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Composition of Threshold in Japanese Contemporary Architecture Located 計画系 696 号 【カテゴリーⅠ】 日本建築学会計画系論文集 第79巻 第696号，365-372，2014年 ₂ 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 79 No. 696, 365-372, Feb., 2014 COMPOSITION OF THRESHOLD IN JAPANESE CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE LOCATED IN URBAN PARKS COMPOSITION都市公園に建つ現代日本の建築作品における閾の構成 OF THRESHOLD IN JAPANESE CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE LOCATED IN URBAN PARKS Guillaume FAAS＊ and Yoshiharu TSUKAMOTO＊＊ 都市公園に建つ現代日本の建築作品における閾の構成 ファース ギョーム，塚 本 由 晴 Guillaume FAAS*, Yoshiharu TSUKAMOTO** ファース・ ギョーム， 塚本由晴 The aim of this study is to clarify the composition of threshold in Japanese contemporary architecture located in urban parks. “Threshold” is seen as a space which possesses the potential to provide people with a place to congregate, rest, and views to the vicinity. The principle of threshold is seen as the transitional space from the exterior to the interior in public architecture that can have different character by various arrangement of elements and open space according to the access circulation. First, the elements that compose the threshold are defined. Second, the arrangement of the threshold is examined. Third, the compositional diagrams of the threshold with the Volume are examined, and typologies of the threshold are established. From the comparison of these typologies four characteristics with tendencies are clarified: Isolating (the interior), Concentrating (the exterior, the interior, the exterior with depth), Dispersing (the interior, the interior with depth, the interior and of the exterior, the interior and the exterior with depth), Blurring (the interior and the exterior) Keywords: Japanese Contemporary architecture, Urban Park, Threshold, Composition, Arrangement, Typology. 現代日本建築作品， 都市公園， 閾，構成，配列，類型 1 Introduction of a door. The sill defines the limit between two distinct spaces, 1.1 Background and purpose which can be between an exterior and an interior, between two Public facilities do not only serve activities for people, but also exteriors or between two interiors. The sill is always in between provide people opportunities to gather and meet each other, in since it belongs to the spaces on both sides. In this paper, this in- light of the fact they are open to all. The spatial transition be- betweenness of the sill as the treshold is extended into spatial tween the exterior and the interior of the architecture possesses composition. the potential to provide people a place to congregate and rest 1), After the Second World War, the Japanese society has built and a view towards the vicinity. This transitional space is seen many public facilities within urban parks 5) which welcome people as a “mise-en-scene” 2), for the coexistence of different people and for recreational activities and offer them a more natural environ- their behaviors 3), which is the basic condition of public space even ment with lawns, trees or ponds in the city. In the urban fabric, in the territory of a single building. A previous paper 4) examined the transitional space between exterior and interior, is defined by “exterior slanted space” as a public space promoted in the single existing built structure such as buildings, squares, streets, but in public facility. This paper focuses on the type of space calling it a urban parks it is defined by the architectural element with open “threshold” in public facilities. space. It shows how architecture can have an effect on exterior The threshold is defined by the succession of architectural ele- space which is less defined by the boundary than architecture, and ments, activated by the access circulation toward the entrance. how this effect integrate the open space within the architectural The principle of threshold can be explained by referring to the sill composition. ＊ Faastatekawa Architectes, Dr. Eng. Faastatekawa Architectes 博士（工学） ＊＊ Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Architecture and Built Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Dr. Eng. 東京工業大学大学院理工学研究科建築学専攻 * faastatekawa architectes・博士（工学） faastatekawa architectes, Dr. Eng. 准教授・博士（工学） ** 東京工業大学大学院理工学研究科建築学専攻 准教授・博士（工学） Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Architecture and Built Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Dr. Eng. － 365 － 1 In that particular condition, contemporary Japanese architecture exterior interior attempts to introduce various characteristics of the threshold as a device to promote social behaviors within urban parks. It is im- approach entrance portant to establish a theoretical frameworks in order to make the “sill” 6) role of the composition of the threshold in the design practice exterior interior adjacent open space exterior interior architecture architecture (water/pavement) more understandable. exterior interior (arcade) (hall) architecture architecture approach entrance The aim of this study is to investigate the composition of thresh- adjacent open space old and