Who Owns the Media in Cambodia | Media Ownership Monitor

MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

MEDIA WHO OWNS THE CRACKDOWN MEDIA?

CLEAR POLITICAL WEAK MEDIA AFFILIATIONS REGULATION

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Media ownership matters

Mass media influences how facts are viewed and debated in a society, contributing to crafting its public opinion. Independence and pluralism of media, opinions and views - including criticism of people in power - is the safeguard of a healthy democratic system. Monitoring and ensuring ownership pluralism is the first step towards independence and freedom of choice:

How can people evaluate the reliability of information, if they don´t know who provides it? How can journalists work properly, if they don´t know who controls the company they work for?

And how can media authorities address excessive media concentration, if they don´t know who is behind the media´s steering wheel? Ownership structures may also affect the way the media industry manages its resources, thus shapes the economic strength and efficiency of the media sector. This is of particular interest to potential investors.

Media & Owners Databases

MEDIA OWNER

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 11:00 2 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Key Findings

Media Regulation Media Concentration Media Transparency

Why does media regulation Why does media concentration Why does media transparency matter? It limits political influence matter? It impacts media content matter? It is the basis for reliable and prevents partisan reporting. and jeopardizes pluralism. In information and responsible In Cambodia, however, regulation Cambodia, especially the TV journalism. In Cambodia, however, plays into the CPP's hands ... more market is highly concentrated... information on who is behind more media remains opaque... more

Indicators of Risk to Media Pluralism

Regulatory Safeguards: Media Audience Con- Media Ownership Con- Cross-media Ownership Media Ownership Con- centration centration Concentration centration HIGH NO DATA HIGH HIGH

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 11:00 3 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Regulatory Safeguards: Regulatory Safeguards: (Political) Control Over Ownership Transparen- Cross-media Ownership Ownership Transparen- Media Outlets and Dis- cy Concentration cy tribution Networks HIGH MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM

(Political) Control Over (Political) Control Over Media Funding News Agencies HIGH HIGH

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 11:00 4 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

MEDIA WHO OWNS THE CRACKDOWN MEDIA?

CLEAR POLITICAL WEAK MEDIA AFFILIATIONS REGULATION

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:10 5 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Media ownership matters

How can people evaluate the reliability of information, if they don´t know who provides it? How can journalists work properly, if they don´t know who controls the company they work for?

Media & Owners Databases

MEDIA OWNER

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:10 6 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Key Findings

Media Regulation Media Concentration Media Transparency

Indicators of Risk to Media Pluralism

Regulatory Safeguards: Media Audience Con- Media Ownership Con- Cross-media Ownership Media Ownership Con- centration centration Concentration centration HIGH NO DATA HIGH HIGH

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:10 7 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

(Political) Control Over (Political) Control Over Media Funding News Agencies HIGH HIGH

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:10 8 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

A Changing Media Landscape

In numbers, the Cambodian media landscape counts several hundreds of outlets. But the reality is different. For example, half of the registered TV stations represent almost all audience shares, and 11% of the print outlets are considered to be active. With 175 radio stations registered, the radio market is fragmented, the competition on licenses high, with no data on the number of active radios and their transmission range.

Internet Breakthrough

The media landscape is changing with the Internet taking over the radio popularity and experiencing a significant growth. As of today though, Cambodians are first exposed to TV (96%), then to the advertising and messages on tuk-tuk (92%), billboards (88%) and posters (83%) before getting to the Internet (39%). Even road signs (37%) are more present in the media landscape than the radio (35%). Print and newspapers represent a very small portion of the audience in Cambodia.

Media Affiliations

Over the 41 media outlets studied by the Media Ownership Monitor in Cambodia, at least 10 of them belong to politically affiliated owners. This represents about 43% of the print readership, 63% of the TV viewership, 8% of the radio listenership.

The rest of the media outlets mainly belongs to business men willing to advertise for their own companies in their media platforms, or to foreign-owned programs.

Media Databases

TV RADIO ONLINE PRINT

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 18:33 9 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Sources  Cambodian Media & Research for Development (2015), Media Consumption Survey

 Telecommunication Regulator of Cambodia (2015)

Ministry of Information (2015). Data on registered outlets

Interview and email correspondence with the Ministry of Information (2015, available upon request)

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 18:33 10 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Radio

Radio loses in popularity with the rise of the Internet: it is now only ranked as third media sector after TV and online, reaching out to an audience of 35% .

Highly Fragmented and Medium Concentrated

Although the radio market is medium concentrated (4 most popular radio stations gather 43% of listenership), it is at the same time the most fragmented media sector in Cambodia. According to the Ministry of Information, Cambodia counts 175 radio stations. 9 radio stations are almost equally strong – they all reach out between 3% and 6% Cambodian listenership – with the same influence on public opinion formation. Especially also considering that people use it rather for entertainment purposes than to listen to political programs.

Popular International Programmes

The most popular radio is by far ABC Cambodia Radio (almost 1 Cambodian out of 4 listen to, the most popular radio programs remain Radio Free Asia (RFA) and Voice Of America (VOA), broadcasted throughout the country on 15 different radio stations.

ABC Cambodia - FM Bayon Radio Deum Ampil Radio Mohachun - FM 95.3 107.5

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Mongkul Sovann Radio Free Asia RFI - FM 92 Sambok Khmom - FM 105

Tonle - FM 102.5 Town - FM 102.25 Vayo - FM 105.5 Voice of Democracy (VOD)

WMC - FM 102

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13 / 505 media/radio/ 2016-08-31 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/media/tv/ 2016-08-31 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/media/print/ 2016-08-31 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/ en/media/online/ 2016-08-31 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2016-06-20 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/ 2016-08-31 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/ 2016-08-31 https://tunisia.mom- rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/ 2016-06-20 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/ en/owners/companies/detail/ 2016-06-20 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ history/ 2016-06-16 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2016-06-16 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/context/politics/ 2016-06-29 https://tunisia.mom- rsf.org/en/context/economy/ 2016-06-16 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ media-consumption/ 2016-06-16 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2016-06-16 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/indicators/ 2016-07-04 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/ 2016-07-04 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/media-regulation/ 2016-06-16 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/concentration/ 2016-06-16 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/affiliations/ 2016-11-11 https://tunisia.mom- rsf.org/en/findings/audience-data/ 2016-07-09 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/ findings/confiscated-media/ 2016-06-16 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ methodology/ 2016-06-16 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2016-06-16 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2016-06-16 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/ en/service/contact/ 2016-12-09 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/service/disclaimer/ 2016-06-16 https://tunisia.mom-rsf.org/en/service/search/ 2018-11-01 https://ukraine.mom- rsf.org/en/media/ 2017-10-06 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2017-08-15 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ 2016-08-30 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/ findings/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/library/ 2018-11-01 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/ page-not-found/ 2018-11-01 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2016-09-09 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/media/tv/ 2016-09-09 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/ media/print/ 2016-09-09 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2016-10-25 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2016-10-11 https://ukraine.mom- rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/ 2016-09-09 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/ owners/companies/ 2016-09-09 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual- owners/detail/ 2016-09-09 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2016-09-09 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom- rsf.org/en/context/politics/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ economy/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/indicators/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom- rsf.org/en/findings/oligarchy/ 2016-10-10 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ offshore-structures/ 2016-10-10 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/dzhynsa/ 2016-10-10 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/distribution-networks/ 2016-10-10 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/new-trends/ 2016-10-10 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/ en/about/team/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://ukraine.mom-rsf.org/en/service/disclaimer/ 2016-08-17 https://ukraine.mom-

14 / 505 rsf.org/en/service/search/ 2018-11-01 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/media/ 2017-08-15 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2017-08-15 https://turkey.mom- rsf.org/en/context/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/ page-not-found/ 2018-11-01 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2016-08-31 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/media/tv/ 2017-02-24 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/ media/print/ 2016-08-31 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2016-08-31 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/ en/owners/individual-owners/ 2016-08-31 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ companies/ 2016-08-31 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/ detail/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom- rsf.org/en/context/politics/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ economy/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/context/media-consumption/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/context/technology/ 2019-04-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2019-04-24 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/ en/findings/indicators/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ transparency/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/media-regulation/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/concentration/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/political-affiliations/ 2016-09-08 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/business-interests/ 2016-10-26 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/measuring-audience/ 2016-09-21 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/shutdown-media/ 2016-09-20 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom- rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/page-not-found/library/ 2018-11-01 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom- rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/service/ disclaimer/ 2016-08-17 https://turkey.mom-rsf.org/en/service/search/ 2018-11-01 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/ 2017-05-16 https://philippines.mom- rsf.org/en/owners/ 2017-01-23 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ 2017-01-13 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ 2017-01-24 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2017-01-25 https://philippines.mom- rsf.org/en/library/ 2018-11-01 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/page-not-found/ 2018-11-01 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2017-01-23 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/tv/ 2017-01-23 https://philippines.mom- rsf.org/en/media/print/ 2017-01-23 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2017-01-23 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2016-08-30 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/ 2017-01-23 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/ 2017-01-23 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/ 2016-08-30 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2016-08-30 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/abs-cbn-and-gma7/ 2016-11-16 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2017-01-23 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2017-01-23 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/context/politics/ 2017-01-24 https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/context/economy/ 2017-01-24

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18 / 505 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/followpage00/ 2017-07-24 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/findings/ 2017-07-24 https://ghana.mom- rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/ 2017-07-24 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ media-regulations/ 2017-07-24 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/women-in- media/ 2017-07-24 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/audience-concentration/ 2017-07-24 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/political-affiliations/ 2017-07-24 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/state-run-media/ 2017-07-24 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2017-07-24 https://ghana.mom- rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2017-07-24 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2018-11-01 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://ghana.mom- rsf.org/en/service/disclaimer/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org/en/service/ search/ 2018-11-01 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/media/ 2017-06-22 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2017-06-22 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/ context/ 2017-06-16 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ 2017-06-21 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2017-06-21 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/ library/ 2018-11-01 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/page-not-found/ 2018-11-01 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2017-06-22 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/ en/media/tv/ 2017-06-21 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/media/print/ 2017-06-21 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2017-06-21 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/ en/media/media-landscape/ 2017-08-21 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2017-06-21 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/ 2017-06-28 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/ 2017-05-25 https://serbia.mom- rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/ 2017-08-16 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/ en/owners/companies/detail/ 2017-05-23 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ history/ 2017-05-23 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2017-05-23 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/context/politics/ 2017-05-23 https://serbia.mom- rsf.org/en/context/economy/ 2017-05-23 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2017-06-21 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/context/media-consumption/ 2017-08-16 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/inidicators/ 2017-05-23 https://serbia.mom- rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/ 2019-07-09 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ indicators/ 2019-07-02 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/local-media- concentrations-below-the-radar/ 2019-07-02 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ public-broadcasters-service/ 2019-07-02 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ methodology/ 2017-06-21 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2017-06-21 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2017-06-16 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/ en/about/team/nafisa-hasanova/ 2017-07-11 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ team/tanja-maksic/ 2017-07-11 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/vladimir- kostic/ 2017-07-11 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/bojana-barlovac/ 2017-07-11 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ana-novakovic/ 2017-07-11 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/natalija-jovanovic/ 2017-07-31 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/lada-vucenovic/ 2017-07-11 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/birn/ 2017-07-31 https://serbia.mom- rsf.org/en/about/team/rsf/ 2017-07-31 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2017-05-23 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://serbia.mom-rsf.org/en/service/disclaimer/ 2017-05-23 https://serbia.mom- rsf.org/en/service/search/ 2018-11-01 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/media/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom-

19 / 505 rsf.org/en/context/ 2017-10-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ 2017-10-29 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2017-08-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/library/ 2018-11-01 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/page-not-found/ 2018-11-01 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/ media/tv/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/media/print/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/ en/media/detail/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/ 2019-04-08 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/ 2017-08-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2017-08-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2017-10-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/ en/context/society/ 2017-10-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/context/politics/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/context/economy/ 2017-10-29 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/context/media-consumption/ 2017-10-29 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/context/legal-framework/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/indicators/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom- rsf.org/en/findings/concentration/ 2017-10-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ business-interests/ 2017-10-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/ 2017-10-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/political-affiliation/ 2017-10-28 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/bolsonaro-and-the-media/ 2019-04-07 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/church-owning-media/ 2017-10-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/publicadvertising/ 2017-10-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/legal-shortcomings/ 2017-10-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/geographical-concentration/ 2017-10-30 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/net-neutrality/ 2019-04-05 https://brazil.mom- rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2017-10-03 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2017-10-03 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2018-11-01 https://brazil.mom- rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/service/disclaimer/ 2017-10-04 https://brazil.mom-rsf.org/en/service/search/ 2018-11-01 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/ en/media/ 2017-08-30 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2017-08-30 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/ findings/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/library/ 2018-11-01 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/ page-not-found/ 2018-11-01 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2017-08-30 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/media/tv/ 2017-08-30 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/ media/print/ 2017-08-30 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2017-08-30 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2017-08-30 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/ en/owners/individual-owners/ 2017-08-30 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ companies/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/ detail/ 2017-08-30 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2017-08-30 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom- rsf.org/en/context/politics/ 2017-09-28 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ economy/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/context/technology/ 2019-02-25 https://maroc.mom- rsf.org/en/context/law/broadcasting-law/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/ context/law/regulations/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/

20 / 505 followpage00/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/online-medias-the- great-shift/ 2019-04-26 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/indicators/ 2017-11-07 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom- rsf.org/en/findings/advertising/ 2017-11-06 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ audience-concentration/ 2017-11-06 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/political- affiliations/ 2017-11-06 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom- rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2017-10-16 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2017-08-30 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://maroc.mom-rsf.org/en/service/disclaimer/ 2017-08-30 https://maroc.mom- rsf.org/en/service/search/ 2018-11-01 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/media/ 2018-02-21 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2018-02-21 https://albania.mom- rsf.org/en/context/ 2018-02-21 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ 2018-02-21 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2018-02-21 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/ library/ 2018-11-01 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/page-not-found/ 2018-11-01 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/ en/media/tv/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/media/print/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom- rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ individual-owners/ 2018-02-21 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom- rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ politics/ 2018-03-10 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/context/economy/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2018-03-12 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/ en/context/law/broadcasting-law/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ law/regulations/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ followpage00/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/findings/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/mediaunderfire/ 2018-03-09 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/advertisingmarket/ 2018-03-09 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/media-concentration/ 2018-03-09 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/digitailsation/ 2018-03-09 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/self-censorship/ 2018-03-09 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom- rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2018-03-10 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/nafisa-hasanova/ 2018-03-12 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/kristina-voko/ 2018-03-12 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/besar-likmeta/ 2018-03-12 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/aleksandra-bogdani/ 2018-03-12 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/vladimir-karaj/ 2018-03-12 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/gjergj-erebara/ 2018-03-12 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/birn-albania/ 2018-03-12 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/rsf/ 2018-03-12 https://albania.mom- rsf.org/en/contact/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/en/disclaimer/ 2018-01-26 https://albania.mom-rsf.org/ en/search/ 2018-11-01 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/media/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/owner/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/

