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Mémoires De L'académie D'orléans Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres Et Arts

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Mémoires De L'académie D'orléans Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres Et Arts Mémoires de l’Académie d’Orléans Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts Mandorle du Christ entouré des quatre évangélistes dans la crypte Saint-Paul photogaphiée lors du voyage de l’Académie à Jouarre ANNÉE 2017 VIe Série : Tome 27 Volume édité en 2018 5, rue Antoine Petit 45000 Orléans http://www.lacado.fr Éditorial Il est donc temps de publier textes, chroniques et rapports de l’année 2017, reflets des activités de l’Académie d’Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts d’Orléans. Vous y retrouverez les textes et illustrations des 18 communications faites durant l’année, ainsi que les relations concernant le colloque Le Printemps de l’Académie (« L’entreprise aujourd’hui en France »), le dîner débat (« Zone euro : comprendre les désordres pour guider les réformes institutionnelles »), le voyage (du côté de Reims, Laon et Jouarre, d’où la reproduction du baptistère de la crypte Saint-Paul à Jouarre sur la couverture de ces Mémoires 2017), et quelques informations sur la vie de notre Académie. Notre Académie continue ainsi d’offrir, avec la collaboration de tous ses membres et l’aide toujours précieuse des Amis de l’Académie, des prestations qui répondent à la fois à sa mission et aux attentes de tous ceux qui suivent ses activités : rendre compte de la diversité d’intérêts et de préoccupations propres à notre époque dans le souci de nous informer et nous instruire les uns les autres. Il nous appartient de respecter les objectifs qui furent fixés aux académies il y a plus de trois siècles, et en même temps de renouveler notre mode de fonctionnement pour ancrer au mieux notre institution dans son temps. Nous nous préoccupons également de restaurer notre délicieux jardin, aussi vieux que nos murs, grâce aux compétences horticoles de certains de nos membres. L’an prochain nous serons en mesure de vous rendre compte de l’état des travaux. Nous avons eu malheureusement à déplorer le décès d’un de nos membres les plus éminents, Pierre Gillardot, membre très actif de notre Académie depuis plus de vingt ans, géographe très connu dans le monde universitaire, et mélomane des plus distingués, qui présidait la section Agriculture. L’an prochain nous aurons 210 ans d’une existence officielle, en réalité beaucoup plus si l’on veut bien se souvenir qu’existait déjà à Orléans à la fin du XVIIIème siècle une Société royale d’Agriculture de la généralité d’Orléans, et que le médecin Antoine Petit exerçait au n°5 de la rue qui porte son nom, et où nous siégeons toujours et cultivons notre jardin. Marc Baconnet Président de l’Académie d’Orléans 1 Mémoires 2017 Académie d’Orléans Communications Jeudi 19 Janvier 17-01 André Brack La sonde Rosetta 3 Jeudi 2 février 17-02 Jean-Pierre de Clarisse de Florian, fabuliste, poète, 7 Claude-Henry Joubert historien, romancier et gourmand Jeudi 16 février 17-03 Les juifs à Shangaï pendant la seconde guerre 17 Henri Le Borgne mondiale Jeudi 2 mars 17-04 Un orléanais, Marius Chatouillat, peintre des 25 Claude Baconnet chapelles du souvenir de la guerre 1914-1918 Jeudi 16 mars 17-05 Françoise L’Homer Les activités de la CNA 35 Jeudi 6 avril 17-06 Exil, exode, asile, quelques exemples au XIXe 39 Jean-Pierre Navailles siècle Jeudi 20 avril 17-07 Frédérique de Lignières Madame d’Aulnoy 53 Jeudi 4 mai 17-08 Quels lieux de mémoire pour le Centre-Val de 65 Pierre Allorant Loire ? Jeudi 18 mai 17-09 Bernard Dubreuil ITER, une énergie pour demain 79 Jeudi 31 mai 17-10 Colloque L’entreprise aujourd’hui en France : 85 problèmes et évolutions Jeudi 15 juin 17-11 Guillaume Minoret, maître de musique à la 87 Christian Froissart cathédrale Sainte-Croix d’Orléans Jeudi 5 octobre 17-12 Ludovic de Villèle Le cadre noir de Saumur 101 Jeudi 19 octobre 17-13 La science au fil des jours de l’infini petit à l’infini 103 André Brack grand Jeudi 2 novembre 17-14 La réforme du droit des contrats en vigueur au 1er 107 Olivier Héguin de Guerle octobre 2016. Entre consécration et modernité Jeudi 16 novembre 17-15 Centralisation-décentralisation : 117 Christian Olive le mille feuilles territorial, une passion française Histoire : actualité et perspectives Jeudi 7 décembre 17-16 Patrick Villiers Duportail et La Fayette, deux officiers partis au 129 secours des Insurgents américains Jeudi 21 décembre 17-17 Henri Dransard Les tribunaux de commerce -1 141 Jeudi 21 décembre 17-18 Claude Joly Les tribunaux de commerce - 2 145 Brèves Jeudi 5 janvier 17-b1 Marius Ptak Nobel de Physique Matière exotique 149 Jeudi 5 janvier 17-b2 André Brack Nobel de Chimie Machines moléculaires 151 Jeudi 5 janvier 17-b3 Michel Monsigny Nobel de Physiologie et Médecine Autophagie 153 Jeudi 16 Février 17-b4 La situation de l’enseignement du Français 157 Henri Le Borgne à Karthoum, au Soudan Jeudi 16 novemb. 