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World Map Showing Surface and Subsurface Distribution, and Lithologic Character of Middle and Late Neoproterozoic Rocks
World Map Showing Surface and Subsurface Distribution, and Lithologic Character of Middle and Late Neoproterozoic Rocks By John H. Stewart1 Open-File Report 2007-1087 2007 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey 1 Menlo Park, Calif. U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 Revised and reprinted: 2007 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Stewart, John H., 2007, World map showing surface and subsurface distribution, and lithologic character of Middle and Late Neoproterozoic rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1087. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ii Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................... 3 Sources of information ........................................................................................................ 2 Africa [AF] -
Pan-African Orogeny 1
Encyclopedia 0f Geology (2004), vol. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam AFRICA/Pan-African Orogeny 1 Contents Pan-African Orogeny North African Phanerozoic Rift Valley Within the Pan-African domains, two broad types of Pan-African Orogeny orogenic or mobile belts can be distinguished. One type consists predominantly of Neoproterozoic supracrustal and magmatic assemblages, many of juvenile (mantle- A Kröner, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany R J Stern, University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson derived) origin, with structural and metamorphic his- TX, USA tories that are similar to those in Phanerozoic collision and accretion belts. These belts expose upper to middle O 2005, Elsevier Ltd. All Rights Reserved. crustal levels and contain diagnostic features such as ophiolites, subduction- or collision-related granitoids, lntroduction island-arc or passive continental margin assemblages as well as exotic terranes that permit reconstruction of The term 'Pan-African' was coined by WQ Kennedy in their evolution in Phanerozoic-style plate tectonic scen- 1964 on the basis of an assessment of available Rb-Sr arios. Such belts include the Arabian-Nubian shield of and K-Ar ages in Africa. The Pan-African was inter- Arabia and north-east Africa (Figure 2), the Damara- preted as a tectono-thermal event, some 500 Ma ago, Kaoko-Gariep Belt and Lufilian Arc of south-central during which a number of mobile belts formed, sur- and south-western Africa, the West Congo Belt of rounding older cratons. The concept was then extended Angola and Congo Republic, the Trans-Sahara Belt of to the Gondwana continents (Figure 1) although West Africa, and the Rokelide and Mauretanian belts regional names were proposed such as Brasiliano along the western Part of the West African Craton for South America, Adelaidean for Australia, and (Figure 1). -
Soils of Lower Silesia [Gleby Dolnego Śląska]
GLEBY DOLNEGO ŚLĄSKA: geneza, różnorodność i ochrona SOILS OF LOWER SILESIA: origins, diversity and protection SOILS of Lower Silesia: origins, diversity and protection Monograph edited by Cezary Kabała Polish Society of Soil Science Wrocław Branch Polish Humic Substances Society Wrocław 2015 GLEBY Dolnego Śląska: geneza, różnorodność i ochrona Praca zbiorowa pod redakcją Cezarego Kabały Polskie Towarzystwo Gleboznawcze Oddział Wrocławski Polskie Towarzystwo Substancji Humusowych Wrocław 2015 Autorzy (w porządku alfabetycznym) Contributors (in alphabetic order) Jakub Bekier Andrzej Kocowicz Tomasz Bińczycki Mateusz Krupski Adam Bogacz Grzegorz Kusza Oskar Bojko Beata Łabaz Mateusz Cuske Marian Marzec Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka Agnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek Magdalena Dębicka Elżbieta Musztyfaga Bernard Gałka Zbigniew Perlak Leszek Gersztyn Artur Pędziwiatr Bartłomiej Glina Ewa Pora Elżbieta Jamroz Agnieszka Przybył Paweł Jezierski Stanisława Strączyńska Cezary Kabała Katarzyna Szopka Anna Karczewska Rafał Tyszka Jarosław Kaszubkiewicz Jarosław Waroszewski Dorota Kawałko Jerzy Weber Jakub Kierczak Przemysław Woźniczka Recenzenci Reviewers Tadeusz Chodak Michał Licznar Jerzy Drozd Stanisława Elżbieta Licznar Stanisław Laskowski Polskie Towarzystwo Gleboznawcze Oddział Wrocławski Polskie Towarzystwo Substancji Humusowych Redakcja: Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu Instytut Nauk o Glebie i Ochrony Środowiska 50-357 Wrocław, ul. Grunwaldzka 53 Druk i oprawa: Ultima-Druk Sp z o.o. 51-123 Wrocław, ul. W. Pola 77a ISBN 978-83-934096-4-8 Monografia -