21 / 505 context/ 2018-03-20 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ 2018-03-18 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/ library/ 2018-11-01 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/page-not-found/ 2018-11-01 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2018-03-08 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/ en/media/tv/ 2018-03-08 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/media/print/ 2018-03-08 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online-media/ 2018-03-08 https://mexico.mom- rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2018-02-19 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/owner/individual- owners/ 2018-03-08 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/owner/companies/ 2018-03-08 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/owner/individual-owners/detail/ 2018-02-19 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/owner/companies/detail/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom- rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ politics/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/context/economy/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/context/technology/ 2019-03-22 https://mexico.mom- rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2018-03-19 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ indicators/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/ 2018-03-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/public-advertising/ 2018-03-20 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/diversity/ 2018-03-21 https://mexico.mom- rsf.org/en/findings/affiliations/ 2018-03-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ safety/ 2018-03-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/legal/ 2018-03-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom- rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2018-02-21 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://mexico.mom- rsf.org/en/service/disclaimer/ 2018-02-19 https://mexico.mom-rsf.org/en/service/ search/ 2018-11-01 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/media/ 2018-10-25 https://sri- lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2018-11-01 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ 2018-08-22 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ 2018-08-13 https://sri- lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/library/ 2018-11-01 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/page-not-found/ 2018-11-01 https://sri- lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2018-10-25 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/ media/tv/ 2018-10-25 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/media/print/ 2018-10-25 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2018-08-14 https://sri-lanka.mom- rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ individual-owners/ 2018-10-15 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/ 2018-10-15 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2019-07-02 https://sri-lanka.mom- rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2019-07-02 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ politics/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/context/economy/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom- rsf.org/en/context/technology/ 2018-10-09 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ findings/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/political-affiliations/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/state-run-media/ 2018-08-13 https://sri- lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/ en/about/faq/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/olaf-steenfadt/ 2018-10-22 https://sri-

22 / 505 lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/nafisa-hasanova/ 2018-10-22 https://sri- lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/deepanjalie-abeywardana/ 2018-10-22 https://sri- lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/stephanie-nicolle/ 2018-10-24 https://sri- lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/shamana-amjah/ 2018-10-22 https://sri- lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/edward-uthayathas/ 2018-10-25 https://sri- lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/rochel-canagasabey/ 2018-10-22 https://sri- lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/mahoshadi-peiris/ 2018-10-22 https://sri- lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/vinusha-paulraj/ 2018-10-22 https://sri-lanka.mom- rsf.org/en/about/team/dayan-surendranathan/ 2018-11-08 https://sri-lanka.mom- rsf.org/en/about/team/pathum-punchihewa/ 2018-10-23 https://sri-lanka.mom- rsf.org/en/about/team/lahari-jayetileke/ 2018-10-24 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/ about/team/vidya-nathaniel/ 2018-10-24 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ team/viran-corea/ 2018-11-08 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/verite- research/ 2018-11-01 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/reporters-without- borders/ 2018-10-22 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://sri-lanka.mom- rsf.org/en/service/disclaimer/ 2018-08-13 https://sri-lanka.mom-rsf.org/en/service/ search/ 2018-11-01 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/media/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/ context/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/ library/ 2018-11-01 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/page-not-found/ 2018-11-01 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom- rsf.org/en/media/tv/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/media/print/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2018-12-17 https://lebanon.mom- rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/ owners/companies/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual- owners/detail/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom- rsf.org/en/context/politics/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ economy/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/context/technology/ 2018-08-20 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/legal-environment/ 2018-12-03 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/regulations/ 2018-11-29 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/followpage00/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/findings/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom- rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/ findings/political-affiliations/ 2018-11-07 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ family-connections/ 2018-12-03 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/law-and- practice/ 2018-11-30 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom- rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/service/ sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/service/disclaimer/ 2018-08-13 https://lebanon.mom-rsf.org/en/service/search/ 2018-11-01 https://egypt.mom- rsf.org/en/media/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2018-08-13

23 / 505 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/ findings/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/library/ 2018-11-01 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/page- not-found/ 2018-11-01 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/media/tv/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/ media/print/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/ media/online/online-news-outlets/ 2019-01-22 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ individual-owners/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/ en/context/society/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/context/politics/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/context/economy/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/ context/technology/ 2018-08-20 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/regulatory- authorities/ 2019-01-21 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/findings/ 2019-01-07 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom- rsf.org/en/findings/concentration/ 2019-01-23 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ secret-services/ 2019-01-23 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/unfriendly- takeovers/ 2019-01-23 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/censorship/ 2019-01-18 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/political-affiliations/ 2019-01-18 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom- rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2018-10-02 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/ en/service/disclaimer/ 2018-08-13 https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/service/search/ 2018-11-01 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/media/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/ en/context/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/ library/ 2018-11-12 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/page-not-found/ 2018-11-12 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom- rsf.org/en/media/tv/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/media/print/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2018-09-01 https://tanzania.mom- rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/ owners/companies/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual- owners/detail/ 2018-09-01 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2018-09-01 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom- rsf.org/en/context/politics/ 2018-11-12 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ economy/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/context/technology/ 2018-11-12 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/followpage00/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/findings/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom- rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/ findings/media-regulations/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/

24 / 505 concentration/ 2018-11-12 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/political- affiliations/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/fact-monopoly/ 2018-11-12 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/media- transparency/ 2018-11-12 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/ institutional-transparency/ 2018-11-12 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ methodology/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2018-11-15 https://tanzania.mom- rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2018-09-01 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/service/ sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/service/disclaimer/ 2018-09-01 https://tanzania.mom-rsf.org/en/service/search/ 2018-11-01 https://argentina.mom- rsf.org/en/media/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/ en/findings/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/library/ 2018-12-12 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/ en/page-not-found/ 2018-12-12 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/media/tv/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/media/print/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom- rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2018-12-12 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/ 2018-12-12 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2018-12-12 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom- rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ politics/ 2018-12-12 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/context/economy/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom- rsf.org/en/context/media-consumption/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/ en/context/technology/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ regulations/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/followpage00/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/broadcasting-law/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/findings/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/transparency/ 2019-04-02 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/media-regulations/ 2019-04-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/concentration/ 2019-04-02 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/women-in-media/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/affiliated-interests/ 2019-04-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/political-affiliations/ 2019-04-02 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2018-12-12 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2018-12-12 https://argentina.mom- rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2019-02-08 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2018-12-12 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-12-12 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/service/disclaimer/ 2018-12-12 https://argentina.mom-rsf.org/en/service/search/ 2018-12-12 https://india.mom- rsf.org/en/media/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/ findings/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2019-05-27 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/library/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/info- graphics/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/page-not-found/ 2019-05-27

25 / 505 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/ media/tv/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/media/print/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/ media/detail/ 2018-12-12 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2018-12-12 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/ 2018-12-12 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/context/states/ 2019-05-31 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/ context/history/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/context/politics/ 2019-07-12 https://india.mom-rsf.org/ en/context/economy/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/context/media- consumption/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/context/technology/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom- rsf.org/en/findings/indicators/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ politicalaffiliations/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ radionewsmonopoly/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ nationalandregionalmedia/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ corporateownership/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/about/faq/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom- rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2019-05-29 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-12-12 https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/service/disclaimer/ 2019-06-19 https://india.mom- rsf.org/en/service/search/ 2018-12-12 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/media/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/ en/findings/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ 2019-07-17 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/page-not-found/ 2018-12-17 https://pakistan.mom- rsf.org/en/library/ 2019-07-24 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/media/tv/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/media/print/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom- rsf.org/en/media/online/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/ 2018-12-17 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/ 2018-12-17 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/context/history/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom- rsf.org/en/context/society/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/context/ politics/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/context/economy/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/context/law/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom- rsf.org/en/context/technology/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/ findings/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/concentration/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/regulation/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/market/ 2019-07-18 https://pakistan.mom- rsf.org/en/about/methodology/ 2019-07-17 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/about/ faq/ 2018-12-17 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/about/team/ 2019-07-17 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/service/contact/ 2018-12-17 https://pakistan.mom- rsf.org/en/service/sitemap/ 2018-12-17 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/service/ disclaimer/ 2018-12-17 https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/service/search/ 2018-12-17

26 / 505 https://latin-america.mom-rsf.org/en/page-not-found/ 2019-09-25 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/ 2017-08-30 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/media/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/ owners/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ ghana/context/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/ development/ghana/findings/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page- templates/development/ghana/about/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/ page-templates/development/ghana/library/ 2018-11-01 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/ en/page-templates/development/ghana/page-not-found/ 2018-11-01 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/media/radio/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/ media/print/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/ development/ghana/media/online/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page- templates/development/ghana/media/detail/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/ en/page-templates/development/ghana/owners/individual-owners/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/owners/ companies/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/ development/ghana/owners/individual-owners/detail/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/owners/ companies/detail/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/ development/ghana/context/history/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/ page-templates/development/ghana/context/society/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom- rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/context/politics/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/context/ economy/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ ghana/findings/inidicators/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page- templates/development/ghana/findings/transparency/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/findings/ indicators/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ ghana/findings/media-regulations/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page- templates/development/ghana/findings/concentration/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/about/ methodology/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/ development/ghana/about/faq/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page- templates/development/ghana/about/team/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/ en/page-templates/development/ghana/service/contact/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/service/sitemap/ 2018-11-01 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/development/ghana/ service/disclaimer/ 2017-05-23 https://ghana.mom-rsf.org0/en/page-templates/ development/ghana/service/search/ 2018-11-01

27 / 505 MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Television

Reaching 96% of the Cambodian audience, TV is the most popular media type in Cambodia. It is also an important channel to access news, as 57% of Cambodians are saying they watch TV to access news

The most concentrated media sector

According to the Ministry of Information, Cambodia counts 18 TV stations. This include one State-owned TV which viewership is lower than 1%. But the TV sector is the most concentrated as the top 4 owners are gathering 78% of the viewership. Moreover, 7 of 9 relevant TV channels belong to owners, who are politically affiliated to the ruling party. (on the government payroll or appointed as advisors). This is 8 out of 10 when adding the new player PNN to the lanscape. As such, it can be assumed that TV ownership concentration plays a significant role on opinion shapin.(1)

Bayon TV CNC CTN CTV 8

ETV Hang Meas HDTV MyTV SEATV

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 15:36 28 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

TV5

(1) PNN, TV 5, CTN, CNC, MyTV, SEA TV, Bayon TV & ETV

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 15:36 29 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

According to the Ministry of Information, there are over 460 print outlets registered in Cambodia. However, the Ministry considers only 50 of them as active – which means they don’t only have a license, but also publish.

Politically Affiliated and Foreign-Owned

Among the most relevant print outlets, half of them belong to politically affiliated owners (1), which represents 43% of the readership.

The print sector is also the one where most of the foreign owners are involved. Out of 11 print outlets belonging to 10 different owners, 3 are completely foreign owned. (2)

The Least Popular Media Outlet

While the print sector remains concentrated with the top 4 outlets gathering 59% of the audience share, it is important to keep in mind that this sector is Cambodia’s least popular.

Only 11% of Cambodians only read either a magazine or a newspaper or both. While newspapers are primariliy read by the urban population and the educational elite, the influence of media ownership on opinion shaping of the majority of Cambodians is questionable.

Angkor Thom Magazine Dara Magazine Deum Ampil News Kampuchea Thmey Daily

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 18:38 30 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Koh Santepheap Daily Moneakseka Khmer Nokor Thom Daily Nokor Wat News Daily

Phnom Penh Post Rasmei Kampuchea The Cambodia Daily The Khmer Times (Khmer) Daily Newspaper

The Phnom Penh Post (English)

(1) Koh Santepheap Daily; Rasmei Kampuchea Daily Newspaper; Kampuchea Thmey Daily; Deum Ampil News; Moneakseka Khmer

(2) The Khmer Times, The Phnom Penh Post,The Cambodia Daily

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Online

39% of Cambodians are exposed to online media, which presents the Internet as the second most popular media sector in the country.

Internet means Facebook

– or at least this seems to be true for many Cambodians. Amongst the Top 10 most visited websites, Facebook is by far the number one. It is accessed by almost all Internet users. Further most visited websites are google, youtube, yahoo and mainly entertainment focused websites.

Online News Are Not Popular - But People Go Online To Get News

News websites – defined as also or primarily focusing on political and societal news rather than on entertainment - are not popular at all. Among the 120 most visited websites are only 10 news websites. These were the outlets that MOM focused on. On the other hand, people more and more go online when they want to get information on a specific topic.

Online Business

7 of the online newswebsites are online versions of existing newspapers or radios, showing that online news business models have not yet seduced Cambodian media investors, despite the growing Internet and mobile penetration rates in the country. The other 3 produce their own content. 4 of these websites are owned by people either on the government payroll or affiliated to the ruling party, 3 are foreign owned (postkhmer, RFI and RFA).

Internet Service Providers & Phone Operators

While measuring ownership concentration in the online sector, it is not online important who runs the biggest news websites. Websites and domains are short-lived, they rise and fall. It becomes ever more important to understand who runs “the internet” – who can potentially switch on and off the access to certain websites.

According to the Telecommunication Regulator of Cambodia, the country counts 31 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 2 of them are State-owned - and 7 phone operators. Metfone alone, one of the post popular phone operators in the country, holds 46% of the market, which marks already a medium concentration according to the MOM Indicators.

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Recent Developments

So far, the internet is, among other media technologies, subjected to the least regulation. However, concerns are growing that the government will restrict access to the internet, an accusation, the government denies. In 2013 civil society groups worried about a draft law against internet crime (Cybercrime Law), which could silence free online speech and allow to install surveillance equipment on the networks of the country’s mobile phone and ISPs.

Their owners, however, are in charge of the technical backbone of the internet. Mobile companies are especially important since most Cambodians access the Internet via their mobile device. In Cambodia, the Royal Group (running the CBS) owns Ezecom and Cellcard, known to be some of the most popular ISP and phone companies in the country.

Cen.com.kh dap-news.com freshnewsasia.com kampucheathmey.com

kh.rfi.fr kohsantepheapdaily.com.kh kqube.net postkhmer.com

thmeythmey.com www.rfa.org/khmer/

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New Players thmeythmey.com

ThmeyThmey.com was launched in 2012 as part of Mengly J Quash Holdings . It focuses on daily news and analysis and launched Cambodia's first Japanese news website in 2014.

While MYIS.COM registers 4,910 visitors per day, ThmeyThmey states that its gets 130,000 of them daily. In May 2017, Mengly J. Quach resigned from advisory boad of Thmey Thmey. In his resinagtion letter, he said he sold his shares and has no more connection with Thmey Thmey.

Key facts

Audience Share 4.910 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Cambodian Media Broadcasting Corporation

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Mengly J. Quach 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Cambodian Media Broadcasting Corporation

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2012

Contact Ly La Entertainment Club, 1st Floor, No. 37, St. 508, Sangkat Ph’sa Deum Th’kov, Khan Chamkar Morn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia(PHONE) 086 654 846(MAIL)  [email protected](WEB)  www.thmeythmey.com

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Alexa Ranking Cambodia

 MYIP.ms

 VOD Hotnews. Business Kuch Megly quit tmey tmey position.

The Cambodian media landscape counts at least two new outlets, a TV and a newspaper. Since the former started its daily activity and the latter its broadcasting in 2015, MOM decided not to include as most relevant medium. With less than a year of existence, the audience shares would not be representative of their popularity.

