Scottish Struggle In...(Ramonavera)

Jurnal KBP Volume 2 - No. 1, Maret 2014

SCOTTISH STRUGGLE IN EXISTENCE IN GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT

Ramonavera (STIE “KBP” Padang) [email protected]

Abstrak

Skotlandia sebelum masuk kedalam United Kindom berdiri sebagai negeri kepulauan yang tidak ada perwakilannya di parlemen di Inggris. Baru pada tahun 1770, Inggris dan Skotlandia sepakat untuk bersatu dibawah satu parlemen yang sama. Tulisan ini akan mengulas tentang usaha-usaha orang Skot menunjukkan derajat yang sama dengan masyarakat England terutama dalam bidang politik, social, dan ekonomi. Selain itu juga menunjukkan eksistensi ataupun keberadaannya untuk bisa duduk di bidang pemerintahan dan politik dengan memberikan kontribusi positif agar bisa membangun negeri sejajar dengan saudaranya yang ada di England. Sebagai hasil perjuangan maka scotlandia berhasil menempatkan wakilnya di parlemennya di London sebagai wakil yang memperjuangkan hak-hak orang skotlandia. Sekarang Skotlandia berada sejajar dengan orang England, Wales maupun dengan orang Irlandia. Key words: Domination, restore,crisis, represemtatives, government

INTRODUCTION archipelago country. It was bounded on Scottish lived under the three sides by sea, the north is domination England. People struggled bordered by Atlantic Ocean and the their lives without paying attention west is North sea and the east is from England. Many idea from Scottish England. hero to release from England The natives of Scottish came Domination. One of the struggle was from Pitches, Britons, Irish, Angles, through literary writing from Sir Walter Norman and Flemings. The Immigrants Scott in his work ”The Talisman and came from some areas, they formed The Hearth of Melonian” . and so, some small kingdom based on clans. In Robert Burn wrote some poems how 843, those kingdoms merged and Scottish. formed the Kingdom of (Scotia) After the age of Romanticism (1700s), under King I Mac Alpin. After the European people began open their eyes. union in 1707, the decision that had They wanted to get freedom, equality made caused them separated. and friendship. This was the impact of After the union in 1707, French revolution. It caused spirit of England promised to help Scottish in Scottish to get independence. economic development. England saved was located in the then from poverty. Unfortunately, it northern part of Great Britain. It was just persuasion in order Scottish to consists of island or it is called handle Scottish land which was rich. In Jurnal KBP Volume 2 - No. 1, Maret 2014:110-121 fact, England still ignored Scottish. awareness to the England’s domination England bargained merger just to show until the 19th century. One of historian his superior upon Scottish and to get who analyze Scotland, especially the profit to exploit Scottish nature. This Scottish is John Foster who write about was the expansion of British Empire as Nationality, social change and class. the impact of Renaissance and McCrone in his work “Representing Elizabethan age. Scotland: culture”. In his study, he The impact of this event caused emphasized: culture and nationalism. Scottish become regret. The Scottish He . In his study, he emphasizes the was just inferior and partner. All laws result of England effort to dominate tended to advantage British empire. Scotland. It can be seen as follows: However, the union brought This is powerful stuff. Two disparate Scottish into prosperity. British gave all culture formations have combined into rights for Scottish live in a good way a hegemonic system which looks the such: seats in and economic Scots into a sense of their own development to build Scottish country. inferiority in the face of a powerful In fact, in parliament, Scottish could Anglo-British culture (1989,167). This not give his opinion because it was statement supports the analysis in this always devoted by other members. If it writing. happened, they could do anything or gave up. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE IN Seeing the situation, MANAGEMENT nationalism emerged. They wanted to In this writing, the writer will get freedom against British. One of explain the effort of existence in important thing was how to get government which has to close freedom in politics, government and relationship with economic economics. improvement. In order to create a more The description will make the writer to prosperous and more peaceable develop his writing through Scottish country, George l's government history and problem in seventeenth launched a policy for Scottish interest, century. It will be connected to Scottish where at the time many riots aroused in some aspects of lives. under James Edward Stuart and his Hypothesis Jacobites who wanted to repeal the This writing is going to search how union. Sir Robert Walpole, who Scottish’s struggle to get their freedom became Prime Minister in 1721, tried from England’s domination. Here, the for the improvement of Scotland in writer tries to illustrate that England order to strengthening the union and was more superior than Scotland. To weakening the Jacobites. Walpole prove the hypothesis, the writer will try collaborated with the earl of Ilay, chief to portrait some events to support this manager for Scotland. Ilay diagnosed writing. Scotland trouble as lack of Theoretical Framework and Review government, and the solution was the on Related Literature development of management. Ilay This writing discusses some discovered that an effective views on the related topic. There are management through skillful use of some studies made related to the patronage could guarantee government Scottish struggle in politics and the support of most of the forty-five government as the expression of their Scottish Struggle In...