Nandi County by Dr

FARM MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK OF KENYA

VOL. II

– Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information –

ANNEX: – Atlas of Agro - Ecological Zones, Soils and Fertilising by Group of Districts –

Subpart B1a Southern Rift Valley Province Na n d i County This project was supported by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)

Farm Management Handbook of Kenya

VOL. I Labour Requirement, Availability and Costs of Mechanisation

VOL. II Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information

Part II/A WEST KENYA Subpart A1 Western Province Subpart A2 Nyanza Province

Part II/B CENTRAL KENYA Subparts B la/b Rift Valley Province, Northern (except Turkana) and Southern Part Subpart B2 Central Province

Part II /C EAST KENYA Subpart C1 Eastern Province, Middle and Southern Part Subpart C2 Coast Province

VOL. III Farm Management Information - Annual Publications were planned. The idea changed to Farm Managament Guidelines, produced by the District Agricultural Offices annually and delivered to the Ministry in April every year.

VOL. IV Production Techniques and Economics of Smallholder Livestock Production Systems

VOL. V Horticultural Production Guidelines

Publisher: Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya, in Cooperation with the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) VOL. II is supplemented by CD-ROMs with the information and maps in a Geographical Information System. Additionally there will be wall maps of the Agro-Ecological Zones per district group (= the former large districts) for offices and schools.

Layout by Ruben Kempf and Mike Teucher, Trier, Germany. Ministry of Agriculture

FARM MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK OF KENYA VOL. II

Annex: - Atlas of Agro - Ecological Zones, Soils and Fertilising by Group of Districts in Southern Rift Valley -

Subpart B1a Nandi County by Dr. Ralph Jaetzold Prof. emeritus of Geography, University of Trier / Germany

Helmut Schmidt Former Farm Management Research Officer from the former German Agricultural Team of the GTZ in the Ministry of Agriculture, Nairobi

Dr. Berthold Hornetz Prof. of Agricultural Geography, University of Trier / Germany Dr. Chris Shisanya Prof. of Agroclimatology, Dept. of Geography Kenyatta University, Nairobi Contributions to the 1st Edition by: C.M. Kang´e & J.G.M. Muasya – assessment of farm management data; Dr. Mechthild Kronen – soil requirements list; Prof. Dr. H. Kutsch – computing of crop-water relations for yield probabilities; F.N. Muchena, B.J.A. van der Pouw, W. Siderius and W.G. Sombroek – basic soil maps; H. Ritz – district climate tables; R. Swoboda – execution of Small Farm Survey; C.G. Wenner & S.N. Njoroge – soil conservation; W. Zettelmeyer – computing farm data. Additional Contributions to the 2nd Edition by: Dr. J. Ahenda & P. M. Maluku, KEPHIS; G. Awinyo (GTZ) – as- sisting R. J. & digitizing of soil maps into GIS; Th. Buettel – support by analyzing remote sensing data; M. Fiebiger – rainfall data analysis, probability calculations, yield probabilities by simulation programs; B. Girkens - final computerized drawing of maps in GIS and other maps; Heike Hoeffler – project coordination in GTZ Nairobi; Ph. Karuri – assistance in the Farm Survey; Anna Kaufhold - final computerized drawing of fertiliser maps; Ruben Kempf – typing and layout; Elizabeth Kimenyi & Anne Njoroge – coordination of farm survey; Z. Mairura, Ass. Dir. of Farm Busi- ness Subdivision; S. N. Maobe (KARI); N. M. Maweu (KARI); Susanne Meissner - water availability & requirement diagrams, typing; M. Mueller – calculation and diagrams of growing periods, ENSO influence; Dr. Anne W. Muriuki & J.N. Qureshi – soil and fertiliser recommendation maps and information; Francis Muthami (GTZ); Dr. Dorothy Mutisya and Dr. J Ochieng – crops and fodder list; Birgit Schmidt – basics for maintaining and regaining soil fertility; Joshua Shivachi & Ch. R. Wambongo– analysing the Farm Survey data using SPSS software; M. Teucher - final computerized drawing of soil and fertilizer maps; Dr. Lusike Wasilwa – horticult. part of the crop list; J. Wieczorek – computerization of maps in GIS; tables and diagrams. PREFACE TO THE ATLAS

The internet and CD versions of the handbook have technically a reduction of details: The most important information, the maps, are due to reduction of filesize, not well readable (esp. formu- las of the AEZ Subzones and of the soils). Therefore we prepared additional Atlas-CDs for each group of districts, containing the maps of Rainfall, Agro - Ecol. Zones and Subzones, Soils, anhd Fertilizer Recom- mendations together with the legends. These maps are produced as pdf-files and can be zoomed for easy reading.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT for the Support to the First Edition In compiling this Handbook, we have relied on the support of many officers from a variety of institutions too numerous to mention, who made available their data and experience. We would like to thank them for their invaluable assistance. I would also like to thank my colleagues, the Research Officers, the District Land and Farm management Officers, for their cooperation, and a special thank you to those who typed the draft edition. Our particular thanks go to Prof. Dr. Ralph Jaetzold, University of Trier, for his selfless support in compiling this handbook and for his assessment of the natural conditions including land and population. His deep understanding of the needs of agricultural extension officers and farmers was a great asset. Our thanks also to Dr. H. Kutsch, University of Trier, who computerized a large and complex amount of information involved in establishing the AEZs. Many thanks also to the staff of the Geographical Department of the University of Trier, Germany, for their major effort in drawing up maps of outstanding quality, the centrepiece of the work.

Helmut Schmidt Farm Management Research Officer Nairobi, May 1982

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT for the Support to the Second Edition In revising this Handbook, various personalities and institutions were relied upon to provide the necessary data required to update the previous data sets. In this regard, we would like to sincerely thank them for their invaluable input in the exercise. Special thanks go to the Ministry of Agriculture staff who undertook the Farm Surveys to elucidate on the fundamental changes that have taken place in farming at the household level. We are indeed very grateful to the people of Germany, who despite their limited financial resources, have continued to support Kenya. Of importance here is the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and the German scientists who have been working for Kenya over the years. Last but not least, thanks to Mr. Reimund Hoffmann, the PSDA Coordinator, Nairobi, whose office ably managed the Handbook revision project.

Prof. Dr. Chris Shisanya Elizabeth Kimenyi Professor of Agroclimatology Assistant Director of Agriculture Dept. of Geography FMD, MOA Kenyatta University, Nairobi Kenya Nairobi, January 2009 Nairobi, January 2009

We want to thank very much also Mr. Zachariah Mairura, Deputy Dir. of Agri-Business Dep., for his engaged support of our inquiries in the districts 2009 and 2010.

Prof. em. Dr. Ralph Jaetzold Prof. Dr. Berthold Hornetz Retired Professor of Geography Professor of Agricultural Geography University of Trier, October 2010 University of Trier, October 2010 PREFACE to the Second Edition

Institutional memory is of paramount importance for planning and development. For any research or agricultural extension to be successful, information on the natural farming potential is equally important.

In an effort to consolidate research - extension work of many years, the first edition of the Farm Manage- ment Handbook (FMHB) of Kenya Vol II (Natural conditions and farm management information), which described the conditions of the Kenyan farming community at that time, was produced in 1982/83. The handbook was in three parts i.e.:

A – for Western Kenya (Western and Nyanza provinces) B – for Central Kenya (Central and Rift Valley provinces). C – for Eastern Kenya (Eastern and Coast provinces)

For more than two decades, the handbook has proved very valuable to researchers, planners, extensionists, developers etc. This is a document that has been sought for enormously and hence the need to revise it in order to accommodate the changes that have taken place in our country since the production of the first edition. Some of these include: changes in the administrative boundaries, opening up of new farming areas due to population pressure, etc.

This second edition has been produced on the basis of Provincial administrative boundaries for the six Provinces i.e. Western, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Central, Eastern and Coast. The information will be availed in hard copies and in CD – ROMS to facilitate updating any future changes.

It is not possible to acknowledge the contribution of all the individuals who made this edition a reality but I need to mention the following individuals:

Thanks to the Ministry of Agriculture officers, especially the Farm Management Division officers at the headquarters (Mrs. E.W. Kimenyi, Mr. F.N. Nderitu, Mrs. H.W. Njoroge, Mrs. A.W. Njoroge, Mrs. A. W. Wanyama, Mr. P.T. Karuri and most engaged Mr. Z. Mairura), and the District staff, for their selfless contribution; Prof. Dr. Chris Shisanya, leader of the revision team, for his tireless efforts and guidance; Prof. em. Dr. Ralph Jaetzold for his enormous knowledge on the definition of the agroecological zones and his great contribution to their mapping; George Awinyo (German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) – Private Sector Development in Agriculture (PSDA)) for his expertise and contribution in the area of Geographical Information Systems (GIS).

I also wish to thank the GTZ who have facilitated the production of this edition both financially and by the use of their personnel, specifically the late Prof. Werner van der Ohe who supported the idea of the revision, and Mr. Reimund Hoffmann (GTZ – Team Leader Private Sector Development in Agriculture PSDA), for supporting and taking up the task to completion.

Dr. Wilson Songa, OGW AGRICULTURAL SECRETARY Nairobi, January 2009 NANDI GROUP 1 NANDI GROUP 2

3.3 nandi GROUP OF DISTRICTS TABLE OF CONTENTS District Page

3.3.1 Natural Potential (R. Jaetzold et al.) 4 Introduction (R. Jaetzold) 4 Annual Rainfall Map (R. Jaetzold) 5 Table 1: Annual Rainfall 6 Seasonal Rainfall Maps (R. Jaetzold) 8 Table 2: Climate in the Agro-Ecological Zones 10 Agro-Humid Periods Map (R.J.) 11 Agro-Ecological Zones Map (R. Jaetzold) 12 Agro-Ecological Zones - Introduction (R. Jaetzold) 13 Agro-Ecological Zones and Subzones (=Legend to the AEZ Map), with Land Use Potentials and Water Availability &Requirement Diagrams (R. Jaetzold, B. Hornetz) 14 Soil Map (R. Jaetzold & KSS) 19 Soil Distribution, Fertility and Major Characteristics (B. Hornetz & W. Siderius) 20 Legend to the Soil Map (R. Jaetzold & KSS) 21

3.3.2 Population and Land (C. A. Shisanya, R. Jaetzold, B. Girkens & C. Bureau of Statistics see the big Vol. B1a

3.3.3 Agricultural Statistics (R. Jaetzold & Min. of Agriculture) see the big Vol. B1a

3.3.4 Farm Survey (Min. of Agr. & C. A. Shisanya) 27 Table 22: Farm Survey Sites Representative of the Dominating Agro-Ecological Subzones and Units 28 Farm Survey Areas Map (R. Jaetzold) 29

3.3.5 Introduction to the Actual Land Use Systems and to the Potential Intensification by Better Farm Management in Typical Agro-Ecological Subzones (Min. of Agr., C. A. Shisanya & R. Jaetzold) 30

Nandi North and Nandi CentralDistrict LH 3 l/vl or two of the Wheat/Maize-Barley Zone 31 UM 4 l/vl or two of the Maize-Sunflower Zone 31 Nandi South District UM 1 p or two of the Tea and Coffee Zone 31 Table 25: Increase of Yields by Better Farm Management 32 Nandi East and Tinderet District LH 1 vl i or two of the Tea-Dairy Zone 33 Table 26: Increase of Yields by Better Farm Management 34

3.3.6 Fertiliser and Manure Recommendations for Important Agro-Ecological Units 35 Introduction (B. Hornetz) 35 Map of Important Agro-Ecological Units and Fertil. Recommendations (R. Jaetzold) 36 NANDI GROUP 3

Tables 27 a-h: Fertiliser and Manure Recommendations (B. Hornetz) 37 UM 2 l/vl or two, Uh N 1 of the Maize (-Coffee) Zone and others 37 UM 1 p or two, Uh G 2 of the Tea and Coffee Zone 39 LH 2 vl/l or two Uh G 1 of the Wheat/Maize-Pyr. Zone and others 41 UM 4 l/vl or two, Um N 2 of the Maize-Sunflower Zone 43 LH 3 l/vl or two, L I A 1 of the Wheat/Maize-Barley Zone 45 LH 1 - UM 2, R B 2 of the Tea and Coffee Zones 47 LH 1 - UM 1, Uh U 4 of the Tea and Coffee Zones 49 LH 1 - UM 2 & LM 2, R B 5 of the Tea, Coffee and Sugarcane Zones 51

3.3.7 Final Statements (R. Jaetzold) 53 Table 28: Basic Needs for a Rural Family 54 Table 29: Projected Agricultural Incomes 55

Note: Numbering of chapters is equivalent to numbering in Farm Management Handbook of Kenya

NOTE: 1) Originally Marginal Coffee Zone, but today maize is more important than coffee. NANDI GROUP 4

3.3.1 NATURAL POTENTIAL

INTRODUCTION

The Nandi Plateau is mainly a part of three precambrian mountain systems (Nyanzian Belt, Kavirondian Belt, Mozambique Belt). They are more than 500 Mill. of years old and almost completely eroded to a peneplain. Fortunately these bedrocks are consisting in the central and northeastern parts of the Nandi Plateau of biotite and hornblende gneisses which are rich in minerals and trace elements. Unfortunately there are also large stretches of quarzites and intrusions of granites in southwestern and southern Nandi which are poor in these substances necessary for plant nutrition. About 20 Mill. of years ago the peneplain was uplifted along faults to an average altitude of 1700-2100 m as a side activity of the Rift Valley process, and the Nyando Basin broke in. The faults formed the Nandi Escarpment and the Nyando Escarpment and opened the crust for volcanic activities since about 15 Mill. of years in the southeastern part. This was best for a fertile natural potential there.