It can be highlighted, however, that their growth is taking place rapidly and their strategy seems more aggressive than the existing media on the market. Both are now hiring journalists and newsroom staffs from existing newsrooms, heightening the competition on both TV and print sectors, which are already highly concentrated.

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New Players

Angkor Thom Magazine

Angkor Thom was published byThong Saphai (??? ????) as a newspaper for three years, before it became a weekly magazine in February 1998. Since then, it has been owned by Seng Sitheang, Saphai’s son. Angkor Thom is one of the most read magazine in Cambodia [CMRD, 2015], after Popular magazine, published every 10 days.

Despite the fact that Angkor Thom is registered at the Ministry of Information with a circulation of 5,000 copies, it claims to have a regular circulation up to 35, 000 copies per issue, over 85% of which are distributed nationwide, while the rest is distributed overseas including the United States, Canada, France, Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam.

While it mainly focuses on entertainment news, Angkor Thom also covers other various news aspects such as economic issues, arts & culture, sports, health & beauty, education, science and technology, both local and international. It does not cover politically sensitive issues.

Angkor Thom has three affiliated media outlets. The biweekly magazine Dara, which has been launched in 2005 and claims to have the same circulation of Angkor Thom, Angkor Thom Media website and the daily newspaper Nokor Thom.

Key facts

Audience Share 17%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups Angkor Thom Media Group

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Seng Sitheang 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Angkor Thom Media Group

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1995

Founder Thong Saphai

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Contact No.B7 94, St. 107BT, Sangkat Boeung Tumpun, Khan Meanchey, Phnom Penh - (HP) 078 86 60 23 - (MAIL)  [email protected] - (WEB)

 www.angkorthommagazine.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Meta Data Conversion rate on Dec. 31, 2015: P 46.85 Audience share from Nielsen's Consumer and Media View (Jan.-June 2016)

Sources Email correspondence with Angkor Thom Media Group (available upon request)

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

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New Players

Koh Santepheap Daily

The daily newspaper Koh Santepheap was founded in 1967 by Chou Thany (?? ????), a former teacher. At the time, Thong Uypang (??? ????????), one of his student, was appointed editor-in-chief. But the newspaper was suspended during the Khmer Rouge regime, when only state media were running. After almost 20 years of suspension, it was re-authorized in 1993 by the Ministry of Information [Reang & Moeun, 2006], which granted the license to Thong Uypang. It first published 3 issues per week and became daily again after 6 months of operation.

From 1993 to 2005, Thong Uypang was in charge of the newsroom and his wife, Yin Phanny (??? ??????), of the management. Today, Uypang remains an influent person for the newsroom although he appointed Pol Saroeun (???? ?????), a former primary school teacher who joined the newspaper in 1995, to replace him in 2005. The management of the newspaper was handed over to Uypang and Phanny daughter, Thong Sovanrangsi (??? ????????????) who is now serving as the publisher. Her husband, Chea Garuda (?? ????????), is now the general manager.

A Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) affiliated paper which has many reporters also working at the Interior Ministry, Koh Santepheap has become the most widely read paper in the country due to its scoops on crime stories – unsurprising as police work comes under the umbrella of the Interior Ministry. The paper typically has a lot of ‘gore’ on its front page, with photos depicting crime and accident scenes in graphic detail (KAS, 2009). However, Uypang claims that his newspaper is independent and neutral with no political tendency.

In 2013, Yin Piseth, the current deputy editor-in-chief of the newspaper, claimed that Koh Santepheap was not getting any support from the government or from NGOs. The main income of the newspapers comes from advertising and sale of the newspaper. According to CRMD, Koh Santepheap is the most popular daily newspaper in Cambodia.

Koh Santepheap TV or Koh TV has became the late branding of its company that it is using social media, Facebook and YouTube as the main channels to reach its audiences.

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Key facts

Audience Share 20%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups Koh Santepheap Co., Ltd

Ownership

Individual Owner  Yin Phanny

 Thong Uypang

Media Companies / Groups

Koh Santepheap Co., Ltd

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Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1967

Founder Chou Thany - (?? ????) is a former teacher.

Contact No. 240, Yothapol Khemarak Phoumin Blvd (St. 271), Anina Office & Apartment, 2nd Floor, Phnom Penh, Cambodia- (PHONE) 023 987 118 - (MAIL)  [email protected] - (WEB)  kohsantepheapdaily.com.kh

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Koh Santepheap Daily

Phone Interview with Thong Uypang, owner and founder of Koh Santepheap.

Documents  Mobile Phones and Internet in Cambodia 2015

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New Players

CTN

Launched in March 2003, the Cambodian Television Network or CTN, is the most popular station in Cambodia, covering 30% of the audience. It is especially appreciated by young Cambodians (15-20 years old) [CMRD, 2015]. A national TV channel, it is a free-to-air terrestrial television channel broadcasting from Phnom Penh and available by satellite with a paid subscription.

CTN was first launched as a joint venture between the Cambodian conglomerate Royal Group and the pan-European digital entertainment company MTG, based in Sweden. In 2004, it started to be distributed in the USA, Australia and Canada as CTN International.

CTN’s ambition is to reach 70% of the Cambodian audience and, to do so, introduced a variety of entertainment and educational programs formats from Sweden, the US and the UK. CTN is also airing home-grown documentaries and popular shows such as dramas, sports, and concerts [Roberts, 2011]. While the programming focuses on entertainment, morning and evening time slots are reserved to Cambodian and International news on a daily basis. International and Asian news is transmitted to CTN's broadcast facility in Phnom Penh via satellite from London.

Key facts

Audience Share 30%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type Free-to-air (VHF)

Media Companies / Groups Cambodian Broadcasting Service (CBS)Co., Ltd.

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Kith Meng 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Cambodian Broadcasting Service (CBS)Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2003

Founder Cambodian conglomerate Royal Group and the pan-European digital entertainment company MTG

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Contact National Road 5, Phum Krollko Sangkat Klomet No 6, Khan Russey keo Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia (PHONE) 012 999 434 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.ctn.com.kh

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Cambodian Television Network (CTN).

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

 The Media Map Project.

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New Players

Hang Meas HDTV

Launched in January 2012, Hang Meas TV is a free-to-air terrestrial television channel broadcasting from Phnom Penh. It has a nationwide coverage and can be accessed online and by satellite. It belongs to Hang Meas Video Company, one of the first production houses in Cambodia, which was established in 1994.

The programming focuses mainly on entertainment. However, its morning news time slot is the most popular for its viewers [CMRD, 2015]. In urban areas, Hang Meas TV is as popular as Bayon TV [BBC Media Action, 2014]. Hang Meas TV has a sister channel called Reaksmey Hang Meas TV and 2 affiliated radio stations.

Key facts

Audience Share 23%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type Free-to-air (VHF)

Media Companies / Groups Hang Meas Video Company Co., LTD

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Ing Chhay Nguon 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Hang Meas Video Company Co., LTD

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2012

Contact Street Tiger Factory, Bos Angkanh Village, Sangkat Prek Eng, Khan Chbar Ampeou, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 023 4523 333 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.hangmeas.com.kh

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Hang Meas

 Radio Free Asia (RFA)

 RFA. Cambodia TV starts a news competition.

 Hang Meas. About Us.

Documents  The Media Map Project.

 Cambodia: Support to media where media freedoms and rights are constrained

 Media Consumption Survey.

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New Players

MyTV

MYTV is a national TV channel broadcasting from Phnom Penh to Western Cambodia. It is a free-to-air terrestrial television channel that can also be broadcasted by satellite with a paid subscription.

MYTV was launched in January 2008 by CBS as CTN’s first sister company. Meant to target to “mobile phone generation” (under 25), it is one of the most popular TV channel among Cambodian youth. It is catering young viewers with original local contents and international programming. Its most popular show is called “like it or not” where performances of candidates are judged by a panel of Cambodian artists.

MyTV is also airing popular shows such as dramas, and concerts. The programming focuses on entertainment and MyTV aims to self-produce at least 50 percent of the schedule. It is combined with its website and phone applications. About 70% of the programming is music and reality TV, promoting local content and entertainment with key programs on youth development and education. It is airing from 6 AM to 12 AM every day. It is now one of the most popular TV stations among young Cambodians, with CTN and Bayon TV [BBC Media Action, 2014, p.9].

Key facts

Audience Share 16%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type Free-to-air (VHF)

Media Companies / Groups Cambodian Broadcasting Service (CBS)Co., Ltd.

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Kith Meng 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Cambodian Broadcasting Service (CBS)Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2008

Founder Cambodian Broadcasting Service (CBS)

Other Important People Khunsrun Lim - General Manager

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Kuch Chanvisal - Programming Manager

Contact National Road 5, Phum Krollko Sangkat Klomet No 6, Khan Russey keo Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia (PHONE) 0617 877 35 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  mytv.com.kh

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Phnom Penh Post (2008). New channels to set launch

 MyTV

 The Phnom Penh Post. New channel sets launch

 Radio Australia. New youth TV channel for Cambodia.

Documents  Cambodia: Support to media where media freedoms and rights are constrained

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popularity.

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New Players

TV5

TV5 was launched in 1992. It is the first private Cambodian TV channel of the country. Both the Ministry of Defence and the Thai media company KANTANA hold an equal share of 50 % each in it. The entertainment part and advertising are arranged without the ministry’s influence [KAS, 2009, p.52]. However, the news coverage is under the direct control of the Ministry of Defence that provides political guidelines. Although claiming to be neutral, TV5 only focuses on news regarding the ruling government. There is hardly any reporting on opposition parties and Thai Series are the most popular shows of the TV channel, especially among the youth [CMRD, 2015].

Key facts

Audience Share 9%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type Free-to-air (VHF)

Media Companies / Groups Mica Media Co., Ltd.

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Ownership

Ownership Structure Mica Media owns 50% of the TV5 television station in a joint venture with the Cambodian Ministry of Defense.

Company  Mica Media Co., Ltd. 50%

Individual Owner  Neang Phat 50%

Media Companies / Groups

Mica Media Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1992

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Contact National Road No 2, Prek Thloeng Village, Prek Kampeus Commune, Kandal Steung District, KandalKandal (PHONE) 012 885 558 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  tv5cambodia.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  The Phnom Penh Post

 The Phnom Penh Post. TV5 programming wins over PM

 The Phnom Penh Post

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New Players

Bayon TV

Bayon was launched in 1998. It is known to produce a number of original programs with high production values compared to other local networks. When Hun Mana took over the station from the direction of her mother Bun Rany, Bayon TV has received a surge in popularity as she poured a considerable amount of money into modernizing the TV network and radio station [KAS, 2009, p.34]. It has gained a lot of popularity among young Cambodians [BBC Media Action, 2014]. Most popular shows are concerts and boxing shows. News coverage is mainly local and not very popular [CMRD, 2015]. BTV and ETV are two sister channels of Bayon TV.

Key facts

Audience Share 4%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type Free-to-air (VHF)

Media Companies / Groups Bayon Media Hight System Co., Ltd.

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Hun Mana 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Bayon Media Hight System Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1998

Contact National Road No 1, Chbar Ampeou, Boeung Snoa Village, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 023 726 614 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

bayontv.com.kh

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Ministry of Commerce

 http://www.moc.gov.kh/en-us/company-search/type/2/id/7110). Ministry of Commerce. Company search.

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

 Cambodia: Support to media where media freedoms and rights are constrained

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New Players

CTV 8

Launched in 2013, CTV8 is a free-to-air terrestrial television channel. It covers Phnom Penh, and 5 other provinces. Its most popular programs are Chinese Korean series during prime time and Chinese series during lunch break time and at night (CMRD, 2015). While CTV8 aims to become a key player in TV broadcasting industry in Cambodia, it now holds 3% of the total TV audience shares in Cambodia [CMRD, 2015] and belongs to the PPCTV Co., Ltd.

Key facts

Audience Share 3%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type Free-to-air (VHF)

Media Companies / Groups PPCTV Co., Ltd.

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Sok Chamroeun 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

PPCTV Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2013

Contact No. 316, Monivong Boulevard, St. 93, Sangkat Chaktomuk, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia (PHONE) 023 666 333 9 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.ctv8.com.kh

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  PPCTV

 CTV8

 Ministry of Commerce

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

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New Players

ETV

ETV (Entertainment Television) was launched in 2014. Like its name suggests it, ETV mainly broadcast entertainment news in Cambodia and overseas (inluding Asia, Europe, USA, Canada and Oceania). But the channel also live broadcast important national events, such as celebrations and the Primie Minister's speeches.

Key facts

Audience Share 1%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type Free-to-air (VHF)

Media Companies / Groups Bayon Media Hight System Co., Ltd.

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Hun Mana 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Bayon Media Hight System Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2014

Contact National Road No 1, Chbar Ampeou, Boeung Snoa Village, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 023 726 614 (MAIL)  [email protected](WEB)

 bayontv.com.kh

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Post Khmer

 VODhotnews

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

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New Players

SEATV

South East Asia Television or SEA TV is a national TV channel broadcasting from Phnom Penh. It was the ninth free-to-air terrestrial television channel in Cambodia. SEA TV belongs to South East Asia TV & Radio FM 106 Co., Ltd (S.E.A TV & Radio), a company which also launched its SEA Radio station on FM 106 in July 2007.

Launched in 2010, SEA TV expanded its coverage from 13 to 20 provinces in 2015 and became a 24-hour TV channel. In addition to antenna reception, SEA TV is also available on cable and online and can be viewed in South East Asia countries, China, India, Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Iceland.

Running under a motto of ‘Education, Culture, and Information’, SEA TV broadcasts various programs including foreign and Khmer series, live concerts, sports, news, culture, and kids program. SEA TV’s most popular program is Indian series, showed during peak time, which takes half of its viewer [CMRD, 2015]. It is one of the most popular TV stations among Cambodian youth after CTV, MYTV, Bayon and Hang Meas [BBC Media Action, 2014, p.12].

Key facts

Audience Share 2%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type Free-to-air (UHF)

Media Companies / Groups Southeast Asia TV and Radio FM 106 Co., Ltd.

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Kao Kim Hourn 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Southeast Asia TV and Radio FM 106 Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2010

Other Important People Khem Rany (Kao Kim Hourn's Wife) - License Holder

Contact Sleng Roleung Village, Sangkat Toek Thla, Khan Sen SokPhnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 023 995 106 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

www.seatv.com.kh

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  CEN

 SEA TV

 University of Cambodia

 The Phnom Penh Post

Documents  Cambodia: Support to media where media freedoms and rights are constrained

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New Players

CNC

CNC is Cambodia’s first 24h/7 national news channel broadcasting from Phnom Penh. It is a free-to-air terrestrial television channel that can also be broadcasted by satellite with a paid subscription.

CNC was launched in 2012 by CBS as CTN’s second sister company, it is aimed at “helping the government broadcast the progress and the nation’s development”. Its most popular programs are the News evening prime time.

CNC covers a majority of Cambodian provinces and has a bit less than 2% of the total TV audience shares in Cambodia [CMRD, 2015]. Together with CTN, CTN International and CNC, MyTV belongs to the Cambodian Broadcasting Service (CBS), incorporated with the Ministry of Commerce in 2003.

Key facts

Audience Share 1%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type Free-to-air (VHF)

Media Companies / Groups Cambodian Broadcasting Service (CBS)Co., Ltd.

