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Influence of Bioturbation on Sediment Respiration in Advection and Diffusion Dominated Systems

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Influence of Bioturbation on Sediment Respiration in Advection and Diffusion Dominated Systems Influence of bioturbation on sediment respiration in advection and diffusion dominated systems Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) im Fach (Geographie): eingereicht an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Dipl.-Biol. Viktor Baranov, M.Sc. Präsidentin der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. Sabine Kunst Dekan der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät Prof. Dr. Elmar Kulke Gutachter/innen: 1. PD. Dr. Jörg Lewandowski 2. Prof. Dr. Tobias Kümmerle 3. Prof. Dr. Alexander Milner Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 30.05.2017 Abstract Ecosystem engineers are organisms, whose impact on ecosystem functioning is disproportionally large compared to their abundance and biomass. Ecosystem engineers cause changes of habitats and resource availability for other organisms. A classic example of ecosystem engineers are burrowing organisms whose activities (bioturbation) affect the sediment matrix and pore solutes in aquatic sediments. Bioturbating animals are impacting on a number of biogeochemical processes in benthic ecosystems, including, among others, aerobic respiration. Respiration of aquatic sediments often comprises over 50% of the total respiration of aquatic systems, and plays a tremendous role in the global carbon cycle. The present thesis deals with the impacts of the physical environment (sediment characteristics, mainly hydraulic conductivity and grain fractions) on the (microbial) respiration of bioturbated sediments. In order to disentangle the effects of bioturbation on respiration, a novel measurement method has been developed (Chapter 4.1). The method allows decoupling of the bioturbators’ own respiration from microbial respiration in bioturbated systems. It is based on the bioreactive tracer resazurin. In our experiment resazurin turnover is a very good indicator of microbial respiration in the system (Pearson’s correlation r = 0.93, n = 16, p < 0.05) and impervious to respiration of at least some bioturbating animals (Chironomidae larvae, probably other aquatic insects). We have shown that resazurin turnover as a measure for microbial respiration is positively correlated with the density of Chironomidae larvae. Respiration in bioirrigated cores with diffusion-dominated sediment is up to 2.5 times higher than in uninhabited controls. It is noteworthy that respiration measured by resazurin is lower than total oxygen consumption measured by standard sensors, as resazurin turnover is only affected by aerobic respiration and not by other sources of oxygen consumption. Chapter 4.2 reveals that the impact of bioturbation on sediment respiration increases with increasing temperature. While at 5 °C, respiration in sediments with and without chironomids did not differ, at 30 °C sediment respiration in the mesocosms with 2000 chironomid larvaes·m-2 was 4.9 times higher than in uninhabited sediments. This indicates the potential for climate change to cause a notable increase of respiration of bioturbated sediments. Chapter 4.3 shows that resazurin can also be used for the measurement of respiration in bioirrigated marine sediments. A laboratory experiment showed that in marine sediments bioturbation did not change the total oxygen uptake, but increased aerobic respiration by 24 % in comparison to uninhabited sediment. Thus, bioturbation in marine sediments does not increase but re-structures total oxygen uptake. Chapter 4.4 reviews the large number and diversity of hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological tracers including resazurin. The review focuses on studies on the applications of the tracers and describes which ecohydrological questions and problems can be addressed by them. The present thesis shows that in sediments with low hydraulic conductivity (diffusion-dominated sediments) (Chapters 4.1, 4.2) bioturbation is altering sediment respiration to a larger extent than in sediments with high hydraulic conductivity (advection-dominated sediment) (Chapter 4.3). The physical environment (sediment matrix) controls the intensity of the impacts of bioturbation on sediment respiration. Thus, this thesis provides a basis for understanding the impact of benthic bioturbators on respiration and carbon sequestering in freshwater and marine sediments. Zusammenfassung Ökosystem-Ingenieure sind Organismen, deren Auswirkung auf die Funktion von Ökosystemen im Vergleich zu ihrer Anzahl und Biomasse überproportional groß ist. Sie haben das Potential, Habitate und Ressourcenverfügbarkeit für andere Organismen zu verändern. Ein klassisches Beispiel für Ökosystem-Ingenieure sind grabende Organismen, deren Aktivitäten (Bioturbation) sowohl die Sedimentmatrix als auch das Porenwasser in aquatischen Sedimenten beeinflussen. Solche Tiere wirken auf eine große Anzahl von biogeochemischen Prozessen in benthischen Ökosystemen ein, unter anderem auf die aerobe Atmung (Respiration). Die Respiration aquatischer Sedimente umfasst häufig über 50 % der gesamten Respiration von aquatischen Systemen und spielt eine große Rolle im globalen Kohlenstoffkreislauf. Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen der physikalischen Umwelt (Sedimenteigenschaften, am meistens hydraulischer Leitfähigkeit) auf die mikrobielle Respiration von Sedimenten, in denen Bioturbation durch Chironomidenlarven stattfindet. Um die Auswirkungen von Bioturbation auf Respiration zu messen und zu identifizieren, wurde eine neue Messmethode entwickelt (Kapitel 4.1). Die Methode erlaubt es, in Systemen, in denen Bioturbation stattfindet, die mikrobielle Atmung getrennt von derjenigen der Ökosystem-Ingenieure zu messen. Die Methode basiert auf dem bioreaktiven Tracer Resazurin. Dessen Umsatz ist ein ausgezeichneter Indikator für die mikrobielle Respiration eines Systems (Pearson’sche Korrelation r = 0,93; n = 16; p < 0,05). Die Atmung der Organismen selbst verursacht – zumindest bei einigen Spezies (Chironomidenlarven, wahrscheinlich aber auch anderen aquatischen Organismen) – keinen Resazurin-Umsatz. Mit der Methode konnten wir zeigen, dass der Resazurin-Umsatz positiv mit der Dichte von Chironomidenlarven korreliert ist. In Sedimentkernen, in denen Bioturbation stattfindet, ist der Resazurin- Umsatz 2,5 mal höher als in Kernen ohne Bioturbation. Dabei ist anzumerken, dass die Respiration, die mit Resazurin gemessen wird, geringer ausfällt als der mit Standardsensoren gemessene, gesamte Sauerstoffverbrauch. Das liegt daran, dass der Resazurin-Umsatz ausschließlich durch aerobe Atmung erfolgt und nicht durch andere Arten des Sauerstoffverbrauchs beeinflusst wird. Kapitel 4.2 zeigt, dass der Einfluss von Bioturbation auf die Respiration des Sediments mit zunehmender Temperatur ansteigt. In Mesokosmen-Versuchen unterscheidet sich die Respiration bei 5 °C in Sedimenten mit und ohne Bioturbation nicht, während sie sich bei 30 °C und mit einer Dichte von mit 2000 Chironomidenlarven/m2 im Vergleich zu unbewohnten Mesokosmen 4,9-fach erhöht. Für den Klimawandel bedeutet dies, dass ein Anstieg der mittleren Seetemperaturen zu einem bemerkenswert Anstieg der Respiration in Sedimenten, in denen Bioturbation stattfindet, führen kann. Kapitel 4.3 belegt, dass Resazurin auch für die Messung der Respiration in marinen Sedimenten geeignet ist. In den Versuchen mit marinen Sedimenten führte Bioturbation zwar nicht zu einer Änderung des gesamten Sauerstoffverbrauchs, aber die aerobe Respiration hat sich im Vergleich zu unbewohnten Sedimenten um 24 % erhöht. Dies bedeutet, dass Bioturbation in marinen Sedimenten nicht zu einer Erhöhung aber zu einer Umstrukturierung der sauerstoffverbrauchenden Prozesse führt. Kapitel 4.4 vergleicht und begutachtet die große Anzahl und Vielfalt hydrologischer, biogeochemischer und ökologischer Tracer einschließlich Resazurin. Die Literaturrecherche fokussiert sich auf die Anwendungen der verschiedenen Tracer und beschreibt wie mit ihrer Hilfe ökohydrologische Fragestellungen und Probleme untersucht werden können. Die vorliegende Dissertation zeigt, dass in Sedimenten mit geringer hydraulischer Leitfähigkeit (diffusionsdominierte Sedimente)(Kapiteln 4.1, 4.2), Bioturbation die Atmung (Respiration) des Sediments in einem stärkeren Ausmaß verändert als in Sedimenten mit großer hydraulischer Leitfähigkeit (advektionsdominierte Sedimente)) (Kapiteln 4.3). Die physikalische Umwelt (Sedimentmatrix) kontrolliert wie stark die Auswirkungen der Bioturbation auf die Respiration des Sedimentes sind. Dementsprechend liefert diese Doktorarbeit die Basis für das Verständnis der Auswirkungen benthischer Bioturbation auf Respiration und Kohlenstoffumsatz in limnischen und marinen Sedimenten. Contents 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.1. Bioturbation………………………………………………………………………….........….. 1 1.2. Ecosystem engineers………………………………………………………...……........... 1 1.3. Bioturbation impacts on sediment biogeochemistry………………….......... 3 1.4. Respiration……………………………………………………………………..................... 4 2. Overall aim and hypotheses................................................................. 5 3. Materials and methods........................................................................ 6 3.1. Diffusion- and advection-dominated systems………………………..........….. 6 3.2. Model taxa......................................................................................... 7 3.3. Use of the resazurin-resorufin tracer system in respiration studies…........................................................................................................
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