Vehicle Characteristics and Roadway Level of Service of Industrial Zone: A Typical Example of Gazipur Chowrasta Intersection

Mohammad Kabir Hossain, Md. Tawkir Ahmed and Md. Rakibul Islam*

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur,

ABSTRACT

The present study explores the traffic characteristics and identifies the level of service (LOS) atamajor signalized intersection to investigate the behavior of traffic in an industrial zone and assess the performance of this intersection. The traffic data were collected using video cameras for three different time-period. Volume capacity ratio method was used to determine the LOS. Extensive data analysis show that traffic at this intersection are heterogeneous and non-lane based. The most dominating vehicle is the bus (37%), while truck and car contain 20% and 15% of total traffic respectively. Dhaka approach shows the worst LOS, and Tangail approach performs better compared to others. Finally the study presents practical implications of such findings, and guide the transport-planners accordingly. Keywords: Level of Service (LOS), Industrial Zone, Intersection, Traffic Characteristics, Gazipur City.

1. INTRODUCTION performance under prevailing traffic situation, compared to other state-of-art methodologies. Using the algorithm, Sustained growth rate in gross domestic product (GDP) 93% Precision and 91% Recall, 99% PCC (Percent of has fostered the prodigious incensement in the volume Correct Classification value. These escalated number of of traffic in Bangladesh [1]. The nature of traffic in traffic along with non-lane based heterogeneous traffic Bangladesh is extremely heterogeneous and it is hard to infrastructure cause chronic traffic congestion in the major find separate lanes for different traffic modes [2]traffic cities and highways in Bangladesh [3-5]. As a result, the operators control traffic dynamically with the aid of speed of vehicles is decreasing largely and even in many control algorithms for urban scenarios, where free flow, cities of Bangladesh, the velocity during peak period forced flow and congestion are recurrent along the artery drop down to less than 10km/hr.[6]. All these impede of the transportation facilities. These control algorithms the successive and constant rate of economic growth and require accurate spatial and temporal measurement of influence stakeholder daily lives. the traffic state parameters characterized as speed, flow and density. In this research, we present a robust vision On the other hand, An intersection is defined as a road system devised for traffic state measurement in non-lane junction where two or more road meet, cross or split at based heterogeneous operation. The system performs in the same level, and constitutes a critical point for a road real time urban situation where free flow, forced flow and network because of the crossing of different directional congestion are recurrent and operational constrains, such traffic flows [7], [8]. In modern urban setting, intersection as shadows, camouflage, illumination variation, occlusion plays a vital role to reduce the malfunctioning of an urban and noise are present. The developed system integrates road network by controlling the traffic systematically [9], background updating, foreground correction and pixel [10]. However, vehicles experience the most sensitive based detection techniques. It remolds the foreground interactions at intersection since it is serious point of for noise reduction and binary image extraction. After failure for automobile traffic, and engenders high number extraction, both positive and negative binary images are of collisions and associated travel time delay as the contrasted to detect camouflaged vehicles and eliminate number of intersection goes up in a city [11]. Hence, the the shadow regions over the field of vision. Illumination analysis of traffic characteristics at signalized intersections variation is estimated from the mean intensity value has received paramount importance, particularly for over the resultant frame from the subtraction operation. developing countries context. Analysis of traffic flow Experimental results show that our method can measure characteristics at signalized intersections is one of the traffic parameters in real-time with high level of most efficient and quick measures of roadway capacity,

*Corresponding author’s email: [email protected]