clarify its characteristics for the contribution to promote approach entrance “threshold” public space in contemporary Japanese architecture located in ur- “threshold” Gallery of Horyuji Treasures - Ueno park ban parks, built during the post-war period in Japan (1950-2012). Fig. 1 Principle of threshold in architecture located in urban park 1.2 Principle of threshold Table 1 Urban park type according to year issued 2 The threshold, the transitional space from the exterior to the 00`s~ (14) a c a a a a a s s a c s a 2 2 2 2 interior in public architecture can have different characters by 90`s (24) a cc c a s c s a s c a c s s c c a s a 2 80`s (23) c a c c c c a c c c s c c a c c c s a c a s 2 2 2 the various arrangement of the architectural elements and the 70`s (18) c a a c a c s s c a c c c a c 3 60`s (7) a c s s c open space according to the access circulation. In this principle, year issued the open space is distinguished by whether it holds access or not, 50`s (2) a c 0,25~5 ha 5~10 ha 10~75 ha 75~ ha architectural elements are distinguished by whether it is interior Neigh- Recre- District City Nucleus legend: borhood ational urban urban a: administrative (29) or exterior, and entirely closed or not (Fig. 1). urban ; c: cultural (40); s: sport (19) urban park (13) park (62) park (6) ex: s 3 > three sport facilities park(7) Based on this principle, 88 samples (Attached Table 1) were type of urban park found in Japanese contemporary architecture built after the Sec- Table 2 Elements of threshold and volume ond World War located in urban parks surrounded by urban fab- ric. These samples are published in the periodical Shinkenchiku 7) open space exterior architecture interior architecture no definitive no definitive no definitive definitive from 1950 to present, due to its consistent approach of review and function function function function free restricted the precision of its data. The information was based on the pho- entrance entrance visual partial visual visual partial visual tographic images, plans and sections 8). In this paper, the urban connection connection connection connection park has to be surrounded by urban fabric. Most of the works have been constructed during the 1990s (24) Enclosure, Pavement, exhibition, and the 1980s (23); followed by a smaller proportion in the 1970s etc: e sand, etc: p storage, etc (18), 2000s (14), 1960s (7) and the 1950s (2). Most of the works all/partially no visual visual connection connection are grouped into Large Scale Urban Parks of a City Nucleus (62), Grass: g Trees, Arcade, bush, porch, followed by District Urban Park (13), then Recreational (7), and garden: t etc: a in a smaller number, for Neighborhood Use (6). The buildings` Water: wa function are mainly cultural (40) institutions, such as museum, no definitive function Hall, foyer, definitive function /free entrance etc: h /restricted entrance followed by administrative (29), such as community centers and Stairs: st /all-partial visual connection /no visual connection sport (19) such as stadiums (Table 1). Element of threshold Volume : v 1.3 Relevancy p There are several studies that show a correlation with this pa- volume access in pavement v entrance per. From the viewpoint of architectural composition, studies by arcade enclosure volume and st v e p Terauchi and Sakamoto on buildings with separated blocks by ar- hall g v a a h v v ticulation of the site that demonstrates the relationship between h e entrance p 9) 10) v st the building and its surroundings , on approach space , and p g entrance access in p pavement access in pavement volume on the arrangement of exterior spatial elements, which shows the pg adjacent to grass v importance of coupling elements such as solid/plane and artificial/ natural into the composition of the exterior space 11). A study by No 11 morioka castle park No 59 meiji park iwate prefecture library tokyo sports hall Nakai and Sakamoto on exterior spatial composition and condi- arrangement of correlation arrangement of correlation threshold according with volume threshold according with volume tions of location exhibits how the spatial composition determines to circulation to circulation 12) the public characteristics of the typology . These studies give ar- v p p v h st p h st chitectural composition relevancy for the study of exterior space. e g e a a v g g v From the viewpoint of social environment, a study by Oshima; pg p p Amano; Taniguchi on use and sitting behaviors of museums in Fig. 2 Analysis example 1 Fig. 3 Analysis example 2 － 366 － 2 In that particular condition, contemporary Japanese architecture parks shows how visitors show interest for sitting space, such as a from a pavement as an access adjacent to grass, an arcade to a exterior interior attempts to introduce various characteristics of the threshold as hall or the surrounding of the museum entrance 13). It proves the transparent hall that includes one entrance, and is intruded in a device to promote social behaviors within urban parks.
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