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Kith Meng 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Cambodian Broadcasting Service (CBS)Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2012

Founder Cambodian Broadcasting Service (CBS)

Other Important People Moun Ramady - General Manager. He owns Post Real Estate Co, Ltd, a compnay specialized in real estate investments)

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Huy Vannak - Deputy Director

Contact National Road 5, Phum Krollko Sangkat Klomet No 6, Khan Russey keo Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia (PHONE) 012 525 694 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.cnc.com.kh

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Agence Kampuchea Presse

 The Phnom Penh Post

 The Phnom Penh Post. Cambodia launches first 24h news station.

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

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existing newsrooms, heightening the competition on both TV and print sectors, which are already highly concentrated.

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New Players

Nokor Wat News Daily

Nokor Wat Daily was founded in 2010 by General Kun Kim, the deputy commander-in-chief of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces, and Mr. Touch Kong Kea, its director. General Kun Kim is the former backer of DAP Media Center, one of leading media outlets in Cambodia.

According to the newspaper, 50 000 are published daily six days a week and 1 300 are distributed free of charge in Phnom Penh to government offices and coffee shops. It covers all sorts of news, from sports to international news. Its parent website (www.nokorwatnews.com) gets 20,000 to 25,000 visitors a day, according to Nokor Wat Daily. In 2011, the paper sued Soy Sopheap, the founder of DAP Media Center over charges of criminal infringement. The paper claimed Soy Sopheap tempered with the correspondence of Nokor Wat.

Nokor Wat Daily belongs to Nokor Wat Media Center, a media group which also runs Nokor Wat monthly magazine.

Key facts

Audience Share 2%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups Nokor Wat Media Center

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Kaekol Sophea

Media Companies / Groups

Nokor Wat Media Center

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2010

Founder General Kun Kim; Mr. Touch Kong Kea - was the deputy commander-in-chief of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces, and Mr. Touch Kong Kea, its director. General Kun Kim is the former backer of DAP Media Center, one of leading media outlets in Cambodia

Editor-In-Chief Dim Sopheavy - s Sieng Chanheng's daughter. Previously, Dim was the deputy director of DAP Media Center

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Affiliated Interests Editor-In- . Chief

Contact No 111, St. Rada, Tumnup Toek Village, Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 012 864 189 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.nokorwatnews.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Meta Data The data was collected from the media itself and accuracy in numbers could not be verified by a third party study.

Sources  Nokor Wat News Daily

 Cambodian Center for Human Rights

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concentrated.

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New Players

ABC Cambodia - FM 107.5

ABC Cambodia Radio was established in 2008 by Seng Bunveng, also known as “Aja A”, and a reportedly pro-CPP commentator.

ABC Cambodia is famous for its breaking information about road traffic and accidents. Its approach to let people call in to report about accidents made it popular, but also created confusion when the information could not be verified in time.

Moreover, during the 2013 electoral campaign, Seng Bunveng, used a morning time slot to predict a military coup if the CNRP were to win the election. The day after and 3 days before the election, all its programmers, except music, songs and some ads were shut down by the Ministry of Information after the President of the National Electoral Committee asked him to stop] his provocative commentaries [WMC, 2013]. Seng Bunveng was sued for incitement by the opposition party for that commentary. The court, however, has not taken any action about the case yet.

After the elections, ABC resumed broadcasting and repeatedly called for mass rallies in Phnom Penh to support King Norodom Sihamoni’s call for the opposition to join the inaugural National Assembly session. Late 2013, Bunveng also used its radio to encourage students to report on any teachers speaking about politics in class.

ABC Cambodia is the most popular radio stations among general public [CMRD, 2015] as well as among youth in Cambodia [BBC Media Action, 2014, p.13].

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Key facts

Audience Share 0.26

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage nationwide

Content Type free content

Ownership

Individual Owner  Seng Bunveng “Aja A” 100 %

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2008

Founder Seng Bunveng - was the owner of a Driving School before becoming the owner of ABC Radio in 2008.

Contact Street Tunup Teok 7 Makara, Prek Thloeng, Cambodia(PHONE) 012 231 010

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Information

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Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Advertising (in % of total Missing Information funding)

Market Share Missing Information

Further Information

Sources  RFA

 Post Khmer

 China.org.cn

 The Cambodia Daily

 Voice of Democracy

 Cambodia Daily

 VOD hot news

 China.org

 (https://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/rally-planned-in-support-of- king-convening-new-parliament-42858/) (https://www.cambodiadaily.com/ archives/radio-host-calls-on-pupils-to-denounce-teachers-talking- politics-45899/)

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concentrated.

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New Players

Bayon Radio

Bayon Radio is a 24h radio station considered to be one of the leading mouthpieces of the CPP on the airwaves. It is also among the most popular radio stations for the general public, and the youth in Cambodia.

Key facts

Audience Share 0.03

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage national

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Bayon Media Hight System Co., Ltd.

Ownership

Individual Owner  Hun Mana 100 %

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Media Companies / Groups

Bayon Media Hight System Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Contact National Road No 1, Chbar Ampeou, Boeung Snoa Village, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 023 726 614 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

bayontv.com.kh

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Advertising (in % of total Missing Information funding)

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Market Share Missing Information

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New Players

Dara Magazine

Key facts

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups Angkor Thom Media Group

Ownership

Individual Owner  Seng Sitheang

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Media Companies / Groups

Angkor Thom Media Group

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2005

Contact No.B7 94, St. 107BT, Sangkat Boeung Tumpun, Khan Meanchey, Phnom Penh - (HP) 078 86 60 23 - (MAIL)

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

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New Players kh.rfi.fr

The RFI Khmer website belongs to the France Médias Monde Group. It is focusing on news and multimedia features and has 12,000 daily visitors on average. It was launched in 2008 and its current version was set up in November 2014. The online content is supervised by the Khmer newsroom in Paris with the help of the Phnom Penh staff. It is directed by Dyna SENG in Paris. In 2015, the number of Facebook subscribers of RFI Khmer passed 1 million.

Key facts

Audience Share 38.900 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Radio France Internationale (rfi)

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Marie Christine Saragosse 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Radio France Internationale (rfi)

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2008

Contact No. 315, Preah Ang Duong (St. 110), corner of Preah Monivong (St. 93), Canadia Towner, 21st Floor Phnom Penh, Cambodia (WEB)  km.rfi.fr

Financial Information

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Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Alexa Ranking Cambodia

 km.rfi.fr.

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New Players kohsantepheapdaily.com.kh

Koh Santephap Daily is the online version of the Koh Santepheap Daily newspaper. It was launched in 2010. It is among the most popular and most visited website in Cambodia.

Key facts

Audience Share 9.930 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Koh Santepheap Co., Ltd

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Yin Phanny

 Thong Uypang

Media Companies / Groups

Koh Santepheap Co., Ltd

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2010

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  MYIP.ms

 Alexa Ranking Cambodia.

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New Players

Mongkul Sovann

Mongkul Sovann FM was launched in 2007 in Siem Reap province by Heng Sovann and his family. From 2009, the station started to extend its coverage to Battambang, Sihanoukville (2010), Kampong Cham (2011), Banteay Meanchey (2012), Pursat (2013), and Kampot (2014).

Mongkul Sovann FM broadcasts a variety of programs ranging from entertainment and education to problem solving. It is also a platform for advertising products imported by Mongkul Sovann Trading Co., Ltd, its parent company which was registered with the Ministry of Commerce in 2013.

Mongkul Sovann FM sells airtime for advertisement and other programs as well such as 'Civic Education', a program produced by the Institute for Civic Education, a platform known to be critical of the CNRP. In 2015, Chhim Phal Virun, the host of the show and the director if the Institute, was appointed [spokesman of Cambodian People's Party. Still in 2015, his co-host, Satya Rak, also a former presenter for Bayon Radio and Television, died in 2015. As of today, 'Civic Education' program is still aired on Mongkul Sovann FM.

Key facts

Audience Share 0.06

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage nationwide

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Mongkul Sovann Trading Co., Ltd.

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Heng Sovann 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Mongkul Sovann Trading Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2007

Founder Heng Sovann & Family

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Contact Tavean Village, Sala Kamreuk Commune, Siem Reap City, Siem Reap Province (PHONE) 017 666 168 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

www.mksradio.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Advertising (in % of total Missing Information funding)

Market Share Missing Information

Further Information

Sources  Ministry of Commerce

 Mongkul Sovann Radio

< http://www.rasmeinews.com/local/NWY5MmM3Nz/21  http://Rasmei Kampuchea

 The Phnom Penh Post

Phone Interview with Heng Sovann, Owner of Mongkul Sovann Radio

 Ministry of Commerce. Company Search

 The Phnom Penh Post. Ruling party hires spin doctors deflect critisiscm

 Rasmei News

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New Players

WMC - FM 102

Women’s Radio FM 102, also known as WMC, was founded in 1998 by Women’s Media Center (WMC) and officially started to broadcast in 1999 (KAS, 2009). WMC is a non-governmental and non-profit organization, created by a coalition of five women in 1995 to promote and empower Cambodian women. It is one of the most popular radio stations among youth in Cambodia [BBC Media Action, 2014, p.13] and general listeners [CMRD, 2015].

The WMC programs focus mainly on women’s issues [KAS, 2009]. It was the first of the few radio stations that dared to broadcast VOA’s and RFA’s news programs of which the government was not in favor [LICADHO, 2008]. However, before 2013 elections, WMC had to suspend broadcasting for a few days due to an order from the Ministry of Information, banning all radio stations from relaying or airing Khmer language programs produced by foreign donors during the electoral campaign.

Women’s Radio is also the first radio station run and owned by an NGO, thanks to its main focus on social change for women, not politics [LICADHO, 2008]. It is believed that WMC could get a license from the Ministry of Information thanks to its former co-director, Tive Saraveth, who worked at the Ministry and became friend with the Minister of Information, Khieu Kanharith [LICADHO, 2008]. Running with the supports from its various donors, Women’s Radio also sells airtime to peer NGOs. The station is regarded as an independent media outlet in Cambodia as its reporters are believed to usually include various credible sources and report in a neutral manner to their stories [TI Cambodia, 2014].

Women’s Radio is also available on [WMC’s website] which regularly updates current news and online TV.

In October 2017, WMC was reportedly to take down the contents of VOA and RFA.

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Key facts

Audience Share 0.06

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage nationwide

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Women's Media Center

Ownership

Group / Individual Owner Not Applicable It is a non-profit organization that does not have shareholders. Ist Executive Director is Chea Sundaneth. ?

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Media Companies / Groups

Women's Media Center

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1998

Founder Women’s Media Center (WMC)

Ceo Chea Sundaneth

Contact No. 19A, St. 564, Sangkat Beoung Kak I, Khan Toul Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 023 881 497 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

www.wmc.org.kh

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Information

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Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Advertising (in % of total Missing Information funding)

Market Share Missing Information

Further Information

Sources  Transparency International Cambodia (2014). Corruption and Cambodia’s Governance System: The Need for Reform.

 Women’s Media Center

 The Cambodia Daily

CMRD (2015). Media Consumption Survey

 Cambodia Daily. Foreign Radio banned ahead of election.

Documents  Reading between the lines: How politics, money & fear control Cambodia’s media

 Media Consumption Survey.

 Media Habits and Information Sources of Youth in Cambodia.

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New Players

RFI - FM 92

RFI Khmer was launched on June 20th, 2013 in Phnom Penh, just a month before the National Assembly elections. It broadcast in Khmer 13 hours per day. When the Ministry of Information tried to suspend the radio coverage of international radios for the elections, RFI was not affected by it and the Ministry attributed another frequency to RFI to broadcast content in French (88.5 FM), a unique case for RFI worldwide, in February 2014. At the time, the weekly listenership of the radio also passed 1 million. The radio has 5 relays in Cambodia and started to broadcast content from Paris in 1993. The Paris headquarters are still in charge of the editorial line.

Key facts

Audience Share 0.05

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage nationwide

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Radio France Internationale (rfi)

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Ownership

Ownership Structure Marie-Christine Saragosse, 55, is the official owner of the RFI radio station in Cambodia.

Individual Owner  Marie Christine Saragosse 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Radio France Internationale (rfi)

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2013

Contact No. 315, Preah Ang Duong (St. 110), corner of Preah Monivong (St. 93), Canadia Towner, 21st Floor Phnom Penh, Cambodia (WEB)  km.rfi.fr

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Advertising (in % of total Missing Information funding)

Market Share Missing Information

Further Information

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

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New Players

Sambok Khmom - FM 105

Beehive Radio (Sambok Khmum) was granted a broadcasting license from the Ministry of Information on July 6th, 1997. At the time, the radio was managed under the Cambodian Association for Economic Development (C A f E D). It started to broadcast its programs in August 1996 and became part of the private entity SONANDO CO., LTD a month after. According to the radio, Beehive was looted in 1997 by unknown individuals. While the Cambodian government promised to compensate its owner and founder Mam Sonando for the damage in the amount of $70,000 USD, he claims he never received. From 1998 to 1999, the radio was suspended after reporting on the demonstrations that took place after the announcement of the results of the 1998 national elections. When it resumed broadcasting, it started to air VOA and RFA programs, again suspended between 2002 and 2003 after a decision of the government.

In 2003, the radio could extend its coverage in the country. According to RSF, Beehive plays an important role in the media landscape as it rents airtime to the main Cambodian opposition parties, NGOs and kept airing VOA and RFA. Beehive radio belongs to the Sonando, Co. Ltd and its license is held by Dinn Phannara, Sonando’s wife.

In October 2017, the radio were also been ordered to cut off some RFA and VOA programms due to licencing issues.

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Key facts

Audience Share 0.05

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage nationwide

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Sonando Co., LTD

Ownership

Ownership Structure Mam Sonando, is the founder and the president of the Beehive Radio station (Sambok Khmum radio) FM105 MHz.

Individual Owner  Mam Sonando 100 %

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Media Companies / Groups

Sonando Co., LTD

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1995

Founder Mam Sonando

Contact Toul Thnout Village, Koki Commune, Kean Svay District, Kandal Province, Cambodia(PHONE) 012 994 939(MAIL)  [email protected](WEB) 

www.sbk105.net

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Information

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Advertising (in % of total Missing Information funding)

Market Share Missing Information

Further Information

Sources  Beehive Radio

 Rerporter Sansa Frontiers (RSF). Report.

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

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New Players

Town - FM 102.25

TOWN FM (102.25 MHz) was established in October 2011 by the Town Group Co.,Ltd., a multimedia company. It broadcasts 19 hours per day from 05:00AM-12:00AM and, according to the radio, reaches 45% of the Cambodian population across 10 provinces (Phnom Penh, Kandal, Kampong Speu, Takeo, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Prey Veng, Svay Reing, Kompot, Pursat, Kampong Thom). The radio programs are focusing on local breaking news & information and entertainment, music, sport, cooking, business etc. While it accepts all advertising from commercial companies and non-governmental organizations, it also sells airtime for sponsored-programs. In 2017, Town Group launched its own Telesivion Station that has reportedly focusing on entertaining programmes.

Key facts

Audience Share 0.05

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage nationwide

Content Type free content

Ownership

Individual Owner  Choub Mean

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Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2011

Founder Town Group Co.,Ltd.

