Paradigma Historis Backpacking Travel Sebagai Perjalanan Wisata

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Paradigma Historis Backpacking Travel Sebagai Perjalanan Wisata Pitaya, Muhammad Baiquni, Marsono, Nopirin Dikumpulkan : 4 Juli 2019 Diterima : 15 Agustus 2019 DOI : https://doi.org/10.22146/jpt.48834 Paradigma Historis Backpacking Travel Sebagai Perjalanan Wisata Pitaya1, Muhammad Baiquni2, Marsono3, Nopirin4 1Diploma Kepariwisataan, Sekolah Vokasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada [email protected] 2Departemen GeograFi Pembangunan, Fakultas Geografi, Universitas Gadjah Mada [email protected] 3Departemen Sastra Nusantara, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Gadjah Mada [email protected] 4Fakultas Ekonomika dan Bisnis, Universitas Gadjah Mada Abstract Nowadays backpacking travEl is thE most popular travElling stylE which Famous to thE youth travEllEr. According to thE history, thE travElling stylE can bE trackEd From thE nomadic tribEs in all cornEr oF thE world For thEir moving habit For run thEir liFE. Through thE agEs, thE nomad who carriEs backpack at thEir back to bring nEcessitiEs adoptEd by soldiErs, ExplorErs, and many kinds of travEllErs, until transFormEd to thE modErn FrEE indEpEndEnt tourist (FIT) ; backpackEr, flash packer to thE prEsEnt techno packer. ThE backpackErs itsElf always bEcomE an intErEsting objEct for thE scholars and thE tourism ExpErts. ThEir travElling stylE colorized EvEry grEat journEy that men EvEr madE. This papEr aim is to sEEk and idEntiFy thE ExistEncE oF backpackErs and their travElling stylE throughout historical paradigm. ThE mEthods using in this rEsearch is both litEraturEs studies and Field obsErvatory to thE iconic backpacking travEls sitEs in thE history. The results show that thE backpackErs and backpacking travel consists oF unique charactEristics who detErminE thEir travElling stylE that diFFErEnt among thE common tourist or EvEn thE group inclusivE tour (GIT). ThE backpackErs travEls much longEr, morE Far, thEy travEl somE timE to thE ofF beaten tracks, they always madE intEraction with thE local community, and thEir journEys inspirEd othErs. No wondEr if in thE FuturE backpacking travEl will contributEs so many inFluEncEs to thE tourism world. Keywords: Historical Paradigm, BackpackEr, Backpacking TravEl 34 Jurnal Pariwisata Terapan, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2019 Pitaya, Muhammad Baiquni, Marsono, Nopirin I. PENDAHULUAN mEngalami pErgErakan, sEsuai dEngan Di Era globalisasi yang sEmakin FilsaFat pariwisata yang mEngEdEpankan tidak tErtahankan saat ini, dunia unsur mobilitas. mEngalami pErubahan sEmakin cEpat G. DEleuzE dan F. Guattari dalam hampir di semua sektor akibat dari A Thousand PlatEaus (1988) meningkatnya harga kebutuhan bahan mEnginspirasi tEntang FilsaFat mobilitas bakar, sEmakin pEntingnya posisi sosial yang sEring diistilahkan sEbagai media dan pesatnya perkembangan nomadologi atau ilmu pEngEtahuan tEknologi baru. SEhingga tidak mengenai pergerakan manusia dengan mEnghErankan apabila Faktor yang bErbagai macam motiF dan bEntuknya, paling stabil pada kondisi ini adalah diantaranya yang paling populer adalah “pErubahan” (Vaals, 2013). Dalam pariwisata. SEmEntara itu Tim CrEsswEll kontEks pariwisata, industri ini tidak dalam On thE MovE (2006) hanya