Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 34(1), September – October 2015; Article No. 13, Pages: 88-93 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Review Article

Medicinal Value and Future Perspective of Some Therapeutically Important from Indian Western Region

Ramakant Vaishnav*1, R.D. Agrawal1, Sharma Sandeep2 1Mycology and pathology Lab, Department of Botany, University of , Jaipur, Rajasthan, . 2Secondary Metabolite Study Lab, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted on: 07-07-2015; Finalized on: 31-08-2015. ABSTRACT Indigenous herbal medicines have been popular since time immemorial and recently have also commanded major attention worldwide due to their potential therapeutic values and describe thousands of medicinal plants with their medicinal properties. In recent times, developed countries are turning to the use of traditional medicinal systems because the phytochemicals are potent in different therapeutic applications as they show defensive mechanism of action against a number of chronic diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease. There are many different ways in which plants have been found useful in medicines. The therapeutic properties of some of these medicinal plants are attributed owing to the presence of active substances such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, vitamins, tannins, and coumarin. So we have selected four plants that are commonly found in Indian and widely used by the local people for medicinal purpose. These four plants are Balanites aegyptiaca Del. (Hingot), deciduas Edgew. (Kair), Ficus glomerata Linn. (Gular), undulata D.Don. (Rohida). Each of four plants was briefly studied for the therapeutic purposes, its medicinal values and future perspectives in pathological study. This review paper contains most useful information on selected plants for further research work. Keywords: therapeutic values, phytochemical, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, vitamins, tannins, Coumarins.

INTRODUCTION saponins, essential oils, triterpenes and many other secondary metabolite compounds, with preventive and edicinal plants have been a major source of curative properties of traditional methods practiced in cure of human diseases since time ayurveda, unani and siddha in India. Mimmemorial. Today, one fourth of the world population depends on traditional medicines. The use of herbs to treat disease is almost universal Consequently the demand for the medicinal plants has among non-industrialized societies. enormously increased. Many of the drugs sold today are Many of the pharmaceuticals currently available to simple synthetic modifications of the natural compounds. physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies, The evolving commercial importance of secondary The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 metabolites in recent years has resulted in great interest percent of the population of some Asian and African in secondary metabolism, particularly in the possibility of countries presently uses herbal medicine for some aspect altering the purification of bioactive plant metabolites. of primary health care. In comparison, herbal medicines India has a rich heritage of plants as medicines; Indian can be grown from seed or gathered from nature for little systems of medicines utilize 80 percent of the material or no cost. All plants produce chemical compounds as derived from the plants. Indian western region especially part of their normal metabolic activities. These bioactive Thar desert is rich repository of traditional and Folk molecules and phytochemicals are divided into (1) medicines. The diversified climate of Thar region have primary metabolites such as sugars and fats, which are resulted occurrence of several valuable and economically found in all plants; and (2) secondary metabolites— important medicinal and aromatic plants of great compounds which are found in a smaller range of plants, therapeutic value. serving a more specific function. For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation The use of plants as sources of medicines are human and others are pheromones used to attract insects for substance has been in vogue since antiquity. These pollination. These secondary metabolites and pigments selected plants have high medicinal value in the form of that can have therapeutic actions in humans and which crude drug or medicine. The some selected plants have can be refined to produce drugs. So these four selected been used in variety of folk medicine for therapeutic or plants are studied for the therapeutic purposes and use prophylactic purposes in India and Asia. The therapeutic of secondary metabolites for the medical purpose. properties of selected medicinal plants are attributed owing to the presence of active substances such as Balanites aegyptiaca (Hingot) alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, vitamins, tannins, and Balanites aegyptiaca Del., also known as ‘Desert date’ in coumarin1. These medicinal plants contain high amount English, a member of the family Zygophyllaceae, is one of of biologically active phytochemical substances such as

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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 34(1), September – October 2015; Article No. 13, Pages: 88-93 ISSN 0976 – 044X the most common but neglected wild plant of the dry land areas of Africa and South Asia2. This is native to much of Africa and parts of the Middle East. In India, it is particularly found in Rajasthan, , Madhya Pradesh, and Deccan. Various part of Balanites aegyptiaca have been reported to possess medicinal properties in different ethnobotanical surveys, this plant has been reported to be an antihelminthic, a purgative, emetic and also cure the other type of ailments like skin boil, leucoderma, malaria, colds, syphilis and spleen disorders3.