(Ramonavera) members from Scotland. In fact, the workers and had about 1400 Walpole's and Hay's effort for an workers. There was similar industrial effective government in Scotland was expansion on the east side of Scotland, not so successful since British too, notably at Aberdeen and Leith, government engaged with Jacobite and at Dundee where die jute industry rebellion of 1745. Xliey even did not began early in the nineteenth century. get any help from the Scottish Then in the 1860's the American Civil politicians who were in fact corrupt War, which cut off supplies of cotton, and selfseeking, and were often resulted the collapse of cotton industry. underestimated by die English Then, the government had to find politicians for their incapability in another kind of industry which had politics (Orel, 1981). good prospect. Since Scotland natural After rebellions of 1745, a resources are rich «||fc coal, iron, steel modest degree of prosperity and high and other minerals, soon they exploited hopes for future made the union more them. In 1830, Scotland began to acceptable. Since die primary reason expand heavy industry. Iron, steel, coal for union was economy, the Scots engineering and shipbuilding inclined to show their existence in (Clydeside was leading the world in economic development, which was shipbuilding) played a dominant part facilitated by British government. By with Robert Napier as the greatest of using the freedom of trade, the Scots many great Scots marine engineers. imported tobacco from America, than In agriculture, Scottish farming re-exported it to the European had been much improved after the Continent. Big fortunes were made by union, and by 1800, it had become the "tobacco lords" and soon Glasgow most advanced in Europe. English and became the biggest tobacco port in European farmers were visiting Great Britain (Lynch, 1991). At the Scotland to learn it. Even though after same time a flourishing new linen the middle of the 19th century, Britain industry grew up and linen became adopted a free trade policy to import Scotland's most important export. In foods from European Continent that 1780, the linen industry produced more had very adverse effects on local than 13 million yards of good quality agriculture, but the standard of farming linen. remained high. The Scots had added - With the American War of the innovations in farming, such as in Independence, die situation changed. developing new plantation methods or Tobacco trade came ls an end the use of machine to make the works Americans were then free to sell their easier, which were the brainwork of own tobacco anywhere in the world, Scottish engineers. Meanwhile, the but Scottish industrial growth northeast of Scotland became famous continued. By the late of 18111 century, for its beef cattle and Ayrshire for its the most important industry in milking herds. (Caynes, 1977 and Scotland was cotton industry which Plantagenet and Fray, 1982). dominated Scottish economy for the With the increase of economic next sixty years (Caynes, 1977). David development, better means of transport Dale, an enterprising weaver from became a necessity. Soon the Glasgow, ted set up a special village at government built the roads, the bridges New Lanark for cotton manufacture, and the canals. Here, Scottish with victories and blocks of flats for innovations dominated. John Macadam Jurnal KBP Volume 2 - No. 1, Maret 2014:110-121 of Ayr became the surveyor of roads developments in surgery; James Clerk for England, Scotland and Wales. Sir Maxwell, discovered electromagnetic John Renie built docks at Leith, radiation and so prepared the way for enlarged the Clyde for more shipping, wireless telegraphy; John Logie Baird, and then went to London to construct a the invention of television; and Isaac new London Bridge. Caledonian Newton, the greatest scientist by his Canal, linking the Atlantic Ocean to theoretical innovations. There were the North Sea which was opened in still numerous Scottish scientific and 1822, was engineered by Thomas medical men who have made Telford who became the greatest civil important, sometimes pioneering, engineer of his day. His works laid contributions in their field. Those down over 900 miles of roads and Scottish scientists together with dieir bridges in Scotland, England and inventions or innovations had helped Wales. Scotland in showing their existence, Following the invention of the not just to England, but also to other steam engine by James Watt of nations in the world. Greenock, Scotland was struck with Anyhow, the contribution of the railway network which soon linked all Scots was not just in scientific world. principal towns with each other and There were still other Scottish heroes with the rest of the Britain. The steam who made contribution in social world. engine also revolutionized many For instance industries, such as spinning, weaving David Hume (1711-77), one of the and milling. By 1800 there were steam greatest philosophers ever to emerge engines in many factories in Scotland. from Britain, with his main works In 1802 a steam engine was used to "Treatise of Human Nature" and power the first steamboat in the world, History of England. Adam Smith the "Charlotte Dundas", built by (1723-90), professor of logic at Symington for the Forth- Clyde Canal. Glasgow, whose book "The Wealth of In 1790 the Forth-Clyde Canal, built by Nations" became the foundations for James Watt, had been opened. All of the science of economics. William these works brought prosperity to Burns, who published "The Scottish Glasgow and made that city become War of Independence" in 1874. the second greatest city in Britain. Another heroes were Allan Ramsay, (Fitzroy, 1974 and Plantagenet and David Wilkie, Robert