The Nandi district group has four high-rainfall areas receiving more than 1500 mm annual average. They form extended Agro-Ecological Zones for potential tea cultivation (LH 1 and UM 1): the North Nandi Forest above the Nandi Escarpment, the South Nandi Forest which is the eastern extension of the Kakamega Forest (as a zone of high convergence rainfall of the daily winds from Lake Victoria with the Trade Winds which causes rains also during the otherwise dry seasons), the Nandi Hills (nearly completely cleared), and the Northern Tinderet Forest (here only the lower part is suitable for tea, as the higher has a mean temperature of less than 15°C and night frosts occur). On the border of the present forests, formerly more extensive, there is already tea cultivation. Careful scientific investigations are necessary to decide which parts of the remaining forests could still be opened for cultivation without endangering climate, soil, water retention and nature conservation. East of Tindinyo, it is already noticeable that only bush and grass now grow where real rain forest should exist due to the high annual rainfall of 1800-2000 mm.

Therelatively dry contrast area is in the north-eastern valley basins of the district group, although the annual average is still high (1200 mm) and the 66% reliability is not too low and suits maize with at least 400 mm in the first rainy season, 500 mm in the middle rains of the second rainy season. These figures can be combined roughly because there is no real break between them which allows the cultivation of the high yielding, late maturing maize varieties.

On the plateau-like main parts of the district group, the temperatures are close to the upper limit of the Upper Midlands (UM), and to the lower limit of the Lower Highlands (LH), thus creating many transitions and local exeptions through micro-climate. For instance, in some places of the LH belt one can still see bananas, which is unusual elsewhere. Only a small portion, an edge of the Kano Plains, belongs to the lower Midland Zones (LM) with mean temperatures of at least 21°C, and there is also enough rainfall for a Sugarcane Zone, although it is partly marginal (LM 2) due to the dry period from December to February and the altitude approaches 1500 m.

Due to the global change of climate sugarcane now is planted up to 1650 m, and it will even reach 1800 m in 2030. But in rainfall, the deviations from normal have increased, and years occur where the rainfall in some months of the rainy seasons is less than 28% of the average as in May and July 2009. This was not experienced before. NANDI GROUP 5 NANDI GROUP 6

TABLE 1: RAINFALL FIGURES FROM SELECTED TYPICAL STATIONS IN NANDI GROUP OF DISTRICTS HAVING RECENTLY AT LEAST 15 YEARS OF RECORDS

Monthly & seasonal average rainfall in mm No. and Agro-Ecol. Annual altitude Name of station Zone and rainfall Subzone mm J F M A M J J A S O N D

8935001 Kabagendui, 55 84 119 221 213 142 160 180 124 96 104 70 LH 1 1566 1889 m Kibet Farm vl I or two = 695 = 464 = 270

Songhor, 61 91 141 241 238 157 172 175 120 108 126 87 9035009 Mbogo Vale 1717 2099 m UM 1 Primary School = 777 = 467 = 321

8935013 Nandi, 56 74 100 206 204 123 143 174 130 119 117 72 LH 2 1518 2230 m Koisagat Tea Estate = 633 = 447 = 308

8935018 Kapsabet, 50 70 114 195 207 162 166 203 147 95 84 53 LH 2 1544 1998 m D.C’s Office = 678 = 516 = 232

8935033 Nandi Hills, 73 99 129 201 184 140 143 170 124 105 117 101 UM 2 1587 1828 m Savani Estate l/vl or two = 654 = 437 = 323

Baraton, 59 71 105 198 214 159 171 204 153 104 84 56 8935062 University of E. UM 1 1577 1981 m Africa vl i or two = 676 = 528 = 244

8935071 Siret Tea Co. LTD., 63 78 104 221 212 137 142 159 123 125 120 91 LH 3 1576 2160 m Nandi l/vl or two = 674 = 424 = 336

8934093 Kapkangani Chief’s 67 96 129 242 229 163 163 210 185 130 99 60 UM 1 1771 1804 m Office vl i or two = 763 = 558 = 289

8935095 Nandi, 61 81 102 193 172 123 142 169 126 118 105 69 UM 1 1460 2016 m Tea Factory vl i or two = 590 = 437 = 292

8935112 Nandi 68 87 120 212 211 165 170 221 176 132 99 49 UM 1 1710 1982 m Forest Station = 708 = 567 = 280

8935120 Kibabet 62 70 89 196 190 146 166 194 142 119 112 67 LH 1 1552 2133 m Estate LTD. vl i or two = 621 = 502 = 298

8935127 Kabiyet Division 49 57 89 165 167 139 168 207 123 90 76 39 LH 3 1366 1828 m Agricultural Office l/vl or two = 560 = 498 = 205

8935130 Kapsiwoni Nandi 71 84 109 173 177 134 147 193 132 121 120 69 UM 2 1529 1981 m Tea Estate LTD. vl/l or two = 593 = 472 = 310

8935152 Nandi Hills, 65 89 89 193 180 140 153 181 122 114 69 60 LH 2 1454 2000 m Agricultural Office = 602 = 456 = 243

8935160 Kapsimotwa 84 97 128 210 153 105 117 137 94 101 113 77 LH 1 1415 2042 m Tea Estate vl I or two = 596 = 348 = 291

8935161 Nandi Hills, 74 98 114 202 176 130 148 175 134 116 130 86 UM 2 1581 2102 m Kibweri Tea Estate = 622 = 457 = 332

8935186 Kimwani, 85 98 117 192 166 118 114 143 117 99 104 71 UM 2 1423 1375 m A.D.C. Farm vl/l or two = 593 = 374 = 274 NANDI GROUP 7

TABLE 1: CONTINUATION

Monthly & seasonal average rainfall in mm No. and Agro-Ecol. Annual altitude Name of station Zone and rainfall Subzone mm J F M A M J J A S O N D

8935188 Kapkeben, 49 94 130 179 178 162 176 185 157 115 113 66 LH 2 1603 2034 m Chemoni Estate = 649 = 518 = 294

8935189 Kapsikak 62 92 129 195 189 182 202 225 153 117 122 77 UM 1 1746 2132 m Chemoni Estate vl i or two = 695 = 580 = 316

8935190 Varerie LH 1 63 105 137 203 184 164 191 205 151 126 135 76 1740 2066 m Chemoni Estate vl i or two = 688 = 547 = 337

9035263 Tenderet UM 1 72 86 121 264 259 164 174 202 153 142 129 75 1840 2072 m Tea Estate vl i or two = 808 = 529 = 346

9035281 Chemase 75 85 139 194 150 115 100 120 107 94 126 86 LM 2 1391 1310 m Cane Grow = 598 = 327 = 306 NANDI GROUP 8 NANDI GROUP 9 NANDI GROUP 10

TABLE 2: CLIMATE IN THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES

Agro-Ecological Subzone Altitude Annual Annual av. 66% reliability of 60% reliability of cereal and Zone in m mean rainfall rainfall1) legumes growing period 4) temp. in mm in °C 1st Middle 1st rainy Middle Total in rainy rains season in rains & days3) season & 2nd days2) 2nd rainy in mm season season in mm in days UH 1 Sheep-Dairy vl i Here Forest Reserve Zone LH 1 p or two 1 500-2 100 650-850 580-800 165 or more 190-200 365 Tea-Dairy Zone vl i or two 1 900-2 400 18.0-15.0 1 300-1 850 630-820 550-750 155 or more 140-195 295-350 LH 2 Wheat/Maize- vl/l or two 1 900-2 400 18.0-15.0 1 300-1 800 600-750 500-700 150 or more 90-135 240-285 Pyrethrum Zone LH 3 Wheat/Maize- l/vl or two 1 900-2 300 18.0-15.6 1 250-1 650 500-680 500-600 140 or more 80-100 220-240 Barley Zone UM 1 p or two/three 1 800-2 100 750-850 650-800 160 or more 190-205 365 Coffee-Tea Zone p or two 1 500-2 000 21.0-17.9 1 700-2 000 700-780 630-780 160 or more 185-200 345-360 vl i or two 1 500-1 850 650-750 550-700 150 or more 175-185 325-335 UM 2 Coffee Zone vl/l or two 1 550-2 000 20.8-17.9 1 300-1 550 600-700 500-650 145 or more 125 or less 260-280 UM 3 Marginal Coffee l/vl or two 1 550-2 000 20.8-18.0 1 250-1 500 500-680 500-600 140 or more 120 or less 240-270 Zone UM 4 Maize-Sunflower l/vl or two 1 600-2 000 20.5-18.0 1 200-1 600 400-600 500-600 115 or more 115 or less ~230 Zone LM 1 Lower Midland p or two 1 300-1 500 22.3-21.3 1 500-1 800 650-800 550-650 180 or more 120-180 300-365 Sugarcane Zone LM 2 Marginal l/m ^ (m/s) 1 200-1 550 22.5-21.0 1 200-1 580 560-700 500-600 170 or more 115-125 185-295 Sugarcane Zone

1) Amounts surpassed normally in 10 out of 15 years, falling during the agro-humid period which allows growing of most cultivated plants 2) More if growing cycle of cultivated plants continues by middle rains into the period of second rainy season 3) Agro-humid conditions continue from 1st to 2nd rainy season in whole district group 4) Amounts surpassed normally in 6 out of 10 years NANDI GROUP 11 NANDI GROUP 12 NANDI GROUP 13

AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES AND SUBZONES - Introduction

The yield potentials are calculated for the important annual crops with the programs WATBALand MARCROP by B. Hornetz (see chapter 3.1 and Annex). The other crops are classified by estimates according to their temperature and water requirements. Not all suitable crops could be mentioned here because of limited space. More crops and the most suited varieties can be found in the crop list (Table X) and in IRACC: Small Holder Farming Handbook for Self Employment, Nairobi 1997, when comparing both sources with the climatic data of the AEZ and Subzones (Table 2) as well as considering the soil requirements (Table IV) and the soil map. The potentials require optimal fertilising and manuring as well as good crop husbandry to reach the given percentages. Many waterlogged soils are excluded from the potentials. Recommended for checking in Table X are the following crops resp. varieties which have not been mentioned in the potentials: Many maize varieties, most of them commercial ones; more vegetables like french beans, carrots, leek, celery, spinach, beetroot, turnips and the root crop cocoyams; more fruits like grapefruit, mandarines, limes, lemons, tangerines, passionfruit (>1200 m) and pineapples (canning quality >1350 m). Tea, sugarcane and cotton have also many interesting varieties (Table X). For fodder and forage many other plants than the mentioned ones are classified by Agro-Ecological Zones in Table XI. It must be kept in mind that the potentials are ecological ones. What is economical depends on the present relation of costs-yield-prices and the marketing possibilities, of course.

AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES AND SUBZONES (Legend to the Map)

UH 1 = Sh e e p a n d D a i r y Z o n e Here very steep, therefore Forest Reserve. Land use potential see Kericho group of districts.

