DOCSLIB.ORG

Globalisation and Its Alternatives: a View from India¹¹⁰

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Globalisation and Its Alternatives: a View from India¹¹⁰ MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, LIVELIHOODS AND SUSTAINABILITY GLOBALISATION AND ITS ALTERNATIVES: A VIEW FROM INDIA¹¹⁰ ASHISH KOTHARI AUTHOR CONTACT: KALPAVRIKSH, APT 5 SHREE DATTA KRUPA, 908 DECCAN GYMKHANA, PUNE 411004, INDIA [email protected] Nandi Hillside Credit: Shyamal, Creative Commons ¹¹⁰ This essay is a shorter, modified version of chapters from a forthcoming book by the author and a colleague, Aseem Shrivastava, provisionally titled ‘Reclaiming India: Escaping the Globalisation Trap’. 176 18, September 2011 Globalisation and its alternatives: a view from India : PART I of the sheer numbers of people in- GLOBALISATION volved, or the global importance of AND ITS IMPACTS India’s biodiversity and natural re- NDIA n 1992, soon after heralding in sources, but also because increasingly I the new economic policies con- the Indian economy is playing an stituting globalization, the then international role. IFinance Minister of India (now its Prime Minister) Manmohan Singh Economic globalisation policies intro- FROM delivered a lecture on environmen- duced in 1991, include: a shift away LTERNATIVES tal aspects of the reforms in Delhi from an inward-focused model of (Singh 1992). His main argument self-reliance towards a stress on ex- GLOBALISATION A IEW was that environmental protection ports and imports, the opening up of requires resources, which would be various economic sectors to foreign ITS created by the new policies. How- investment, liberalization of regulatory A V ever, as we shall see below, things regimes, and a move from public have not played out as Singh argued. sector investments to privatization. AND Economic globalization in India has The impacts of these, include the had a severe ecological impact, with following, each of which will be ex- adverse effects on several hundred amined in more detail in this essay. million people who depend directly on nature for their subsistence and i. Rapid growth of the economy has livelihood. It is important to examine required a major expansion of in- this as a global issue, not only because frastructure and resource extraction, Credit: Archive www.justomedio.com 18, November 2011 177 MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, LIVELIHOODS AND SUSTAINABILITY and encouragement to wasteful in companies with notorious track consumption by the rich. The records on environment (and/or economy has tended to predominant- social issues), with demands to ly demand-led, with no thought further relax environmental and given to how much demand (and social equity measures. Domes- for what purpose) is to be consid- tic corporations, partnering with ered legitimate and desirable. The foreign ones or on their own, result is a significant increase in have also grown considerably in projects and processes with nega- size and power, and now make tive ecological and social costs. the same demands. ii. Liberalization of trade (exports and v. Privatisation of various sectors, imports) has had two conse- while bringing in certain effi- quences: rapid increase in exploi- ciencies, is encouraging the viola- tation of natural resources to earn tion or dilution of environmental foreign exchange, and a massive standards, and the neglect of so- inflow of consumer goods and cial services/goods for the poor. waste into India (adding to a rapidly rising domestic production). This Had Manmohan Singh’s assertion has created serious disposal and worked, by now we should have seen health problems, and impacted a spate of measures and programmes traditional livelihoods in forestry, to protect India’s environment. But fisheries, pastoralism, agriculture, the ecological crisis has only intensi- health, and handicrafts. fied. This chapter attempts to show that this is an inherent and inevi- iii. Environmental standards and reg- table outcome of the globalization ulations have been relaxed, or al- process. Just as the ‘trickle-down’ lowed to be ignored, in the bid theory does not work for the poor, to make the investment climate so too the ‘having the resources to ‘friendlier’ to both domestic and invest’ assertion does not work for foreign corporations. Governments the environment. are sacrificing more and more natural habitats and prime food- Two caveats growing land to make way for Two clarifications are necessary at commercial enterprises. In sync the outset. First, criticism of a number with this, goals of equity are being of sectors and activities below, does given up, for instance in the move not mean I am per se against them. to relax land ceiling laws to allow I am not saying there should be no industrial expansion. mining, no floriculture, no fishing, no exports and imports, and so on. iv. The opening up of the economy What is crucial is to ask not only to foreign investment is bringing whether we need these, but to what 178 18, September 2011 Globalisation and its alternatives: a view from India extent, for what purpose, and under and coasts, or farms and pastures. what conditions. These questions are simply shoved under the carpet in The example of minerals is strikingly il- the current model of ‘development’ lustrative. Between 1993-94 and 2008- under globalization. 