Adam, Robert Fry, 1982). Burns and Walter Scott. They gave The industrial revolution along their mind in literature and arts and the 19th century was helped by they had become famous people in the scientific discovery and invention. For world. Their works had helped the example the invention of electric Scots to restore their self-confidence power, and the development of new and self-respect which the events of fuels, especially oil and its products. the past century had destroyed them. Many of the discoveries were "brain- They also dispel the unhappy feeling children" of Scotsmen. Some of them of inferiority and lost identity which were William Murdoch, had introduced had followed the Union. In their lighting by coal-gas in the first years of works, for example in Burns and Scott' the century; James Simpson, first used writing, they created a new image chloroform as an anaesthetic in 1847 about the Scots from being regarded and brought revolutionary barbarians until became fearless heroes Scottish Struggle In...(Ramonavera) and shrewd, merry, honest and poverty. Education was not free, but it hospitable folk. While Scotland and was cheap and open to all. There were Highlands in particular became the some children labour who got the place for enthusiastic sightseers from success in then- life by entering the all over the world (Fitzroy, 1974). school. For example, Andrew Fisher After showing their strong efforts who later became Prime Minister of in many aspects of life, they would Australia, and Robert Smillie who never be underestimated by another, became a national leader of the coal then they were ready to be an "equal miners. James MacDonald, a trade- partner" in the United Kingdom. union leader who was elected as a Anyway, Scottish struggles for Liberal MP in 1874, took die evening existence were not enough yet. Besides class while working by day at an in economy, industry and science, they ironstone mine near Airdrie. also showed their existence in Despite diey cared and loved to education. The aim was not just to leam, in the nineteenth century there prove that they could be equal with were many children who for one England, but also to show that their reason or another did not go to school. systems were different from England They were the factory children who even had better system then their had to work all day until made them neighbour. Scottish education system difficult to attend the class. It was tended to be much more democratic Robert Owen who paid the attention to than English. This system of this problem. He asked the government democratic in education is illustrated for the improvement of factory by Finlayson as follows: condition, the shortening of work hours and the education of factory .... The laird's (Scottish landowner) son children. Owen also had set up an was educated at the local infant school in Glasgow in 1820 and parish school with the rest of the local the first "normal school" for the children. The laird's son might training teachers. expect to inherit an estate, but In order to organize the labor by opportunity in Scotland was never a providing a peaceable oudet for the matter merely of : aspirations of the workers, Owen education was the high road out of launched Grand Consolidated Trade poverty. In the nineteenth century, Union in 1834. This effort resulted education was the royal road out of die turmoil all over Britain since the slums and the miseries of hard labour government disagreed with that idea. (1987, 153). Both Scotland and Wales became By noticing the above quotation, centers of British radicalism, for the the writer gets the point that there was working- class movement called no differentiation of status for the Chartism. As earlier attempt to form students to enter die school. It did not union, had failed, most of the workers matter whether he was from the rich became die Chartists, who believed family or from the poor. They could that they could bring a democratic learn in the same school. In fact, poor parliament and an enfranchised people managed to have their children working class. The reformer, William taught since they thought that Levett, drafted a bill known as "The education was one way to go out from People's Charter" in 1838 which contained six points; universal male Jurnal KBP Volume 2 - No. 1, Maret 2014:110-121 suffrage, vote by ballot, electoral preeminent in most other subjects. To districts, annual , abolition increase the quality of education, the of the property qualification, and regents who taught students throughout payment for members. Once again the their university course were replaced government refused these requests. In by professors specializing in single 1867, the Great Reform Bill ended the subjects. They were not bound by a Chartist movement, for it added nearly rigid curriculum and they were able to one million voters to the register. || also indulge the Serfs traditionally wide broke the control of the Scottish intellectual curiosity by attending landlords (Gunn, 1998). lectures in a variety of subjects. In 1885, the government created Scientific study was encouraged, and a cabinet post - secretary for Scotland. practical application of discoveries was His ministry became the "Scottish allowed even suggested. For example, office*, responsible for many the study of Francis Home, professor departments, including education. The of "Materia Medica" at , by government in 1872 published the bleaching processes and plant Scottish Education Act, which made nutrition, and James Watt, instrument- education compulsory for all those maker to Glasgow University, studied between five and thirteen, and schools the work of the steam engine, which were to be supported by government was later became a crucial aid and managed in