LH = LOWER HIGHLAND ZONES LH 1 = Te a – D a i r y Z o n e LH 1 = Tea – Dairy Zone with permanent cropping possibilities, dividable in two variable p or two cropping seasons Ve r y g o o d y i e l d p o t e n t i a l (av. more than 80 % of the optimum) 1st rainy season start norm. end of F.: Peas, cabbages, carrots, spinach 2nd rainy season start with middle rains, norm. end of June: Peas Whole year: Tea (higher places less than 80 % av., but high quality) G o o d y i e l d p o t e n t i a l (av. 60-80 % of the optimum) 1st rainy season (to 2nd rainy season): Late mat. maize; rapeseed; kales, cauliflower, beetroot, leek, celery, lettuce Middle rains & 2nd rainy season: Cabbages, carrots, kales, a. o. vegetables Whole year: Passion fruit (lower places); collard greens (Sukuma wiki) Fa i r y i e l d p o t e n t i a l (av. 40-60 % of the optimum) 1st rainy season: Finger millet, beans (below 2200 m); potatoes 2), sweet pot. (lower places); onions Middle rains & 2nd rainy season: M. mat. barley; beans (below 2200 m) Pasture and forage 0.4-0.6 ha/LU on secondary pasture of Kikuyu grass (montane moist forest originally); very suitable for grade dairy cows; Louisiana white clover up to 2200 m, above Kenya white clover as best additional forage, then <0.1 ha/LU.

LH 1 = Tea-Dairy Zone with very long cropping season and intermediate rains, dividable in two vl i or two variable cropping seasons and i.r. (see diagram Songhor, Kaabirir)

Potential almost as LH 1 p or two but 2nd planting suitable only for crops with less than 130 days growing period. NANDI GROUP 14

LH 1 vl i or two Nr.: 8935001 Songhor, Kaabirir 0° 02`N 35° 18`E 2010 m

Average rainfall per decade Reliable rainfall, surpassed in 10 out of 15 years Approx. pot. evapotranspiration of a permanent crop (tea) Approx. pot. evapotranspiration of late mat. maize Approx. pot. evapotranspiration of m. mat. barley 990 Rainfall per indicated growing period, surpassed in 10 out of 15 years

LH 2 = Wheat/Maize – Pyrethrum Zone 3) LH 2 = Wheat/Maize – Pyrethrum Zone with a very long to long cropping season, dividable in two vl/l or two variable cropping seasons (see diagram Kapsabet) Good yield potential 1st rainy season (to 2nd rainy season), start norm. March: Late mat. wheat (60-70 %, Apr./May– O./N.), late mat. triticale, late mat. maize (e. of F./Apr. – S./N., ~ 80 % on deep soils); peas, horse beans, potatoes (Apr.-Aug.); late mat. sunflower like Kenya White (60-70 %), linseed, rapeseed; cabbages, kales, cauliflower, carrots, beetroot, spinach, celery, lettuce. Middle rains & 2nd rainy season, start indistinctly around July: Med. mat. barley (July-N.), m. mat. wheat (June-O.); linseed, kales, carrots, beetroot, spinach, tomatoes (lower places), celery. Whole year: Black Wattle, New Zealand flax (higher places); collard greens (Sukuma wiki) Fair yield potential 1st rainy season: Finger millet; m.mat. beans (50-60 % lower places); tomatoes, onions, pumpkins, butternut (below 2300 m) Middle rains & 2nd rainy season: Peas, beans (below 2100 m); potatoes (S.-D./J.); cabbages, cauliflower, onions, lettuce Whole year: Pyrethrum (nearly 60 %); apples, pears and plums (all above 2200 m); passion fruit (below 2200 m), strawberries

Pasture and forage Around 0.8 ha/LU on highland savanna of Kikuyu, Red oats and tufted grass4) between Cedar forest remnants; ca. 0.5 ha/LU on art. pasture of Nandi Setaria above 2100 m or Rhodes grass below 2100m; with add. feeding of Giant Setaria and Lotononis or clover down to about 0.1 ha/LU; suitable for grade dairy cows. NANDI GROUP 15

LH 2 vl/l or two (-LH 1) Nr.: 8935018 Kapsabet, D. O. 0° 12`N 35° 06`E 1790 m

Average rainfall per decade Reliable rainfall, surpassed in 10 out of 15 years Approx. pot. evapotranspiration of a permanent crop (pyrethrum) Approx. pot. evapotranspiration of late mat. maize Approx. pot. evapotranspiration of m. mat. barley 950 Rainfall per indicated growing period, surpassed in 10 out of 15 years

LH 3 = Wheat/Maize – Barley Zone 3) LH 3 = Wheat/Maize–Barley Zone5) with a long to very long cropping season, seperable in two variable l/vl or two cropping seasons Good yield potential 1st rainy season, start norm. end of March: M. mat. wheat (Apr.-S.); m. mat. durum wheat, late mat. wheat (Apr.-O.), m. mat barley, late mat. triticale, on deep soils late mat. maize; peas; linseed, late mat. sunflower; cabbages, carrots Middle rains & 2nd rainy season, start indistinctly between end of June and July: M. mat. wheat (June-D.), m.mat. barley; rapeseed (end of June-O.) Whole year: Black wattle Fair yield potential 1st rainy season: Potatoes; rapeseed; kales, cauliflower, carrots, beetroot Middle rains & 2nd rainy season: Beans (lower places); tomatoes, kales, beetroot Whole year: Avocadoes (lower places); collard greens Pasture and forage About 1.0 ha/LU on highland savanna of Red oats and wire grass, about 0.5 ha/LU on artificial pasture of Nandi Setaria or Rhodes grass; suited for grade dairy cows and grade cattle; subterranean clover and Lotononis and other additional forage (see Table X) down to 0.1 ha/LU

UM = UPPER MIDLAND ZONES UM 1 = Te a - C o f f e e Z o n e UM 1 = Tea-Coffee Zone with permanent cropping possibilities, p or two/ seperable in two or three cropping seasons three NANDI GROUP 16

Very good yield potential 1st rainy season, start norm. b. of March: cabbages, kales Middle rains & 2nd rainy season, start norm. end of July: M. mat. sunflower Whole year: Tea (~80 %, medium quality), passion fruit, guavas

Good yield potential 1st rainy season (to 2nd r.): Late mat. maize, finger millet; potatoes (higher places), sweet potatoes; late and m. mat sunflower, m.mat soya beans; spinach, broccoli, onions, carrots (above 1500 m), pumpkins butternut, black night shade Middle rains & 2nd rainy season: E. mat. beans, e. mat. green grams (July-Oct., below 1650 m), sweet potatoes; kales, onions, broccoli, tomatoes, e. mat. soya beans Whole year: Bananas, taro, yams, mountain pawpaws, loquats, avocadoes; collard greens Fair yield potential 1st rainy season: Cold tolerant sorghum; beans7); tomatoes Middle rains: Maize, cold tol. sorghum (Aug.-F.), finger millet; potatoes (higher places), cabbages 2nd rainy season, start indistinctly around end of O.: V. e. mat. beans, french beans and fast growing vegetables Whole year: Arabica coffee6), citrus Pasture and forage About 0.5 ha/LU on art. or sec. pasture of star grass; down to 0.1 ha/LU feeding Napier or Bana grass, banana leaves, and fodder legumes (Desmodium, Stylosanthes, Siratro)

UM 1 = Tea-Coffee Zone with permanent cropping possibilities, p or two seperable in two cropping seasons Potential like UM 1 p or two/three, but no reliable third crop in N.-F. Stocking rates about 10 % less

UM 1 = Tea-Coffee Zone with very long cropping season and intermediate rains, vl i seperable in two variable cropping seasons and i.r. or two Potential like UM 1 p or two/three but tea only good to fair, beans in 1st rainy season good, no third rainy season, stocking rates about 20 % less

UM 2 = C o f f e e - Z o n e 6) UM 2 = Coffee-Zone with a very long cropping season and intermediate rains, vl i seperable in two variable cropping seasons and i.r. or two Very good yield potential 1st rainy season (to middle rains), start norm. begin. of March: Late mat. maize (Mch.-S.); cabbages, kales Whole year, best planting time March: Castor Good yield potential 1st rainy season (to middle rains): M. mat. maize (March-Au.), finger millet; m. mat. beans (lower places)7); sweet potatoes; late mat. sunflower (May-O.), m. mat. soya beans; onions, spinach, tomatoes, pumpkins butternut, black night shade Middle rains & 2nd rainy season, start norm. end of July: L. mat. beans Whole year: Macadamia nuts, passion fruit, avocadoes, mountain pawpaws, guavas, bananas (in valleys); collard greens (Sukuma wiki) Fair yield potential 1st rainy season (to middle rains): Pigeon peas (lower places); potatoes in higher places Middle rains & 2nd rainy season: M. mat. maize H 511-514 (50-60 %), 622, 632 (~50 %); potatoes, sweet potatoes; tomatoes Whole Year: Arabica coffee6), bananas (outside valleys), citrus, taro (in valleys), yams, pineapples (lower places)

Pasture and forage 0.6 -0.8 ha/LU on sec. pasture, dairy cows about 0.5 ha/LU on art. pasture of Rhodes grass; down to 0.12 ha/LU feeding Napier and Bana grass; Desmodium uncinatum best fodder legume (for rotation, also against striga) NANDI GROUP 17

UM 3 = M a r g i n a l C o f f e e Z o n e UM 3 = Marginal Coffee Zone with very long to long cropping season and intermediate rains, seperable in vl/l i two variable cropping seasons and i.r. or two Transitional, potential in 1st rainy season almost like UM 2 less about 10 %. Second rainy season starts indistinctly around July with fair chances for m. mat. maize. Marginal for coffee, also on good soils. No very good yield potential.

UM 4 = M a i z e - Su n f l owe r Z o n e UM 4 = Maize-Sunflower Zone with a long to very long cropping season, l/vl dividable in two variable cropping seasons or two Good yield potential 1st rainy season start norm. around end of March (to 2nd rainy season): Late mat. maize; e. mat beans (~60%)7), soya beans (below 1600 m); sweet potatoes (~60 %); late mat. sunflower, cabbages, kales, spinach, black night shade Middle rains & 2nd rainy season, start norm. b. of. July: M. mat.sunflower Whole year: Sisal, castor Fair yield potential 1st rainy season: Finger millet, cold tolerant sorghum; tomatoes, e.mat. onions (on light soils) Middle rains & 2nd rainy season: M. or late mat. beans, sweet potatoes, potatoes; late mat. onions (on light soils) Whole year: Avocadoes8), citrus8), pineapples Pasture and forage About 1.0 ha/LU on nat. pasture of Hyparrhenia savanna, < 0.5 ha/LU on art. pasture of Rhodes grass; down to 0.1 ha/LU feeding Napier or better Bana grass and Desmodium; suitable for grade cattle and dairy cows (silage or hay for dry season profitable)

LM = LOWER MIDLAND ZONES LM 1 = Su g a rc a n e Z o n e Very small, potential see Kakamega group of districts LM 2 = M a r g i n a l Su g a rc a n e Z o n e LM 2 = Marginal Sugarcane Zone l/m^ with a vary long to medium cropping season (m/s) followed by a (weak) medium to short one Very good yield potential 1st rainy season, start norm. end of Febr.: M. mat .Sorghum ; sweet potatoes; m. mat. soya beans, e. mat. sunflower; sweet pepper, chillies, pumpkins, cucumbers Good yield potential 1st rainy season: M. mat. maize, late mat. sorghum, finger millet; m. mat. beans, pigeon peas, dolichos beans, late mat. groundnuts (rosette resistent); late mat. soya beans, roselle; egg plants, tomatoes, onions, kenaf; pumpkins butternut, black night shade Middle rains & 2nd rainy season, start indistinctly towards end of August: M. mat. green grams (up to 1400m); e.mat. sunflower Whole year: best planting time end of Feb.: Cassava, pawpaws, bananas, sisal, guavas, yam beans (best near rivers)9) Fair yield potential 1st rainy season: Rice in mbugas; cowpeas; tobacco, cotton (low quality, danger of rain in open bolls); cabbages, kales, egg plants Middle rains & 2nd rainy season: M. mat. sorghum, e. mat. maize; m. mat. beans (higher places), cowpeas (lower places), bambara groundnuts (light soils); sweet potatoes; cotton (July – F., relayplanted in maize of 1st rainy season) Whole year: Sucarcane, pineapples, sisal, citrus (low quality), mangoes (endangered by fungus diseases) Pasture and forage 0.5- 1.0 ha/LU on sec. high grass savanna; down to < 0.1 ha/LU feeding Napier or Bana grass, maize, stalks, banana leaves, mucuna and fodder legumes (see table XI) NANDI GROUP 18

1) In the following crop potentials no variety names are mentioned normally because they can be found easily in the crop list (see Table X) using the length of growing period as the main indicator 2) Spraying against fungus diseases important 3) Wheat or maize mainly depending on farm scale 4) The bad tufted grasses Eleusine jaegeri and Pennisetum schimperi are expanding if the areas are overgrazed. They may be controlled by fire. 5) Maize in most parts better suited to local ecological and social conditions than wheat 6) Coffee yields are low because of unsuitable soils, diseases (too wet), and less flowering because of undistinct rainfall distribution 7) Sometimes rotting because of too wet conditions 8) With add. irrigation (D.-F.) well growing 9) Still experimental NANDI GROUP 19 NANDI GROUP 20

SOIL DISTRIBUTION, FERTILITY AND MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS

The topography of Nandi group of districts is varying, ranging from uplands of various levels to plains and alluvial valleys in the central and western part. Steep topography is found along the shores of Lake Victoria, as the Gwasi and Gembe Hills and various other mountains (viz Mt. Homa). The majority of the district is underlain by relatively “acid” parent rock, causing soils of low fertility, and only small areas with basaltic rock types with better soils occur. Mountain soils (M) have little profile development, and vary greatly in texture. They often occur together with rock outcrops and stones (units MBC, MPC). These are mainly soils for forests.

