Molecular Properties of a Fermented Manure Preparation Used As Field Spray in Biodynamic Agriculture
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Environ Sci Pollut Res DOI 10.1007/s11356-012-1022-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Molecular properties of a fermented manure preparation used as field spray in biodynamic agriculture R. Spaccini & P. Mazzei & A. Squartini & M. Giannattasio & A. Piccolo Received: 26 March 2012 /Accepted: 31 May 2012 # Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract Manure products fermented underground in and significant contribution of lignocellulosic deriva- cow horns and commonly used as field spray (prepara- tives. The results of thermochemolysis confirmed the tion 500) in the biodynamic farming system, were char- characteristic highlighted by NMR spectroscopy, reveal- acterized for molecular composition by solid-state ing a molecular composition based on alkyl components nuclear magnetic resonance [13C cross-polarization of plant and microbial origin and the stable incorpora- magic-angle-spinning NMR (13C-CPMAS-NMR)] spec- tion of lignin derivatives. The presence of biolabile troscopy and offline tetramethylammonium hydroxide components and of undecomposed lignin compounds in thermochemolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrome- the preparation 500 should be accounted to its particu- try. Both thermochemolysis and NMR spectroscopy larly slow maturation process, as compared to common revealed a complex molecular structure, with lignin composting procedures. Our results provide, for the first aromatic derivatives, polysaccharides, and alkyl com- time, a scientific characterization of an essential product pounds as the predominant components. CPMAS-NMR in biodynamic agriculture, and show that biodynamic spectra of biodynamic preparations showed a carbon products appear to be enriched of biolabile components distribution with an overall low hydrophobic character and, therefore, potentially conducive to plant growth stimulation. Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues : Keywords Biodynamic . Thermochemolysis . 13C-CPMAS R. Spaccini A. Piccolo . Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, NMR Lignin dell’Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali (DiSSPAPA), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Introduction 80055 Portici, Italy : : R. Spaccini (*) P. Mazzei A. Piccolo Biodynamic (BD) agriculture is a unique organic farming Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per la Spettroscopia di system that, within soil organic matter (SOM) management Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare (CERMANU), practices and as an alternative to mineral fertilization and Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy crop rotation, aims at improving the chemical, physical, and e-mail: [email protected] biological properties of cultivated soils upon application of these organic materials. The different managements used in A. Squartini BD farming system implies the application of six specific Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università di Padova, – Viale dell’Università 16, preparations (numbered 502 507) as compost additive, and 35020 Legnaro, Italy two field spray preparations (500 and 501) (Koepf et al. 1976). Long-term field trials proved that such a BD system, M. Giannattasio as in the case of ordinary organic farming, allows for sus- Servizio di Allergologia, Ospedale San Gallicano, IFO, Via Elio Chianesi 53, tainable crop production and improves soil biological activ- 00144 Rome, Italy ity (Zaller and Köpke 2004; Birkhofer et al. 2008). In fact, Environ Sci Pollut Res the determination of soil quality indicators, such as aggre- fact, a detailed molecular characterization of organic materi- gate stability, flux of phosphorus from soil matrix to soils als applied to agricultural soils is a basic prerequisite to solution, soil microbial biomass and diversity, ability of assess the mechanisms involved in the restoration and im- microbial communities to use organic matter, has shown provement of SOM quantity and quality (Gerzabek et al. larger responses in the BD systems than in conventional 2006; Spaccini et al. 2009). Thus, the lack of analytical soil management techniques (Ryan and Ash 1999; Mader information on the compositions of BD preparations has et al. 2002). Other studies suggested that, although BD not allowed yet for the standardization of production pro- farming provides lower crop yields than conventional sys- cesses, optimization of methods for field application, and tems, it generally improves soil quality, and ensures equal or assessment of transformation in soil. greater net returns per hectare (Reganold 1955). It is note- Both 13C cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning nucle- worthy that the European Commission has included BD ar magnetic resonance (13C-CPMAS-NMR) spectroscopy