DUET Journal 61 Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2019 Vehicle Characteristics and Roadway Level of Service of Industrial Zone: A Typical Example of Gazipur... and hence, has the potential to reduce the congestion in characteristics near intersection on vehicular emissions urban areas [12]. to understand the relationship between emissions and the most likely influencing and measurable Last few decades, Bangladesh is also observing a characteristics. Furthermore, Gokhale [20] assessed prodigious traffic growth rate in the urban areas, the impacts of traffic dynamics and meteorology on particularly the associated problems from traffic has the levels and locations of higher concentrations of been most conspicuously observed in the industrial zones pollutant CO, NO , and PM within the influence of of this country [13], [14]. Gazipur is one of the most 2 signalized traffic intersection and a conventional economically significant industrial zones in Bangladesh, two-lane roundabout in a response to varying flow and its geographical location renders the opportunity to conditions and emissions resulted from the traffic connect different major with its operations. In addition to that, Xin et al. [21] developed capital, Dhaka. The road networks between capital city an automatic processing framework on traffic flow Dhaka with , Rangpur, , , and characteristics analysis and understanding the traffic Padma divisions have been established through Gazipur state at the urban road intersections using raw vehicle district, and all these routes need to pass through Gazipur motion trajectories data. Atomode [22] assessed traffic Chowrasta Intersection (GCI). Since demographically volume, traffic composition, delay characteristics at Gazipur is an industrial area and a large number of different urban road intersections in Ilorin, Nigeria. He industries situated around Gazipur Chowrasta, perennial also identified unawareness of traffic law and regulation, traffic congestion is a common problem in GCI. Hence, the and inadequate road maintenance facility as the reasons study is aimed to determine the traffic flow characteristics for traffic delay at intersections. From the context of with level of service (LOS) along with the surrounding developing countries, Abdullah et al. [23] measured ambient of the GCI. Also, underlying reasons for some the level of service at three un-signalized intersections special phenomenon will be explored to facilitate the city of Rajshahi in Bangladesh using two different methods administration, traffic planners, and decision-makers a i.e., v/c and Peak Hour Factor (PHF). They found potential way out for the present problems. Traffic volume that Auto rickshaw, easy bike, and Rickshaw are the data of this study will be a significant source of information dominant vehicles in Monicottor, Vodra, and Laxmipur for planning, geometric design, improving traffic control intersection. They recommend that separate lane should strategies, implementing regulations for pedestrians, and be provided for auto rickshaw and bicycle. They found traffic administration at the signalized intersection. various irregularities for Rajshahi city road intersection like unaware of traffic rules both driver and passengers as well as pedestrian, massive hazardous effect in 2. LITERATURE REVIEW uncontrolled road intersection.

Different researches have been conducted to evaluate Unfortunately, to the best knowledge of the authors, no traffic flow characteristics and traffic performance at comprehensive study has been done yet to assess the urban signalized intersections. Rengaraju and Rao [15] identified suitable probability distribution models vehicle composition in Gazipur city, the industrial hub of for vehicle arrivals at uncontrolled intersections Bangladesh, especially at GCI. Hence, the present study under mixed traffic conditions. Gartner and Peter aims to determine the vehicle composition and LOS at [16] analyzed arterials throughput and travels times GCI, and also looks into for the solution to ameliorate the using cellular automata micro-simulation model and current congested situation. they established a relationship between traffic flow, density, and offsets for signalized arterials. They tried to find out physical reason for traffic congestion and 3. STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY made a relation between them. Weng, Tan, Yao, and Huang [17] measured the traffic flow characteristics Gazipur is the home of several important governments, and developed a short time prediction model for urban non-government, and various massive industries (including intersections. On the other hand, Xie, Gao, Zhao, and garments industry) which make it geographically Li [18] proposed two-dimensional car-following model important in Bangladesh. Gazipur is a district of Dhaka to represent mixed traffic flow consisting of motorized division located in between 23°53′ and 24°21′ north vehicles and non-motorized vehicles at an unsignalized latitudes and in between 90°09′ and 92°39′ east longitudes intersection. Pandian, Gokhale, and Ghoshal [19] (Fig. 1) which is almost central position in Bangladesh. examined the impact of traffic, vehicle, and road The study intersection is located 25km distance from

DUET Journal 62 Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2019 Vehicle Characteristics and Roadway Level of Service of Industrial Zone: A Typical Example of Gazipur...