Plants produce primary and secondary metabolites which 4 Figure 1: Balanites aegyptiaca (hingot) from western encompass a wide array of functions . Plants can region of India. manufacture many different types of secondary metabolites which have been subsequently exploited by ’s (Kair) humans for their beneficial role in a diverse array of 5 Capparis decidua is known as kair in local language in applications . Indian and one of the most traditional remedies used for Often plant secondary metabolites may be referred to as various medicinal treatments in India and other Asian plant natural products, in which case they illicit effects on countries. The study reveals that the presence of other organisms. phytochemicals such as amino acids, fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, glucosinolate and phenolic content Seed is used as expectorant, antibacterial, and antifungal. in extracts obtained from different aerial parts of C. Fruit is used in whooping cough, also in leucoderma and 6 decidua. All examined extracts were prominently rich in other skin diseases. Bark is used as spasmolytic , in the phenolics and glucosinates, and they showed potent treatment of syphilis, round worm infections, and as a antidiabetic and antihemolytic activity. The bark treats fish poison. inflammation and acute pain, whereas the treat The crude aqueous extract of bark of B. aegyptiaca fever and the buds used to treat alleviate boils. In Sudan, was showed a dose-dependent inhibition of spontaneous parts of the used for remedy of jaundice and joint 11 motility (paralysis) in adult earthworms. And also infection . The stems of kair have cytotoxic possesses vermicidal activity7. The kernels contained 45.0 activities, as they markedly inhibit the proliferation of to 46.1% oil and protein (32.4%), oil contains mainly metastic cancer cells. The plant Capparis decidua’s Stem, palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids which were the fruits and flowers contains N-triacontanol, water soluble main fatty acids8. The aqueous and organic leaves Stachydrine (2- Carboxy-1, 1-dimethyl Pyrrolidine), N- extracts of B. aegyptiaca was reported to have pentacosane, β-Sitosterol and β-Carotene and antibacterial effect against eight different bacteria when hydrocarbons Nonacosane and Triacontane. The stem tested individually and in combinations Salmonella typhi possesses anti helmintic activity, hepatoprotective 12 13 diarrheagenic bacteria, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus activity , antidiabetic activity, hypolipidemic activity . 14 aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, and Flowers and fruits are sedative and anticonvulsant . Listeria monocytogenes. Flowers are anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic15. The acetone and methanolic extracts of stem bark of plant has reported an antivenom activity against saw- The extract of unripe fruits and shoots of C. decidua cause scaled (Echis carinatus) viper venom concentration at reduction in plasma triglycerides, total lipids and 16 lethal dose (0.194 mg/ml), when administered phospholipids; hence used as hypercholesterolemic . intramuscularly to Wistar albino rats9. Both extracts were Capparidisine a new alkaloid from C. decidua is reported found to be effective at 75 and 100 mg/ml to have dose dependant depressant effect on heart rate concentrations. Methanolic and butanol (BE) extracts of that is also affect the coronary flow. Maximum fall in B. aegyptiaca showed significant anti-inflammatory, anti- coronary flow was achieved at 1mg/ml, the contraction nociceptive activity in the carrageenin-induced edema in and heart rate increased at 2 ng dose and then a dose the rat, and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice and dependant fall was seen upto 128 and 32 ng, in force of 17 antioxidant action by using in vitro10, using a method contraction and heart rate respectively . based on the Briggs–Rauscher oscillating reaction. The On studying the antibacterial activity of the seeds it was pure saponin, extracted from the fruit mesocarp, and found that glucocapparin had no activity but its water extract have been reported as hypoglycemic agent isothiocyanate aglycon had good antibacterial activity18. It when tested on albino rats in different concentrations was found to inhibit cell cultures of Vibrio cholerae, V. dose and Daonil (as a standard medication). It also ogava, V. inaba and V. eltor19. C. decidua may have reported that it inhibit Escherichia coli growth in rats. potential use as an antidiabetic agent and in lowering