Stratigraphic Studies on the Precambrian in Finland
STRATIGRAPHIC STUDIES ON THE PRECAMBRIAN IN FINLAND by Ahti Simonen Simonen, A. 1986, Stratigraphie studies on the Preeambrian in Finland. Geological Survey 01 Finland, Bulletin 336, 21-37.3 figures, one table, one appendix. The main historieal outlines of the stratigraphie study of the Preeambrian in Finland are presented. Detailed field work and the applieation of new methods of research have steadily inereased our stratigraphie knowledge, and many reinterpretations of earlier eonelusions have therefore been neeessary. Key words: stratigraphy, basement , Svecokarelides, Preeambrian. research, history , glossary, Finland Prof. Ahti Simonen, Otakllja 3 D 46, 02/50 Espoo /5, Finland CONTENTS Introduction ." , .. " .... "" .. "" .......... , ... ",., ... ",... ... 22 Main historical outlines .",."" .. .... , ... .. , ... ",." ... ... ""... 22 Pre-Svecokarelidic base me nt complex 27 Svecokarelides 28 Karelidic belt 29 Svecofennidic belt ,., ........... ..... , ... "' . ..... , ,, .. .. .. .. , 32 Post-Svecokarelian rocks ... .. , .. ,." .. ", ... ........ .. """, . ", 34 ConcIuding Remarks .... .... .. ............ ..... .. ... ......... .. , 35 References ...... , . ...... .. , ...... , ..... ,......... .. .... .... 35 Appendix: Explanation of the terms (by Ahti Simonen and Carola Eklundh) Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 336 22 Ahti Simonen INTRODUCTION The study of the sueeession of events and Finland. Furthermore, the methods suitable the stratigraphie cIassifieation of formations for stratigraphie interpretation of metamorphie -
Precambrian in the External Zones of the Variscides: Central and Northern Parts O F the Armprican Massif
Chapter 1 Precambrian in the external zones of the Variscides: central and northern parts o f the Armprican Massif Jean Cogné,* Bernard auvray,* Lionel dupretv Jean-Jacques Chauvel,* and Dominique Rabu* * Centre Armoricain d ’Etude Structurale des Socles (CNRS), Institut de Géologie de l’Université de Rennes, 35042 Rennes-Cedex ’Laboratoire de Géologie Armoricaine, Université de Caen, 14032 Caen-Cedex 'B.R.G.M., Service Géologique Régional ‘Pays de Loire’, 10, Rue H. Picherit, 44300 Nantes Contents General framework J. Cogné 414 1.1 Precambrian in the Domnonean domain: the Trégor Massif of north Brittany B. Auvray 415 References 433 1.2 Problem of the Lower Brioverian in the context of a two-phase Cadomian orogenic cycle: the Precambrian of the Penthièvre Massif and its adjoining Mancellian boundary J. Cogné 434 References 443 1.3 The Proterozoic of northeastern Armorican Massif L. Dupret 444 References 460 1.4 Brioverian in central Brittany J.-J. Chauvel and D. Rabu 462 References 470 1.5 Geodynamic evolution of the Cadomian fold belt in the Armorican Massif: present data and new problems J. Cogné 470 References 482 413 Precambrian in the external zones o f the Variscides 415 Cadomian tectonic effects appear relatively minor defined in this massif (Cogné, 1959) and even if the and are seen to diminish in importance as one goes existence of an ancient basement is very likely, there towards the south and east away from the is no evidence so far for rocks older than 1000 Ma. Domnonean ‘Cordillera’ (ridge). The deformation This is in contrast with the situation further north style of these external parts of the Cadomian chain in the Trégor massif and in the Channel Islands is characterized by a lack of cleavage and a (Fig. -
Structure and Tectonic Evolution of the Armorican Massif
