Volumes Infiltrate (7), the average percentage of Threshold Area 55% X) and dispersing the interior with depth (Typology XI), in- street authorizing 24 hours of access or from the interior of the building, allowing access during the daytime. But all are considered as is 73 %. Within this dominating condition in the whole, a “Line 14: 33% creasing the articulation of the transition. Within this condition, 25: 71% “public space”, since these differences might be considered as a differ- h 49: 20% with End” arranges a pavement adjacent to grass, an arcade and 72: 96% exterior enclosure and hall are equal and expand both interior 45% 55% a ence of the opening hours. pg a h blurring the border a hall in series (Typology XIII). The Threshold is projecting to the XIII between the transparency and exterior space. This shows the characteristics 7 ) 新建築社 interior and the 8 ) The location of the public facilities within the urban park has been whole surrounding of the urban park. exterior of dispersing the interior and the exterior (Typology IX) and Legend: exterior interior examined with administrative map when information’s in earlier All the signs are explained in p: pavement exterior area with depth (Typology VII, XII), between the urban park and the average (av.) No: hall area % Shinkenchiku was not edited. Table 2 (elements of threshold): pg: pavement h: hall adjacent to grass public facilities, and the length of the transition is balanced be- 9 ) Consult reference vi. ) 5 Characteristics of threshold pt: pavement pt e a h a: arcade hall area Multi Volumes Infiltrate e: enclosure adjacent to trees demarcation average (av.) 10) Consult reference vii. ) In Ch. 1, threshold was seen as “public space”. It affords a per- between exterior tween, inside and outside. In the case of Multi Volumes Infiltrate, g: grass elements t: trees 11) Consult reference viii. ) (not scaled) IX son to stay, organizes his/her ways of watching the surrounding wa: water volumes are integrated within the threshold and the contour of (typology) 12) Consult reference ix. ) activities or vicinity, and defines their itinerary from the urban the public facilities is delimited to the urban park. Within this 13) Consult reference x. ) Fig. 6 Characteristics of threshold

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6 7 References 和文要約 i. ) Christopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein, A Pat- 都市公園に建つ現代日本の建築作品における閾の構成を明らかにす tern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction, Oxford Univ Press, pp.348-352, pp.603-605, 1977 ることが、本研究の目的である。都市公園に建つ公共施設において ii. ) Michel de Certeau: l`Invention du Quotidien, 2, Gallimard, 1994. は、人々が集まり、休息し、近傍を眺めることのできる閾と呼び得 iii. ) Guillaume Faas, Yoshiharu Tsukamoto : Composition Of Exterior る空間（以下、閾空間）を見出すことが出来る。閾空間は、外部空 Slanted Space In Japanese Contemporary Architecture, 日本建築学会計画系論文集 , 第 687 号 , pp.1013-1021, 2013.05 間と内部空間の間に位置する移行の空間であり、アプローチ動線に iv. ) http://law.e-gov. go.jp/htmldata/S32/S32HO161.html, 10.02.2009 ref- 沿った外部空間と要素の配列により異なる性格を持ちうるものであ erence. る。