09 mineral production in India has ris- en by 75%. India is now amongst the Second, many of the trends described world’s biggest producers of barites, below, are not necessarily a product of chromite, talc/steatite/pyrophillite, current globalization. Indeed many coal/lignite, bauxite, iron ore, kya- of them have roots in the model of nite/sillimanite, manganese ore, and ‘development’ we have adopted in crude steel (Ministry of Mines An- the last five-odd decades, and/or in nual Report 2008-09). This would underlying problems of governance, be a source of pride, were it not for socio-economic inequities, and oth- the inconvenient fact that most of ers. However, the phase of global- the minerals being demanded are un- ization has not only greatly intensi- der forested or poor rural areas, rich fied these trends, it has also brought in biodiversity, where communities in new elements that considerably are heavily dependent on the area’s enhance the dangers of this model to resources. Of the approximately India’s environment and people. 113,000 ha. of forest land that has been diverted for mining since 1980 Infrastructure and materials: (when it became mandatory for non- demand is the god forest use of forest land to be cleared With a single-minded pursuit of a by the central government), over double-digit economic growth rate, 70% has been in the period 1997- demand achieves the status of a god 2007, a clear indication that globaliza- that cannot be questioned. The need tion has dramatically raised demand for infrastructure or raw materials or for minerals. (Data from Ministry of commercial energy is determined Environment and Forests, obtained not by the imperatives of human by Kalpavriksh using applications un- welfare and equity, but by economic der the Right to Information Act). growth rate targets, even where, growth rates may have no necessary The ecological and social impacts co-relation with human welfare. have been horrifying. The blasted limestone and marble hills of the The last couple of decades have Aravalli and Shivalik Ranges, the therefore seen a massive increase in cratered iron ore or bauxite plateaux new infrastructure creation (highways, of Goa, Madhya Pradesh, and Orissa, ports and airports, urban infrastruc- the charred coal landscapes of eastern ture, and power stations). This has India, and the radioactive uranium meant increasing diversion of land, belt of Jharkhand, are all witness to the mostly natural ecosystems like forests worst that economic ‘development’ 18, November 2011 179 MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, LIVELIHOODS AND SUSTAINABILITY can do. Tens of thousands of hect- easier for mining companies, start- ares of land have been rendered ing with the 1993 National Mineral completely barren and unproductive, Policy. In 1996, the government with only a small percentage restored approved guidelines allowing pri- (mostly a euphemism for reclamation vate companies to get prospecting by a handful of mostly exotic species licences to areas upto 5000 sq. km, of trees, nowhere near the original as against the then limit of 25 sq.km. vegetation). (Vagholikar and Moghe In 2001, Foreign Direct Invesment 2003; Bhushan et al 2008; see also (FDI) upto 100% became possible. http://www.mmpindia.org/). In the period 2000 to 2009, permits for mineral reconnaissance went up Since 1991, some of the world’s larg- from 53,000 sq.km to 466,556 sq est mining companies are investing km. In 2006 a high-level committee in India. This includes Rio Tinto set up by the Planning Commission Zinc (UK), BHP (Australia), Alcan recommended a “seamless” transi- (Canada), Norsk Hydro (Norway) tion from reconnaissance permits Meridian (Canada), De Beers (South to prospecting licences and onto Africa, Raytheon (USA), and Phelps mining licences. Then in 2008, a Dodge (USA). Many of these have as new National Mineral Policy was bad or worse environmental and social brought in with the objective to records as India’s own mining com- make the regulatory environment panies. http://www.mmpindia.org/ “more conducive to investment and Multinationals.htm. technology flow”. The new policy encourages the move towards great- The direction of policy change has er mechanization, privatisation, and been towards making life much foreign investment, suggests that Agni Missile Credit: A. Milena, Ceative Commons 180 18, September 2011 Globalisation and its alternatives: a view from India environmental regulations become www.thehindu.com/2009/12/10/ voluntary, and assures companies the stories/2009121058660800.htm) seamless transfer mentioned above. (Ministry of Mines and Minerals, An- Exports: Selling our future nual Reports, 1999-2000 to 2008-09; Globalizing India’s economy has Planning Commission 2006; Saha- meant opening up natural resources to Sinha 2009; Ministry of Mines 2010; both domestic and foreign demand, Vagholikar and Moghe 2003). justified by the positive effect this will have on domestic economic growth.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Political Ecology of the Chipko Movement
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Master's Theses Graduate School 2006 A POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF THE CHIPKO MOVEMENT Sya Kedzior University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Kedzior, Sya, "A POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF THE CHIPKO MOVEMENT" (2006). University of Kentucky Master's Theses. 289. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/289 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF THESIS A POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF THE CHIPKO MOVEMENT The Indian Chipko movement is analyzed as a case study employing a geographically-informed political ecology approach. Political ecology as a framework for the study of environmental movements provides insight into the complex issues surrounding the structure of Indian society, with particular attention to its ecological and political dimensions. This framework, with its focus on social structure and ecology, is distinct from the more “traditional” approaches to the study of social movements, which tend to essentialize their purpose and membership, often by focusing on a single dimension of the movement and its context. Using Chipko as a case-study, the author demonstrates how a geographical approach to political ecology avoids some of this essentialization by encouraging a holistic analysis of environmental movements that is characterized by a “bottom-up” analysis, grounded at the local level, which also considers the wider context of the movement’s growth by synthesizing socio-political and ecological analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies and Preparedness for Trade and Globalization in India