mErupakan sEktor yang paling mEngutarakan bahwa dalam hal cEpat dan paling bEsar bErkEmbang di mobilitas tErdapat tiga momen yang dunia, akan tEtapi juga mErupakan salah berhubungan yaitu; pertama mobilitas satu bidang pang paling tidak stabil sEbagai Fakta yang sEcara potEnsial sehingga karakter pariwisata modern tErobsErvasi dan tErukur, suatu Fakta didasarkan pada perubahan yang Empiris di mana tErbukti dalam konstan (Majstorovic Et al, 2013). MEnilik perEncanaan transportasi dan teori pEndapat tErsEbut, sangat mEnarik apa migrasi. Yang kEdua adalah mobilitas yang disampaikan oleh CottrEl (2001), ditampilkan dalam bErbagai macam yang memandang industri pariwisata modEl rEprEsEntasi sEpErti Film, sebagai bidang yang sangat sensitif FotograFi, litEratur, FilsaFat, hukum dan terhadap resesi ekonomi di sisi lain sEbagainya. Yang kEtiga adalah pErmintaan, tEnsi politik di wilayah momen mobilitas itu sEndiri, dimana dEstinasi dan pEngharapan konsumEn. mobilitas tErsEbut dilakukan sEbagai Meskipun tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa pEngEjawantahan pEngalaman. industri pariwisata tErsEbut dikElilingi PerkEmbangan sektor pariwisata oleh bErbagai macam kEtidak-pastian di tingkat dunia saat ini memang akan tetapi perusahaan-perusahaan mEngalami pErtumbuhan yang luar pariwisata lebih mEmilih Fokus pada biasa, kalau di tahun 1950-an jumlah stratEgi jangka pEndEk sElagi wisatawan intErnasional yang mElakukan mengantisipasi skenario masa depan pErgErakan lintas nEgara hanya yang paling mEmungkinkan yang dapat bErjumlah kurang dari 50 juta wisatawan memperkuat posisi mereka secara pEr tahun maka pada tahun 2012 jumlah signifikan terhadap pasar di masa wisatawan intErnasional tElah mElebihi 1 sEkarang maupun di masa dEpan (ANVR milyar orang (UNWTO, 2013). Lonjakan dalam Vaals, 2013). Hal sEpErti ini umum yang sangat luar biasa ini dapat ditEmui tErjadi karEna sEcara alamiah pariwisata di hampir semua bElahan dunia, adalah suatu industri, dimana para terutama di Eropa dan Amerika dimana pElakunya akan mEncari kEuntungan liburan dan pErjalanan wisata sudah sElagi mungkin dan berusaha untuk terus membudaya sejak ratusan tahun yang meningkatkan keuntungan tersebut lalu. MEskipun dEmikian, wilayah lain dEngan sEgala macam daya upaya yang sEpErti Asia, AFrika dan Australia juga ada karEna industri pariwisata mEngalami kEnaikan yang cukup merupakan industri yang terus signifikan. 35 Jurnal Pariwisata Terapan, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2019 Pitaya, Muhammad Baiquni, Marsono, Nopirin Secara umum pertumbuhan yang seperti agoda.com, booking.com, terjadi memang sangat hotels.com, tripadvisor.com dan menggembirakan karena pariwisata wikitravel.com ikut bErpEran dalam tElah mEnyumbang 9% dari GDP dunia, 1 tumbuhnya para wisatawan mandiri. dari 11 pEkErjaaan di dunia adalah tErkait Wisatawan mandiri yang dEngan pariwisata dan jumlah Ekspor di dimaksud disini adalah sEsEorang yang sEktor ini mEncapai USD 1,3 trilyun, suatu mElakukan pErjalanan, baik sEndiri jumlah yang Fantastis. Tidak maupun dEngan orang lain tEtapi tanpa mEnghErankan apabila UNWTO sampai mengikuti paket wisata berpemandu dan mEngEluarkan krEdo One Billion Tourists mEmilih mEnggunakan tas punggung One Billion Opportunities dan berani daripada koper maupun jenis bagasi memprediksikan untuk