Dhaka city that plays a crucial role in transporting various In the first phase of data collection, the area was studied factories goods to Dhaka and overall Bangladesh. It plays cautiously and four sites were selected from where data a vital role in connecting the North, North-East, and will be collected for transportation volume analysis. North-West part of the country with the capital and The weather condition and the surface condition of the other parts of the country. It has an area of 1741.53 pavement were favorable during data collection times. square kilometers whose population density is 2,505 In this study, data were collected in three different per km2. Nonetheless, is time segments i.e., morning peak hour (8 am-10 am), the largest city corporation of Bangladesh established afternoon peak hour (12 pm-2 pm), and evening peak on 16 January 2013. Gazipur city corporation has 57 hour (4 pm-6 pm) both on weekday and weekend day wards and it is also called one of the most industrial which is found from the 365 days 24 hours traffic and overpopulated areas in Bangladesh. On the other data from Roads and Highway Department (RHD), hand, GCI is a four-legged signalized intersection, and Gazipur. Four digital video cameras were used to it is also used as a bus stand. It is one of the busiest and excerpt traffic data used in this study at the same time hazardous intersections located at the central part of in four sites for one month. Then vehicle types and a Gazipur in terms of social and economic aspects. Every number of the vehicles were counted by slowly playing day thousands of people use this intersection to go to all recorded videos at the laboratory. The collected data different parts of the country. Heterogeneous traffic was assumed to be sufficient to carry out the necessary conditions and traffic delay is the phenomenon of this exploration of the study area (Fig.2). intersection.

Fig. 1: Topographic view of the study area in Gazipur city.

DUET Journal 63 Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2019 Vehicle Characteristics and Roadway Level of Service of Industrial Zone: A Typical Example of Gazipur...

Gazipur-Tangail Road To Tangail From Tangail Mymensingh - Dhaka Road

From Dhaka To Mymensingh

To Dhaka From Mymensingh Dhka - Mymensingh Road Joydebpur Joydebpur To From Joydebpur - Chowrasta Road

Fig. 2: Gazipur Chowrasta intersection

3.1 Determination of Saturation Flow Rate fRT = adjustment factor for right-turn vehicle presence in a lane group An emergent parameter to calculate the LOS is the Saturation flow rate, determined using the following fLpb = pedestrian adjustment factor for left-turn formula [24]: groups fRpb= pedestrian-bicycle adjustment factor for right s = so fw fHV fg fp fbb fa fLU fLT fRT fLpb fRpb …………………...... ……….…..(1) turn groups Base saturation flow rate was adopted as 1900 pc/h/ln as Where, per HCM (2010) [25]. Adjustment factor for lane width s = adjusted saturation flow rate (veh/h/ln) was adopted as 1.0 since all lanes had width in the range so = base saturation flow rate(pc/h/ln) of 10ft to 12ft. Adjustment factor for heavy vehicles in fw = adjustment factor for lane width traffic stream was taken as 0.988. Adjustment factor for approach grade was taken as 1 (because of zero grades). fHV = adjustment factor for heavy vehicles in traffic stream Adjustment factor for existence of a parking lane and parking activity adjacent to lane group is different for fg = adjustment factor for approach grade different approaches. Adjustment factor for area type was fp = adjustment factor for existence of a parking taken as 0.95. Adjustment factor for lane utilization was lane and parking activity adjacent to lane group taken as 1.0 because all lane groups have shared lanes fbb = adjustment factor for blocking effect of local (Table I). Adjustment factors for left-turn and right-turn buses that stop within intersection area vehicle presence in a lane group were taken as 0/9 and 0.97 fa = adjustment factor for area type respectively. Pedestrian adjustment factors were taken as fLU = adjustment factor for lane utilization 1.0 because all turning movements were observed to be fLT = adjustment factor for left-turn vehicle presence generally protected. in a lane group

DUET Journal 64 Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2019 Vehicle Characteristics and Roadway Level of Service of Industrial Zone: A Typical Example of Gazipur...