    AID‐FOR‐TRADE: CASE STORY UNCTAD Government of United Kingdom Department for International Development UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Ministry of Commerce and Industry Department of Commerce of India Strategies and Preparedness for Trade and Globalization in India 1 AID‐FOR‐TRADE CASE STORY: UNCTAD GOVERNMENT OF UNITED KINGDOM DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE OF INDIA STRATEGIES AND PREPAREDNESS FOR TRADE AND GLOBALIZATION IN INDIA Region: Asia Country: India Type: Project Author: Department of Commerce, Government of India (DOC) Contact Details: Mr. D.K. Mittal, Additional Secretary, Department of Commerce ([email protected]); or Mr. Bonapas Onguglo, Senior Economic Affairs Officer, UNCTAD ([email protected]); or Ms. Lindsey Block, Trade and Growth Adviser, DFID-India (l- [email protected]). Table of Contents 1. Issues Addressed 3 2. Objectives Pursued 3 3. Design and Implementation 3 4. Problems Encountered 4 5. Factors for Success/Failure 4 6. Results Achieved 5 7. Lessons Learned 14 _______________ 2 1. ISSUES ADRESSED This aid for trade case story delves into an eight year trade-related capacity building Project titled Strategies and Preparedness for Trade and Globalization in India. The Project was implemented by UNCTAD and financially supported by the Government of United Kingdom, acting through the Department for International Development (DFID). The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Department of Commerce (DOC) of India was the focal point of the Project in the Government of India and also its main beneficiary. The Project was launched in January 2003 and completed on 31 December 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Voices Issue 6
    Common Voices Issue 6 Addressing the Commons Editorial Team Editors Rahul Chaturvedi Jagdeesh Puppala, Foundation for Ecological Security, Anand, India Brajesh Dubey Meera Anna Oommen, Dakshin Foundation, Bangalore, India Hetal Hariya Aarthi Sridhar, Dakshin Foundation, Bangalore, India Kiran Kumari Subrata Singh Seema Shenoy Suggested Citation Copyright FES. Year. Article Title. All articles in Common Voices, unless otherwise noted, are licensed under a Common Voices Issue No.: Page range. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. The full text of this license is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ The e-version of the newsletter and Attribution 3.0 its archive are available at You are free: http://iasc2011.fes.org.in/ to Share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix - to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Contact us Attribution - You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). We welcome comments, inputs, feedback and queries at With the understanding that: [email protected] Waiver - Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. or Public Domain - Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under Editors, Common Voices, applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license. c/o Foundation for Ecological Security, Other Rights - In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license: PB No. 29, Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable copyright exceptions and Anand, limitations; 388001, The author’s moral rights; Gujarat, Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such India as publicity or privacy rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Activism of Sunderlal Bahuguna: a New Model of Social Reconstruction
    ISSN:2277-7881; IMPACT FACTOR :7.816(2021); IC VALUE:5.16; ISI VALUE:2.286 Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal: VOLUME:10, ISSUE:5(1), May:2021 Online Copy of Article Publication Available: www.ijmer.in Digital certificate of publication:http://ijmer.in/pdf/e-Certificate%20of%20Publication-IJMER.pdf Cover Page DOI: http://ijmer.in.doi./2021/10.05.110 Scopus Review ID: A2B96D3ACF3FEA2A Article Received: 10th May- Publication Date:30th May 2021 ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVISM OF SUNDERLAL BAHUGUNA: A NEW MODEL OF SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION 1Arpan Bhattacharya and 2Dr. Gouri Sankar Nag 1Assistant Professor and Head and 2Professor and Head 1&2Department of Political Science 1Ramananda College and 2Sidho Kanho Birsha University 1Bishnupur and2Purulia West Bengal. India Abstract As regards Bahuguna’s thought and his propagation of small community based and need based approach to environment, what is conspicuous is the inherent thread of local consensus that can serve as the life blood of ‘communitarian form of environmentalism’. Its strong point is not the technological bulwark but rather it inheres in the legitimacy that such form of environmentalism enjoys. It is neither too much consumerism oriented and profligate nor it is idealistic in the sense of western copybook version of conservatism. Keywords:Environment, Social Reconstruction, Bulwark. Introduction The paper on which we shall discuss focuses on the ideas and activities of Sri Sunderlal Bahuguna (1927- till now), a well- known figure to the students of Indian Environmentalism. To put things in the proper perspective I would like to begin by highlighting a few points having bearing on the topic and which would actually help us to understand the basic framework of this research paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Movements & Saving Rivers: What Can Be Learned from the Narmada?