special boards, improvement. consisting of ratepayers. The results It religion, lie English Parliament were; by the end of the nineteenth attempted to interfere with the Scottish century only one child in 1,300 was church. After the Union of 1707 where getting secondary school in England, the English agreed to let Scotland but in Scotland it was one in 200 retain her own church, in 1712, the (Plantagenet and Fry, 1982). English Parliament passed a law Another evidence of Scottish reestablishing the right of patronage in government's effort to increase Scotland. This meant that the local intellectual sense of the Scots could be landowner had the right of nominating seen from the five universities they the minister for congregation and the had established until 19th century. The people lost the right of electing their universities were St. Andrews (1411), pastors, fhis system of patronage Glasgow (1451), Aberdeen (1494), quickly brought the Church of Edinburgh (1583), and Dundee (1881), Scotland under the control of the whereas Scotland had only about 1.6 Moderate ministers and the wealthy million people, compared with landowners. England that had more dian 5 million, Much protest was made against but just having two universities, patronage. By 1733 resistance to the Oxford and Cambridge. So, it was not Moderates and to patronage led to the strange seeing many Englishmen had deposition of four ministers. Led by to come to Scottish universities, Ebenezer Erskine, they formed a especially to study law and science secession church, the Associate (Orel, 1981). Presbytery (the Seceders). In 1811, this ' In 19th century, the Scottish group became the Reformed universities became the prestigious Presbyterian Church. In 1843, led by choice of the student to enter, with Thomas Chalmers, a Free Church of Edinburgh notable for medicine and Scotland was formed by 474 ministers Scottish Struggle In...(Ramonavera) and thousands of lay people, free of competition in dancing, Singing, state control and free of patronage. recitation and of course piping. The Since the system of patronage Mod continued to play an active role just resulted the disruption in the in Scottish cultural activities and Scottish Church and aroused the attracting more and more visitors from resentment to the government's policy, die other (Gunn, 1998). in 1874, the Parliament abolished the By looking at those evidences of patronage system and freed the church Scottish effort of existence, especially from the state control. In 1876, the in politics, by the increasing of the majority of the Reformed number of seats in Parliament and in Presbyterians united with the Free government, by their active Church (Preece, 1968). participation in economy, industry and Talking about the , by education, the writer gets depiction that the Act of Union of 1707, the Scottish finally the English had to acknowledge legal system remained different from that the Scots were not an inferior the English legal system. The civil and nation. By this jurisdiction ft the Scottish courts also in any aspect of life, they should realize remained separate and distinct from that Scottish could be "an equal that of England. Scotland had adopted partner" for the United Kingdom. as a guide much of the Roman law, but the Scots only turned to Roman law The Relationship Among the Two whip there was a gap in their own Countries common or customary law. On the In this part, the writer would like other hand, the English lawyers had to describe in brief the relationship of forgotten or refused to acknowledge two countries, Scotland and England, the contribution of Roman law both to after the Scottish strong effort to common law and equity. become equal with England. This The system of Scottish courts matter is important to analyze, because themselves was completely different the Scots' struggle for existence that frqj^the English. The Scottish courts proved them not being a minority, preferred to be closer to the continental seemed had continuation. However, pattern than to their neighbour. But the the struggle was more than to show most important distinction was the fact their existence. It was for political that Scotland, unlike England, did not independence that raised from the separate the administration of equity feeling of dissatisfaction to the British and law (Preece, 1968). government, economic discontent and Since the government just took a English effort to keep his domination little concern to the in the United Kingdom. and the surviving of During the early part of the of Welsh and Gaelic, then the Scottish nineteenth century numerous individual who tried to keep die influences combined to strengthen the ancient traditions alive. "An Comunn connection between Scotland and Gaidhealach" was founded in 1891 in England. Together they increased the an attempt to preset^ "Gaelf language trade, improved communications, and literature, art and music. Ik constant coming and leaving across the activities included an annual Mod border and movement of the (similar to the Welsh Eisteddfod), population, intermarriage, loyalty to which encouraged friendly die same monarch, common victories Jurnal KBP Volume 2 - No. 1, Maret 2014:110-121 and common sacrifices for the same to get political independence wa reason. The development was achieved explained by Finlayson: by individual Scots in every field of British life and, in return, English Politics in Scotland tend to be colored ideas, fashions and habits gradually by the national belief that the Scots are spread on Scotland. It seemed that hard done by in Westminster. The those influences tended to break down Scots are enduringly suspicious that the barriers which divided the two their special need are neglected, their peoples. But it