Table I: Traffic performance measurement by v/c ratio [25]. LOS v/c Ratio Detailed Description Represents the best-operating conditions and is considered free flow. Individual A 0.00-0.35 users are virtually unaffected by the presence of others in the traffic stream. B 0.35-0.58 Represents reasonably free-flowing conditions but with some influence by others. Represents a constrained constant flow below speed limits, with additional attention C 0.58-0.75 required by the drivers to maintain safe operations. The comfort and convenience levels of the driver decline noticeably. Represents traffic operations approaching unstable flow with high passing demand D 0.75-0.90 and passing capacity near zero, characterized by drivers being severely restricted in maneuverability. Represents unstable flow near capacity. LOS E often changes to LOS Fvery E 0.90-1.00 quickly because of disturbances (road conditions, accidents, etc.) in traffic flow. Represents the worst conditions with the heavily congested flow and traffic F >1.00 demand exceeding capacity, characterized by stop-and-go waves, poor travel time, low comfort and convenience, and increased accident exposure

The Capacity of each approach is calculated using the is 468 vehicle/hour and 676 vehicle/hour in morning and following formula evening hour respectively. Car occupancy on road is higher in typical weekday than weekends because lots of c =Nsg/ C ………………………...... (2) industry is situated in this locality and after office work, Where, employers are going home by using it. The car number on the weekend is less because lots of mills and factories c = capacity (veh/h) remain closed on weekends. N = number of lanes (ln) The bus is the second type of vehicle which governs the s = saturation flow rate maximum number in this approach about 576 vehicle/ g = effective green time (s) hour at weekday afternoon hour. The volume of the bus C = cycle time (s) in this approach is more even at the weekend. The reason behind this is that almost all industries in this arena have To calculate LOS volume capacity ratio (v/c) method personal transport system especially bus for labor class was adopted. To evaluate traffic conditions in cities v/c people besides the dwellers in Gazipur city are like to is one of the most applied methods, where v is the total travel by bus rather than train. People generally use bus number of vehicles passing a point in one hour and c is to go Dhaka for different purposes like an excursion, the maximum number of vehicles that can pass a certain medical, education, shopping, and so on. point at the legitimate traffic condition. v/c is a measure Truck and mini-truck, are medium governing vehicles. that reflects mobility and quality of travel of a facility or a The number of trucks and mini-truck is not significant section of a facility. It compares roadway demand (vehicle in rush hour both weekend and weekdays because all volumes) with roadway supply (carrying capacity). The the industrial truck uses this intersection on night time v/c method is connected with LOS and determining how for avoiding massive traffic congestion. Truck and mini- well a roadway is performing. This measure can alert truck are the highest numbers of vehicles in this area, transportation providers to areas where traffic mitigation particularly in evening time on weekends and weekdays. measures should be considered. The highest number of trucks is 280 vehicle/hour at weekends in evening time but the mini-truck highest number is 336 vehicle/hour both weekend and weekdays. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The presence of motorcycle, CNG, and NMT in this 4.1 Dhaka Approach approach are less amount compared to other types of vehicles because maximum people traveling through It is shown that the most dominating vehicle in Chowrasta this approach use the bus and private car to go their to Dhaka approach is car rather than other types of destination. The total number of vehicles is maximum vehicles both weekend and weekday and their peak value during the evening peak. The motorcycle’s highest value

DUET Journal 65 Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2019 Vehicle Characteristics and Roadway Level of Service of Industrial Zone: A Typical Example of Gazipur... is 296 vehicles/hour on weekend evening time because Analysis expresses that in Dhaka approach traffic volume is lots of people use this as for excursion and other household more than its capacity in three periods of time. All of lanes work. The people in Gazipur city are like to use NMW in this approach accomplish level of service of F category especially rickshaw on weekdays evening time especially in weekend and weekday peak hour time (Table II). This for education and to go the shortest place (268 vehicles/ result indicating the lowest level of service and that drivers hour). From the research, CNG is the less useable medium are not satisfied with the existing roadway conditions. In compared to modes of transport, and its maximum value Dhaka approach, speed of vehicle in this approach was is 121 vehicle/hour in the weekdays morning time. Even very low during peak hours. All traffic of other three though the bus and car are the most dominating vehicles approaches used Dhaka approach to go their destination in this approach but there is no separate lane for these that’s why traffic volume is high in this approach. But there types of vehicles. In this approach total traffic volume is is insufficient carriageway width to allow high volume of high because of a large percentage of traffic from other traffic to pass through this approach. Also, a large number approach is entering to this approach (Fig. 3). of vehicles standing here to appear and depart passengers,