Contact No. 44A-44B, St. 592Phnom Penh, 12152Cambodia (PHONE) 015 338 111 (MAIL)  [email protected]

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Advertising (in % of total Missing Information funding)

Market Share Missing Information

Further Information

Sources  TownFM Radio

 Town Production

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

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New Players

Mohachun - FM 95.3

Mohachun FM (95.3MHz) is a 24h radio station focusing mainly on breaking News.

Key facts

Audience Share 0.05

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage nationwide

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Mohachun

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Lim Sokcheng

Media Companies / Groups

Mohachun

Facts

General Information

Contact St. 103K, Group 14, Toul Sangke Village, 12105 Phnom PenhPhnom Penh, 12105Cambodia (PHONE) 012 1918 886 (WEB)  www.mnnfm.net

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Information

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Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Advertising (in % of total Missing Information funding)

Market Share Missing Information

Further Information

Sources  Mohachun

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New Players

Vayo - FM 105.5

Vayo FM was launched in 2010 in Battambang province by Ung Dipola and Seng Pisey, the owners of Eye Care, one of the leading optician chains in Cambodia. In 2011, the station moved to Phnom Penh. It relays its programs to Battambang (FM 88), Siem Reap (FM 88) and Sihanoukville (FM 102.5), since then.

Vayo FM mainly focuses on news and music. However, most of its staff are members of the newsroom as 20 out of 30 are journalists. Vayo FM belongs to VAYO MEDIA GROUP CO, LTD., a company registered at the ministry of Commerce. According to Dipola, his family started the radio station for business purposes and to participate in developing to human resource in Cambodia.

Key facts

Audience Share 0.04

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage nationwide

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Vayo Media Group Co., Ltd

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Seng Pisey

Media Companies / Groups

Vayo Media Group Co., Ltd

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2010

Founder Ung Dipola; Seng Pisey - Ung Dipola and Seng Pisey are also the owners of Eye Care, one of the leading optician chains in Cambodia.

Contact Building No. 216B, 7th Floor, Norrodom Blvd. Sangkat Tonle Bassac, Khan Chamkar Morn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia(PHONE) 077 60 85 88 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) wwwl.vayofm.com

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Advertising (in % of total Missing Information funding)

Market Share Missing Information

Further Information

Sources  The Phnom Penh Post

Email correspondence with Ung Dipola, license holder of Vayo FM (available upon request)

 The Phnom Penh Post. Politics beckons ex engineer turned cambodia eyewear

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

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New Players

Tonle - FM 102.5

Tonle FM (River Radio) was launched in 2005 in Siem Reap province by Chin Phearum, a local businessman who founded a PR, advertising and event Management Company. Tonle FM extended its coverage to Phnom Penh in 2008, Kampong Cham in 2015 and is now planning to extend it to Battambang. Each station has similar programming and production team. According to Tonle FM, the radio coverage is nationwide.

According to the station owner, Tonle FM focuses mainly on entertainment, but broadcast programs about moral, education, business and agriculture. In addition, Tonle FM produces news programs. The information can be self-produced or extracted from other media outlets. The Phnom Penh station has a newsroom of 5 reporters and belong to Tonle Group, a company registered at the Ministry of Commerce since 2005, with activities ranging from real estate to general trading.

Tonle FM is also available online. Political news coverage is limited and the radio is also a platform to advertise for the Tonle Group.

Key facts

Audience Share 0.04

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage nationwide

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Tonle Group

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Ownership

Ownership Structure Tonle - FM 102.5 is fully owned by Chin’s family and registered at the ministry of commerce as a private company under the name of Phearum’s wife, Chum Rachana, since 2005

Individual Owner  Chin Phearum 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Tonle Group

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2005

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Founder Chin Phearum - Chin Phearum is a local businessman who also founded a PR, advertising and event Management Company

Contact No. 246 E1 E2, Preah Trasak Paem (St. 63), Sangkat Beong Kengkang I, Khan Chmakar Morn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 023 222 484 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.tonlefm.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Advertising (in % of total Missing Information funding)

Market Share Missing Information

Further Information

Sources  Tonle FM

 Priority Group Company

Interview Chin Phearum, Owner of Tonle Group

 Tonle FM. About us.

 Priority Group Company. About us.

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

The Cambodian media landscape counts at least two new outlets, a TV and a newspaper. Since the former

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started its daily activity and the latter its broadcasting in 2015, MOM decided not to include as most relevant medium. With less than a year of existence, the audience shares would not be representative of their popularity.

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New Players

Voice of Democracy (VOD)

VOD is a non-profit radio station that originally began airing in January 2003 under the supervision of the Cambodian Center for Human Rights (CCHR). In 2007, it started to operate under the umbrella of the Cambodian Center for Independent Media after Kem Sokha, the founder and director of CCHR entered politics. As CCIM attempted several times to be granted a broadcasting license from the Ministry of Information in vain, VOD started to broadcast its programming on the airwaves of Sarika FM, of which CCIM hires its license.

Today, VOD receives its funding from the Open Society Foundations, a US grant fund founded by George Soros, DanChurchAid, a Danish Christian aid organisation, and Diakonia, a Swedish Christian human rights organisation that works on land rights issues in Cambodia.

It covers mainly current affairs and has local reporters and correspondents in Cambodia's provinces. In 2013, VOD launched its online version, VODHotNews.com and VODTVNews.com. In August 25, 2017, local media reported that VOD has been taken off the airwaves in what its director derided as a politically motivated move ahead of next year’s general election. The Cambodian Center for Independent Media, which runs VOD, said in a statement that the NGO’s radio station partners stopped broadcasting its radio shows this week “without clear reasons.” The removal of VOD from the airwaves comes amid an onslaught from the government against independent media.

Key facts

Ownership Type non-profit

Geographic Coverage national

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Cambodian Center for Independent Media (CCIM)

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Ownership

Group / Individual Owner Not Applicable It is a non-profit organization that does not have shareholders. Ist director is Pa Nguon Teang, the former deputy director of the Cambodian Centre for Human Rights. ?

Media Companies / Groups

Cambodian Center for Independent Media (CCIM)

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2003

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Ceo Pa Nguon Teang

Other Important People Nop Vy - Media Director

Contact 14A, Beoung Keng Kong 1, Khan Chamkar Mon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 023 726 845 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)

 www.vodhotnews.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Advertising (in % of total Missing Information funding)

Market Share Missing Information

Further Information

Sources  Cambodian Center for Independent Media (CCIM). About us.

 VOD Hotnews. About.

 Cambodia Daily. Voice of Democracy has been the latest casualty in the attack on independent media.

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New Players

Deum Ampil Radio

Deum Ampil Radio is run by DAP Media Center that founded by Soy Sopheap.

Key facts

Geographic Coverage national

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups DAP Media Center

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Media Companies / Groups

DAP Media Center

Facts

General Information

Other Important People Soy Sophea - Radio Station Manager ( and the younger brother of the founder Soy Sopheap)

Contact No 57A, st 480, Tuol Tumpong II, Khan Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 012 722 337 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.dap-

news.com/en/dap-radio

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Information

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Information

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Advertising (in % of total Missing Information funding)

Market Share Missing Information

Further Information

Sources  DAP News. About.

 https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/deum-ampil-newspaper-may- reopen-soon-director-says-99189. Cambodia Daily. Deum Ampil Newspaper may reopen soon, director says.

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New Players

Radio Free Asia

Radio Free Asia was founded on March 12, 1996, under the provisions of the 1994 International Broadcasting Act , as a private non-profit corporation. RFA is funded by an annual grant from the Broadcasting Board of Governors.

In 2017, after almost 20 years of operation, Radio Free Asia has r been forced to close its Phnom Penh bureau. According to their own statement: "The government’s relentless crackdown on independent voices in recent weeks has made it impossible to keep the bureau open while guaranteeing the integrity of RFA’s journalistic mission."

On September 20th 2004, RFA Web sites in nine Asian languages, plus English, and several additional dialects were launched. From then on, the sites were continuously updated with news and features from Southeast Asia.

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Key facts

Ownership Type non-profit / private

Geographic Coverage national

Content Type free content

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Ownership

Group / Individual Owner Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) - an independent US federal agency charged with overseeing all U.S. civilian international broadcasting funds RFA with annual grant. ?

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1996

Founder Richard Richter - founding president. A distinguished broadcast journalist, Mr. Richter retired during the summer 2006.

Ceo Bay Fang - Executive Editor, supervising coverage across all of Asia. A longtime journalist and former diplomat, she has also served as a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State – a role in which she oversaw public diplomacy and public affairs for Europe and

Further Information

Sources  Radio Free Asia. About

 Statement of Radio Free Asia’s President on Cambodia (2017)

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medium. With less than a year of existence, the audience shares would not be representative of their popularity.

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New Players

Rasmei Kampuchea Daily Newspaper

Rasmei Kampuchea was first published in April 1993 and is the second most read daily newspaper in Cambodia [CMRD, 2015]. It was founded by Pen Samithi, who remained its editor-in-chief until he died in 2015. It was reported to belong to Theng Bunma [LICADHO, 2008], who once was named the richest and most politically-influential businessman in Cambodia. In 2005, the newspaper and its printing house, TBR Printing, were transferred fromTheng Bunma to Say Chhum, the current President of the Cambodian Senate and a Vice President of the ruling Cambodian People’s Party (CPP), by an order from the Ministry of Information. But, the newspaper is still registered under Bunma’s name at the Ministry of Information. In 2011, Rasmei Kampuchea was registered at the Ministry of Commerce. Well-known for its political coverage, Rasmei Kampuchea was considered to be more balance and professional than most Khmer language papers [KAS, 2009]. As the newspaper does not report anything critical of Prime Minister Hun Sen, it is regarded as a pro-CPP newspaper [Roberts, 2011].

Most of its content is related to Cambodian and regional politics, crimes, entertainment, business, social issues and sports. It also publishes opinion pieces and international news. It is also reports closely on senior government officials and leaders at a provincial on sensitive issues, such as illegal logging and corruption.

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Key facts

Audience Share 14%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups Rasmei Kampuchea Co., Ltd.

Ownership

Individual Owner  Say Chhum 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Rasmei Kampuchea Co., Ltd.

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Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1993

Contact No. 474, Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Kbal Thnal, 12301 Phnom PenhPhnom Penh, 12301Cambodia - (PHONE) 023 726 655 - (MAIL)  [email protected] - (WEB)  www.rasmeinews.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

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Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Meta Data Conversion rate on Dec. 31, 2015: P 46.85 Audience share from Nielsen's Consumer and Media View (Jan.-June 2016)

Sources  The Ministry of Commerce

 The Phnom Penh Post

 Fresh News Asia

 Rasmei Kampuchea

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 The Phnom Penh Post. Teng Boonama Money

 Fresh News

 Contact Rasmei News

Documents  The Media Map Project.

 Media Consumption Survey.

 Reading between the lines: How politics, money & fear control Cambodia’s media

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New Players

Kampuchea Thmey Daily

The Kampuchea Thmey Daily is fully owned by Hun Mana, Cambodia's Prime Minister's eldest daughter. It belongs to Cambodia's most read newspapers and is also also avalailable online.

Key facts

Audience Share 6%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups Kampuchea Thmey Daily Co., Ltd.

Ownership

Individual Owner  Hun Mana 100 %

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Media Companies / Groups

Kampuchea Thmey Daily Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Contact Resie Village, Sangkat Nyrout, Khan Chbar Ampov, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - (PHONE) 016 877 684 - (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

kampucheathmey.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

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Further Information

Sources  Kampuchea Thmey

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

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New Players

Phnom Penh Post (Khmer)

There are three editions: Post English, Post Khmer, Post Weekend (started in 2014). They are all registered under the Post Media Company Ltd.

Post English is believed to circulate 21570 copies /day and each copy has four readers (a total of 86280), and the Post Khmer edition circulates 29754 copies /day and each copy is estimated to have six readers (a total of 178524).

Together with The Cambodia Daily, The Phnom Penh Post maintain critical journalistic reporting. However, as their editions reach only a few thousand readers, their name recognition in the country is correspondingly low [Oldag, 2015].

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Key facts

Audience Share 5%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups Post Media Co., Ltd.

Media Companies / Groups

Post Media Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1992

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Founder Michael Hayes

Ceo Alex Odom - He served as Post Media’s chief financial officer, brings with him a strong track record in Southeast Asia’s financial sector. Prior to joining the company in early 2015, he logged significant time as an adviser, consultant, investor and exec

Contact No. 888, corner of Sothearos (St. 3) & Sihanouk (St. 274), Phnom Penh Center, Building F, 8th Floor, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - (PHONE) 023 214 311 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.postkhmer.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Meta Data The circulation numbers come from The Phnom Penh Post itself.

Sources  The Phnom Penh Post

Email correspondence with Post Media Co. Ltd (Available upon request)

 The Phnom Penh Post

Documents  Freedom of the Press and media regulation in Cambodia: Approaches and Options for Democratic Diversity

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New Players

Deum Ampil News

DAP was first published as a weekly newspaper in December 2006 by Soy Sopheap with the help of 5 to 6 Cambodian journalists. One of them, Noun Chanmony, is now the editor-in-chief of Deum Ampil Daily Newspaper. It is now one of the most read newspapers in Cambodia [CMRD, 2015].

While it is perceived to favor the Cambodian People’s Party [LICADHO, 2009], Soy claims the independence of the publication, and instructs his reporters to stay away from personal attacks towards Prime Minister Hun Sen, the president of CNRP Sam Rainsy and his deputy, Kem Sokha, nor and Prince Norodom Ranariddh personally.

In July 2010, Deum Ampil newspaper and its print affiliated media outlets, were forced to close due to financial constraints after Sieng Chanheng, its financial backer, stopped supporting the team. The newspaper, however, resumed its publication in December, the same year.

Key facts

Audience Share 2%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups DAP Media Center

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Soy Sopheap 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

DAP Media Center

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2006

Founder Soy Sopheap - is the owner and director of DAP Media Center which runs Deum Ampil Daily Newspaper, Deum Ampil Radio Station, Deum Ampil News Website, and the Looking Today online magazine. In addition to these media outlets, Soy Sopheap is also a sharehol

Editor-In-Chief Noun Chanmony - Editor in Chief is A founding member of the newsroom.

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Contact No 57A, St. 480, Sangkat Toul Tumpong II, Khan Chamkar Morn, Phnom Penh - (PHONE) 012 722 337 - (MAIL)  [email protected] - (WEB) 

www.dap-news.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  The Phnom Penh Post

 Peoples's Daily

Interview with Soy Sopheap, Founder and CEO of DAP Media Center

 The Phnom Penh Post. Deum Ampil discontiued

 The Phnom Penh Post. Newspaper reopened

Documents  The Media Map Project.

 Restrictions on the Freedom of Expression in Cambodia's Media (Briefing paper)

 Media Consumption Survey.

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New Players

The Cambodia Daily

The Cambodia Daily is the first English daily newspaper of Cambodia. It was founded in 1993 by former Newsweek Japan correspondent, Bernard Krisher. While the circulation number of the paper varies between 5,000 and 8,000 [KAS, 2009] a day, the paper is printed six days a week. With its motto “all news without fear or favour”, the newspaper is 100% foreign owned and known as one of the independent voice of the country. Together with The Phnom Penh Post, The Cambodia Daily maintain critical journalistic reporting. However, as their editions reach only a few thousand readers, their name recognition in the country is correspondingly low [Oldag, 2015].