Hill soils of unit HB1 are similar, but topography is more subdued. On some of the hills, soils of varying depth and stoniness are found. Therefore, the fertility is variable. On the associated footslopes most soils (F) have moderate fertility. On similar topography soils of sandier texture (FC 1) with lower fertility occur which need more manure. The sloping piedmont plains (Y) carry soils partly similar to those of units F, associated with vertisols where the topography becomes flat. They are fertile for suitable crops which are able to stand on its heavy texture and tendency for waterlogging (f. i. chickpeas). On the uplands, a variety of soils occur. Soils of units Ul B 5, Ul X 3, Ul YA, Ul Y 2 a. o. are found in large areas. Naturally, they have a deep topsoil rich in valuable organic matter but it is partly lost by excessive cultivation without organic manuring. Some of these soils may be shallow or moderately deep and need more care. Several of the upland soils have moderate to high natural fertility if they are not yet denuded or exhausted. Less suitable soils of units UmG are extensive in the southern part. On the eastern boundary, soils of unit UmB 2 occur, which have moderately high natural fertility. In the southern and northern part of the district group, there are soils of low fertility (Ul G 5 a. o., UmGF 1). In some cases these soils are moderately deep and respond well to manuring and fertilising. NANDI GROUP 21

LEGEND TO THE SOIL MAP OF NANDI GROUP OF DISTRICTS

1 Explanation of first character physiography( )

M Mountains and Major Scarps (steep; slopes predominantly over 30%; relief intensity more than 300 m (Mountains) or more than 100 m (Major Scarps); altitudes here up to 2641 m)

H Hills and Minor Scarps (hilly to steep; slopes predominantly over 16%; relief intensity up to 100 (Minor Scarps) to 300 m (Hills); altitudes here up to 2500 m)

L Plateaus (very gently undulating to undulating; slopes less than 8%; altitudes between 1200 and 1600 m - Maseno/Sondu - and between 2000 and 2500 m - Uasin Gishu and Siria Plateaus)

R Volcanic Footridges (dissected lower slopes of major older volcanoes and older lava flows, undulating to hilly; slopes between 5 and 30%; altitudes here between 1800 and 2500 m; Tinderet Mountains)

F Footslopes (at the foot of Hills and Mountains; gently undulating to rolling; slopes between 2 and 16%; various altitudes)

Y Piedmont Plains (nearly flat to gently undulating; slopes between 0 and 5%; altitudes between 1150 and 1500 m; in Kano Plains)

U Uplands Uh Upper Middle-Level Uplands (undulating to rolling; slopes between 5 and 16%; altitudes between 1650 and 2650 m) Um Lower Middle-Level Uplands (gently undulating to undulating; slopes between 2 and 8%; altitudes between 1200 and 2200 m)

B Bottomlands (flat to gently undulating; slopes between 0 and 5%; various altitudes; seasonally ponded)

S Swamps (almost flat; slopes between 0 and 2%; various altitudes; permanently waterlogged if not reclaimed)

V Minor Valleys (V or U-shaped valleys; slopes mainly up to 16%, exceptionally up to 30%; width mainly 250-500 m, up to about 1000 m; depth up to about 100 m; various altitudes)

2 Explanation of second character (lithology): Plant nutrients in parent material A Recent Alluvial Sediments from Various Sources many B Basic Igneous Rocks (basalts, nepheline phonolites; older basic tuffs included) many D Mudstones and Claystones many F Gneisses rich in Ferromagnesian Minerals and Hornblende Gneisses many G Granites and Granodiorites few I Intermediate Igneous Rocks (andesites, phonolites, syenites, etc.) very many N Biotite Gneisses many R Quartz-Feldspar Gneisses few NANDI GROUP 22

U Undifferentiated Basement System Rocks (predominantly Gneisses) few V Undifferentiated or Various Igneous Rocks many X Undifferentiated or Various Rocks few to many

3 Soil descriptions

MB3 Well drained shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay loam to clay, with an acid humic topsoil; in places stony and rocky, or deep: humic CAMBISOLS, partly lithic, stony phase; with Rock Outcrops

MB4 Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, dark reddish brown to dark brown, very stony, clay loam to clay, with a humic or acid humic topsoil; in places moderately deep to deep: haplic PHAEOZEMS and RANKERS, lithic and stony phases

MU2 Well drained, very shallow to shallow, brown to reddish brown, stony and rocky, gravelly to very gravelly sandy loam to sandy clay loam: LITHOSOLS and dystric REGOSOLS, rocky and stony phases

HB1 Somewhat excessively to well drained, very shallow to moderately deep, dark reddish brown, friable, gravelly clay; in many places with an acid humic topsoil; in places stony and rocky: dystric and humic CAMBISOLS, partly lithic and stony phases, and LITHOSOLS; with Rock Outcrops

HGC Complex of: Somewhat excessively drained, shallow, stony and rocky soils of varying colour, consistency and texture: dystric REGOSOLS and RANKERS, with ferralic and humic CAMBISOLS, lithic, rocky and stony phases, LITHOSOLS and Rock Outcrops

HIC Complex of: Well drained, shallow to deep, dark red to strong brown, friable, gravelly sandy clay; over petroplinthite or rock; in many places very shallow, stony and rocky: ferralo-chromic CAMBISOLS and orthic and rhodic FERRALSOLS, partly lithic, stony and rocky phases, with LITHOSOLS

HN1 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, yellowish red, friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil; over pisoferric material or rock: ferralo-humic ACRISOLS, partly pisoferric phase

HUC1 Complex of: Excessively to well drained, shallow, dark red to brown, sandy clay loam to clay; in many places stony, bouldery and rocky; in places with an acid humic topsoil and/or moderately deep to deep: dystric REGOSOLS, with humic CAMBISOLS, lithic, bouldery and rocky phases, with LITHOSOLS and Rock Outcrops

LI3 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to dark red, friable clay: nito-rhodic FERRALSOLS

LIA1 Association of: well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark red, friable clay; over petroplinthite; on relatively higher parts (60%) rhodic FERRALSOLS, partly petroferric phase and: NANDI GROUP 23

well to imperfectly drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to brown, friable clay; over petroplinthite or rock; in many places mottled, in places very shallow and/or rocky; near depressions and valley sides ferralic and gleyic CAMBISOLS, petroferric and lithic phases, with LITHOSOLS and Rock Outcrops and: poorly drained, moderately deep to deep, dark grey to grey, mottled, firm clay, with a humic topsoil; in many places over petroplinthite; in depressions (201) mollic GLEYSOLS, partly petroferric phase

RB2 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, very friable clay, with an acid humic topsoil: humic NITISOLS

RB5 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark reddish brown to brown, friable to firm clay, with a humic topsoil; in places shallow and fairly bouldery: luvic PHAEOZEMS, with haplic PHAEOZEMS, lithic phase

FB7 Moderately well to imperfectly drained, very deep, very dark grey to very dark greyish brown, friable to very firm, clay loam to cracking clay; predominantly with a thick humic topsoil; in places with a calcareous deeper subsoil: verto-luvic and haplic PHAEOZEMS, with chromic VERTISOLS

FG2 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, dark yellowish brown, friable sandy clay; in many places with an acid humic topsoil, rocky and/or stony: dystric and humic CAMBISOLS, stony and rocky phases FIA Association of: well drained, very deep to extremely deep, dark red, friable clay; on sloping land: eutric NITISOLS and: somewhat excessively drained, shallow to deep, dark reddish brown, friable to firm, bouldery, fairly rocky clay; on steep slopes: ferralo-chromic LUVISOLS and ferralo-chromic CAMBISOLS, partly lithic phases

FU2 Well drained, deep, yellowish red to dark reddish brown, friable to firm, fairly rocky, sandy clay loam to clay; in places moderately deep: orthic LUVISOLS and eutric CAMBISOLS

FUC Complex of: well drained, deep, dark reddish brown to dark yellowish brown soils of varying consistency and texture; in places moderately deep, gravelly and/or stony: orthic FERRALSOLS, orthic ACRISOLS and ferralic ARENOSOLS, partly stony phases

YU1 Imperfectly drained, very deep, dark greyish brown to very dark grey, mottled, very firm, cracking clay, with a calcareous and slightly sodic deeper subsoil; in many places abruptly underlying a firm topsoil of sandy clay: chromic VERTISOLS and verto-eutric PLANOSOLS

YU3 Imperfectly to poorly drained, deep to very deep, very dark grey to dark greyish brown, mottled, firm to very firm, saline and sodic, sandy clay loan to cracking clay; in many places abruptly underlying a topsoil of firm sandy loam to sandy clay loam: vertic SOLONETZ and solodic PLANOSOLS, saline phase and chromic VERTISOLS, saline- sodic phase NANDI GROUP 24

YU4 Poorly drained, very deep, dark greyish brown to very dark grey, mottled, firm to very firm, cracking clay, abruptly underlying a topsoil of friable sandy clay loam, in places with a sodic subsoil: verto-eutric PLANOSOLS, with solodic PLANOSOLS

YUC Complex of: moderately well to poorly drained, very deep, dark brown to very dark grey, firm to very firm sandy clay to cracking clay; in places stratified, sodic, or gravelly: PLANOSOLS, GLEYSOLS, SOLONETZ, VERTISOLS and FLUVISOLS

UhB1 Well drained, very deep to extremely deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a humic topsoil: mollic NITISOLS

UhD1 Well drained, very deep, dark reddish brown to yellowish red, friable clay: ferralo-orthic ACRISOLS

UhF1 Well drained, extremely deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil: humic NITISOLS

UhG1 Well drained, deep, yellowish red to dusky red, friable sandy clay to clay; in places shallow and rocky (on steeper slopes): ferralo-chromic ACRISOLS, partly lithic phase; with Rock Outcrops

UhG2 Well drained, deep to very deep, yellowish red to dark reddish brown, friable to firm sandy clay, with an acid humic to thick acid humic topsoil: humic and ferralo-humic ACRISOLS UhG4 Well drained, deep to very deep, brown to strong brown, friable to firm, bouldery and fairly rocky, gravelly sandy clay to clay, with an acid humic to thick acid humic topsoil; in places stony: humic ACRISOLS, bouldery and partly stony phase

UhG5 Well drained, moderately deep to deep, strong brown, friable to firm, bouldery and fairly rocky sandy clay, with an acid humic topsoil: humic ACRISOLS, bouldery phase

UhGA1 Association of: well drained, moderately deep to deep, brown, friable to firm, fairly bouldery and fairly rocky, gravelly coarse sandy clay; on moderate slopes: dystric CAMBISOLS and: somewhat excessively drained, very shallow to shallow, brown, friable, bouldery and extremely rocky, gravelly coarse sandy clay loam; in places with an acid humic topsoil; on steep slopes: LITHOSOLS and RANKERS, rocky and bouldery phase

UhI3 Well drained, very deep to extremely deep, dark red to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a humic topsoil: dystro-mollic NITISOLS

UhI5 Well to moderately well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark red to brown, friable to firm clay, with a humic topsoil; over rock or pisoferric material: haplic and luvic PHAEOZEMS, partly lithic or pisoferric phases