Fig. 3: Modal variation of Chowrasta to Dhaka approach

Table II: Calculation of level of service (LOS) of Dhaka approach s c g v C N fg fa so fp fw v/c fbb fLT fRT fLU fHV LOS fLpb fRpb Time (s) (s) (ln) (pcu/h) (pcu/h) (veh/h/ln) (veh/h/ln)

Weekend 1900 1 0.988 1 0.96 0.98 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1464.69 210 75 4 2092.41 2272 1.09 F Morning Weekday 1900 1 0.988 1 0.96 0.98 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1464.69 275 85 4 1810.88 2635 1.46 F Morning Weekend 1900 1 0.988 1 0.96 0.98 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1464.69 195 55 4 1652.47 1721 1.04 F Afternoon Weekday 1900 1 0.988 1 0.96 0.98 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1464.69 265 80 4 1768.68 3352 1.89 F Afternoon Weekend 1900 1 0.988 1 0.96 0.98 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1464.69 210 65 4 1813.42 2386 1.32 F Evening Weekday 1900 1 0.988 1 0.96 0.98 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1464.69 294 93 4 1853.28 3032 1.63 F Evening

DUET Journal 66 Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2019 Vehicle Characteristics and Roadway Level of Service of Industrial Zone: A Typical Example of Gazipur... for this reason, effective lane width reduced and capacity evening times (172 vehicles/hour). The car number is less also reduced. Also haphazard movement of pedestrians is if we compare with other modes of transport because the responsible for the worst condition of level of service. maximum people in this locality are middle-class people.

Minibus, CNG and truck number are not significant in 4.2 Joydebpur Approach this approach because comparatively less amount of In this approach, the most dominant vehicle on weekdays industry is located here. The minibus and CNG height and weekends is the bus which peak is 164 vehicle/hour. value in the weekend evening time that is 145 vehicle/ The number of bus numbers at different times is almost hour and 168 vehicle/hour respectively. Similarly, truck close because all the people in this locality are Dhaka number is not significant compared with Dhaka approach city dependent and the city dwellers are most likely to as its value is 76 vehicle/hour on weekdays afternoon use bus as their favorite mode of transport. Secondly, time (Fig. 4). the most dominating vehicle is NMT (rickshaw, van, According to volume capacity ratio (v/c) method LOS of etc.) and its amount is 196 vehicle/hour during weekday Joydebpur approach is C category at weekend morning afternoon time. The Gazipur city dwellers are likely to and afternoon peak time, LOS is D category at weekday use NVM during morning and evening time for going shortest places i.e., educational institutions, market, and morning and weekend evening peak time, LOS is E excursion, etc. category at weekday afternoon and evening peak time (Table III). From analysis, it is seen that speed of vehicle The total number of motorcycle in a day is not significant is slightly higher than Dhaka approach in Joydebpur in Joydebpur approach but its height peak is 188 vehicle/ approach. It is shown that from analysis traffic volume hours on weekend evening time. Because the city is less than its capacity in three periods of time. But dwellers are like to use this mode as going excursion existing conditions should be increased more to increase activity, marketing, work, and so on. On the other hand, personal vehicle like car is frequently used on weekdays vehicle speed also its capacity.

Fig. 4: Modal variation of Chowrasta to Joydebpur approach

DUET Journal 67 Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2019 Vehicle Characteristics and Roadway Level of Service of Industrial Zone: A Typical Example of Gazipur...

Table III: Calculation of level of service (LOS) of Joydebpur approach s c g v C N fg fa so fw Fp v/c fbb fLT fRT fLU fHV LOS fLpb fRpb Time (s) (s) (ln) (pcu/h) (pcu/h) (veh/h/ln) (veh/h/ln)

Weekend 1900 1 0.988 1 0.92 0.94 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1346.36 135 55 2 1097.04 719 0.66 C Morning

Weekday 1900 1 0.988 1 0.92 0.94 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1346.36 166 62 2 1005.72 856 0.85 D Morning

Weekend 1900 1 0.988 1 0.92 0.94 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1346.36 120 45 2 1009.78 625 0.62 C Afternoon