Besides The Cambodia Daily, Bernard Krisher runs the NGO World Assistance for Cambodia, constructing schools in Cambodia. Some articles of the newspapers cover these activities. The newspaper also accesses both donated and purchased news from major news outlets and wire services such as Reuters, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and has a staff Cambodian and foreign journalists covering local news. A daily section in the Khmer language carries articles translated from the main English-language section. In 2007, it sued Radio Free Asia for copyright infringement. In 2008, as the paper launched The Burma Daily, an insert to cover Burma, the Ministry of Information ordered copies to be confiscated after the government argued it was published without permission and stands to harm relations with Burma.

In 2009, the editor-in-chief and one of the reporter were sued by a member of the Sam Rainsy Party opposition party for defamation over an article about the ongoing trial of one of his lawmaker.

On September 4th 2017, The Cambodia Daily announced its own closure for the first time in 24 years and 15 days in Cambodia. The announcement of cease of operation came one month after document from the General Department of Taxation was leaked online, revealing a massive disputed $6.3 million tax bill, and less than two weeks after PM Hun Sen described the publishers as “thieves” and told them to either pay the tax or “pack up and go”. In its press statement, The Cambodia Daily said the power to tax is the power to destroy, adding that the Cambodian government has destroyed a special and singular part of Cambodia’s free press. The allegations of theft are unfounded and defamatory and the campaign of leaks is unprofessional and unlawful, said the statement.

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Key facts

Audience Share 2%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups Cambodia Daily

Ownership

Individual Owner  Bernard Krisher 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Cambodia Daily

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Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1993

Founder Bernhard Krisher - is a former Newsweek correspondent and bureau chief in Japan. In the 1980’s, Krisher became the Tokyo correspondent for Fortune Magazine and created FOCUS magazine under a larger Japanese publishing company.

Contact No. 29, St. 84, Sangkat Sras Chak, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) - 023 218 127/(+81-80-2033-2219) (MAIL)  [email protected]

(WEB)  www.cambodiadaily.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  The Washington Times

 RFA

 The Cambodia Daily

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 Cambodia Daily. About Us

 The Washington Times

 Cambodia Daily. Authors

 Radio Free Asia. Defamation

Documents  Freedom of the Press and media regulation in Cambodia: Approaches and Options for Democratic Diversity

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New Players

Nokor Thom Daily

Nokor Thom Daily was created in June 2013 and is published six times a week from Tuesdays to Sundays, according to the Angkor Thom Media Group.

Registered at the Ministry of Information with a circulation of 3,000 copies, it claims to have circulation of 25,000 to 30,000 copies per issue. Nokor Thom is available online, and its website (http://www.nokorthomdaily.com/) was launched in January 2011. Nokor Thom covers various news aspects such as social security & events, politic, economic issues, arts & culture, sports, health & beauty, education, science and technology, both local and international. The newspaper employs one reporter in each Cambodian province and one in each district of the capital city Phnom Penh. It belongs to Angkor Thom Media Group.

Key facts

Audience Share 2%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups Angkor Thom Media Group

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Seng Sitheang

Media Companies / Groups

Angkor Thom Media Group

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2013

Contact No. B7 94, St. 107BT, Sangkat Boeung Tumpun, Khan Meanchey, Phnom Penh - (PHONE) 012 962 262 (WEB)  www.nokorthomdaily.com

Financial Information

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Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

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Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources Email correspondance with Angkor Thom Media Group

Ministry of Information - List of registered newspapers and websites (Khmer) (link to Company

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New Players

Moneakseka Khmer

The Moneaksekar Khmer (Khmer Conscience) was established in 1994 by the opposition activist Dam Sith, an ardent supporter of the Sam rainsy Party. In 1998, the Ministry of Information ordered a private printing house to stop publishing it, arguing he had not authorized the paper to resume publication after the 1997 Coup ousting Prince Ranarridh. In 2008, it faced 18 lawsuits lodged by the government for defamation, disinformation and incitement. It went into voluntary closure on 8th July 2009 after its editor, Mr. Dam Sith, sent a letter of apology to Prime Minister Hun Sen, offering to stop the publication to avoid the lawsuits. It resumed publishing in 2010 and was again threatened with a lawsuit after accusing Prime Minister Hun Sen of using the military to illegally gain votes in the national polls in the 2013 National elections.

From 1997 to 2008, The Moneaksekar Khmer was also the newsroom of Khem Sambo, a hard-hitting reporter for the paper, who was killed with his son after the paper published an article critical of high-level corruption.

Key facts

Audience Share 1%

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups Moneaksekar Khmer

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Dam Sith

Media Companies / Groups

Moneaksekar Khmer

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1994

Founder Dam Sith - the opposition activist, was an ardent supporter of the Sam Rainsy Party.

Contact (PHONE) 089 83 33 01 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

mrkhmer.blogspot.de/2013/06/moneakseka.html

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Cambodian Center for Human Rights

 Radio Free Asia

 Cambodian Center for Human Rights.

 Khmer Journalist, Son, Shot Dead

 Cambodian Authorities Move to Sue Pro-Opposition Newspaper Publisher

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New Players

The Phnom Penh Post (English)

The Phnom Penh Post was launched in July 1992 by American publisher and Editor Michael Hayes. Originally published fortnightly, it became a daily newspaper in 2008, after it was sold to Ross Dunkley, an Australian national, who also established the Post Media Co. Ltd. The Phnom Penh Post launched its Khmer version, The Post Khmer, in 2009, which is now considered to be more popular than the English one [CMRD, 2015]. There are three editions: Post English, Post Khmer, Post Weekend (started in 2014), They are all registered under the Post Media Company Ltd. Post English is believed to circulate 21570 copies /day and each copy has four readers (a total of 86280), and the Post Khmer edition circulates 29754 copies /day and each copy is estimated to have six readers (a total of 178524). Together with The Cambodia Daily, The Phnom Penh Post maintain critical journalistic reporting. However, as their editions reach only a few thousand readers, their name recognition in the country is correspondingly low [Oldag, 2015].

Key facts

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups Post Media Co., Ltd.

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Media Companies / Groups

Post Media Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Founder Michael Hayes

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

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Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  The Phnom Penh Post

Email correspondence with Post Media Co. Ltd (Available upon request)

Documents  Freedom of the Press and media regulation in Cambodia: Approaches and Options for Democratic Diversity

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New Players

The Khmer Times

The Khmer Times was first launched as an online edition in February 2014 and became a weekly newspaper in May 2014. On July 1st, 2015, it became a daily newspaper.

Owned by Malaysian national T.Mohan (Mohan Tirvgmanasam Banddam) and one of his daughters, Ashwini Rajkumari Mohan, it also edits weekly supplements such as a Khmer and a French supplements, Youth Today, Kid’s Weekly & The weekly.

According to the paper, 65% of the website’s visitors are coming from Cambodia, the Friday editions rune 8,000 prints while other days run 6,000 prints.

Key facts

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type paid

Media Companies / Groups Virtus Media Group

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Ownership

Ownership Structure The Khmer Times is owned by Malaysian national T.Mohan (Mohan Tirvgmanasam Banddam) and one of his daughters, Ashwini Rajkumari Mohan.

Individual Owner  T.Mohan

Media Companies / Groups

Virtus Media Group

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2014

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Founder T. Mohan - A Malaysian national, T. Mohan first started to be involved on the Cambodian market in the 1990’s. he holds 20% of the BlueMac group and manages the plantations of the Virtus Green Plantations. In 2015, he was at the center of a report by The

Contact Khmer Times Virtus Media Pte Ltd 1F/2F, No. 7, Street 252, Sangkat Chak Tomuk, Khan Dau Penh, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia (PHONE) 023 221 660 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

www.khmertimeskh.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources Interview and email correspondence with T. Mohan (available upon request)

The Cambodia Daily  http://Khmer Times Publisher to Retire Plagiarizing Pen

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existing newsrooms, heightening the competition on both TV and print sectors, which are already highly concentrated.

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New Players freshnewsasia.com

Fresh News Asia was launched in 2012. Initially, it was a joint venture between LMA International and DAP Media Center an application disseminating the content of Deum Ampil website since 2014. It first started as a Facebook, which its official page now has over 2 million followers. Early 2015, Fresh News became available on a website and focuses on breaking news. Both DAP-News and Fresh News are among the most popular news websites in Cambodia (CMRD, 2015). Late November 2015, DAP Media Center and Fresh News publichly announced ending of content sharing contract. Lim Cheavutha, general director of DAP Media Center, became the general manager of Fresh News. Fresh News, recently, has also launched online television and radio.

Key facts

Audience Share 9.700 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups DAP Media Center

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Soy Sopheap

Media Companies / Groups

DAP Media Center

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2012

Founder LMA International, DAP Media Center

Contact 9th Floor, PPIU Building, Czech Repulic Blvd (169), Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 017 608 006 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)

 www.freshnewsasia.com

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Alexa Ranking Cambodia

 MYIP.ms

Documents  Media Consumption Survey.

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New Players postkhmer.com

PostKhmer.com is the online version of the Post Khmer newspaper, a publication owned by Post Media Co. Ltd, launched in 2009. It is among the most popular and most visited website in Cambodia.

Key facts

Audience Share 9.460 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Post Media Co., Ltd.

Ownership

Group / Individual Owner ?

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Media Companies / Groups

Post Media Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2009

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 15:57 168 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Alexa Ranking Cambodia

 MYIP.ms

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New Players dap-news.com

Dap-news.com is the online version of Deum Ampil newspaper. It focuses on political news and was launched by DAP Media Center in 2009. It has almost 200, 000 followers on Facebook.

Key facts

Audience Share 8.470 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups DAP Media Center

Ownership

Individual Owner  Soy Sopheap 100 %

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Media Companies / Groups

DAP Media Center

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2009

Founder DAP Media Center

Editor-In-Chief Noun Chanmony - Editor in Chief, A founding member of the newsroom.

Contact No 57A, St. 480, Sangkat Toul Tumpong II, Khan Chamkar Morn, Phnom Penh - (PHONE) 012 722 337 - (MAIL)  [email protected] - (WEB) 

www.dap-news.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:11 171 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Alexa Ranking Cambodia

 MYIP.ms

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:11 172 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

New Players kampucheathmey.com

KampucheaThmey.com is the online version of Kampuchea Thmey newspaper.

Key facts

Audience Share 6.510 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Kampuchea Thmey Daily Co., Ltd.

Ownership

Individual Owner  Hun Mana

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Media Companies / Groups

Kampuchea Thmey Daily Co., Ltd.

Facts

General Information

Contact Resie Village, Sangkat Nyrout, Khan Chbar Ampov, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - (PHONE) 016 877 684 - (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

kampucheathmey.com

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

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Further Information

Sources  Alexa Ranking Cambodia

 MYIP.ms

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New Players kqube.net

Kqube.net was launched in January 2014 and registered with the Ministry of Information in July the same year. It claims to expand the availability of news online, and aims at being a media center dedicated to information and knowledge. It also serves as platform for discussion, opinion sharing and, in addition to news, Kqube is also an online shopping and job-listing platform.

Key facts

Audience Share 4.800 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Q Kube

Ownership

Individual Owner  Hy ChanHan 100 %

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Media Companies / Groups

Q Kube

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2014

Contact Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

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Further Information

Sources  Alexa Ranking Cambodia

 MYIP.ms

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New Players

Cen.com.kh

CEN (Cambodia Express News) belongs to the PEN Media Group. Launched in 2008, the Group was founded and owned by Pen Samitthi, the former directo of the Cambodian Club of Journalists (CCJ), who also created The Cambodia Herald, a sister news website in English.

Samitthi was the former editor in chief of Rasmei Kampuchea, and he passed away in 2015. Since then, his wife, Vong Moyura, has become the owner.

Key facts

Audience Share 4.880 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups PEN Media Group

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Vong Moyura 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

PEN Media Group

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2008

Founder Pen Samitthi

Contact 4 St.610 Sangkat Boeng Kok 2, Khan Toulkork, Phnom Pen, Cambodia (PHONE) 088 979 9148 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

www.cen.com.kh

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 08:20 180 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Alexa Ranking Cambodia

 MYIP.ms

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New Players www.rfa.org/khmer/

Key facts

Audience Share 20.200 visitors per day

Ownership Type non-profit / private

Geographic Coverage national

Content Type free content

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Ownership

Group / Individual Owner Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) - an independent US federal agency charged with overseeing all U.S. civilian international broadcasting funds RFA with annual grant. ?

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1996

Founder Richard Richter - founding president. A distinguished broadcast journalist, Mr. Richter retired during the summer 2006.

Further Information

Sources  Radio Free Asia. About

 Statement of Radio Free Asia’s President on Cambodia (2017)

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medium. With less than a year of existence, the audience shares would not be representative of their popularity.

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:11 184 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

New Players thmeythmey.com

ThmeyThmey.com was launched in 2012 as part of Mengly J Quash Holdings . It focuses on daily news and analysis and launched Cambodia's first Japanese news website in 2014.

Key facts

Audience Share 4.910 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Cambodian Media Broadcasting Corporation

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Mengly J. Quach 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Cambodian Media Broadcasting Corporation

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2012

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:10 186 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Alexa Ranking Cambodia

 MYIP.ms

 VOD Hotnews. Business Kuch Megly quit tmey tmey position.

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:10 187 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

New Players thmeythmey.com

ThmeyThmey.com was launched in 2012 as part of Mengly J Quash Holdings . It focuses on daily news and analysis and launched Cambodia's first Japanese news website in 2014.

Key facts

Audience Share 4.910 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Cambodian Media Broadcasting Corporation

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:10 188 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Ownership

Individual Owner  Mengly J. Quach 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Cambodian Media Broadcasting Corporation

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2012

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:10 189 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Alexa Ranking Cambodia

 MYIP.ms

 VOD Hotnews. Business Kuch Megly quit tmey tmey position.

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:10 190 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

New Players www.time.mn

Public Media LLC established the news website www.time.mn in November 2011 with the motto “On time!” In 2014 the website went into the ownership of Media Group LLC. At the end of 2015 the daily reach of time.mn in the audience market was 4% according to the audience research on the use of Internet by the Press Institute. According to alexa.com, the website is rank 55 of most popular news websites. Apart from current affairs news reporting on social, political, business, sports and other issues the website transmits NTV television programs live. (NTV and time.mn are owned by the same company, Media group.) The founder of the website is journalist P. Sainbileg. Since six years she works in the public communication unit of the Presidential Office. Due to her political appointment she stopped managing the website and the outlet was transferred into the ownership of the Media Group. The current director of the Media group, A. Bayarbat, controls the editorial policy and management of the website. He is graduated in Marketing and business administration. The Media Group owns apart from the website time.mn the television channel NTV, two magazine Goodali and Capital guide and the FM radio 107. 50 percent of the Media Group belongs to Shunkhlai Group owned by the member of the Democratic Party (DP) and former MP G. Batkhuu (O-3069). There is no information on the ownership of remaining shares.