Downloaded from http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021 J. geol. Soc. London, Vol. 137, 1980, pp. 211-216. Printed in Northern Ireland. Conference Report Structure and tectonic evolution of the Armorican Massif R. A. Roach Report of a meeting of the Tectonic Studies Group held onthe foliated granodiorites and quartz-diorites, to at Burlington House, 14 March 1979. The meeting was helpdistinguishto Pentevrian andCadomian organized by Dr A. J. Barber and Dr P. R. Cobbold. magmatic-metamorphic episodes. Whiledeformation, metamorphic and magmatic The papers presented provided a timely review of the episodes occurring between 670 and 490 Ma are well major advances during the last decade in understand- establishedfor the northern part of theMassif, the ing the structure and tectonic evolutionof the Armori- significance of Cadomian structures in central Brittany canMassif. The establishment of specialresearch has been recently questioned. According to Hanmer, groups at the Universities of Rennes, Brest, Caen and Le Corre & Bertht,who presented a considerable Nantes, supported by the CNRS, has been the prime amount of supporting data, the main syn-metamorphic factor in this development. As a result, the geological deformation recognized within the Upper Brioverian evolution of this region is probably better understood of central Brittany is Hercynian in age. Less certain, thanthat of otherNercynian Massifs in central and however, is their conclusion that the Upper Brioverian western Europe. is thepost-tectonic molasse to the main phases of Thegeological evolution of the Armorican Massif Cadomianorogeny. CognC,in his model,envisaged canbe traced back more than 2000 Ma, beginning deposition of thecentral Brittany Brioverian on the withthe deposition of aLower Proterozoic or late southerncontinental slope of thePentevrian micro- Archaean supracrustal sequence which was polyphase continent, whereas Auvray & Lefort suggested deposi- deformed,metamorphosed, and intruded by granitic tion within a marginal sea. -
Paleozoic Evolution of Pre-Variscan Terranes: from Gondwana to the Variscan Collision
Geological Society of America Special Paper 364 2002 Paleozoic evolution of pre-Variscan terranes: From Gondwana to the Variscan collision Gérard M. Stamp×i Institut de Géologie et Paléontologie, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Jürgen F. von Raumer Institut de Minéralogie et Pétrographie, Université de Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Gilles D. Borel Institut de Géologie et Paléontologie, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland ABSTRACT The well-known Variscan basement areas of Europe contain relic terranes with a pre-Variscan evolution testifying to their peri-Gondwanan origin (e.g., relics of Neo- proterozoic volcanic arcs, and subsequent stages of accretionary wedges, backarc rift- ing, and spreading). The evolution of these terranes was guided by the diachronous subduction of the proto-Tethys oceanic ridge under different segments of the Gond- wana margin. This subduction triggered the emplacement of magmatic bodies and the formation of backarc rifts, some of which became major oceanic realms (Rheic, paleo- Tethys). Consequently, the drifting of Avalonia was followed, after the Silurian and a short Ordovician orogenic event, by the drifting of Armorica and Alpine domains, ac- companied by the opening of the paleo-Tethys. The slab rollback of the Rheic ocean is viewed as the major mechanism for the drifting of the European Variscan terranes. This, in turn, generated a large slab pull force responsible for the opening of major rift zones within the passive Eurasian margin. Therefore, the µrst Middle Devonian Variscan orogenic event is viewed as the result of a collision between terranes detached from Gondwana (grouped as the Hun superterrane) and terranes detached from Eurasia. -
The Sudetic Geological Mosaic: Insights Into the Root of the Variscan Orogen
Przegl¹d Geologiczny, vol. 52, no. 8/2, 2004 The Sudetic geological mosaic: Insights into the root of the Variscan orogen Ryszard Kryza*, Stanis³aw Mazur*, Teresa Oberc-Dziedzic* A b s t r a c t: The Sudetes in the NE part of the Bohemian Massif stretch between the NW–SE-trending Odra Fault Zone and Elbe Fault Zone and represent a structural mosaic which was shaped, predominantly, during the Variscan orogeny. They are composed of various geological units, including basement units in which Neoproterozoic to Carboniferous rocks are exposed, and a post-orogenic cover of younger deposits. During the long history of geological research, the Sudetes have become a “type locality” for a range of important geological phenomena, such as granites and orthogneisses, ophiolites and (meta)volcanic sequences, granulites, eclogites and