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1 the INSTITUTIONAL INTEREST in CRIMINALIZING ABORTION Det 1 THE INSTITUTIONAL INTEREST IN CRIMINALIZING ABORTION Det Humanistiske Fakultet Speciale Forside til specialet Afleveringsfrist Januar: Juni: [2020l] X Andet: Vejleder: Anne Scott Sørensen Institut: Kulturvidenskaber Titel, dansk: Institutionelle interesser i at kriminaliserer abort: En kritisk undersøgelse af diskurs i to abortlove i USA og Pakistan Titel, engelsk: The Institutional Interest in Criminalizing Abortion: A Critical Study of Discourse in Two Abortion Laws in the United States and Pakistan Min./max. antal typeenheder: 144.000 – Din besvarelses antal typeenheder1: 185. 792 192.000 (60 – 80 normalsider) (1 normalside = 2400 typeenheder) Du skal være opmærksom på, såfremt din besvarelse ikke lever op til det angivne (min./max) antal typeenheder (normalsider) vil din opgave blive afvist, og du har brugt et forsøg. (sæt x) Specialet må gerne i anonym form bruges i forbindelse med ___X_ undervisning/ vejledning af kommende specialestuderende Tro og love-erklæring 1 Tælles fra første tegn i indledningen til sidste tegn i konklusionen, inkl. fodnoter. Tabeller tælles med med deres antal typeenheder. Følgende tælles ikke med: resumé, indholdsfortegnelse, litteraturliste og bilag. Se i øvrigt eksamensbestemmelserne for disciplinen i studieordningen. 2 THE INSTITUTIONAL INTEREST IN CRIMINALIZING ABORTION Det erklæres herved på tro og love, at undertegnede egenhændigt og selvstændigt har udformet denne eksamensopgave. Alle citater i teksten er markeret som sådanne, og eksamensopgaven, eller væsentlige dele af den, har ikke tidligere været fremlagt i anden bedømmelsessammenhæng. Læs mere her: http://www.sdu.dk/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Eksamen.aspx Afleveret af: Fornavn: Efternavn: Fødselsdato: Alysia Alexandra Vadskjær Grapek 04.01.1995 3 THE INSTITUTIONAL INTEREST IN CRIMINALIZING ABORTION The Institutional Interest in Criminalizing Abortion: A Critical Study of Discourse in Two Abortion Laws in the United States and Pakistan Alysia Alexandra Vadskjær Grapek A thesis submitted to the Department for the Study of Culture For the degree of Master in Culture and Communication University of Southern Denmark June 2020 4 THE INSTITUTIONAL INTEREST IN CRIMINALIZING ABORTION Resumé Specialet undersøger, hvilke diskurser, der påvirker anti-abortlovgivning i Alabama og Pakistan, med henblik på at belyse den institutionelle rolle i overtrædelser af menneskerettigheder. USA og Pakistan krænker kvinders menneskeret til en sikker og lovlig abort ved at kriminaliserer abort, hvilket fremhæver en splittelse mellem lovningen og internationale forpligtelser til at overholde menneskerettigheder. Spørgsmålet specialet udforsker er: Hvilke institutionelle interesser har Pakistan og den amerikanske delstat Alabama i at kriminaliserer abort, og hvilke begrundelser findes der for disse restriktive og undertrykkende lovgivninger? Specialet anvender kritisk diskursanalyse af The Human Life Protection Act fra Alabama og afsnit 338 fra Pakistans Straffekode. Analysen fokuserer på, hvilke sociokulturelle diskurser, der er i spil i de forskellige lovgivninger med fokus på skjulte meninger, magtforhold og ideologi. Analysen af de to lovgivninger munder ud i en diskussion, der fokuserer på fire hovedtemaer: Reproduktiv styring, institutionelle ideologier, hegemoni, og det internationale perspektiv. Sammenligningen af lovene viser, at begge lande kriminaliserer abort, men Pakistan umiddelbart tilbyder bedre beskyttelse for kvinders menneskerettigheder end i Alabama. Islamiske indflydelser på loven viser at et foster ikke har samme rettigheder som en kvinde, og vagt sprog giver plads til en mere liberal fortolkning som kvinder kan drage fordel af. Alabamas lov er mere restriktiv og kvindernes rettigheder fremstilles som trusler mod den kristen tro. Undersøgelsen konkluderer, at lovene er tekstuelt forskellige, men viser værdier baseret på sexistiske og religiøse ideologier, som begrundelse for restriktionerne. Analysen viser at Alabama og Pakistans mandsdominerede regeringer har interesse i at abort forbliver kriminaliseret for at holde hegemonisk maskulinitet. Undersøgelsen viser at, 5 THE INSTITUTIONAL INTEREST IN CRIMINALIZING ABORTION regeringerne er med til at indføre og fastholde sexistiske og religiøse ideologier i samfundet ved at beholde lovgivning som krænker menneskerettigheder. Dette skaber ulighed i statens repræsentation af kvinder og religiøse minoriteter for fordel for de dominerende grupper i samfundet. Til sidst finder specialet at på international plan er der mangel på lokal og global ansvarlighed når et land krænker menneskerettigheder, hvilet er med til at fastholde hegemoni i institutioner og ulighed i samfundet. Keywords: Abortion, human rights, abortion politics, reproductive governance, Alabama, Pakistan, critical discourse analysis, institutional interest, criminalize 6 THE INSTITUTIONAL INTEREST IN CRIMINALIZING ABORTION Contents Resumé .............................................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................. 9 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 9 Current State of Research ................................................................................................. 14 Current Theoretical Literature .................................................................................... 14 Motivation ....................................................................................................................... 17 Choice of Countries........................................................................................................ 20 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................................ 23 Background ........................................................................................................................ 23 Human Rights................................................................................................................. 23 History of Abortion ........................................................................................................ 27 Abortion Politics............................................................................................................. 29 Institutions and Governance ......................................................................................... 35 Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................................ 38 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 38 Critical Discourse Analysis ........................................................................................... 38 Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................................ 44 Document Archive ............................................................................................................. 44 Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................................ 47 Document Analysis............................................................................................................. 47 Chapter 6 ................................................................................................................................ 54 7 THE INSTITUTIONAL INTEREST IN CRIMINALIZING ABORTION Pakistan Analysis ............................................................................................................... 54 Legal Discourse .............................................................................................................. 54 Institutional Voice .......................................................................................................... 60 Ideology ........................................................................................................................... 63 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 64 Chapter 7 ................................................................................................................................ 67 Alabama Analysis............................................................................................................... 67 Legal Discourse .............................................................................................................. 67 Abortion as Homicide .................................................................................................... 71 Ideology ........................................................................................................................... 74 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 75 Chapter 8 ................................................................................................................................ 77 Discussion............................................................................................................................ 77 Reproductive Governance ............................................................................................
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