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Key facts

Audience Share MD not measurable

Ownership Type Private

Geographic Coverage National

Content Type free

Data Unavailable ownership data is not publicly available, company/channel denies the release of information or does not respond, no public record exists

Media Companies / Groups Group: Media Group

Ownership

Ownership Structure 50

Individual Owner  Mr. Batkhuu Gavaa 50%

 Mr. Batsaikhan P 50%

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Media Companies / Groups

Group: Media Group

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2011

Founder Ms. P. Sainbileg

Affiliated Interests Founder The founder of the website is journalist P. Sainbileg. Since six years she works in the public communication unit of the Presidential Office. Due to her political appointment she stopped managing the website and the outlet was transferred into the ownership of the Media Group

Ceo Director of the Media group, A. Bayarbat, controls the editorial policy and management of the website. Director of website: Mr. Sodbaatar

Editor-In-Chief Chief-editor: Mr. Yesun-Erdene

Financial Information

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Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Meta Data The company rejected to provide information. Four phone inquiries were made regarding the MOM questionnaire. Therefore, the limited open information sources were used.

Sources Mongolian Media Today, Press Institute of Mongolia, 2016, Document ID-1; Press Institute, Audience Survey, 2015, Document ID-3 ; http://biznetwork.mn/c/Media+Group+LLC ; http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/time.mn ;

Documents  Mongolian Media Today

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New Players thmeythmey.com

ThmeyThmey.com was launched in 2012 as part of Mengly J Quash Holdings . It focuses on daily news and analysis and launched Cambodia's first Japanese news website in 2014.

Key facts

Audience Share 4.910 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Cambodian Media Broadcasting Corporation

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Mengly J. Quach 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Cambodian Media Broadcasting Corporation

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2012

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Alexa Ranking Cambodia

 MYIP.ms

 VOD Hotnews. Business Kuch Megly quit tmey tmey position.

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:10 197 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

New Players thmeythmey.com

ThmeyThmey.com was launched in 2012 as part of Mengly J Quash Holdings . It focuses on daily news and analysis and launched Cambodia's first Japanese news website in 2014.

Key facts

Audience Share 4.910 visitors per day

Ownership Type private

Geographic Coverage International

Content Type free content

Media Companies / Groups Cambodian Media Broadcasting Corporation

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:10 198 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Ownership

Individual Owner  Mengly J. Quach 100 %

Media Companies / Groups

Cambodian Media Broadcasting Corporation

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2012

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Financial Information

Revenue (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Market Share Missing Data

Further Information

Sources  Alexa Ranking Cambodia

 MYIP.ms

 VOD Hotnews. Business Kuch Megly quit tmey tmey position.

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:10 200 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Cambodian Media Owners

Most of the Cambodian media outlets are affiliated to a media-specific company.

As such, the 41 media outlets surveyed by the MOM belong to 27 individuals owners, heading 30 media companies as a whole. Angkor Thom Media Group, CBS, DAP Media Center, Bayon Media and The Tonle Group are the only media companies owning more than one media outlet in the same sector.

Only two of the surveyed individuals own at least one media outlet in each sector:

Hun Mana with Bayon Media and Kampuchea Thmey Say Chhum with Apsara TV and Radio and Rasmei Kampuchea.

Owners Databases

INDIVIDUAL OWNERS MEDIA COMPANIES

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Tycoons and smaller fishes

Out of the 27 media owners investigated, 9 are business or political tycoons.This means they are involved in different businesses besides their media activities, ranging from agriculture, general trade to real estate. Some of them are among the most powerful people of the country. Business and political tycoons occupy most of the media scene, as 3 of them gather at least 54% of the TV viewership, the most popular media sector in Cambodia. As a whole, these 9 tycoons own 16 media outlets, with the 9 out of the 10 surveyed TV stations, 3 print outlets among the top 4 of the sector (40% of the readership), 1 of the most relevant radio stations, 3 of the most visited websites in the country – even if the number of visitors remains marginal – and one of the most popular ISP of the country.

In general, Cambodian media owners are smaller businessmen and women, mostly only involved in the media sector.

Owning a media station can be beneficial for people involved in other business sectors: according the MOM advisory group, they could be interested to use their media outlets as channels for advertising their other business activities. This makes media economically beneficial even if the extent of turnover in the media sector remains questionable. Examples for that:

Heng Sovann owns a fertilizer company and uses its radio stations to advertise for it. Chin Phearum owns different services from real estate to general trading an uses Tonle FM to advertise for them.

Foreign-Owned Media

Cambodian media sector is also characterized by the presence of foreign media owners. Among the 41 media outlets surveyed, 4 media outlets are owned 100% by Australian, US, Malaysian and French nationals.

The Rest

Among the last 3 owners, 1 is an NGO worker, 1 opposition lawmaker, and 1 political activist.

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Bernard Krisher Chea Sundaneth Chin Phearum Choub Mean

Dam Sith Heng Sovann Hun Mana Hy ChanHan

Ing Chhay Nguon Kaekol Sophea Kao Kim Hourn Kith Meng

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Lim Sokcheng Ly Yong Phat Mam Sonando Marie Christine Saragosse

Mengly J. Quach Neang Phat Say Chhum Seng Bunveng “Aja A”

Seng Pisey Seng Sitheang Sok Chamroeun Soy Sopheap

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T.Mohan Thong Uypang Vong Moyura Yin Phanny

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Mengly J. Quach

Born in 1969 in Battambang province, Dr. Quach is the Founder, Chairman and Chief Executive Office of the Mengly J. Quach Education, a parent company for the American Intercon Institute (Aii), American Intercon School (AIS) and Mengly J. Quach University he created in 2005. Thmey Thmey Online news is one of MJQ Education sister companies. Dr. Quach left Cambodia after the Khmer Rouge regime and was educated in the United States. There, he earned a Doctor of Medicine (University at St. Lucia/Santa Teresa, New Mexico) and a Master of Public Health (University of Massachusetts at Amherst). He completed his Pre-Med studies at the University of California at Berkeley and came back to Cambodia where he became the Founding Dean and Associate Professor of the College of Public Health at the University of Cambodia. Dr. Quach serves as an Advisor to the Council of Ministers, Advisor to the Chief of the Cambodian Scouts, Advisory Member of the Cambodia Chamber of Commerce, Youth Star Cambodia Board of Directors and CamTESOL Steering Committee Member. He was an elected Board member of Transparency International Cambodia. In 2009, he was granted two separate Royal Orders of Monisaraphon Thnak Mohasena and Oknha Title by His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni for his community, charity and philanthropic works. In 2012, he received the SME One Asia Awards 2012 in the Overseas Enterprise SMEs Category in Singapore. Dr Quach currently lives in Phnom Penh with his wife and their two daughters.

Media Companies / Groups

Cambodian Media Broadcasting Corporation

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Media Outlets

100% Online

thmeythmey.com

Facts

Further Information

Sources  Transparency International Cambodia

 MJQ Education

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Kith Meng

Kith Meng, 47, is a dual Cambodian and Australian national who funded the banking-to-telecom Royal Group in 1994 and now owns more than 40 companies registered at the Ministry of Commerce. They include CTN and My TV, two of the most popular TV channels, as well as CNC, Cambodia’s first 24/7 news channel.

Kith Meng grew up in Australia after he lost both his parent during the Khmer Rouge regime. The youngest son of Kith Peng Ike, among the many landlords and merchants of Chinese heritage who were an early target of the Khmer Rouge, he studied economics at the University of Canberra, where he immigrated in the 1980’s.

Kith Meng owns the title of Okhna in Cambodia and is involved in a variety of million-dollar business sectors, ranging from dams development to banking. He owns MobiTel, the country’s largest phone company, and Cambodia’s first Internet Service Provider, Ezecom. In 2012, he also launched the first Cambodian national pay digital terrestrial TV platform, ONE TV.

By reputation, Kith Meng is known to be closely linked to the ruling party. It is however unknown if his funds contributes directly to it. He serves as an advisor to Prime Minister Hun Sen and sits on the board of the Cambodian Red Cross, whose President is Hun Sen's wife, Bun Rany. According to a WikiLeaks cable, several sources believe that the CPP has tried to strengthen its relationship with Kith Meng because it wants CTN's ability to broadcast to a large number of Cambodians living abroad. Kith Meng was elected President of the Cambodian Chamber of Commerce in 2007, a position he still has today. He, however, denies receiving any special privileges through these activities.

Media Companies / Groups

100% 100%

Cambodian Broadcasting Service Royal Group (CBS)Co., Ltd.

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Media Outlets

100% TV 100% TV

CNC CTN

Facts

Business

Finance, Insurance & INFINITY GENERAL INSURANCE PLC Investment

ROYAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION CO., LTD

CAMBODIA LIFE INSURANCE PLC

CELLCARD FINANCE

WING CAMBODIA LIMITED SPECIALIZED BANK

CHAILEASE ROYAL LEASING PLC

ANZ ROYAL BANK

Transportation, Aviation & BMW CAMBODIA Industry

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ROYAL CAMBODIAN LIMOUSINES SERVICE CO., LTD

GIANT IBIS

ROYAL RAILWAY CO. LTD

HELICOPTERS

Telecommunication & CELLCARD (CAMGSM CO. LTD.) Information Technologies

EZECOM

Media & Entertainment FTA BROADCASTING

ROCK ENTERTAINMENT CENTRE

TITAN KING CASINO.CORP

Hospitality HOTEL CAMBODIANA

KAMPUCHEA FOOD CORPORATION CO., LTD

THE ROYAL SANDS KOH RONG CO., LTD

Property, Development & NORTHBRIDGE COMMUNITIES CO., LTD Investment

NORTH PARK CONDOMINIUM

SOUTHBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL CAMBODIA

YONG SHENG GLOBAL TRADING

Franchise development NITROGEN CHEMICALS AND FERTILIZER (CAMBODIA) LTD

Future Projects & NORTHBRIDGE DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD Development

Service Industries Global Security Solutions

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Further Information

Sources  The Financiel Times

 Forbes

 Wikileaks Cable Gate

 The Royal Group

 Forbes. Global.

 https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07PHNOMPENH1034_a.html

 Forbes Profile Kith Meng

 The Phnom Penh Post. Blackberry coming Cambodia.

 GS Group. A step ahead in digitization.

 The Financial Times

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Neang Phat

Neang Phat is the license holder and director of Royal Cambodian Armed Force Television (TV5), which was established in 1995 as a joint venture between Thailand’s Kantana Group operating in Cambodia as Mica Media Co., Ltd, and the Ministry of Defense. Neang is a Four-Star general and a Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defense. From 1977 to 1978, he was trained as a commando in Vietnam.

Media Companies / Groups

Mica Media Co., Ltd.

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Media Outlets

50% TV

TV5

Facts

Further Information

Sources  The Phnom Penh Post

 BaoMoi

 The Cambodian Peoples Party

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Kaekol Sophea

Kaekol Sophea is the director of Nokor Wat Media Center which operates Nokor Wat Nokor Wat newspaper, Nokor Wat magazine and its website. She is also the license holder and publisher of these three media outlets. Kaekol Sophea is the wife of Touch Kongkea, an official at Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia and assistant to General Kun Kim, deputy commander-in-chief of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces. Mr. Touch Kongkea is also reportedly the owner of Nokor Wat newspaper.

Media Companies / Groups

100%

Nokor Wat Media Center

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Media Outlets

Nokor Wat News Daily

Facts

Family & Friends

Affiliated Interests Family Husband Touch Kongkea - an official at Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia and Members Friends assistant to General Kun Kim, deputy commander-in-chief of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces. Mr. Touch Kongkea is also reportedly the owner of Nokor Wat newspaper.

Further Information

Sources  Fresh News Asia

 Nokor Wat News

Email corespondence with Nokor Wat Media Center (Available upon request)

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??? ????? ???

Coming Soon

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Hun Mana

Hun Mana, 35, is Prime Minister Hun Sen’s oldest of his two daughters. A businesswoman, she chairs at least 14 companies, including Bayon TV and Radio and the Kampuchea Thmey Daily since 2010.

In 2008, Hun Sen appointed her as an assistant to his office after the Cambodian People Party claimed 65% of the seats after the July National Assembly elections. According to the Ministry of Information, this appointment was directly attributed to her position as the director for Bayon TV and Radio in order to help the prime minister in writing "proper reports". Hun Mana was the director of Bayon Media Hight System, Co. Ltd and became the owner of the company, when her mother, Bun Rany, transferred her all shares. Bayon Media Hight System, Co. Ltd had been registered with the Ministry of Commerce since 1996. In 2010, Hun Mana became the chairman and the director of the Kampuchea Thmey Daily newspaper.

In 2009, she then married Dy Vichea, the son of Hok Lundy, Hun Sen’s late national police commissioner, who first had been married to her cousin. Her older brother Manith is married to Dy Vichea’s sister Chindavy.

Media Companies / Groups

100% 100%

Bayon Media Hight System Co., Kampuchea Thmey Daily Co., Ltd. Ltd.

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Media Outlets

100% Radio 100% TV 100% TV

Bayon Radio Bayon TV ETV

Online 100% Print

kampucheathmey.com Kampuchea Thmey Daily

Facts

Business

Media Chair & 25 % Shareholder - Bayon CM Organizer Co

Chair & 100 % Shareholder - Bayon Media Height System Co

Chair, Director & 100% Shareholder - Kampuchea Thmey Daily Co

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Energy Director & 10% Shareholder - Cambodia Electricity Private

Telecomms Chair & Director – Dragon Royal telecom

Shareholder 6% via NH Holding – Viettel (Cambodia) PTE

Transport Chair – Helistar

Chair – Star Airline (Cambodia) Transport  http://Chair – Star Aviation

Unknown Chair - Jaya Holding Ltd.

Chair – Ocasis Cambo Investment Co

Chair – Ocasis Cambo Investment Group Co

Retail Director & 10% Shareholder

K Thong Hout Telecom

Tourism Chair – MLM Resort Group Co

Shareholder – The Museum Company Media  http://Chair & 51% Shareholder via NH Holding - Moon Media (listed as Moon Advertising at MoC)

Finance Representative – NH Holding

Director, Shareholder – Royal Group Investment Company

Manufacturing Chair, Director, Shareholder via NH Holding – NVC Corporation

Construction, Real Estate Chair – NVN Corporation Co

Chair – Orkide Villa 3

Gambling Shareholder – Vina (HK)

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Family & Friends

Affiliated Interests Family Hun Mana is the Prime Minister Hun Sens oldest daughter. In 2009, she Members Friends married Dy Vichea, the son of Hok Lundy, Hun Sen’s late national police commissioner, who first had been married to her cousin. Her older brother Manith is married to Dy Vichea’s sister Chindavy.

Further Information

Sources  Ministry of Commerce

 The Cambodia Daily

 Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC

 Ministry of Commerce. Company Search Hun Mana.

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Sok Chamroeun

Sok Chamroeun is the owner, Director, and CEO of Phnom Penh Cable Television (PPCTV) Co., LTD, that operates CTV8, a free-to-air channel. In addition to PPCTV, he is also the CEO and Director of Angkor Cable Television, LTD (AKCTV), the main broadcaster of cable TV in Siem Reap and Kompong Thom province, and CKCTV Cable TV in Sihanoukville.

In 2009, Sok was granted a license by the Ministry of Information to distribute online TV (IPTV) over its fiber-optic network, creating a monopoly in the sector. The same year, he was appointed as an Advisor to the Ministry of Information with a rank equal to director general. He is also a member of Cambodian Red Cross’s committee, an organization run by the wife of the Prime Minister. He holds the titles of Excellency and Oknha.