UhN l Well drained, very deep to extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, friable clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil: humic NITISOLS NANDI GROUP 25

UhN2 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark reddish brown, friable sandy clay, with a thick humic topsoil; in places shallow and fairly rocky: luvic PHAEOZEMS, partly lithic phase

UhN3 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark reddish brown to dark brown, friable to firm clay, with a thick acid humic topsoil: humic ACRISOLS, with humic CAMBISOLS

UhN4 Well drained, very deep to extremely deep, dark red, friable to firm clay, with an acid humic topsoil: ferralo-humic ACRISOLS

UhU4 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark brown to yellowish brown, friable sandy clay loam to sandy clay, with an acid humic topsoil; in places very bouldery and rocky; with inclusions of very deep, dark reddish brown, friable clay: humic CAMBISOLS and ACRISOLS, partly lithic and bouldery phases, with Rock Outcrops and humic NITISOLS

UhV2 Well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark red, friable clay, with a thick humic topsoil: mollic NITISOLS

UmF2 Well drained, moderately deep to very deep, yellowish red to strong brown, friable to firm clay: ferralo-orthic ACRISOLS

UmN2 Well drained, deep to very deep, red to dark red, friable clay; in places moderately deep: rhodic FERRALSOLS, with ferralo-chromic ACRISOLS

UmR1 Well drained, deep to very deep, dark red to brownish yellow, friable clay; in places moderately deep: orthic FERRALSOLS and ferralo-orthic ACRISOLS

UmU4 Well drained, shallow to moderately deep, very dark greyish brown, friable, gravelly sandy clay; in places with a humic topsoil; in places stony and very shallow: eutric CAMBISOLS, with haplic PHAEOZEMS, partly stony and lithic phases, and with LITHOSOLS, partly stony phase

BX1 Imperfectly to poorly drained, deep to very deep, dark grey to greyish brown, mottled, firm sandy clay to cracking clay; in places with a peaty topsoil; in places with a calcareous subsoil: eutric and vertic GLEYSOLS, with mollic GLEYSOLS

SA1 Very poorly drained, deep, dark grey to black, half ripe clay, with a humic or histic topsoil; in many places peaty: mollic GLEYSOLS and eutric HISTOSOLS

VXC Complex of: well drained, shallow to deep soils of varying colour, consistency and texture (on valley sides): CAMBISOLS, ACRISOLS and FERRALSOLS, partly lithic phases, with Rock Outcrops and: imperfectly to poorly drained, deep, mottled soils with predominantly greyish colours, firm consistency and fine textures (in valley bottoms): GLEYSOLS, with VERTISOLS & HISTOSOLS NANDI GROUP 26

NOTES for definitions (of underlined words) 1 mollic Nitisols and chromo-luvic Phaeozems: soils are equally important 2 mollic Nitisols, with chromo-luvic Phaeozems: Nitisols are prevalent 3 in places: in <30% of the area 4 in many places: in 30-50% of the area 5 predominantly: in >50% of the area 6 deeper subsoil: below 80 cm.

3.3.2 POPULATION AND LAND see main Volume Southern Rift Valley Province

3.3.3 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS see main Volume Southern Rift Valley Province NANDI GROUP 27

3.3.4 FARM SURVEY IN NANDI GROUP OF DISTRICTS

The Farm Survey of 2004 was planned here to be carried out in five AEZs (Table 22), that would have covered both new districts Nandi North and South. However, only data for AEZs LH 1 and UM 1 of Nandi South District were provided but they are also representative for parts of Nandi North District. The data collected during the FS 2004 on various agricultural aspects are presented in Tables 23 a-b, while cropping patterns are shown in Tables 24 a-b. The average land size in LH 1 is 4.2 ha, with a distribution of annual crops (0.55ha), perennial crops (0.24ha) and permanent pasture & fodder crops (0.29ha) (Table 23a). The rest might be natural pasture. In this AEZ, the main annual crops are maize, beans and sweet potatoes while tea is the main perennial cash crop (Table 24a). It is notable that maize, which doubles as cash and food crop, is allocated the highest acreage. In UM 1, farm size per household seems to be very high (7.4ha, but the Table Land Use shows 3.76ha which seems more realistic). A third of it is allocated to annual crops. Other food crops besides maize are beans, sweet potatoes and cassava. Tea is the main cash crop, with a small portion of the population growing sugarcane. Most households in Nandi group of districts practice dairy farming (with improved breeds), but UM 1 has the highest number of dairy animals per household. Land for pasture does not appear to be a major problem as illustrated by the total livestock unit in both AEZs. In Nandi group of districts, there is a high percentage of farmers using modern farm inputs such as chemical fertilizer and hybrid seeds. However, use of fungicides and insecticides was not reported in any of the surveyed AEZs. Although AEZs LH 1 and UM 1 are high potential areas, over-reliance on chemical fertilizer is likely to contribute to stream water pollution and increase acidity of soil, which can affect aquatic ecosystems and livestock. Mono-cropping and the high intensity of rainfall accelerate soil degradation through exhaustion, leaching and soil erosion.

Improved and Sustainable agricultural approaches to address the aforementioned challenges would include: Improved soil fertility: This can be attained through increased application of organic manure, mulching, agro-forestry, and crop rotation. Integrated pest control: approaches. Pesticides and insecticides are rarely used by farmers in Nandi district. There is need for integrated pest control techniques: a combination of biological techniques andcrop rotation. This will not only increase agricultural production but also limit environmental degradation. Controlling erosion: There is a plethora of sustainable agricultural techniques aimed at conserving soil erosion from heavy rainfall. These include using contour bunds, contour planting, check-dams, gulley plugs and maintaining cover crops. Water conservation: Although Kenya is classified as a water scarce country, water scarcity is not a major issue in Nandi. The district group is traversed by a number of permanent rivers. However, the increasing population pressure exerted on water resources, leading to forest clearance and cultivation on river banks is among the challenges on water resource conservation. It is prudent for stakeholders to collaborate in the protection of water towers and sensitize local communities on the consequences of these destructive practices. Use of local inputs: Farmers rarely realize the value of inputs they have locally. Such include farm yard manure (from livestock), compost manure or mulch (from vegetation or household waste) and in some cases, local crop varieties. These local inputs are usually over looked in a rush to adopt new varieties or chemicals despite being low cost and environment friendly. Indigenous knowledge: An important local input is the people’s own knowledge. Local people are experts on the plants, animals, soils and ecosystems they are surrounded by and on which they depend. Sustainable agriculture draws on this wealth of knowledge, and encourages local people to use it, test it, and promote what works best. Local organizations and initiative: Equally important are the energy and capacity of local people to organize and cooperate to solve their own problems. Unlike conventional extension agencies, organizations that promote sustainable agriculture spend at least as much time in helping farmers organize as they do in teaching farming technologies. Ironically, many sustainable agriculture approaches are very similar to the techniques traditionally used by farmers before the advent of “modern” farming. That does not mean, though, that sustainable agriculture turns its back on modern inputs or ideas. Many types of sustainable agriculture use modern high-yielding crop varieties and artificial fertilizers wherever appropriate. NANDI GROUP 28

TABLE 22: FARM SURVEYED SITES Representative of Typical Agro-Ecological Zones, Subzones and Units

Agro-Ecological Unit District 2004 No. in Farm Survey Sites Kenya AEZone Subzone Soil Unit Nandi Hill Division, Kapchorua Location, Nandi District 64 LH1 vl i two RB 2 Sirwa Sub-location (Nandi South 65 - - - - district). 66 - - - - No data for Aldai Division, Ndurio Location, Kesogon Nandi North 67 UM1 p or two UhG7 Sub-locations 68 - - - - NB: There were no data provided for Nandi North (survey sites for other agro-ecological zones 65, 66 & 68)

Tables 23 a - b ASSETS, LAND USE, FARMING INTENSITY AND INPUTS and Tables 24 a - b CROPPING PATTERNS see main volume Southern Rift Valley Province. NANDI GROUP 29 NANDI GROUP 30

3.3.5 INTRODUCTION TO THE ACTUAL LAND USE SYSTEMS AND POTENTIAL INTENSIFICATION BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN DOMINATING AGRO- ECOLOGICAL SUBZONES

In order to realize the main task of the farm management, a question targeting specifically the inputs used by farmers and resultant increase in yields was included in the Small Farm Survey questionnaire that was conducted. In each survey area the purposively sampled 30 farmers were divided into 3 groups: one group applying low inputs, a second one medium inputs, and a third one high inputs. The difference between these groups shows the amount of yields that can be realistically achieved by the farmers practicing better farm management. The column with the yield potential finally shows figures under optimal soil conditions, water supply, crop husbandry and pest control, which is the ultimate goal of any farmer.

More detailed information can be found together with calculations of profitability in the Farm management Guidelines of each district. The tables found here are not correlated with the relevant and most suited Agro- Ecological Units, which are necessary for the calculation of expected yields and the amount of inputs. The amount of fertiliser per soil unit is described in MURIUKI & QURESHI: Fertiliser Use Manual, KARI 2001. For more details, see Chapter 3.3.6.

In terms of aerial expanse, the dominant Zones in which field data were collected from in the Nandi Group of Districts are: LH 1 and UM 1. An additional important reference material is “Small Holder Farming Handbook for Self-employment”, first published in 1997 by Information Research and Communication Centre (IRACC) & Marketing Support Services Ltd, Nairobi.

Our recommendations for the Small Farm Survey 2004 included for the Nandi group of districts also survey sites in the Agro-Ecological Subzones LH 2 vl/l, LH 3 l/vl and UM 4 l/vl (see Table 22) but due to technical reasons the data collection did not function unfortunately. NANDI GROUP 31

NANDI NORTH and NANDI CENTRAL DISTRICT

Subzone LH 2 vl/l or two of the Wheat/Maize-Pyrethrum Zone

This Subzone encompassing Mogobich sub-location was supposed to have been surveyed but unfortunately no data were collected.

Subzone LH 3 l/vl or two of the Wheat/Maize-Barley Zone

This Subzone encompassing Chepterit sub-location was supposed to have been surveyed but unfortunately no data were collected.

Subzone UM 4 l/vl or two of the Maize-Sunflower Zone

This Subzone encompassing Chemnoet sub-location was supposed to have been surveyed but unfortunately no data were collected.

NANDI SOUTH DISTRICT

Subzone UM 1 p or two of the Tea-Coffee Zone1)

This is the Upper Midland Tea-Coffee Zone with permanent cropping possibilities separable into two variable cropping seasons as typified by Aldai Division, Nduruo Location, Kesogon Sub-location. The dominating soil is well drained, moderately deep to deep, strong brown, friable to firm humic ACRISOL. The average annual rainfall is between 1700 – 2000 mm. The first rainy season can expect more than 700 – 780 mm in 10 out of 15 seasons; the middle rains and second rainy season > 630 – 780 mm. The 60% reliability of the growing periods during the 1st and 2nd seasons is more than 160 and 185 – 200 days, respectively.

This Subzone is well suited for the production of a variety of crops. In order of importance, these crops are: maize, beans, kales, cabbages, sweet potatoes, cassava and sugarcane during the first rainy season. An almost similar selection of crops is planted during the second rainy season, i.e. maize, beans, kales, cabbages and sweet potatoes. The main perennial crop grown is tea, some bananas are for own consumption mainly (see Table 24). In lower places there are the semi-perennials sugacane and cassava.

There is an effort by farmers to apply farm inputs to improve soil fertility in this Subzone (see Table 23b). With more utilization of available farm inputs, particularly the use of fertiliser and manure, yield increase of the stable food crop (maize) can be realized. The present yield increase under three levels of inputs and the potential on the predominant soil of this Subzone, i.e. humic ACRISOLS, is shown in Table 25. The potential high yield of 15 000 kg/ha of maize is possible with H 6213 according to KEPHIS under optimal conditions. The sample farmers are a positive selection because even the low input group yields 3 950 kg/ha. The average of the district is 2 700 kg/ha, what a scope for further development!