tahun 2030 nanti lainnya sElama pErjalanan mErEka jumlah wisatawan yang mElakukan (SicroFF Et al, 2003), istilah populer untuk pergerakan antar negara akan mencapai mEnyEbut jEnis wisatawan ini adalah jumlah 1,8 milyar orang. backpacker. Wisatawan ini biasanya CrEsswEll (2006) mEnyampaikan sangat mEngandalkan rEFErEnsi buku tEntang konsEp mobilitas, dimana hal panduan wisata (LonEly PlanEt, tersebut dianggapnya sebagai aspek EyEwitnEss TravEl, FrommEr’s), website FundamEntal dalam EksistEnsi gEograFis. dan pengalaman dari para pEndahulu BErkaitan dEngan mobilitas pariwisata mErEka dalam mErEncanakan pErjalanan apabila ditinjau dari modEl wisatanya. pErjalanannya, pErgErakan wisatawan dari tahun kE tahun mEmiliki konsEp yang sErupa, mayoritas wisatawan masih mEngandalkan pakEt-pakEt wisata yang di tawarkan oleh biro pErjalanan sEbagai mEdia pEsiar mErEka. TEtapi sEiring dEngan kEmajuan tEknologi maka orang akan semakin mudah untuk merencanakan dan mElaksanakan pErjalanan wisatanya sEcara mandiri. Kalau di jaman dulu untuk mEmbEli tikEt pEsawat, sEsorang harus mEngantri di outlet bandara atau harus datang kE kantor biro pErjalanan, saat ini dEngan sEmakin di optimalisasikannya kEgunaan Gambar 1. Para backpacker, dengan tas punggung sebagai salah satu identitas mereka kartu kredit dan tErsEdianya layanan Sumber : Dokumentasi penulis intErnEt maka pEmbElian tikEt pEsawat dan wahana pErjalanan lainnya dapat Karena para backpacker ini sangat dilakukan sEcara daring. DEmikian juga umum mEmiliki komunitas-komunitas halnya dalam hal rEsErvasi akomodasi di tErsEndiri, tidak hanya bErdasarkan daerah tujuan wisata dan informasi minat atau daErah asal saja akan tEtapi terkini mengenai atraksi dan daya tarik juga berdasar pada destinasi wisata wisata semuanya dapat di capai dEngan tertentu maka mereka sangat mudah “bErsElancar” di dunia maya. bErintEraksi satu sama lain dalam BErkEmbangnya portal pEnyEdia jasa bErtukar inFormasi. InFormasi ini menjadi inFormasi ElemEn pErjalanan wisata hal yang sangat pEnting untuk dibagi 36 Jurnal Pariwisata Terapan, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2019 Pitaya, Muhammad Baiquni, Marsono, Nopirin dan terus dimutakhirkan karena mEnambah lini pErusahaannya dEngan meskipun konsep backpacker adalah mengoperasikan juga low cost carrier, budget traveler atau wisatawan yang seperti Garuda Indonesia yang pEka tErhadap anggaran tEtapi dalam mengoperasikan Citilink. BElum lagi di pErEncanaan pErjalanan biasanya tambah dengan semakin maraknya mErEka tEtap mEnghadapi banyak sEkali pertumbuhan maskapai penerbangan pilihan. yang memang memposisikan dirinya Kondisi dewasa ini yang terjadi sEjak awal sEbagai maskapai bErbiaya adalah para calon konsumen memang rendah seperti Ryan Air, Scoot, Air Asia, sangat dimanjakan dengan adanya Tiger Airways, Cebu Pacific, dan lain bErbagai macam pilihan, yang tErutama sebagainya. disesuaikan dengan anggaran yang mErEka miliki atau hEndak dihabiskan. Pilihan tErkadang tidak hanya dua atau tiga tetapi menjadi suatu opsi yang sangat kompleks mEngingat suatu dEstinasi wisata kadangkala menawarkan atraksi yang begitu bEragam. Gambar 3. Ryan Air, salah satu maskapai penerbangan berbiaya rendah yang turut berpengaruh dalam perkembangan backpacking travel Sumber : Dokumentasi
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