    Social movements & saving rivers: What can be learned from the Narmada? Harry Blair ([email protected]) Yale-TERI Workshop on the Yamuna River: A Confluence of Waters, a Crisis of Need 3 January 2011 Like the Yamuna, the Narmada has long been esteemed as one of India’s five most sacred rivers. And like the Yamuna, the Narmada has long been regarded by many as a place of unacceptable degradation of the environment and threat to the local human population. But while the Narmada has been the focus of a decades-long social movement protesting outside intrusions, the Yamuna thus far has not. Are there some worthwhile lessons from the Narmada experience that could inform future activity to redeem the Yamuna? This paper and conference presentation argue that a number of valuable lessons can be distilled from the Narmada saga. The principal theme of these lessons is civil society advocacy. “Civil society” can be defined as organized activity not part of the state, the private sector or the family, in which people act to promote mutual interests. “Advocacy” in turn can be defined as the process through which individuals or organizations endeavor to influence public policy making and implementation. Thus “civil society advocacy” would mean efforts on the part of civil society organizations (CSOs) to influence state behavior. Since the late 1940s, a series of plans has aimed to harness the Narmada River through dams to provide hydropower and irrigation. The centerpiece of the whole enterprise has been the last dam before the river empties into the Arabian Sea, the huge structure at Sardar Sarovar.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 3 Issue Iv || May 2021 ||
    PIF – A++ ISSN 2581-6349 VOLUME 3 ISSUE IV || MAY 2021 || Email: [email protected] Website: www.jurisperitus.co.in 1 PIF – A++ ISSN 2581-6349 DISCLAIMER No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any form by any means without prior written permission of Editor-in-chief of Jurisperitus – The Law Journal. The Editorial Team of Jurisperitus holds the copyright to all articles contributed to this publication. The views expressed in this publication are purely personal opinions of the authors and do not reflect the views of the Editorial Team of Jurisperitus or Legal Education Awareness Foundation. Though all efforts are made to ensure the accuracy and correctness of the information published, Jurisperitus shall not be responsible for any errors caused due to oversight or otherwise. 2 PIF – A++ ISSN 2581-6349 EDITORIAL TEAM Editor-in-Chief ADV. SIDDHARTH DHAWAN Core-Team Member || Legal Education Awareness Foundation Phone Number + 91 9013078358 Email ID – [email protected] Additional Editor -in-Chief ADV. SOORAJ DEWAN Founder || Legal Education Awareness Foundation Phone Number + 91 9868629764 Email ID – [email protected] Editor MR. RAM AVTAR Senior General Manager || NEGD Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology Phone Number +91 9968285623 Email ID: [email protected] SMT. BHARTHI KUKKAL Principal || Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, New Delhi Ministry of Human Resource and Development Phone Number + 91 9990822920 Email ID: [email protected] MS. NIKHITA Assistant Manager || Deloitte India Phone Number +91 9654440728 Email ID: [email protected] MR. TAPAS BHARDWAJ Member || Raindrops Foundation Phone + 91 9958313047 Email ID: [email protected] 3 PIF – A++ ISSN 2581-6349 ABOUT US Jurisperitus: The Law Journal is a non-annual journal incepted with an aim to provide a platform to the masses of our country and re-iterate the importance and multi-disciplinary approach of law.