17-b5 Jean Pierre Vittu Fratelli d’Italia 159 Conférence Dîner Débat Jeudi 23 novembre 17-d Zone Euro comprendre les désordres 167 Patrick Artus pour guider les réformes institutionnelles Éloges funèbres Jeudi 19 Janvier 17-m1 Olivier Bouillane de 169 Éloge funèbre d’ André Delthil Lacoste 17-m2 Jacqueline Suttin Éloge funèbre de Bernard Pradel 171 Voyage culturel de l’Académie Mardi 13 et merc. 17-v 175 Essômes, Reims, Laon, Longpont et Jouarre 14 juin Académie d'Orléans : Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts - VIe série Tome 27 - 2017 2 Académie d'Orléans : Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts - VIe série Tome 27 - 2017 3 Rosetta, une aventure cométaire européenne André Brack Résumé Rosetta et son module d’atterrissage Philae furent lancés en mars 2004 par l’Agence spatiale européenne pour effectuer une étude détaillée de la comète 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Philae se posa sur la comète en novembre 2014, réalisant une première mondiale. Les résultats fournis par Rosetta montrent que les comètes ont pu jouer un rôle important dans l’origine de la vie sur Terre. Abstract Rosetta, a space probe built by the European Space Agency, was launched on March 2004. Along with Philae, its lander module, Rosetta performed a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. On August 2014, the spacecraft reached the comet and performed a fruitful series of measurements. On November 2014, Philae achieved the first landing on a comet. On September 2016, the Rosetta spacecraft ended its mission by hard-landing on the comet. The Rosetta mision provided very interesting results for astrobiology. Sur Terre, le passage de la matière à la vie se fit dans l'eau, il y a environ 4 milliards d'années, avec des systèmes moléculaires carbonés capables d'auto reproduction et d'évolution. Certaines de ces molécules carbonées furent élaborées dans l’atmosphère à partir de gaz (méthane, monoxyde de carbone, dioxyde de carbone) soumis à différentes formes d'énergie (décharges électriques, rayonnement UV ou cosmique, chaleur). Les systèmes hydrothermaux sous-marins représentent eux aussi des conditions Figure 1. La comète 67P/Churyumov– environnementales propices à la synthèse de ces Gerasimenko (crédit ESA) Académie d'Orléans : Agriculture, Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts - VIe série Tome 27 - 2017 4 molécules. Mais l’apport le plus important fut Pour se placer sur l’orbite de la comète, la sonde probablement extraterrestre. Les spatiale eut recours à quatre reprises à micrométéorites ont du fournir d’énormes l'assistance gravitationnelle de la Terre et de quantités de carbone organique extraterrestre Mars. Rosetta fut ensuite mise en sommeil pendant la phase tardive du bombardement pendant 31 mois afin de réduire la terrestre. De telles micrométéorites ont été consommation d'énergie. Réveillée en janvier collectées dans les glaces du Groenland et de 2014, elle se mit en orbite autour de la comète l’Antarctique par Michel Maurette et son en août 2014 après un périple de 7 milliards de équipe, en relation avec l’équipe d’exobiologie kilomètres. La mission comportait deux du Centre de biophysique moléculaire d’Orléans (Maurette et Brack, 2006). La mission Stardust de la NASA a collecté des grains cométaires dans la chevelure de la comète Wild 2 qui furent ramenés sur Terre en janvier 2006. Les grains contiennent de la matière carbonée (alcool, cétone, aldéhyde, acide carboxylique, amides, nitrile, glycine) et présentent de grandes analogies avec les micrométéorites. D’où l’énorme intérêt de la mission Figure 2. Structure de Rosetta et implantation des instruments européenne Rosetta lancée en scientifiques (crédit ESA) mars 2004 vers la comète 67P/Churyumov– éléments : l’orbiteur Rosetta chargé d’étudier la Gerasimenko. comète en restant en orbite autour d’elle et un La comète appartient à la ceinture de petit atterrisseur, Philae, chargé d’ analyser in Kuiper, une zone du Système solaire s'étendant situ la composition de son sol et sa structure. au-delà de l'orbite de Neptune. Sa période de L’orbiteur portait 11 instruments. Parmi révolution est de 6,44 années, elle se déplace à eux, ROSINA (spectrometer pour l’analyse 50.000 km/h et tourne sur elle-même en 12,4 ionique et neutre) mesura le rapport deutérium heures. Elle fait 4,1 km sur 3,5 km, a une masse sur hydrogène de la vapeur d’eau émanant de la de 10 milliards de tonnes et présente une très comète et trouva qu’il était plus de trois fois faible gravité de 10-4cm/s2, soit cent mille fois supérieur à celui des océans terrestres (Altwegg plus faible que celle de la Terre. et al., 2015). Cette découverte relança le débat L’un des objectifs prioritaires de la mission sur l’origine des océans terrestres. L’instrument européenne Rosetta, un projet phare de l'ESA fournit également la première mesure d’azote qui y a investi plus d'un milliard d'euros, était de moléculaire, indice qui permet de mieux savoir si l’eau et les molécules carbonées qui ont connaître l’environnement thermique à l’origine participé à l’émergence de la vie terrestre de la comète et la température de formation de pouvaient avoir une origine cométaire.
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