これら閾空間の構成を、透明性のある内部空間、建築的に定義 http://www.mlit.go.jp/crd/park/shisaku/p_toshi/syurui/index.html, 10.02.2009 reference. された外部空間、オープンスペースの分節とそれらのアプローチ動 v. ) 坂本一成：建築構成学 - 建築デサインの方法 , 実教出版 , pp.7-27, 線に沿った配列として検討し、これと閉鎖された内部空間と閾空間 2012.3 の平面的な配列の特徴を重ねて検討することで閾空間の構成類型を vi. ) 寺内美紀子、坂本一成：建築の外部空間の分節と配置形式 - 領域的性格からみた外部空間の構成形式に関する研 , 日本建築学会計画系論文集 , 抽出した。これらの比較から、ヴォリュームに閾が包含される内部第 491 号 , pp.91-98, 1997.01 の「分離」、ひとつの閾がアプローチとなる外部、内部、奥行きを伴寺内美紀子、村田淳、坂本一成：現代日本の建築作品における外形構 vii. ) う外部の「集中」、複数のヴォリュームに閾が接続する内部、奥行き成とアプローチ空間 - 領域的性格からみた外部空間の構成形式に関する研究 (2), 日本建築学会計画系論文集 , 第 525 号 , pp.129-135, 1999.11 を伴う内部、外部と内部、奥行きを伴う外部と内部の「分散」、閾が viii. 寺内美紀子、坂本一成、奥山信一、小川次郎：現代日本の建築作品ヴォリュームを包含する外部と内部の「曖昧化」という、閾の性格における外部領域要素の配列 - 領域的性格からみた外部空間の構成形式が成立することを明らかにした。に関する研究 (3), 日本建築学会計画系論文集 , 第 543 号 , pp.131-138, 2001.05 （2013年 ₅ 月10日原稿受理，2013年11月 ₆ 日採用決定） ix.) 中井邦夫、森山ちはる、坂本一成：現代日本の博物館建築における立地環境と外形構成 - 外形ヴォリュームの分節による建築の構成形式に関する研究 (4), 日本建築学会計画系論文集 , 第 607 号 , pp.33-40, 2006.09 x.) 大島秀明、天野克也、谷口汎邦、公園内美術館における複合的利用と座り行為に関する研究 , 日本建築学会計画系論文集 , 第 570 号 , pp.33- 40, 2003.08

Attached Table 1 List of samples No ym P S Ta Th H park-architecture name No ym P S Ta Th H park-architecture name ha (m2) % % ha (m2) % % 1 5606 a 12 7803 53 41 hiroshima-peace hall 45 8411 c 3 5601 38 19 ikuhisa-history museum 2 0208 a 12 2527 20 67 hiroshima-peace hall 2 46 8512 s 47 3195 53 - jindai botanical-chofu sports hall 3 5907 c 53 4747 77 4 ueno-western art museum 47 8607 c 39 5990 45 75 kinuta-setagaya art museum 4 6106 c 53 7054 55 85 ueno-tokyo cultural hall 48 8702 c 37 1377030 12 tsurugajoshi-fukushima museum 5 7701 c 53 9459 24 75 ueno-city museum 49 8710 a 9 942 54 20 hamakogyo-kishiwada rinkai hall 6 6410 s 40 10147 17 - komazawa-gymnasium 50 8801 c 9 2496 37 64 shirakawa-nagoya art museum 7 6410 s 40 13668 16 - komazawa-field 51 8802 c 12 6515 14 76 tama central-parthenon tama 8 6410 s 40 4805 8 100 komazawa-volleyball 52 8902 c 7 1273 23 80 oisoshirayama-oiso museum 9 6611 c 13 1041 28 81 shiroyama-shinano museum 53 8906 c 29 2820 60 92 hijima-hiroshima city museum 10 9010 c 13 1461 57 48 shiroyama-nagano museum 54 8904 c 10 4114 34 92 citizen cultural-sun garden 11 6809 a 10 1737 30 79 morioka castle-iwate library 55 8911 a 81 9530 12 74 kasai-tokyo sea life park 12 6909 s 22 5469 12 72 yabase sports-gymnasium 56 9510 a 81 499 85 90 kasai-rest house 13 7107 c 13 1287 31 16 oohasu-archaeology museum 57 9001 a 6 3504 26 49 geijutsunomori-litteracy pavilion 14 7112 a 81 1291 58 33 daisen-sakai library 58 9004 s 16 1078923 34 higashi ayase-tokyo budokan 15 7112 c 5 2236 43 8 shinmachikawa-foundation 59 9006 s 6 1058148 - meiji-tokyo sports hall 16 7201 c 68 6778 50 44 oomiya-saitama museum 60 9009 c 4 425 35 72 rojou-komatsu museum 17 7304 a 7 3565 42 81 yumekawa-tokyo chuo library 61 9209 c 43 3044 34 41 midorigaoka-obihiro art museum 18 7412 a 9 7321 34 28 castle site-shimabara hall 62 9211 s 21 2181 8 - iwase-health sports