still could not be said traditions subverted, their loyalties that Scotland had been assimilated to either misunderstood or cynically England or vice versa, even many of misused, their assets squandered for the the old differences between them were benefit of others, and that they are beginning to disappear. consistently and altogether ignored as a Scotland had been a very nation within the United Kingdom different place from what it had (1987,161). been at the time of the Union. And as the nineteenth century The above quotation tells that progressed, this became truer than since the Scots themselves had ever. Particularly in the Highland, believed 1 they had been exploited by where Gaelic language, for the English and ignored as a nation example, by the influence of the within the Un English and Scottish Lowland, had Kingdom, then Nationalists claimed been dying out fastly. (Fitzroy, that Scotland would enjoy greater 1974). prosperity as an independence State For a century, there were no than as part of the United Kingdom. many signs of serious discontent Finally, the economic factor "With the Union or a vigorous which a hundred years earlier had nationalist or separatist movement. It made the Union acceptable to Scotland was not until 1853, when a new was then absent. The Scots had manifested suddenly discovered that they loved themselves in the foundation of a their own country more and took more National Association for the pride in it. It would not be a matter if Vindication of Scottish Rights. But foreigners thought that they were this just got little support. Then in British, but diey were not English. The 1880 Home Rule was distinctly and Scots would complain to them who loudly mentioned. So, in 1885, the described Great Britain or the British London Government thought it would as England or the English. To be advisable to appoint a special strengthen their national identity, a Minister with the title of Secretary for Scots would more often described Scotland to take charge of Scottish himself as Scottish rather than British. affairs (Caynes, 1977). At times during the early part of However, that effort did not the nineteenth century it had seemed as satisfy the advocates of Home Rule, though recovery was too much to who continued to demand self- expect and there had been a tendency government and gradually moved to to take refuge in self-pity and despair. the intention for political Then, they tried to recover their old independence. The reason of the Scots self-confidence and started to find their place in modern world. Scottish Struggle In...(Ramonavera)

In the end of the nineteenth Reformed Church. This religious century, after the collapse of heavy problem effected the changing in industry, The Scots they tried light politics and government. It industries and science-based industries. happened when James VI aimed to Living conditions were better than they succeed Elizabeth 1 (a Protestant) had ever been before. Agricultural who had no descendant. In order to production came back to increase. It retain his relationship with was finally proved that Scotland would Elizabeth, James agreed to be better if she did not depend so much recognize Presbyterian Church. on constitutional adjustment, but on a Finally James VI of Scotland was cooperating effort on the part of the successful to be the English king in Scots themselves (Fitzroy, 1974). 1603. In his reign, James had tried Meanwhile, quite apart from the to unite the two parliaments but he more vocal manifestations of the failed. The problem in religion also Scottish National Party, a reawakened aroused rebellions between James national consciousness existed supporters (Catholic defeated king) throughout the country, at all levels of against the Protestant government. society, that aimed to keep her own In order to put down the Highland natural character and uphold with Jacobites, the government sent the unweakened strength her own rights troops and attacked them in the and interests as a nation. battles and resulted the Highland By noticing the description of the clearances that forced Highlanders relationship of two countries between to leave their lands. Scotland and England, it may be 2. Religion factor also made Scotland concluded that the feeling of and England came into dispute. dissatisfaction to the British Since Queen Anne had no children government, economic discontent and to succeed her, the English the English effort to keep his Parliament passed the Act of domination in the United Kingdom had Settlement which arranged George strengthened their feeling of of Hanover from Germany, who was nationalism. The feeling of nationalism the nearest Protestant relative, as the raised the will to separate from the next king. On the other hand, United Kingdom. refused it since they tended to support James CONCLUSION Edward Stuart (a Catholic) as the This writing is the final result of next heir. To solve the problem with the analysis. After analyzing the Scotland, the English Parliament Scottish existence in politics and tried to persuade the Scottish government as the expression of their Parliament to do negotiation for a awareness to the English domination union, after finding much opposition until the 19th century, the writer takes especially from the Jacobites. The some notes on this study and Treaty of Union became law in summarizes as follows; 1707. Hn piMrt and administrative 1. The collaboration between England consequence was that Union brought and Scotland for the first time was Scotland absolutely into dependence when both of those kingdoms tried on decisions taken in London. to reduce the power of Roman and established the Jurnal KBP Volume 2 - No. 1, Maret 2014:110-121

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