preparations in the list of products permitted in organic and offline pyrolysis in the presence of tetramethylammo- farming systems, since they are liable to maintain and nium hydroxide (TMAH) followed by gas chromatography- increase soil fertility and biological activity (EC Regulation mass spectrometry (Pyr-TMAH-GC-MS) have been applied 834 2007). to identify the content and distribution of organic molecules Among the two common BD field spray applications in a wide range of solid organic matrices (Spaccini and (named 500 and 501), preparation 500 is sprayed on damp Piccolo 2007; Šmejkalová et al. 2008). While CPMAS- soil before sowing or immediately after plant emergence, NMR spectra offer a qualitative and semiquantitative eval- while preparation 501 is sprayed several times on growing uation of the different carbon types in a matrix, the offline plants. These two BD preparations are believed to work pyrolysis enables the molecular characterization of complex synergistically, with preparation 500 mainly improving the organic materials, such as SOM and composted matter overall soil fertility, and preparation 501 being active in (Spaccini and Piccolo 2009). The latter technique involves enhancing the plant physiological response to the light ra- the sample treatment with TMAH that favors the concomi- diation (Koepf et al. 1976). The BD preparation 500 consists tant solvolysis and methylation of ester and ether bonds in of cow manure placed in a cow horn that is left to ferment the organic matter and thus enhances both thermal stability while buried under the soil for six months throughout au- and chromatographic detection of the resulting methylated tumn and winter, whereas BD preparation 501 is made of acidic, alcoholic, and phenolic groups. Moreover, the Pyr- powdered quartz packed in a cow horn that is also buried TMAH-GC-MS technique in the offline mode allows the under the soil for six months, but over spring and summer. analysis of large quantities of solid material and, hence, a Besides these peculiar production methods, the effects of more effective qualitative and quantitative measurement of BD field spray preparations appear to rely on very low pyrolytic products. amounts for either soil or plant applications. The actual The objective of this work was thus to obtain, for the first quantities for preparations 500 and 501 are based on the time, information on the molecular composition of three early recommendations by Steiner (1972), and are common- different BD preparations 500, by applying a combination ly applied as water solutions of 150 and 3 gha-1, respective- of NMR spectroscopy and offline pyrolysis (Pyr/TMAH- ly (Koepf et al. 1976). Applications of field spray GC-MS). preparations have been found to correlate with lower N - content in lentil, larger NO3 content in soft white spring + wheat, and greater NH4 content in soil (Carpenter-Boggs et Material and methods al. 2000a), compared to control treatments. In a two year- long trial, the field spray preparations favored carbon min- Production of the BD preparation 500 eralization and reduced the differences in soil microbial fatty acid profiles (Carpenter-Boggs et al. 2000b). Different commercial samples of BD preparation 500 from Recent studies extensively investigated the effect of prep- three leading Italian producers were studied. Sample A was aration 500 on soil chemical and biological fertility, as well produced by Società agricola biodinamica (Labico, Roma), as on crop yield (Birkhofer et al. 2008; Joergensen et al. sample B by La Farnia (Rolo, Reggio Emilia), and sample C 2010; Ngosong et al. 2010; Reeve et al. 2010). However, no by Biodynamic Agriculture Section (Bolzano). Briefly, the attention has been so far devoted to evaluate the molecular routine production comprises the following procedure: in composition of this BD material, whereas the composition early autumn, hollow cow horns are filled with cow manure of organic products used in conventional organic farming from organic farming and buried underneath a biodynami- systems (e.g., manure, green and urban waste composts, pig cally managed soil. The organic material is left to decom- slurry) has been instead thoroughly studied (Tang et al. pose during winter and cow horns are recovered in the 2006; Spaccini and Piccolo 2007; Albrecht et al. 2008). In following spring after almost 150–180 days of maturation. Environ Sci Pollut Res The compost collected from cow horns is a moist, dark, 30 ml min-1 of split flow. Mass spectra were obtained in EI odorless, humic-like material. mode (70 eV), scanning in the range 45–650m/z, with a cycle time of 1 s. Compound identification was based on Solid state 13C-NMR spectroscopy comparison of mass spectra with the NIST library database, published spectra, and real standards. Solid state NMR spectroscopy (13C-CPMAS-NMR) was For quantitative analysis, external calibration curves were conducted on a Bruker AV-300, equipped