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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 34(1), September – October 2015; Article No. 13, Pages: 88-93 ISSN 0976 – 044X oxidative stress in diabetes20,21. The aqueous and The latex (milky juice) is administered in haemorrhoids, methanolic extracts of Capparis decidua stems were boils, alleviates the edema in adenitis, parotitis, orchitis, screened for their hepatoprotective activity against CCl4- traumatic swelling, toothache, vaginal disorders, induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Yet, no systematic studies diarrhoea particular in childrens and also aphrodisiac. on its hepatoprotective activity have been reported. One Latex is applied externally on chronic infected wounds to of the study on this plant indicated that aqueous and alleviate edema, pain and to promote the healing. The methanolic extracts of C. decidua stems could afford a latex is reportedly used for treating piles32. The root sap is 33 significant protection against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity used for treating diabetes . The Australian aborigines use in rats22. this plant in the treatment of mumps, smallpox, heamaturia, menorrhagia and inflammatory conditions34. In the cyclooxygenase assays, ethyl acetate twig extracts In siddha the bark, fruits and latex are used to treat of Capparis decidua, showed inhibitory effect against constipation, anaemia and dysentery35. prostaglandin synthesis by COX-2 ranging from 58 to 97% and weak (< 50%) or no activity against COX-1 induced Alcoholic as well as aqueous extracts caused inhibition of prostaglandin production. The in vitro anti-inflammatory spontaneous motility of whole worm and nerve muscle activity observed in this study support the utilization of preparation of Setaria cervi characterized by increase in the plants in traditional medicine as crude anti- amplitude and tone of contractions. Both extracts caused inflammatory agents23. Extracts of Capparis decidua death of microfilariae in vitro36. The hydro alcoholic stems and flowers showed insecticidal and oviposition extract of leaves was found effective against Actinomyces inhibitory activities against Bruchus chinensis24. vicosus. The minimum inhibitory concentration was found to be 0.08mg/ml37. The plant possesses potent inhibitory activity against six species of fungi, viz. Trichophyton mentagrophytas, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton soundanense, Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Torulopsis glabrata38,39.

Figure 2: Capparis deciduas (Common name Kair in western India). Ficus glomerata (Gular) Ficus glomerata is widely distributed all over India, Northern Australia and other parts of Asia. It has long Figure 3: Ficus racemosa (Common name Gular in been used in Indian medicinal practice as astringent, western India). carminative, stomachic, vermicide, etc. It is believed to be a good remedy for visceral obstructions and extract of the Tecomella undulata (Rohida) fruit is used in leprosy, diarrhoea, circulatory and Tecomella undulata () is a locally known as 25,26 respiratory disorders and menorrhagia . Rohida, found in Thar Desert regions of northwest and Roots are used in dysentery, pectoral complaints, Western India and it is also state tree of Rajasthan. T. diabetes, applied in mumps, other inflammatory undulata plays an important role in environmental glandular enlargements. They act as a powerful tonic. conservation. Leaves and stem bark are traditionally used According to Ayurveda, roots are useful in as a remedy for syphilis, urinary disorders, and hydrophobia27,28. Bark is acrid, cooling, galactagogue and enlargement of spleen, gonorrhoea, leucoderma and liver good for gynaecological disorders. The stem bark is used diseases. The bark of T. undulata is primarily used in the to treat menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea, urinary treatment of syphilis, painful swellings and cancer by diseases, hemorrhage and skin diseases29. Its stem bark traditional healers. Also, it is claimed to be useful in has shown anti-diarrhoeal, antidiuretic, antitussive, anti- treating urinary discharges, enlargement of spleen, pyretic and hypoglycemic activities30. The leucorrhoea, leukoderma, tumors, liver disorders, chemomodulatory effect of F. racemosa against ferric gonorrhea, gout and promotes wound healing in Indian nitrilotriaceatate (Fe-NTA) induced renal carcinogenesis traditional system of medicine. and oxidative damage response in rats was reported Both aqueous and alcoholic leaf and stem extracts of T. 31 recently . undulata showed growth inhibition of Salmonella typhi,