Weekday 1900 1 0.988 1 0.92 0.94 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1346.36 156 55 2 949.36 900 0.95 E Afternoon

Weekend 1900 1 0.988 1 0.92 0.94 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1346.36 144 63 2 1178.07 970 0.82 D Evening

Weekday 1900 1 0.988 1 0.92 0.94 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1346.36 180 75 2 1121.97 1021 0.91 E Evening

Fig. 5: Modal variation of Chowrasta to Mymensingh approach

DUET Journal 68 Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2019 Vehicle Characteristics and Roadway Level of Service of Industrial Zone: A Typical Example of Gazipur...

4.3 Mymensingh Approach existing conditions of roadway are slightly satisfactory in weekend. But in weekday volume of traffic is more than its Car is the most governed vehicle in this approach in capacity. To increase mobility, existing conditions (road both weekend and weekday, and its value is 522 vehicle/ width, pedestrian movement) of road should be changed. hour in the weekday morning and 272 vehicle/hour in the weekend afternoon. The reason for that most of the people in Mymensingh is rich class and they have private 4.4 Tangail Approach vehicles. They like to go to Dhaka for work and it is little far from Dhaka city (110 km) for this they generally The study has revealed that the most influencing vehicle choose morning time to go Dhaka and try to reach home in is NMT (rickshaw, van, etc.) in the Tangail approach at the afternoon for avoiding massive traffic congestion. The weekday evening peak hour and its amount is 220 vehicle/ second preferable mode of transport in this approach is hour. This indicates that people in this locality like to use bus which peak is 348 vehicle/hour on weekdays evening NMT to reach their desired places through in the morning time. Because the overall bus is the dominant vehicle in time its number is not much high i.e., 123 vehicle/hour. this approach and like Gazipur, people from Mymensingh Motorcycle is the second dominant mode in this locality area are also public vehicle dependent. and that is 148 vehicle/hour in weekday afternoon. Truck, mini-truck are also significant modes in this approach Because the people in the locality prefer motor cycle for 292 vehicle/hour and 216 vehicle/hour weekend evening and their mode of transport. weekend afternoon respectively. That indicates that there have much industries and working opportunity in that approach From the survey Bus, CNG, Truck, Minibus, and car and the vehicle usually pass the Chowrasta intersection in number are much significant at weekday morning time evening and night time for avoiding traffic congestion. which are 81 vehicle/hour, 56 vehicle/hour, 65 vehicle/ However, motorcycle and NMT are not significant in this hour, 48 vehicle/hour, and 45 vehicle/hour respectively. approach because people are not like to use the highway. The The reason is that huge number of mills and industries evening period contains a maximum volume of the vehicle located in this approach, and massive number of people use because of all types of office, market, and industry located this approach to go to their work that makes this approach around Chowrasta get closed during that time. So, all officers heavy traffic-congested in the morning time and at night and workers use this approach to go their destination hence, there is an increase in traffic volume (Fig. 5). time. At the weekend its volume is also high. The second dominant vehicle is motor-cycle about 148 vehicles/ By comparing, given v/c ratio and standard v/c ratio, the hour at weekday afternoon hour. Medium influenced highest LOS in respect of v/c ratio at weekday morning vehicles are the bus, truck, CNG and their intensity is peak and evening peak time LOS is D category at weekend maximum during morning hour. Less dominant vehicles morning and evening peak time, LOS is C range at weekend are car and mini-truck and their percentage is 5% and 6% afternoon peak time, and LOS is E category at weekday respectively. This approach contains the minimal volume afternoon peak time (Table IV). Results indicating that of traffic compares to other approaches (Fig. 6).