1) In the original system it is Coffee-Tea Zone, but now the coffee died almost out, so it is better to say Tea-Coffee Zone. NANDI GROUP 32

TABLE 25: INCREASE OF YIELDS BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN AGRO- ECOLOGICAL UNIT1) UM 1 p or two, UhG7

Subzone: p or two, Soil Unit: UhG7 Survey Area 67 (Aldai) AEZ: UM 1 TEA-COFFEE ZONE Subzone: p or two (Periods in days2): 1st rainy season >155 or more, middle rains & 2nd rainy season Crop Yields3) 140-195 days) and Inputs Unit with predom. soil: UhG7 = well drained and moderately deep humic ACRISOLS Reliable rainfall: 1st rainy season: > 730 mm in at Middle rains & 2nd rainy season: >700 mm in least 10 out of 15 years at least 10 out of 15 years Farmers in Prod. Level Farmers in Prod. Level Maize local II= III= AEU I= low II= med.4) III= high5) AEU Pot.6) I= low monocropped med.4) high5) Pot.6) Yields3) kg/ha - 4600 - * - 3500 - * Fertiliser7): - N kg/ha - 40 - - 30 -

P2O5 kg/ha - 20 - - 15 - K2O kg/ha ------Manure t/ha - 7 - - 5 - Hybrid maize Yields3) kg/ha 3950 6570 13900 15000 - - - Fertiliser7): - - - N kg/ha 27 40 60 - - -

P2O5 kg/ha 20 30 50 - - - K2O kg/ha 5 8 15 - - - Manure t/ha 4 5 10 - - - Maize local intercropped with beans Yields3) kg/ha ------Fertiliser7): - - - N kg/ha ------

P2O5 kg/ha ------K2O kg/ha ------Manure t/ha ------Maize hybrid intercropped with beans Yields3) kg/ha - - - - Fertiliser7): - - - - N kg/ha - - - -

P2O5 kg/ha - - - - K2O kg/ha - - - Manure t/ha - - - -

NOTES: 1)Source: Interview of 30 farmers (if possible 10 in each level) 2004 by Divisional and Field staff 2)Figures of these cereals growing periods should be reached or surpassed in 6 out of 10 years; growing periods may be considered longer due to immediately following second rainy season by middle rains. Then the second growing period is shorter than the given figures 3)Achieved average yields with average rainfall 4)Farmers with medium inputs 5)Farmers with high inputs of fertiliser, insecticides, soil and water conservation 6)Potential yield according to crop list and local climate of this Agro-Ecological Unit if soils are optimally fertilized, plus optimal crop management 7)Fertiliser applications are averaged at 20 % of pure nutrient *Agroecological unit potential for local maize variety not yet established NANDI GROUP 33

NANDI EAST AND TINDERET DISTRICTS

Subzone LH 1 vl i or two of the Tea-Dairy Zone

This is the Tea-Dairy Zone with a very long cropping season and intermediate rains separable into two variable cropping seasons as typified by Nandi Hill Division, Kapchorua Location, Sirwa Sub-location. The predominant soil type in this subzone is the well drained, extremely deep, dusky red to dark reddish brown, very friable clay, with an acidic humic topsoil= humic NITISOL. The rainfall amount is adequate and hence reliability is not a concern here. The first rainy season can expect more than 630 – 820 mm in 10 out of 15 seasons; the middle rains and second rainy season > 550 – 750 mm. The 60% reliability of the growing periods during the 1st and 2nd seasons is more than 155 and 140 – 195 days, respectively. This Subzone with the very good soil is well suited for the production of a variety of crops. In order of importance, these crops are: maize, beans, and sweet potatoes during the first rainy season and beans and sweet potatoes during the second rainy season. The main perennial crop grown is tea (see Table 24a) which is most important for the necessary cash income.

Nandi farmers have been progressive for many years. Already around 1980, when investigations for the first edition of the Farm Management Handbook were carried out, many farmers were very keen in using fertilizers.

There is evidence in Nandi group of districts that there is a high percentage of farmers using modern farm inputs such as chemical fertilizer and hybrid seeds (see Table 23). The application of these inputs needs to be encouraged and sustained by farmers in order to attain maximum yields from their farms. Very good is the high amount of manure given in production levels II and III, showing the fruitful integration of agriculture and livestock keeping. If current soil fertility improvement measures in place are sustained in this Subzone, a substantial increase in maize yield could be achieved (see Table 26). The data in this table shows the present maize yield increase at three levels of inputs and the yield potential on the predominant soil of this Subzone, i.e. the humic NITISOL. NANDI GROUP 34

TABLE 26: INCREASE OF YIELDS BY BETTER FARM MANAGEMENT IN AGRO- ECOLOGICAL UNIT1) LH 1 vl i or two, R B 2

Subzone: vl i or two, Soil Unit: RB 2 Survey Area 64 (Sirwa) AEZ: LH 1 TEA-DAIRY ZONE Subzone: vl i or two (Periods in days2): 1st rainy season >155 or more, middle rains & 2nd rainy Crop Yields3) season >150 days) and Inputs Unit with predom. soil: RB 2 = well drained and extremely deep humic NITISOLS Reliable rainfall: 1st rainy season: > 660 mm in at least Middle rains & 2nd rainy season: > 620 10 out of 15 years mm in at least 10 out of 15 years Farmers in Prod. Level Farmers in Prod. Level Maize local II= III= AEU I= low II= med.4) III= high5) AEU Pot.6) I= low monocropped med.4) high5) Pot.6) Yields3) kg/ha ------Fertiliser7): N kg/ha ------

P2O5 kg/ha ------K2O kg/ha ------Manure t/ha ------Hybrid maize Yields3) kg/ha 3950 4570 12900 15000 - - - Fertiliser7): - - - N kg/ha 27 50 80 - - -

P2O5 kg/ha 20 40 60 - - - K2O kg/ha 5 8 20 - - - Manure t/ha 2 10.8 15 - - - Maize local intercropped with beans Yields3) kg/ha ------Fertiliser7): - - - N kg/ha ------

P2O5 kg/ha ------K2O kg/ha ------Manure t/ha ------Maize hybrid intercropped with beans Yields3) kg/ha - - - - Fertiliser7): - - - - N kg/ha - - - -

P2O5 kg/ha - - - - K2O kg/ha - - - Manure t/ha - - - -

3.2.6 FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPORTANT AGRO- ECOLOGICAL UNITS

The Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project of the GTZ (FURP) from 1986 till 1992 had 2 trial sites in the former Nandi District; one at Baraton in Agro-Ecological Zone LH 2, representing the moderate to fertile humic Nitisols in the central parts of the district group between Kapiyet in the north and Ndurio in the south. Besides LH 2 (Wheat/Maize-Pyrethrum Zone), LH 1 in the west (Tea-Dairy Zone), LH 3 in the east (Wheat/(Maize)-Barley Zone) and UM 1 in the south (parts of the Tea-Coffee Zone) are occurring within this soil type. Another FURP site was established at Chepkumia in AEZ UM 1 (Tea-Coffee Zone) and is representing the less fertile humic Acrisols in the southwestern part of the district group (south of Tindinyo). The Ferralsols and Acrisols of the UM 4 (Sunflower-Maize Zone) and LH 3 (Wheat/(Maize)- Barley Zone) in the northwestern and northeastern parts of the district group possess a low fertility and are represented by FURP stations in the neighbouring districts (in the north and east: Turbo and Eldoret Moi TTC/Uasin Gishu; in the west: Kamakoiwa/Bungoma). Patches of humic Cambisols and humic Nitisols in the south and southeast are similar to those at Kapenguria/West Pokot and Sosiot/Kericho; they are mainly situated in the southern LH 1 (Tea-Dairy Zone). Recommended rates of an Agro-Ecological Unit (AEU) increase towards the wetter subzones and decrease into the dry ones if the soil unit extends there (see small maps). Generally, we have tended to lower the rates due to the low financial base of the smallholder farmers. If a system could be put in place to give the starter fertiliser on credit, repayable with part of the money obtained from harvest, then higher rates would be used by the farmers. The optimum can be calculated from the yield functions in MURIUKI & QURESHI (2001)1. In the long run the optimal amount must be given to maintain the nutrient content. Some quantities for this can be seen in chapter 3.1 under the ‘General Remarks’ section. Higher application rate recommendations are given in the Smallholder Farming Handbook of the IRACC and MSS, Nairobi 1997, but the economic investment and risk is too high for the local farmers. A rural small credit system for the inputs could help a lot. Where scientific sources for quantifying the rates are lacking, some conclusions can be drawn from the difference of inputs and yields between the low and high production levels of the Farm Survey 2004. An empty column in the recommendation tables denoted as “Other Nutrients Recommended” does not mean that there is nothing to be done but it is because of lack of trial data. Symptoms of deficiencies and methods of addressing these can be found in MURIUKI & QURESHI (2001), Table 1&2, p.22-23. Finally it must be emphasized once more that fertilising alone will increase the yields only for some few years. The micronutrients that are not included in the fertiliser become exhausted very fast. Manuring almost up to the full return of the extracted nutrients is a must in order to have a stable agrobiological system for continuous sustainable production2. This advice is also valid for the fertile volcanic soils in the district, which still have a high nutrient content. On the less fertile Ferralsols and Acrisols, developed on basement rocks, permanent cultivation has led to a significant decrease of nutrients and pH (Table 28c, 28d, 28e); a stabilization of soil fertility can only be achieved by regular application of Farm Yard Manure and lime. In some cases the application of N and P fertilizer was not necessary due to the high (natural) nutrient content of the juvenile soils (see Table 28g).

______1 MURIUKI, A.W. & QURESHI, J.N. (2001): Fertiliser Use Manual.- Nairobi 2 Southern China has parts with similar soils to Rift Valley Province and stabilized productivity there for hundreds of years by returning the kitchen waste as well as human and animal excrements to the fields. The organic material could be used together with the urea for biogas production first to reduce the hygienic and energy problems. NANDI GROUP 36 NANDI GROUP 37

TABLE 27a: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL UNITS of the Central Tea-Dairy Zone LH 1, the Wheat/Maize-Pyrethrum Zone LH 2, the Wheat/Maize-Barley Zone LH 3, the Tea-Coffee Zone UM 1, the Main Coffee Zone UM 2, the Maize-(Coffee) Zone UM 3 and the Maize-Sunflower Z. UM 4, Soils Uh N1, Uh N2, Uh N4 & Uh F1

Av. Exp. Yield + Recommended Average Yield Average Yield Other Crop varieties and Response Fertiliser Increase if this Increase if Nutrients Season Rates Rate is Applied 5t/ha Manure Recom- -curve 4 7 kg/ha kg/ha * kg/ha are Applied mended First rainy season Hybrid maize (H 625) 3590 1 - - 400 kg lime Hybrid maize (H 625) 2124 + 13.7 N + - - - “ & beans (GLP 2, GLP 10.2 P 1 1004) 5 Potatoes (Annet, Dutch 9881 + 50.7 N + 75 N, 75 P2O5 7140 1600 kg “ Robijn) 44.5 P 6 Cabbages (Copenhagen) 2437 + 898 P – 60 P2O5 26800 12100 kg “ 7.5 P2 Second rainy season 2 Beans (GLP 2, 1004) 3 808 - - - “ Semi-perennial crops Pyrethrum in Zone LH 2 300 1 teaspoon 600-700 - “ of DSP per planting hole before planting, after 2 months 1 kg CAN or ASN per 80 m of row Permanent crops Tea 8 in zones LH 1 & ca. 2500 150 N + 30 ca. 4000 - “

UM 1 P2O5 Coffee uneconomic w. present prices

Sources: MURIUKI, A.W. & QURESHI, J.N.: Fertiliser Use Manual.- Nairobi 2001, p. 100 & 101, and conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004; Information Research and Communication Centre (IRACC): Small Holder Farming Handbook for Self Employment.- Nairobi 1997, p. 174, 183; KARI (Ed.): Fertilizer Use Recommendations. Vol. 16, Nandi District.- Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project, Nairobi ca. 1997. AEU of the trial site is underlined. 1 Monocropped maize showed no response to N and P application; intercropped maize responded, but application is uneconomic due to unfavourable fertilizer/maize price ratio (FURP, p. 5). 2 Experiments with monocropped maize and intercropped maize and beans as well as with potatoes and cabbages were not performed during the second rainy season. 3 No response to N and P fertilizer. 4 Positive effects were observed in combination of Farm Yard Manure (FYM) with N and P on cabbage yields, with N on potato yields and with P on maize yields (FURP, p. 6). 5 25 kg/ha N and 75 kg/ha P2O5 at planting, 50 kg/ha N as top dress later on (FURP, p. 1). 6 If cabbage prices rise and/or fertilizer prices drop, even more than 60 kg/ha could be profitable (FURP, p. 7). 7 Regular applications of lime are necessary to maintain soil pH above 5.5 and to increase the Ca in the soil (MURIUKI/QURESHI, p. 100). Soil tests are recommended regularly (every 3-4 years) to monitor soil pH, N, P, cations and organic C (FURP, p. 7). 8 IRACC recommends one year after planting 20 gm of NPK (25:5:5) per bush, after 2 years 30 gm, after 3 years 50 gm. * The actual conversion of commercial fertilisers into the real nutrient content can be seen in Annex table I, p.35 and II, p.55 NANDI GROUP 38 NANDI GROUP 39