    [Show full text]
  • Displacement and Relocation of Protected Areas: a Synthesis and Analysis of Case Studies
    SPECIAL ARTICLE Displacement and Relocation of Protected Areas: A Synthesis and Analysis of Case Studies Antoine Lasgorceix, Ashish Kothari Relocation of human populations from the protected elocation of human populations from within areas areas results in a host of socio-economic impacts. In notified for wildlife conservation (protected areas or PA India, in many cases, especially relating to tribal R s) has been undertaken in several countries, as a means of trying to reduce pressures on wildlife. It is not the aim communities that have been relatively isolated from the of this essay to dwell on the ecological and social justifi cation for outside world, the displacement is traumatic from both such relocation. Instead, it attempts to describe and analyse the economic and cultural points of view. This paper full range of relocation cases in India in the last few decades, provides brief case studies of displacement (past, discuss the impacts of these displacements from both environ- mental and livelihood perspectives, and offer recommendations ongoing, or proposed) from protected areas, number of on the way to enhance the process by which relocation decisions villages/families displaced, the place where these are taken and implemented.1 villages/families were relocated to, governance of the 1 Background relocation process, and the kind or nature of relocation (voluntary, induced or forced). It finds that not even a 1.1 PAs and Relocation single study shows the ecological costs and benefits of India’s fi rst modern “protected area” was Hailey National Park relocation, comparing what happens at the old site to created in 1936 by the British colonialists, though there were what happens at the rehabilitation site.
    [Show full text]
  • Sardar Sarovar Dam Project
    Insights Mind maps General Studies-2; Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation Sardar Sarovar Dam Project 1) Introduction Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River. A multi-purpose project with irrigation, power and drinking water benefits, it is meant to benefit Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Gujarat. It would become a symbol of the country’s growing prowess and boost growth in the region. 2) Background The Sardar Sarovar project was a vision of the first deputy prime minister of India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. The foundation stone of the project was laid out by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on April 5, 1961 The project took form in 1979 as part of a development scheme to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity. In 1996, the Supreme Court stayed the project, further delaying the work on the dam. After the Supreme Court gave an order in October 2000 in favour of construction of the dam, the work resumed. 3) Benefits It will provide drinking water to 4 crore people and help irrigate 2.2 million hectares of land. The irrigation benefits will help in doubling the farmers income by 2022. The Narmada canal will also irrigate lands in the desert districts of Barmer and Jalore of Rajasthan. Project has successfully brought water to the dry Kutch district, where the armed forces are guarding the nation. Drop-out ratio of girls from schools reduced after Narmada waters started reaching homes of the people. Providing drinking water to animals and livestock Provide domestic and industrial water, generate employment, and provide valuable peak electric power.
    [Show full text]
  • ENVIRONMENT V. DEVELOPMENT REVISITED: CONTRIBUTIONS of INDIA's JUDICIARY to the CONFLICT RESOLUTION
    ENVIRONMENT v. DEVELOPMENT REVISITED: CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIA'S JUDICIARY TO THE CONFLICT RESOLUTION Rahmatullah Khan*' 1. INTRODUCTION On 7 November 1990, the Supreme Court of India issued a significant Order (Writ Petition No 12819 of 1985, mimeograph copy) dismissing a petition filed under Article 32 of the Constitution by the Tehri Bandh Virodh Sangarsh Samiti [Tehri Dam Opposition Committee] and others. Petitioners had requested the Court to issue a restraint order to the Gov­ ernment of India preventing it from constructing a huge hydro-power project and a dam on the river Tehri on the ground that the dam posed a serious threat to the life, ecology and environment of the entire northern India as the site of the dam was prone to earthquakes. It was argued that expert testimony indicated that the pattern and consistency of earth­ quakes in the region were likely to have left a 200 to 300 kilometres length of fracture along the convergence boundary roughly covering the region from Dehradun on the west to the India-Nepal border in the east. Petition­ ers had good expert testimony on their side. The project had been considered by the Environmental Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the Ministry of Environment and Forests which unan­ imously rejected it on the ground that its geological and seismic setting posed grave hazards, and the accompanying ecological and social conse­ quences were unacceptable. Petitioners also highlighted the rather belated note of dissent submitted by Professor V. K. GAUR to the subse­ quent clearance given to the project by a High Level Committee of * ,Jawaharlal Nehru Professor of Environmental Law, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; member of the Editorial Board.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Environmental Agency 2 21St Century Frontiers 3 22 Four 4