blueschists, nappe tectonics and terrane concepts. In spite of significant recent achievements, many key problems need further study, and a selection of them is proposed in this paper: (a) the presence of older, Neoproterozoic (Cadomian) rocks and their position within the Variscan collage, (b) the character and emplacement setting of Palaeozoic, pre-Variscan sedimentary successions and magmatic complexes (including ophiolites), (c) structural evolution, metamorphism (in particular HP/T grades) and exhumation of deeper crustal blocks during the Variscan orogeny, and (d) post-orogenic development. Future investigations would require an interdisciplinary approach, combining various geological disciplines: structural geology, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics and geochronology, and, also, multilateral interlaboratory cooperation. Key words: Variscan Belt, Sudetes, Cadomian orogeny, Variscan orogeny, (meta)granitoids, (meta)volcanics, ophiolites, granulites, eclogites, blueschists, nappe tectonics, terranes The Variscan orogen of Europe, one of the classically compared to the Sudetic mountain range, and largely cove- defined, global-scale orogenic systems (Suess, 1926; Kos- red by Cenozoic deposits. -
CHAPTER 2 MANTLED GNEISS DOMES by Paula F. Trever PART I
CHAPTER 2 MANTLED GNEISS DOMES by Paula F. Trever PART I: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE INTRODUCTION The recognition of metamorphic rocks in the hinterland of t he North American Cordillera was accompanied by a renewed interest in the classic concepts of orogenic development. Did these r ocks r epresent a classic "metamorphic core," a zone in which formerly mobile orogenic infrastructure was raised to view (Armstrong and Hansen, 1966; Price and Mountjoy, 1970)? As the model of the Cordilleran "metamorphic core complex" developed, infrastructural imagery was superseded by an emphasis on a superimposed Tertiary mylonitic-cataclastic effect, unrelated to earlier orogenesis. The model, as presently expounded (Davis and Coney, 1979), does not emphasize the conclusions of local studies which indicate that mobile behavior was necessary for the structural development of some of the complexes (McMillan, 1973; Reesor and Moore, 1971; Fox and others, 1977; Armstrong, 1968; Wagg, 1968). The concept of mobilization, somewhat foreign to Cordilleran geologists, has been reviewed by Watson (1967), who noted the contributions of Sederholm (1926), Wegmann (1935), and Eskola (1949). The terminology of Wegman is familiar to those who are acquainted with the later work of Haller (1955). However, it is the work of Eskola,with his formulation of the mantled gneiss dome concep½ that is best known to North American geologists and has the most frequently been applied to the metamorphic terranes of the Cordil lera . This chapter will provide a basis on which to assess such usage. 65 THE MANTLED GNEISS DOME OF ESKOLA (1949) Eskola described from the Karelide (early Proterozoic) zone of East Finland gneissic domes overlain by sedimentary strata in which the layering was parallel to both the dome contacts and the foliation of the gneiss. -
Cuius Regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (C
Cuius regio? Ideological and Territorial Cohesion of the Historical Region of Silesia (c. 1000-2000) vol. 4 eds Lucyna Harc, Przemysław Wiszewski, Rościsław Żerelik Online access: http://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/publication/63930 http://cuiusregio.uni.wroc.pl/en/publikacje http://cuiusregio.uni.wroc.pl/pl/publikacje Region Divided. Times of Nation-States (1918-1945) eds Marek Czapliński, Przemysław Wiszewski Wrocław 2014 The book was published with funds of the program Cuius regio. Analiza sił spajających i destrukcyjnych w obrębie regionu określających przynależność osób (grup społecznych) oraz spójność społeczną jako zjawisko historyczne / Cuius regio. An analysis of the cohesive and disruptive forces destining the attachment of (groups of) persons to and the cohesion within regions as a historical phenomenon, decision of the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education No. 832/N-ESF-CORECODE/2010/0. Peer review: Piotr Greiner Translated by: Katarzyna Hussar (chapters), Przemysław Wiszewski and Maciej Zińczuk (summaries) Language proofreading: Matthew La Fontaine, Matthew Bastock © Copyright by Authors and Uniwersytet Wrocławski Cover design: Marcin Fajfruk Typesetting: Anna Lenartowicz, Tomasz Kalota ISBN 978-83-927132-8-9 Publishing House eBooki.com.pl ul. Obornicka 37/2 51-113 Wrocław tel.: +48 602 606 508 email: [email protected] WWW: http://www.ebooki.com.pl Table of Contents Przemysław Wiszewski In the shadow of nation-states. Silesia divided (1918-1945) ..............................9 Tomasz Kruszewski Silesian administrative -