TABLE 27b: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL UNITS of the Tea-Coffee Zone UM 1 p or two/three, Soils Uh G2, Uh G4, Uh G5 & Uh G7

Hybrid maize (H 625) 2587 + 28.7 N + 75 N, 25 P2O5 2970 400 kg - 49.0 P – 0.66 P2 Hybrid maize (H 625) & 3630 + 24.8 N 75 N 1860 - - beans (GLP 2) Potatoes (B 53, Annet) 1 12086 - - - - 2 Cabbages (Copenhagen) 8229 + 1207 P – 55 P2O5 34018 11200 kg - 10.7 P2 Second rainy season 3 Hybrid maize (H 511) 2582 -- - - - Hybrid maize (H 511) & 1988 + 8.79 N - - - - beans (GLP 2) 3 Beans (GLP 2) 3 981 + 9.57 N – - - - - 0.16 N2 + 0.06 NP Permanent crops Tea 4 ca. 2500 150 N + 30 ca. 4000 - “

P2O5 Coffee uneconomic with present prices

Sources: MURIUKI, A.W. & QURESHI, J.N.: Fertiliser Use Manual.- Nairobi 2001, p.100-101, and conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004; Information Research and Communication Centre (IRACC): Small Holder Farming Handbook for Self Employment.- Nairobi 1997, p. 174; KARI (Ed.): Fertilizer Use Recommendations. Vol. 16, Nandi District.- Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project, Nairobi ca. 1997. AEU of the trial site is underlined. 1 No response to application of N and P fertilizer (FURP, p. 9). 2 If cabbage prices increase and /or P-fertilizer prices drop, this rate could be increased (FURP, p. 12) 3 N-fertilizing during the second rainy season is not economical due to current maize and fertilizer prices (FURP, p. 11); intercropped maize and monocropped beans responded weakly to N application (FURP, p. 10). 4 IRACC recommends one year after planting 20 gm of NPK (25:5:5) per bush, after 2 years 30 gm, after 3 years 50 gm. 5 Application of potassium was not necessary due to high K level. Soil tests are recommended regularly (3-4 years) to monitor soil pH, N, P, cations and organic C as well as K and Ca (FURP, p. 12; MURIUKI & QURESHI, 2001, p. 100). * The actual conversion of commercial fertilisers into the real nutrient content can be seen in Annex table I, p.35 and II, p.55 NANDI GROUP 40 NANDI GROUP 41

TABLE 27c: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL UNITS of the Northern Wheat/ Maize-Pyrethrum Zone LH 2 vl/l or two, the Coffee Zones UM 2-3 and the Maize-Sunflower ZoneUM 4 l/vl or two, Soil Uh G1

Av. Exp. Yield + Recommended Average Yield Average Yield Other Crop varieties and Response Fertiliser Increase if this Increase if Nutrients Season -curve Rates Rate is Applied 5t/ha Manure Recom- kg/ha kg/ha * kg/ha are Applied mended First rainy season Hybrid maize (H 625) 1 3859 + 34 N 75 N 2550 510 kg 500 kg/ha lime 5 Hybrid maize (H 625) & 4420 + 21.3 N 75 N 1598 - lime beans (GLP 2) Potatoes (B 53) 2 8961 - - - “ Beans (GLP 2) 3 620 + 1.6 N - - - “ Second rainy season 4 Semi-perennial crops Pyrethrum (at higher 300 1 teaspoon 600-700 - “ places, LH 2) of DSP per planting hole before planting, after 2 months 1 kg CAN or ASN per 80 m of row

Sources: MURIUKI, A.W. & QURESHI, J.N.: Fertiliser Use Manual.- Nairobi 2001, p. 106 & 107, and conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004; Information Research and Communication Centre (IRACC): Small Holder Farming Handbook for Self Employment.- Nairobi 1997, p. 183; KARI (Ed.): Fertilizer Use Recommendations. Vol. 7, Uasin Gishu District.- Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project (FURP), Nairobi ca. 1995. AEU of the trial site is underlined, soil there in Turbo is the related UM G3. 1 Even higher amounts of N application could be economical (FURP, p. 11). However, the high yields of maize were responsible for the extraction of other nutrients like P and Ca, which showed a rapid decline after the first successful season. Therefore, maintenance fertilization is necessary (FURP, p. 11). 2 The response of potatoes to the application of P fertilizer was not clear during the experiments and should be tested further (FURP, p. 3). 3 Very weak response to N fertilizer. 4 No experiments performed during the second rainy season. 5 Increase of maize yields = 450 kg/ha. Regular liming is necessary to maintain or slightly raise the soil pH which is at a lower limit due to soil type (Acrisol !) (FURP, p. 2). Fertilizing with potassium showed no significant increase in yields due to high amounts of exchangeable K in soil (FURP, p 11). The soil pH should be closely monitored (FURP, p. 11) as well as P, cations (in particular Ca and K), N and organic C contents (3-4 years). * The actual conversion of commercial fertilisers into the real nutrient content can be seen in Annex table I, p.35 and II, p.55 NANDI GROUP 42 NANDI GROUP 43

TABLE 27d: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL UNITS of the Maize-Sunflower Zone UM 4 l/vl or two, Soils Um N2, Um F2, Uh N2 & Uh F2

Av. Exp. Yield + Recommended Average Yield Average Yield Other Crop varieties and Response Fertiliser Increase if this Increase if Nutrients Season Rates Rate is Applied 5t/ha Manure Recom- -curve 3 4 kg/ha kg/ha * kg/ha are Applied mended First rainy season Hybrid maize (H 625) 3290 + 30.8 N 75 N 1 2310 720 kg lime 5 Hybrid maize (H 625) & 4514 + 25 N 75 N 1 1880 - “ beans (GLP 2) 6 Potatoes (Annet) 14812 + 88 P 75 P2O5 6600 2000 kg K2O , lime Cabbages (Copenhagen) 4208 + 406 P + 50 P2O5 10300 11200 kg lime 2 NP – 4 P2 Sunflower (H 893, H 1069 + 3.1 P - - 180 kg “ 984) Finger millet (local) 1003 + 5.6 P - - “

Second rainy season

Sunflower (H 893, H 548 + 5.5 P -- - - “ 984) 2 Beans (GLP 2) 2 577 + 0.1 NP - - - “

Sources: MURIUKI, A.W. & QURESHI, J.N.: Fertiliser Use Manual.- Nairobi 2001, p. 95-96, and conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004; KARI (Ed.): Fertilizer Use Recommendations. Vol. 11, Bungoma District.- Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project (FURP), Nairobi ca. 1997. AEU of the trial site is underlined, soil there in Kamakoiwa is the related Um N1. 1 Higher rates could be economical and should be tested (FURP, p. 3). 2 Weak response to P application, which does not justify P fertilizer (FURP, p. 6). 3 Application of organic fertilizer is strongly recommended to maintain/increase N and C contents of the soil (MURIUKI/QURESHI, p. 95). 4 Regular soil tests of K, P, soil pH, cations, N and C contents should be performed (FURP, p. 3; MURIUKI/ QURESHI, p. 95). 5 Periodic applications of lime are necessary to maintain soil pH above 5.5 (MURIUKI/QURESHI, p. 95). 6 Application of potassium led to an increase in maize yields by about 2400 kg/ha (FURP, p. 7). * The actual conversion of commercial fertilisers into the real nutrient content can be seen in Annex table I, p.35 and II, p.55 NANDI GROUP 44 NANDI GROUP 45

TABLE 27e: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL UNITS of the Wheat/Maize- Barley Zone LH 3 l/vl or two, Soil LI A1

Av. Exp. Yield + Recommended Average Yield Average Yield Other Crop varieties and Response Fertiliser Increase if this Increase if Nutrients Season 1 Rates Rate is Applied 5t/ha Manure Recom- -curve 6 kg/ha kg/ha * kg/ha are Applied mended First rainy season 2 4 3 5 Hybrid maize (H 625) 3878 + 17.6 N + 75 N 1330 290 kg lime 0.16 NP Hybrid maize (H 625) & 4450 + 9.7 N 75 N 4 730 - “ beans (GLP 2) 2 Beans (GLP 2) ca. 600 - - - lime + K (muriate of potash) 2 Potatoes (B 53) 10567 + 21.1 P 50 P2O5 1060 - lime Cabbages (Copenhagen) 784 + 547 P – 50 P2O5 14600 9300 kg “ 5.1 P2 + 1.5 NP Second rainy season Due to the short and No fertiliser is Manuring is weak 2nd rainy season recommended in any case because of profitable to climatic and increase nitrate economic risk and humus content as well as moisture storage capacity of the soil

Sources: MURIUKI, A.W. & QURESHI, J.N.: Fertiliser Use Manual.- Nairobi 2001, p.106-107, and conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004; KARI (Ed.): Fertilizer Use Recommendations. Vol. 7, Uasin Gishu District.- Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project (FURP), Nairobi ca. 1995. AEU of the trial site is underlined. 1 In general, results of the FURP experimentation do not possess a high reliability due to high variations of available P in the soil, of the rooting depths and soil moisture (FURP, p. 7). 2 The effect of N application in maize and P application in potatoes should be further tested. N application will turn out to be economical at sites with more favourable rooting depths (FURP, p. 3). 3 Results were not significant. 4 Application of high N amounts only economical with good crop management (FURP, p. 7); otherwise N fertiliser is not necessary. 5 Liming may become necessary in the long run; it is particularly beneficial to maize (MURIUKI/QURESHI, p. 106). 6 Soil tests to monitor soil pH, P, cations (particularly Ca and K), N and organic C contents should be performed regularly (3-4 years) (MURIUKI/QURESHI, p. 106). *The actual conversion of commercial fertilisers into the real nutrient content can be seen in Annex table I, p.35 and II, p.55 NANDI GROUP 46 NANDI GROUP 47

TABLE 27f: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL UNITS of the Southeastern Tea-Dairy Zone LH 1 vl i or two, the Wheat/Maize-Pyrethrum Zone LH 2 and the Coffee Zone UM 2, Soil RB 2

Av. Exp. Yield + Recommended Average Yield Average Yield Other Crop varieties and Response Fertiliser Increase if this Increase if Nutrients Season Rates 1 Rate is Applied 5t/ha Manure Recom- -curve 2 kg/ha kg/ha * kg/ha are Applied mended First rainy season 1 3 Hybrid maize (H 625) 4287 + 0.23 NP 50 K2O 290 1100 kg Lime Hybrid maize (H 625) & 3257 + 0.25 NP - - - “ beans (GLP 2) 1 1 Beans (GLP 2) 446 + 5.3 P 50 K2O 100 - “ 5 Potatoes (Annet) 9520 + 53.4 P 75 P2O5 4000 2800 kg “ 5 Cabbages (Copenhagen) 943 + 742 P – 50 P2O5 21650 2450 kg “ 6.18 P2 Second rainy season 6

Permanent crops Tea 4 ca. 2500 150 N + 30 ca. 4000 - “

P2O5 Coffee uneconomic w. present prices

Sources: MURIUKI, A.W. & QURESHI, J.N.: Fertiliser Use Manual.- Nairobi 2001, p.102-103, and conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004; Information Research and Communication Centre (IRACC): Small Holder Farming Handbook for Self Employment.- Nairobi 1997, p. 174; KARI (Ed.): Fertilizer Use Recommendations. Vol. 15, Kericho District.- Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project (FURP), Nairobi ca. 1997. AEU of the trial site is underlined, soil there in Sosiot is the related RBA. 1 No N and P fertilizer recommended due to high level of organic C and humus content; monocropped maize is more successful than intercropped with beans (FURP, p. 8). 2 Soil tests are recommended regularly (3-4 years) to monitor soil pH, N, P, cations and organic C as well as K and Ca (FURP, p. 8; MURIUKI & QURESHI, 2001, p. 102). 3 Liming with calcitic lime should be considered if a further decline is monitored (FURP, p. 8); thus improving the Ca : Mg ratio (MURIUKI & QURESHI, 2001, p. 102). 4 IRACC recommends one year after planting 20 gm of NPK (25:5:5) per bush, after 2 years 30 gm, after 3 years 50 gm. 5 application at planting 6 No experiments performed during the second rainy season. * The actual conversion of commercial fertilisers into the real nutrient content can be seen in Annex table I, p.35 and II, p.55 NANDI GROUP 48 NANDI GROUP 49