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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 34(1), September – October 2015; Article No. 13, Pages: 88-93 ISSN 0976 – 044X acausal organism of typhoid fever the antibacterial especially of plant origin which needs evaluation on activity with methanolic and aqueous extracts of T. modern scientific lines such as phytochemical analysis, undulata reported. Butanolic extract prepared from the pharmacological screening and clinical trials. bark of T. undulata has significant anti-inflammatory These all four selected plants are distributed throughout activity against carrageenan induced paw edema and the drier parts of India. It has been used since ages by the cotton pellet induced granuloma in rat. The activity was tribes of deserts to cure several diseases like whooping similar to that shown by the standard drug cough, sleeping sickness, guinea worm diseases and skin indomethacin40. Ahmad evaluated the methanolic extract disorders. of plant for its anti inflammatory and analgesic potential by using rat paw edema and tail immersion method Economically also, it is a very significant plant because respectively41. The extract showed significant analgesic various parts of these plants contain saponins, alkaloids potential with comparison to standard asprin. Several and diosgenin (secondary metabolites that have high biochemical parameters like bilirubin, alkaline pharmacological importance). The pharmacological phosphates, urea etc. showed an interesting sex studies of Balanites aegyptiaca demonstrated dependency. All these parameters decreased in male rats insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, hepatoprotective, but increased significantly in female rats. According to anticancerous, antihelminthic, antiparasitic, antidiabetic another report by Ullah, they have shown the effect of and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant. Despite the rohitakarista on lipid profile of albino rats42. Oral great importance of these plants as economical, administration of rohitakarista caused a decrease in ethnobotanical and medicinally important , attempts triglycerides while a significant increase in the total for its conservation, sustainable utilization and/or genetic cholesterol, VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) and HDL improvement, are by and large lacking. (high density lipoprotein) levels was observed. Ficus racemosa possesses various pharmacological Biochemical analysis indicated that T. undulata leaves activities as discussed in present paper. However, it is have oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and betulinic acid imperative that more clinical and pharmacological studies compounds that are strong HIV prohibitors. Octadimethyl should be conducted to investigate the unexploited succinate derivatives of oleanolic acid and, betulinic acid potential of this plant. Capparis deciduas seems to have have been reported to be 24 times more active than AZT, tremendous scope to provide different therapeutic a drug that is currently used for checking the spread of compound as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial AIDS43. Other compounds isolated from the leaves of T. and biochemicals to treat cardiac, renal, skin and central undulata are sitosterol, triacontanol, cirsimaritin, nervous system. Since this plant has wider application in cirilineol, pentatriacontanol and 4, 5-dihydroxy-3, 6, 8- medicine because of chemical biodiversity, there is a trimethoxy flavone. However; further studies are need to tap its multifaceted utility without which it is required to establish the underlying mechanism of T. likely to be threatened in different states of India. undulata in curing. This review article revealed that Tecomella undulata is rich in phytochemicals and also used as antimicrobial agents. It is rich in bioactive compounds that are also used as effective bio-medicine for the treatment of scabies in humans and animals, however further biochemical research studies may be needed to further explore the medicinal efficacy of the plant against scabies in more detail. This review is a meticulous compile of the research data on Tecommela undulata, Capparis deciduas, Ficus racemosa and Balanites aegyptiaca, all these plants have great medicinal value and therapeutic potentials. Analysis of literature on these desert plants reveals major lacunae

and subsequently opens new avenues for research. They Figure 4: Tecommela undulata (common name Rohida in are as follows: 1. Isolation and purification of pure western India). compounds from different part of plant such as stem, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS bark, leaves or roots. 2. Tribal, rural and primitive societies of India have Therapeutic validation of these pure compounds to discovered solution for treatment of disease to almost all validate traditional claims. 3. Translation of these findings their needs and problems from the natural resources into a possible therapeutic alternative for human around them. Hence, in recent years, ethnomedicinal consumption that is potent with minimal side effects. 4. studies received much attention as this brings to light the Preclinical toxicological evaluation of various biologically numerous little known and unknown medicinal virtues active plants extracts with different solvents.

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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 34(1), September – October 2015; Article No. 13, Pages: 88-93 ISSN 0976 – 044X

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