Images of Lithospheric Heterogeneities in the Armorican Segment of the Hercynian Range in France
Tectonophysics 358 (2002) 121–134 www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto Images of lithospheric heterogeneities in the Armorican segment of the Hercynian Range in France S. Judenherca,*, M. Graneta, J.-P. Brunb, G. Poupinetc, J. Plomerova´ d, A. Mocquete, U. Achauera a Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre, UMR 7516, Strasbourg, France b Ge´osciences Rennes UPR 4661, Rennes, France c Laboratoire de Ge´ophysique Interne et de Tectonique, UMR 5559, Grenoble, France d Geophysical Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic e Laboratoire de Plane´tologie et de Ge´ophysique, FRE-CNRS 2129, Nantes, France Received 4 September 2000; received in revised form 4 April 2001; accepted 15 June 2002 Abstract The Armorican Massif is located in western France. It is a part of the Hercynian Range formed in several phases of SE–NW compression from Devonian to Carboniferous time (ca. 400–300 Ma). The main tectonic features are the North and South Armorican shear zones with WNW–ESE strike. In the framework of the Ge´oFrance3D program, we have installed 35 seismological stations along two NS lines crossing the main Hercynian WNW–ESE fault systems. The data set collected during the experiment allows us to compute a 3D P-velocity model and to map S-wave seismic anisotropy at depth using teleseismic shear waves splitting measurements. The South Armorican shear zone (SASZ) is characterized by a strong (4–5%) velocity contrast and a fast shear wave azimuth parallel to its strike. The North Armorican shear zone (NASZ) does not show any significant lithospheric signature. The tomographic image and anisotropy results suggest that the Armorican lithosphere consists of the juxtaposition of distinct lithospheric blocks assembled in a subduction type process predating the Hercynian Orogeny. -
Edinburgh Geologist No. 24. Spring 1990
The Edinburgh Geologist No. 24 Spring 1990 Incorporating the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Geological Society ISSth Session 1988-1989 The Ochil Fault at Stirling THE EDIN8URGH GEOLOGIST No. 24 Spring 1990 Incorporating the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Geological Society 155th Session 1988-1989 Acknowledgements Cover Illustration Upper Carbo niferous sedimentary rocks, down faulted by the Ochil Fault against Lower Devonian volcanics of the Gchil Hills near Stirlin g. BGS photograph D 1938, reproduced by permission of the Director, Briti'sh Geological Survey, NERC copyright reservcd. Published by The Edinburgh Geological Society clo British Geological Survey West Mains Road Edinburgh E H9 3LA rSSN 0265-7244 Price £1.50 net Printed by Drummond Street Reprographics Unit. Typesct by Drummond Street Reprographics U nit. Editorial The current issue includes the Proceedings of the Society (for the 1988-1989) Session and four articles that I hope will stir the interest of members, particularly those who are fascinated by geological enigmas. The life and work of James Neilson is reviewed, by Alistair Sutherland of the Royal Museum of Scotland. Neilson was a prominent Scottish Geologist at the turn of the century, about whom significant facts (including his place and date of birth) remain unknown. Bill Baird comments on two more geological curiosities: the Stone-Spheres of Central America, that are thought to be giant spherulites, but which were originally described as artifacts, carved by members of an unknown early race that inhabited the region, and the discovery in 1972, of naturally occurring nuclear reactors in Proterozoic rocks of Gabon in SW Africa. Arlene Hunter's article describes geological mapping in the Lahnalhti area of Finland, supported in part, by a grant from the Society's Clough Fund.