TABLE 27g: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL UNITS of the Southern Tea- Dairy Zone LH 1, the Wheat/Maize-Pyrethrum Zone LH 2 vl/l or two and the Tea-Coffee Zone UM 1, Soil Uh U4

Cabbages (Copenhagen) 41573 + 1288 P – 45 P2O5 27590 21500 kg - 15 P2 Second rainy season 2 Beans (GLP 2) 1413 1 - - - - Semi-perennial crops Pyrethrum (at higher 300 1 teaspoon 600-700 - - places) of DSP per planting hole before planting, after 2 months 1 kg CAN or ASN per 80 m of row

Permanent crops Tea 5 ca. 2500 150 N + 30 ca. 4000 - -

P2O5 Sources: MURIUKI, A.W. & QURESHI, J.N.: Fertiliser Use Manual.- Nairobi 2001, p. 108 & 109, and conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004; Information Research and Communication Centre (IRACC): Small Holder Farming Handbook for Self Employment.- Nairobi 1997, p. 174, 183; KARI (Ed.): Fertilizer Use Recommendations. Vol. 18, West Pokot (Elgeyo Marakwet, Baringo) District.- Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project (FURP), Nairobi ca. 1997. AEU of the trial site is underlined, soil there in Kapenguria is the related Uh N2. 1 No response to application with N and P fertilizer due to high organic carbon in the soil (the site was under forest until 1972); this was obviously the reason for high yields of maize (FURP, p. 8). 2 Experiments with monocropped maize and intercropped maize and beans as well as with potatoes and cabbages were not performed during the second rainy season. 3 Farm Yard Manure (FYM) should be applied occasionally to maintain the soil’s high fertility status (MURIUKI/ QURESHI, p. 108). 4 Soil tests are recommended regularly (every 3-4 years) to monitor soil pH, N, P, cations and organic C (MURIUKI/QURESHI, p. 108). 5 IRACC recommends one year after planting 20 gm of NPK (25:5:5) per bush, after 2 years 30 gm, after 3 years 50 gm. * The actual conversion of commercial fertilisers into the real nutrient content can be seen in Annex table I, p.35 and II, p.55 NANDI GROUP 50 NANDI GROUP 51

TABLE 27h: FERTILISER AND MANURE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL UNITS of the Tea-Dairy Zone LH 1, the Tea-Coffee Zone UM 1, the Coffee Zone UM 2 and the Marginal Sugar Cane Zone LM 2, Soil RB 5 1

Sorghum (Serena, 1700 + 10.2 N + 30 P2O5 940 340 kg Seredo) 42.8 P – 0.38 P2 Pigeon peas 5 587 + 3.61 P + - - - 0.04 NP Second rainy season Hybrid maize (KCB) 1509 + 36.4 N – 35 N 980 130 kg 0.24 N2 Local maize & beans 3 1087 + 28.1 P + - - - 0.24 NP – 0.30 P2 Sunflower (local white)5 681 + 14.3 N - - - Sorghum (ratoon crop) 3 947 + 5.7 N + - - 130 kg 14.0 P – 0.13 P2 Semi-permanent Sugar cane ca. 10000 300 CAN + 100 ca. 30000 - Lime mixed double Super- with soil phosphate; 4t/ha at ratoons: planting, 450 CAN + 250 kg 150 double Muriate of Superphosphate Potash for 3rd ratoon

Permanent Tea 6 ca. 2500 150 N + 30 ca. 4000 - “

P2O5 Coffee uneconomic w. present prices

Sources: MURIUKI, A.W. & QURESHI, J.N.: Fertiliser Use Manual.- Nairobi 2001, p.84, 85 & 87, and conclusions from the Farm Survey 2004; Information Research and Communication Centre (IRACC): Small Holder Farming Handbook for Self Employment.- Nairobi 1997, p. 167; KARI (Ed.): Fertilizer Use Recommendations. Vol. 14, South Nyanza District.- Fertiliser Use Recommendation Project (FURP), Nairobi ca. 1997. AEU of the trial site is underlined, soil there in Oyugis-Ober is the related Um B2. 1 The test site showed Striga infestation; therefore, yields generally decreased. When the weed was eradicated, yields increased significantly in the following years (FURP, p. 18). 2 Soil tests are recommended regularly to monitor soil pH, N, P, cations and organic C. 3 Application of P fertiliser is economically too risky under the current economic circumstances (FURP, p. 20); sorghum (ratoon crop) and beans showed little response, beans partly even negative. 4 Yields slightly increased with manure, but the application during the time of the experimentation was not worthy due to high costs of manure (FURP, p. 18). 5 Only one year planted in FURP experiments. 6 IRACC recommends one year after planting 20 gm of NPK (25:5:5) per bush, after 2 years 30 gm, after 3 years 50 gm. *The actual conversion of commercial fertilisers into the real nutrient content can be seen in Annex table I, p.35 and II, p.55 NANDI GROUP 52 NANDI GROUP 53

3.2.7 FINAL STATEMENTS

The Nandi group of districts gives a good impression agriculturally. The tea plantations are very well kept, grade dairy cows are everywhere and so on. Up to now, the farm sizes are still more or less alright. Therefore one wonders that about 50% of the population is living below the poverty line of half an US $ per head and day. This is about 40 KSh only, for a family of five 200 KSh per day, 6 000 KSh per month, 72 000 per year. Apart from poor jobless people in the town, this amount would be easy for a farmer to get if he could afford the capital for the inputs. Easy microcredits are most necessary. With 37 000 & 88 000 KSh he could plant for sale 1 ha of hybrid maize and 0.5 ha of potatoes (in zones LH 1,2,3 and upper parts of belt UM) which would give (after paying the loan) a gross margin of 25 000 + 62 600 KSh = 87 600 KSh; deducting the interest of the loan for half a year of about 7 500 KSh, remains a profit of 80 100 KSh, not counting the saved external labour costs by family labour. But to get a reasonable living standard, this family would need in fact more than four times as much of the sum of the poverty line, 317 800 KSh a year (Table 28) 1), plus to save some money for necessary investments, natural hazards, and the old age. This amount could be raised from a combination of 1 ha of tea = av. 57 500 KSh, 1 ha of maize for sale = 24 900 KSh, 1 ha potatoes = 125 200 and 0.4 ha cabbages = 53 500 KSh (if marketable) = altogether 261 100 KSh. The remaining requirement of 56 700 KSh could be covered by the milk of three dairy cows = 90 000 KSh, it means that 33 300 KSh could be saved per year for investments, hazard and old age resp. for some unforseen expenses. This is a sample, other combinations can be found out from Table 29, f. i. maize and beans mixed where it is not too high for beans.

If we compare these positive aspects with the reality shown by the Farm Survey, we see that these farmers have not taken fully up the chances agriculture gives as an enterprise: An average farmer in the lower parts of LH 1 as shown in Table 24a plants maize and beans just for food, the income is got from 0.24 ha tea = 13 800 KSh and 2.6 daiy cows = 117 000 KSh, together 130 800 KSh only. There are still 3.1 ha land available (Table 23a). A mixed planting of 1 ha maize and beans could bring 66 700 KSh, 1 ha potatoes 125 200 KSh, and 1 more dairy cow 45 000 KSh. That would make a promising annual income of 367 700 KSh, it means even 49 900 KSh could be put aside for the mentioned reasons!

The conclusion is that the Nandi group of districts still has a good agricultural development potential for the coming generation.

1) This comes near the 2 US $ per head and day, the figure used in some emerging countries for the poverty line. NANDI GROUP 54

TABLE 28: BASIC NEEDS OF A RURAL FAMILY OF 5 PERSONS, SAMPLE FROM NANDI SOUTH DISTRICT

Year 2010 KSh Remarks 1. Production costs on 0.5 ha maize for food & forage a) Land preparationn 1st ploughing 2 000 Multiply if maize is also for sale 2nd ploughing 1 250 b) Farm Inputs seeds 1 500 Multiply if maize is fertilisers 2 500 also for sale pesticides 260 c) Labour livestock rearing 10 800 Can be done by family farming for food 18 000 Can be done by family general cleaniness 18 000 Can be done by family household scores 6 000 Can be done by family

2. Domestic costs a) Food - main meals lunch 36 500 supper 73 000 - beverage - tea morning 18 250 4 o´clock 10 950 b) Shelter housing, wood, Kerosin 50 000 furniture, TV etc. 20 000 c) Health care medicine 2 000 Doctors fee 5 000 d) Clothing shoes 1 200 dress 5 000 blankets 1 000 e) Education 2 children prim.sch.fee 2 000 1 child sec.sch.fee 21 000

3) Social costs Funerals 600 Church offerings 7 000 Village contribution 12 000 If family labour 52 800 KSh TOTAL 317 800 less

Source: Compilation by T. Joash Kibarat, DADO for Nandi South District, March 5th 2010. Supplemented by R.J. NANDI GROUP 55

TABLE 29: Projected Agriculture Incomes (Gross Margins) in the Humid Agro-Ecological Zones of Nandi Group of Districts

At Predominant Soil: Clay to loam (Dark reddish brown and well drained)

Agro- Crop or Yield per Price KSh Gross Costs in KSh 2010 Gross Gross Ecol. Livestock Unit 2010 Output Income Margin Zones Inputs Labour KSh KSh & other costs LH 1-2 Tea 1.5 kg/ 27.00/kg 6 000 kg 38 900 54 625 162 000 57 500/ha (mature) bush fr. 1 ha Irish 30 000 7.30/kg 30 000 kg 63 500 24 500 220 000 125 200/ Potato kg/ha fr. 1 ha ha Dairy cow 15 lts/d. 20.00/l 4 500 lts 34 200 10 800 90 000 45 000/ in 1 year cow Maize 3 150 kg/ 18.00/bag 3 150 kg/ 15 365 22 727 63 000 24 908/ha ha ha Kales 75 000 10.00/kg 7 500 kg 26 500 19 200 75 000 35 560 kg/ha per 0.1 ha per 0.1 ha Cabbages 42 500 5.00/kg 17 000 kg 13 750 17 750 85 000 53 500 kg/ha fr. 0.4 ha per 0.4 ha UM 1 Tea 1.3 kg/ 27.00/kg 5 200 kg 38 900 54 625 140 400 46 876/ha (mature) bush fr. 1 ha Dairy cow 12 lts/d. 20.00/l 3 600 lts 34 200 10 800 72 000 27 000/ in 1 year cow Maize 2 700 kg/ 18.00/bag 2 700 kg 15 365 22 727 54 000 15 908/ha ha per 1 ha Beans 873 kg/ha 75.00/kg 873 kg per 14 000 9 700 65 475 41 775/ha 1 ha Green 42 500 4.00/cob 17 700 10 000 2 700 74 800 62 100/ maize cobs/ha 500.00/ cobs fr. 0.4 ha store 0.4 ha + 8 stores UM 2 Maize 2 250 kg/ 18.00/bag 2 250 kg 15 365 22 725 45 000 6 910/ha ha fr. 1 ha Beans 880 kg/ha 75.00/kg 880 kg fr. 14 000 9 700 66 000 42 300/ha 1 ha Coffee 2 500 kg/ no profit ha at prsent prices (2010) Green 41 800 4.00/cob 17 000 10 000 2 700 72 000 59 300/ maize cobs/ha 500.00/ cobs fr. 0.4 ha store 0.4 ha LM 1 Sugarcane 150 tons/ 2 500.00/t 150t fr. 36 952 145 312 375 000 167 110/ ha 1 ha ha LM 2 Sugarcane 130 tons/ 2 500.00/t 130 t fr. 35 000 130 000 325 000 160 000/ ha 1 ha ha Sorghum 1 080 kg/ 60.00/kg 1 080 kg 9 375 11 075 64 800 44 350/ha ha fr. 1 ha Livestock 250 kg/ 200.00/kg 250 kg per 25 000 12 000 50 000 13 000/ LU LU LU

Source: Compilation by T. Joash Kibarak, DADO for Nandi South District, March 5th 2010. Actualized, reduced and improved by R.J.