Table IV: Calculation of level of service (LOS) of Mymensingh approach s c g v C N fg fa so fw Fp v/c fbb fLT fRT fLU fHV LOS fLpb fRpb Time (s) (s) (ln) (pcu/h) (pcu/h) (veh/h/ln) (veh/h/ln)

Weekend 1900 1 0.988 1 0.94 0.96 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1404.90 190 70 4 2070.389 1720 0.83 D Morning Weekday 1900 1 0.988 1 0.94 0.96 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1404.90 234 90 4 2161.395 2280 1.05 F Morning Weekend 1900 1 0.988 1 0.94 0.96 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1404.90 166 65 4 2200.456 1579 0.72 C Afternoon Weekday 1900 1 0.988 1 0.94 0.96 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1404.90 195 85 4 2449.581 2349 0.96 E Afternoon Weekend 1900 1 0.988 1 0.94 0.96 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1404.90 175 78 4 2504.748 1966 0.78 D Evening Weekday 1900 1 0.988 1 0.94 0.96 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1404.90 245 85 4 1949.666 2302 1.18 F Evening

DUET Journal 69 Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2019 Vehicle Characteristics and Roadway Level of Service of Industrial Zone: A Typical Example of Gazipur...

Fig. 6: Modal variation of Chowrasta to Tangail approach

Table V: Calculation of level of service (LOS) of Tangail approach s c g v C N fg fa so fp v/c Fw fbb fLT fRT fLU fHV LOS fLpb fRpb Time (s) (s) (ln) (pcu/h) (pcu/h) (veh/h/ln) (veh/h/ln)

Weekend 1900 1 0.988 1 0.91 0.93 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1276.81 110 40 2 928.59 292 0.31 A Morning

Weekday 1900 1 0.988 1 0.91 0.93 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1276.81 132 54 2 1044.67 622 0.60 C Morning

Weekend 1900 1 0.988 1 0.91 0.93 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1276.81 95 38 2 1021.45 230 0.23 A Afternoon

Weekday 1900 1 0.988 1 0.91 0.93 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1276.81 125 42 2 858.02 483 0.56 B Afternoon

Weekend 1900 1 0.988 1 0.91 0.93 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1276.81 108 35 2 827.57 320 0.39 B Evening

Weekday 1900 1 0.988 1 0.91 0.93 0.95 1 0.9 0.97 1 1 1276.81 140 60 2 1094.42 366 0.33 A Evening

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Analysis expresses that in Tangail approach traffic volume solution for this mode of transport and it will help to is less than its capacity in three periods of time. LOS is a reduce traffic congestion. category on weekend morning, afternoon, and weekday evening peak time, LOS is B category at weekday The second type of vehicle which contains 20% of truck. afternoon and weekend evening peak time, and LOS is C Many factories and industries are located beside Dhaka- category at weekday morning peak time (Table V). This Mymensing highway, Joydebpur, and around Chowrasta result indicating that the highest level of service and that intersection. All raw materials and manufactured products drivers are satisfied with the existing roadway conditions. of all industries are transporting through using Chowrasta intersection. That’s why the amount of trucks is more in Chowrasta intersection. Also, mini truck is 14% of total 4.5 Total Vehicle Composition vehicle which indicates that truck and minitruck take up 34% of the total which needs extra facilitate on-road It is seen that the bus contains the maximum percentage especially separate lane for truck (truck and mini truck). and its amount is 37%. It means that majority number of people travel by bus to reach their destination. In our Also, it is seen that 15% of the car passed through country, the bus is the most available and cheapest mode Chowrasta intersection, it means a moderate range of of transport compared to other modes. So people of lower higher classes people live in this region. Percentage of and middle classes use bus to go to their destination. It CNG, Motor-cycle, NMT are less in number which are can be said that middle and lower classes people do live 4%,4%, and 6% respectively use this intersection, which mostly in Gazipur cities that’s makes this mode more means people less use those modes than other modes popular. However, extra dedicated lane can be the logical (Fig. 7).

Motor-cycle NMT CNG 4% 6% 4%

Bus Mini-truck 37% 14%

Car 15% Truck 20%

Fig. 7: Composition of Vehicles in Chowrasta Intersection

DUET Journal 71 Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2019 Vehicle Characteristics and Roadway Level of Service of Industrial Zone: A Typical Example of Gazipur...