dome 19 7501 c 26 4150 29 79 gunmanomori-gunma art museum 63 9306 c 50 3899 14 79 tokorozawa-aviation museum 20 8001 c 26 5284 16 68 gunmanomori-science museum 64 9501 s 46 3832618 88 toyama sports-athletics stadium 21 7501 s 33 4667 14 41 kasamatsusports-gymnastic hall 65 9505 c 24 8911 33 46 kiba-tokyo art museum 22 7506 a 55 5921 26 41 akashi-hyogo pref library 66 9608 a 19 3368 22 100 nagasaki peace-atomic bomb 23 7510 a 20 6179 44 5 katsuyama-kitakyushu library 67 0308 a 19 2837 8 91 nagasaki peace-memorial hall 24 7510 c 160 4923 14 92 koizumigata-akita pref museum 68 9609 c 3 1929 11 82 kamonyama-nogakudo 25 8811 a 44 4304 68 71 yumenoshima-green house 69 9612 a 2 8250 40 - esaka-esaka 26 7608 c 44 988 8 - yumenoshima-gallery 70 9701 s 30 1610520 97 minami nagano-stadium 27 7704 s 44 9139 28 67 yumenoshima-gymnasium 71 9705 s 23 5695 23 68 hijono sports-hanamaki hall 28 7610 a 20 1023 63 63 doho-tsukuba hall 72 9710 c 3 3147 72 96 shimouma-city art museum 29 7801 c 54 1114 41 68 futanomaru-kumamoto museum 73 9711 c 28 15722 6 - gabe central-dome 30 7812 c 44 4041 53 5 hiroshima-hiroshima museum 74 9712 c 24 1030132 46 nakajima-sapporo concert hall 31 7810 c 54 3625 23 69 kumamoto castle-history museum 75 9804 s 70 67050 3 - shinyokohama-stadium 32 8001 c 40 9870 50 44 ohori-fukuoka art museum 76 9807 a 25 376 96 40 furukawa sogo-rest house 33 8606 c 40 2355 28 87 ohori-noh hall 77 9906 c 11 3457 14 95 children forest-obunshi museum 34 8110 c 7 2157 29 18 toro archaeological-sekisui hall 78 0007 a 50 2875 70 29 kitasouhananooka-cultural hall 35 8203 a 3 459 48 19 kamisakabenishi-public center 79 0012 s 46 3979 8 66 kose sports-ice arena 36 8309 c 68 3122 27 91 himeji-hyogo history museum 80 0103 c 55 2807 31 55 kasama-ceramic museum 37 8301 c 11 5740 19 58 tochigi-tochigi museum 81 0208 a 5 3086 21 70 teganuma-learning center 38 8301 c 5 2552 26 59 kitaura-saitama museum 82 0209 a 18 2124819 16 saikyogoku sports-aquarena 39 8304 s 14 3692 14 40 kishine-kanagawabudokan 83 0311 s 86 2094061 42 shinaomori sports-aomori arena 40 8401 s 107 11108 19 83 osaka castle-sport hall 84 0312 s 38 11402 12 100 matsuyama central-budokan 41 9401 a 68 344 76 100 himeji-senkantei 85 0509 a 15 5077 81 94 island city-gurin gurin 42 9010 a 68 3424 29 29 himeji-himeji center 86 0607 a 15 4920 81 79 showa kinen-hanamidori center 43 8401 a 26 3125 2 - senshu-akita central library 87 0703 a 8 200 63 30 manabinomori-kumonoterrace 44 0607 a 107 277 80 19 osaka jo-gravitecture osaka 88 0801 c 6 4399 34 97 miya-cultural center Note 1 of Attached Table 1: No: number, ym: year month, P: purpose (c: cultural building such as museum, etc; a: administrative building such as library, etc;s: sports such as gymnasium, etc). S (ha) superficy of the park, Ta (m2): Total Area as the area of threshold and volume, Th (%): Threshold Area percentage in Total Area, H (%): Hall Area percentage in Threshold Area.

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