    # Official Name of Organization Name of Organization in English 1 "Greenwomen" Analytical Environmental Agency 2 21st Century Frontiers 3 22 Four 4 350 Vermont 5 350.org 6 A Seed Japan Acao Voluntaria de Atitude dos Movimentos por Voluntary Action O Attitude of Social 7 Transparencia Social Movements for Transparency Acción para la Promoción de Ambientes Libres Promoting Action for Smokefree 8 de Tabaco Environments Ações para Preservação dos Recursos Naturais e 9 Desenvolvimento Economico Racional - APRENDER 10 ACT Alliance - Action by Churches Together 11 Action on Armed Violence Action on Disability and Development, 12 Bangladesh Actions communautaires pour le développement COMMUNITY ACTIONS FOR 13 integral INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT 14 Actions Vitales pour le Développement durable Vital Actions for Sustainable Development Advocates coalition for Development and 15 Environment 16 Africa Youth for Peace and Development 17 African Development and Advocacy Centre African Network for Policy Research and 18 Advocacy for Sustainability 19 African Women's Alliance, Inc. Afrique Internationale pour le Developpement et 20 l'Environnement au 21è Siècle 21 Agência Brasileira de Gerenciamento Costeiro Brazilian Coastal Management Agency 22 Agrisud International 23 Ainu association of Hokkaido 24 Air Transport Action Group 25 Aldeota Global Aldeota Global - (Global "small village") 26 Aleanca Ekologjike Europiane Rinore Ecological European Youth Alliance Alianza de Mujeres Indigenas de Centroamerica y 27 Mexico 28 Alianza ONG NGO Alliance ALL INDIA HUMAN
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Movements by Women
    ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS BY WOMEN Dr. Badiger Suresh & B. Kattimani Dept. of Women Studies Gulbara University Gulbarga Especially interesting is the leading role women played in the nation‟s early environmental movement. This movement began at least a century and a half ago, peaked in the Progressive era of the 1890s, and then declined during the war years in the early- to mid-20th century. Environmental movements of various countries have emerged due to different reasons. It is basically due to prevailing environmental quality of the locality. The environmental movements in the north are basically on the issue of quality of life. Whereas the environment movements in the south arise due to some other reasons, such as due to conflicts for controling of natural resources and many more. It is being said that the, environmental movements in India The participants of these movements in North are the middle class and upper class women, who have concern for the nature. But protesters are generally the marginal population – hill peasants, tribal communities, fishermen and other underprivileged people. The different environmental movements in our own country support this argument. The examples could be taken as Chipko, N.B.A Movements. Mitti Bachao Movements Andolan, Koel-Karo Movements(Andolan) and Green Belt Movements ( Andolana) Narmada Bachao Movements Andolan etc. That is why the environmentalism of the is refereed as “full stomach” environmentalism and the environmentalism of the south is called as “empty – belly” environmentalism. Chipko movement (Andolan) One of the first environmentalist movement which was inspired by women was the Chipko movement (Women tree-huggers in India).
    [Show full text]
  • ED Precis E3 Operations Evaluation Department May 1995 Leaning from Nannada
    NUMBER 88 Public Disclosure Authorized * ED Precis E3 Operations Evaluation Department May 1995 Leaning from Nannada The Sardar Sarovar projects on the assessed the projects on the basis of the tion, was a historic achievement. If Narmada River in western India, and completion reports. Once key uncer- it can be implemented satisfactorily the World Bank's role in supporting tainties are resolved, OED will under- it will improve the quality of life them until 1993, have sparked world- take its own fact-finding work to re-es- for millions of very poor people. wide controversy. The projects are de- timate project costs and benefits and- signed to bring irrigation to almost after several years-to produce an im- Opinions on the projects 2 million hectares of arid land, in what pact evaluation. Meanwhile, this would be the largest such system in Precis outlines the salientfindings Critiques of the Sardar Sarovar Public Disclosure Authorized the world. They promise drinking wa- of evaluations completed thus far, the projects by local and international ter for 30 million people in drought- lessons they yield for development nongovernmental organizations prone areas, and electricity for agricul- decision making, and the effects that (NGOs), academics, and the media ture, cities, and industry. But they the Narmada experience has had are diverse and extensive. They threaten the livelihoods of more than upon the Bank. have focused mainly on the dis- 140,000 people in the areas to be placement of small farmers and flooded by the Sardar Sarovar dam and The Sardar Sarovar projects tribal groups, but also on the treat- to be affected by the building of canals.
    [Show full text]