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION severe problems including prolonged queue length, recurrent road accidents, and vendor related activities. The motivation of this study is to explore the traffic However, proper awareness and strict traffic law characteristics at a major and significant signalized implementation can improve this situation. Also, a intersection and to identify the LOS. The data analysis designated bus stoppage can solve this problem to a and results show that the nature of traffic at GCI is highly great extent. heterogeneous and there has no lane discipline. Also, this study expressed that the volume of traffic in this intersection Although the present study explores the vehicular is extremely high than its capacity. Particularly, it is characteristics of this major industrial zone, future study extremely high during morning and evening peak hours can consider the other road users’ characteristics, and on weekdays. In weekend, traffic volume is slightly less can investigate the relationship among demographic than that of weekday. Determination of LOS expressed characteristics, trip characteristics, and mode choice that LOS is found to be F category in three periods of time behaviors. in Dhaka approach both in weekend and weekday. In an intersection, LOS F means vehicles are forced to move and speed of vehicles are too low. All traffic of other three REFERENCES approaches used Dhaka approach to go their destination that’s why LOS of Dhaka approach is very low. Analysis [1] R. Yeasmin, “Road Transportation Challenges indicating that in Tangail approach the level of service is in Bangladesh: The Case of Traffic Jam in Dhaka A, B, and C category, and drivers are satisfied with the City,” JAMK University of Applied Sciences, 2019. existing roadway conditions. This study elicits that the [2] M. R. Islam and N. Haque, “Non-lane Based most dominant vehicle in Gazipur Chowrasta intersection Heterogeneous Traffic State Measurement using is bus and its percentage is 37%. Even though service Robust Vision System,” Bangladesh University of quality of buses in this area is not satisfactory level and Engineering and Technology (BUET), 2016. traffic congestion is a regular problem at this intersection. Nonetheless, a major number of people use this mode of [3] N. Anwari, M. R. Islam, and M. S. Hoque, “Rail- transport to reach their destination. This is because the Road Traffic Interaction at Shaheed Ahsanullah economic condition does not afford these large people to Master Flyover,” J. Civ. Eng. (JCE), Inst. Eng. switch to other modes. Also, field investigation reveals Bangladesh, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 41–52, 2018. that moderate number of economically self-reliant people [4] N. Anwari, M. S. Hoque, and M. R. Islam, live around this area. The study has the potential to help “Effectiveness of Flyovers Constructed Over Railway transport planners and decision-makers to understand the Line,” in BUET-ANWAR ISPAT 1st Bangladesh underlying vehicle composition scenarios of Gazipur city Civil Engineering SUMMIT 2016, p. TE 3-10, 2016. and hence, take initiatives to ameliorate the condition of GCI as well as to take further improvement plan. [5] M. M. Hasnat, M. S. Hoque, and M. R. Islam, “Evaluation of Economic, Environmental and Safety Based on the study findings, the following recommendations Impact of At-Grade Railway Crossings on Urban can be put forward to improve the mobility and service quality City of Developing Country,” Glob. J. Res. Eng. E, of signalized intersection as well as other road resembling vol. 16, no. 4, 2016. similar condition: • A dedicated lane for Bus can be effective to increase [6] A. R. A. van der Horst, M. C. Thierry, J. M. Vet, this road serviceability. and A. K. M. F. Rahman, “An evaluation of speed management measures in Bangladesh based upon • The effective width of the carriageway should be alternative accident recording, speed measurements, increased. This should be free from all encroachment. and DOCTOR traffic conflict observations,” Transp. • Vehicles of different districts used this intersection Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 46, pp. to reach their destination. Grade separation 390–403, Apr. 2017. can be a viable solution for external to external [7] J. Ibanez-Guzman, S. Lefevre, A. Mokkadem, and traffic movement without disturbing intersection performance. S. Rodhaim, “Vehicle to vehicle communications applied to road intersection safety, field results,” • A master plan of Gazipur city should be taken by in IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation local government authority to improve the existing Systems, Proceedings, ITSC, pp. 192–197, 2010. condition of this selected intersection. [8] C. Guarnaccia, “Analysis of traffic noise in a road • It is observed that an unauthorized bus stoppage is intersection configuration,” WSEAS Trans. Syst., located at middle of this intersection, which induces vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 865–874, 2010.

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DUET Journal 73 Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2019