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Perceptions on Police Use of Force: a General Strain Theory Approach to Explicate Use of Force Incidents Clint Edward Apaza

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Perceptions on Police Use of Force: a General Strain Theory Approach to Explicate Use of Force Incidents Clint Edward Apaza Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Master’s Theses and Projects College of Graduate Studies 2017 Perceptions on Police Use of Force: A General Strain Theory Approach to Explicate Use of Force Incidents Clint Edward Apaza Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/theses Part of the Criminology Commons Recommended Citation Apaza, Clint Edward. (2017). Perceptions on Police Use of Force: A General Strain Theory Approach to Explicate Use of Force Incidents. In BSU Master’s Theses and Projects. Item 55. Available at http://vc.bridgew.edu/theses/55 Copyright © 2017 Clint Edward Apaza This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Perceptions on Police Use of Force: A General Strain Theory Approach to Explicate Use of Force Incidents By Clint Edward Apaza THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Science in Criminal Justice in the Graduate of Bridgewater State University, 2017 Bridgewater, Massachusetts Thesis Chair: Dr. Kyung-shick Choi 1 Perceptions on Police Use of Force: A General Strain Theory Approach to Explicate Use of Force Incidents By Clint Edward Apaza Approved as to style and content by: _______________________________ Kyung-shick Choi Ph.D, Chair _______________________________ Mitchell Librett Ph.D, Committee Member _______________________________ Michael King Ph.D, Committee Member 2 Table of Contents Signature of Approvals……………………………………………………………………………1 Table of Contents………….………………………………………………………………………2 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………3 Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………………4 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..5 Significance of This Project Theoretical Perspective……………………………………………………………………............7 Use of Force Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………...12 Police Training and Use of Force General Strain Theory and Stress Use of Force Issues Methodology and Analysis..……………………………………………………………………..18 Sample and Procedure Properties of Measures Results……………………………………………………………………………………………27 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………...…...............53 Policy Implications…………………………………………………………………...………….60 Limitations……...…………………………………………………………………...……...........61 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….............62 References…………………………………………………………………………………...…...63 Appendix: Appendix A.1…………………………………………………………………………….70 Appendix A.2…………………………………………………………………………….80 Appendix A.3…………………………………………………………………………….90 Appendix B.1…………………………………………………………………………….91 Appendix B.2…………………………………………………………………………….92 Appendix B.3…………………………………………………………………………….94 Appendix C.1…………………………………………………………………………….95 Appendix C.2…………………………………………………………………………….99 Appendix D.1…………………………………………………………………………...147 3 Abstract This mixed method study focused on stress and its influence on police officers’ use of force. As a theoretical frame, Agnew’s General Strain Theory (GST) was applied to measure police officers’ decision making process in use of force, and the evaluation was compared to the college population. Data derived from law enforcement officers and college students via survey questionnaires reflecting strain factors and the Use of Force Model of case-vignettes. The magnitude of strain is measured via the assessment three major psychological diagnostic criteria: 1) STAI (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, 2) PTSD (Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder), and 3) DI (Depression Inventory). In comparison with the student population, law enforcement personnel responses to use of force vignettes were relatively consistent and responded with a lower level of force when paralleled with the Use of Force Model. The qualitative assessment were consistent with quantitative results emphasizing practical police training and education, which would minimize use of force issues. This study served its purpose as it reaffirms law enforcement as a stressful occupation, offers a direction to future research and proposes policy implications. Keywords: Use of Force, General Strain Theory, Use of Force Model, Public Perception, Police Perception 4 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I am acknowledging my thesis chair and mentor Dr. Kyung-shick Choi for his continuous support of my thesis project, for his supervision, encouragement, and immense knowledge in the field of criminal justice. My sincere gratitude to Dr. Choi for believing in my idea and his guidance allowed this thesis project to be my best work. Secondly, I would like to thank my committee members: Dr. Mitchell Librett and Dr. Michael King who were willing to join my committee and take on this project. Thank you to all the men and women in law enforcement that protect and serve their respective communities. A special thanks to the two retired police officers who shared their life experience in “Surviving the Unthinkable” and motivated this study. Finally, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my family for their sacrifices not only during the course of my undergraduate and graduate program, but throughout my life. To my father who reminds me that it is never too late nor too early to accomplish a goal. To my brother who has shown me the true meaning of humility, and perseverance in overcoming any obstacle in life. To my dearest mother who gave me life, her unconditional love, and will forever be my inspiration to strive forward in life. 5 Introduction Police officers interact with members of the community every day. Officers are sworn to protect and serve the public. Many times officers are members of their own community in which they help serve. In the United States, a history of police misconduct, racial-profiling, and excessive force has officers perceived negatively. These issues has created a divide between police and the public. The highly publicized cases of officer-involved shootings, and the public perceiving those shootings as unjustified has made it challenging to bridge the divide. Presently, the different perceptions on use of deadly force is a reoccurring issue between police and the public. The limited data on use of force by police officers has made it difficult for the public to understand this aspect of policing. Due to the lack of funding, a mandated annual report on excessive use of force by police has not been published (President’s Task Force of 21st Century Policing, 2015). The availability of use of force data is important to acknowledge any issues that may already exists. In addition, it demonstrates police are being held responsible for their actions and steps are being taken to address this issue. Overall, use of force by police officers, specifically deadly force has become an emerging factor in bridging the divide between police and the public. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence stress has on the perception of use of force. The stress levels were measured through psychological diagnostics and perceptions on use of force were assessed via case-vignette responses. Robert Agnew’s (1992) general strain theory was applied to expand on the impact stress has on use of force. The psychological variables and general strain theory contributed to the analysis of stress. The case-vignettes were designed to reflect the Use of Force Model (1997), a guide line developed by Dr. Graves and 6 Professor Connor. This study aimed to understand a significant factor in policing, such as stress, and how it effects the application use of force. The data were derived from a self-reported survey administered to proportionate stratified sampling of law enforcement personnel, and proportionate stratified sampling of University students. This data were analyzed to measure several areas: stress levels, or lack thereof, as represented by the psychological variables; and the perception of use force via case-vignettes that reflects the Use of Force Model (Graves & Connor, 1997). The survey consist of three sections. The first section inquires demographic information, such race, ethnicity, age, etc. The second section concentrates on measuring psychological variables, such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The third section focuses on use of force, respondents read scenarios and respond accordingly to assess their perception on use of force. This study conducted qualitative interviews of veteran police officers from different police agencies. The interview contained 11-questions that offer a subjective view on policing, stress, and use of force. The following section presents the significance of this project, an overview of general strain theory, and literature on how this theory has been applied to police officers. There will be a review of pertinent literature regarding stress and use of force. Followed by a discussion of the research methods and a presentation of the data analysis. The qualitative portion is utilized in discussing the findings of this study. In the conclusion of this study is a discussion of limitations, policy implications, and future research. 7 Significance of This Project This research study will contribute to literature on stress in policing and provide an insight police officers’ use of force. Robert Agnew’s (1985) support for Merton’s (1938) strain theory, and revisions of Messner and Rosenfield’s (1994, 2013) institutional-anomie theory developed general strain theory (1992). Researchers have applied Agnew’s general strain theory to explain stress in policing and its influence on police
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