Media Companies / Groups

100%

PPCTV Co., Ltd.

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Media Outlets

100% TV

CTV 8

Facts

Business

Cable Network CEO and Director of Angkor Cable Television

LTD (AKCTV), the main broadcaster of cable TV in Siem Reap and Kompong Thom province

CKCTV Cable TV in Sihanoukville

Further Information

Sources  Ministry of Commerce

 The Phnom Penh Post. Digi was issued first IPTV license

 Koh Santepheap

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 Kampuchea News and Views

 CTV8. About Us.

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Ing Chhay Nguon

Ing Chhay Nguon is the owner and CEO of Hang Meas Video, a company he started in 1994 to produce music videos and local artists. In 2001, Mr. Chhay Ngoun was identified by the Phnom Penh Post as the president of the Movie and Songs Association, an affiliation of video and music producers.

Media Companies / Groups

100%

Hang Meas Video Company Co., LTD

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Media Outlets

100% TV

Hang Meas HDTV

Facts

Business

Movie and Songs Association

Further Information

Sources  The Phnom Penh Post

 Hang Meas FM

 The Phnom Penh Post. Pirated videos spike local artist

 Hang Meas. About us.

 The Phnom Penh Post. Free copy - how much longer?

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Kao Kim Hourn

Kao Kim Hourn, 59, currently serves as Minister Delegate attached to the Office of Prime Minister.

During the Khmer Rouge regime, his family was displaced and ended up spending several years in a refugee camp before moving to Texas, United-States, where he started school. After studying Asian studies, he obtained two Master’s degrees in 1991; one in Political Science, the other in International Affairs.

In 1993, he returned to Cambodia to research UN peace-keeping activities and started to work at the Think Tank Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace (CICP) until 2004. During that time, he completed his dissertation on Cambodia’s foreign policy and ASEAN and got a Ph.D. in Political Science at the University of Hawaii. He also established the University of Cambodia in 2003.

In 2007, he started to be involved in the media business with Sem Sovandeth, his business partner. They were then negotiating with a Japanese investor to fund a network of television and radio stations.

In 2009, Kao Kim Hourn lodged a complaint against his business partner for “breach of trust”. The same year, he appointed an advisor to Prime Minister Hun Sen. A year later, he became a member of the Supreme National Economic Council in 2010 and served as a Secretary of State for the Minister of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation from 2003 to 2013. He has also received six Decorations of Honor from the Kingdom of Cambodia; as well an Honorary Doctorate in Public Service from Ohio University.

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Media Companies / Groups

100%

Southeast Asia TV and Radio FM 106 Co., Ltd.

Media Outlets

100% TV

SEATV

Facts

Further Information

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Sources  The Phnom Penh Post. Broadcast executive charged.

 The University of Cambodia

 World Economic Forum. Kao Kim Hourn.

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Seng Sitheang

Born in 1972, Seng Sitheang (??? ??????) started his career in the media in early 1998. As the first son of the family, he succeeded his father business after his father ,Thong Saphai, the former publisher of the Angkor Thom newspaper, died in December 1997.

Feeling that the 1997 political coup changed the media landscape by creating a monopole of politics over the news, he wanted to entertain readers and has not intent in creating a magazine covering political issues. Sitheang graduated from Wat Koh high school.

Media Companies / Groups

100%

Angkor Thom Media Group

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Media Outlets

100% Print Print Print

Angkor Thom Magazine Nokor Thom Daily Dara Magazine

Facts

Further Information

Sources Email correspondence with Angkor Thom Media Group (available upon request)

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Yin Phanny

Yin Phanny, 55, is the owner of the Koh Santepheap Group. She worked with her husband, Thong Uypang, in the 1990’s to re-publish the Koh Santepheap daily newspaper, one of Cambodia’s most popular newspapers that was forbidden from 1975 to 1993. Before being involved in the newspaper management, Phanny worked as a nurse at a hospital in Phnom Penh.

From 1993 to 2005, Phanny worked as a publisher and the general manager of Koh Santepheap, while her husband was the editor-in- chief. In 2005, she handed over the management work of the newspaper to their daughter, Thong Sovanrangsi (??? ????????????) who is now serving as the publisher. Sovanrangsi’s husband, Chea Garuda (?? ????????), is the general manager. The same year, she got a title of Oknha for her contribution to society, according to her husband, Thong Uypang.

In 2010, she became the director of Koh Santepheap Group, the parent company of Koh Santepheap which was registered at the ministry of commerce since 2005. She is also the owner and chairwoman of ANINA Tower in Phnom Penh. The family also owns Central Superstore, a grocery store next to ANINA tower. She also has the honorable title of deputy president of the Phnom Penh Cambodian Red Cross. She now lives in Phnom Penh with her husband, daughter and son-in-law, while her youngest son is living in the US.

Media Companies / Groups

Koh Santepheap Co., Ltd

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Media Outlets

Print Online

Koh Santepheap Daily kohsantepheapdaily.com.kh

Facts

Further Information

Sources  Century 21

 Anina Building

Phone Interview with Thong Uypang, owner and founder of Koh Santepheap

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Thong Uypang

Thong Uypang, 67, is the owner and was the editor-in-chief of Koh Santepheap, one of the most popular newspapers in Cambodia. At 19, he started to work as the editor-in-chief of Koh Santepheap, a newly established newspaper created by his teacher. But in 1975, when the Khmer Rouge took power in Cambodia, Uypang and his family were evacuated to Prey Veng and the newspaper stopped its publication.

After the fall of Khmer Rouge, Uypang started working at the ministry of Telecommunications, Transport and Posts (?????????????? ????????? ????????????) as a secretary to a deputy minister. In 1993, he was granted a license from the ministry of information to republish Koh Santepheap and quit his job at the Ministry. Together with his wife, Yin Phanny, they republished the paper and self-funded it.

Uypang was the publisher of the newspaper when he survived an assassination attempt in 1998 and is believed to have links with the CPP.

Uypang remained the publisher and editor-in-chief of the newspaper until 2005. He also holds the title of Oknha since 2002 and is a member the Solidarity Front for Development of the Cambodian Motherland (SFDCM) (??????????????????????????????????????), which created on December 2, 1978 and toppled the Khmer Rouge regime in 1979 with the support of Vietnam. Even though Uypang is no longer the official editor-in-chief of Koh Satepheap, he still overseas and supervises the content and publication of the Koh Santeapheap group media outlets. He now lives in Phnom Penh with his wife, daughter and his son-in-law, while his youngest son is living in the US.

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Media Companies / Groups

Koh Santepheap Co., Ltd

Media Outlets

Print Online

Koh Santepheap Daily kohsantepheapdaily.com.kh

Facts

Further Information

Headlines  Homepage Solidarity Front

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Sources  Koh Santepheap Homepage

 The Cambodia Daily. Appeal court upholds Heng Pov Sentence

 The Phnom Penh Post. Homepage.

Reang, P. & Moeun, C. N. (2006). Investigative reporting: A handbook for Cambodian journalists

Phone Interview with Thong Uypang, owner and founder of Koh Santepheap

 Cambodia Daily. Anti drug chief took wounded cop to vn records show.

 The Phnom Penh Post. Eho is who khmer fourth estate

 The Phnom Penh Post. Government celebrates solidarity front.

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Seng Bunveng “Aja A”

Seng Bunveng was the owner of the 23rd October 1991 Driving School before becoming the owner of ABC Radio in 2008. While the radio is mainly broadcasting news about road traffic and music, the tone is changing when elections are approaching. On air, Mr. Seng Bunveng is known as “Aja A”. Shortly before the 2013 election, Seng Bunveng was accused by the government to violate the media election rules in his morning show as he warned his listeners of a Coup if the opposition party was the winner. In September the same year, he called for a mass rally to push the opposition party to attend the opening session of the National Assembly. The opposition party had announced it would boycott it.

Media Outlets

100% Radio

ABC Cambodia - FM 107.5

Facts

Further Information

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Sources  The Phnom Penh Post. There are road rules who cares.

 The Cambodia Daily. ABC radio owner takes morning commentary show off air.

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Marie Christine Saragosse

Marie-Christine Saragosse, 55, is the official owner of the RFI radio station in Cambodia and was granted a broadcasting license by the Ministry of Information in 2013.

She was born in Algeria and arrived in France when she was 4 years old. She has been working in the media industry for the past 28 years and has been the president the France Media Monde Group, to which RFI belongs, since 2013.

RFI Khmer was launched on June 20th, 2013 in Phnom Penh, just a month before the National Assembly elections. It broadcast in Khmer 13 hours per day. Although the Ministry of Information tried to suspend the radio coverage of international radios for the elections, RFI was not affected by it and the Ministry attributed another frequency to RFI to broadcast content in French, a unique case for RFI worldwide, in February 2014. The radio has 5 relays in the country

Both Saragosse’s parents were teachers in France and she graduated from the National School of Administration (ENA) in Paris. She currently lives in Paris.

Media Companies / Groups

100%

Radio France Internationale (rfi)

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Media Outlets

100% Online 100% Radio

kh.rfi.fr RFI - FM 92

Facts

Further Information

Sources  Le Monde. RFI a la conquête de l'Asie

 France Medias Monde. Rapport Activité.

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Heng Sovann

Heng Sovann, 41, is the owner of Mongkul Sovann radios stations.

During the Khmer rouge regime, Sovann lost both his parents, and his 4 older siblings were able to support him. In 1996, he graduated from the faculty of physics at the Royal University of Phnom Penh and earned a Certificate of Pedagogy (Physics) from the National Institute of Education. He started working as a TV3 and 103 FM host in Phnom Penh in 1995, as he was still studying. He worked there until 2006, while teaching English part-time.

In 2007, Heng launched Mongkul Sovann radio in Siem Reap with his wife, after they were granted a broadcasting license from the Ministry of Information in January the same year. According to him, the station is self-funded and was launched to disseminate information and knowledge to his fellow citizens.

From 2009, the Sovann family gradually extended the coverage of the station to Battambang, Sihanoukville (2010 ), Kampong Cham (2011), Banteay Meanchey (2012), Pursat (2013), and Kampot (2014). In 2013, the family also bought Mongkul Thmey in Siem Reap and [registered the import-export trade company Mongkul Sovann Trading Co., Ltd] (http://www.moc.gov.kh/en-us/company-search/type/1/id/24852), to import health supplements and organic fertilizers. Heng holds 100% of the shared of the company and directs it. Its radio stations promote Mongkul Sovann Trading Co., Ltd products on air.

Heng Sovann currently lives in Siem Reap with his wife and 3 children. His wife also owns a cosmetic shop in Siem Reap named Nice Cosmetic.

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Media Companies / Groups

100%

Mongkul Sovann Trading Co., Ltd.

Media Outlets

100% Radio

Mongkul Sovann

Facts

Business

Trade & Import Mongkul Sovann Trading Co., Ltd,

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Family & Friends

Affiliated Interests Family From 2009, the Sovann family gradually extended the coverage of the station Members Friends to Battambang, Sihanoukville (2010 ), Kampong Cham (2011), Banteay Meanchey (2012), Pursat (2013), and Kampot (2014). In 2013, the family also bought Mongkul Thmey in Siem Reap and registered the import-export trade company Mongkul Sovann Trading Co., Ltd, to import health supplements and organic fertilizers.

Further Information

Sources  Ministry of Commerce

Phone Interview with Heng Sovann, Owner of Mongkul Sovann Radio

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Mam Sonando

Mam Sonando, 73, is the founder and president of the Beehive Radio station (Sambok Khmum radio) FM105 MHz.that he launched in 1995 in Phnom Penh. The son of a lawyer, Sonando grew up in Cambodia and immigrated to France at 22, where he studied photography and film making. Sonando returned to Cambodia in 1994 and decided to create a radio to help Cambodians understand their rights. He used Beehive radio to advertise for his political party, Beehive Democratic Society Party, as he was running for the 1998 Parliamentary elections. The party was disbanded after failing to win any National Assembly seats.

Between 2003 and 2013, Sonando has been imprisoned three times on charges related to his reporting. In 2003, he was arrested for "inciting riots", in 2005 for defamation, and in 2012 for insurrection. The latter led him to a twenty-year prison sentence, which was overturned by an appeals court in March 2013. Sonando was then instead given a five-year suspended sentence on charges of causing civil unrest.

In 2010, Sonando created the Association of Democrats, an NGO meant to create a new political party to initially stand in elections. While Sonando publicly expressed his support to the CNRP and called Cambodians to vote for it in the 2013 elections, he revised his opinion and recently stated that he would create a political party to run in the 2018 elections. A lawsuit is however pending to dissolve this party.

Sonando’s wife, Dinn Phannara, holds the license for Beehive radio according to the Ministry of Information. Sonando is a dual French-Cambodian citizen.

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Media Companies / Groups

Sonando Co., LTD

Media Outlets

100% Radio

Sambok Khmom - FM 105

Facts

Family & Friends

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Affiliated Interests Family Dinn Phannara - Sonando’s wife, holds the license for Beehive radio according Members Friends to the Ministry of Information

Further Information

Sources  Beehive Radio

 RSF

 CCIM

 The Cambodia Daily

 The Phnom Penh Post

 The Cambodia Daily. Mam Sonando to form party to stand in election.

 Cambodge independent radio station owner.

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Choub Mean

Chuob Mean is the license owner of Town FM, a radio station established in October 2011. She is also the director of Town Production of Town Media Group, a multimedia company which owns Town FM.

Media Companies / Groups

100%

Town Group Co

Media Outlets

Radio

Town - FM 102.25

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Facts

Further Information

Sources  Monoroom Info

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Lim Sokcheng

Lim Sokcheng is the license holder of Mohachun FM (95.3MHz), a 24h radio station focusing mainly on breaking news.

Media Companies / Groups

Mohachun

Media Outlets

Radio

Mohachun - FM 95.3

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Seng Pisey

Seng Pisey is the license holder of Vayo FM, broadcasting in Phnom Penh, Battambang, Siem Reap, and Sihanoukville.

Her husband graduated from the Ecole Speciale des Travaux Publics, du batiment et de l’industrie (ESTP), a civil engineering and construction technical college in Paris. When in Paris, Dipola worked as a construction engineer for two years before returning to Cambodia. After he graduated, he studied at the Royal School of Administration and worked at the National Audit Authority of Cambodia.

In 2004, he resigned from the government and became the manager of Eye Care, one of the leading optician chains in Cambodia, which was founded by his mother-in-law in 1994. Dipola is now serving as an adviser to Vayo FM. In 2014, he was appointed as Deputy Director general at the Ministry of Mine and Energy.

Media Companies / Groups

100%

Vayo Media Group Co., Ltd

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Media Outlets

Radio

Vayo - FM 105.5

Facts

Further Information

Sources  Vayo FM. Homepage.

 The Phnom Penh Post. Ex engineer turned cambdoia eyewear don.

Email correspondence with Ung Dipola, license holder of Vayo FM

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Chin Phearum

Chin Phearum (??? ?????), 45, is the founder and owner of Tonle FM, a radio station based in Phnom Penh, Siem Reap and Kampong Cham. Born in Kandal province, Phearum finished high school in 1992. For six years, he self-trained and took classes to learn computer skills, accounting and marketing. He has worked as marketing director, school director, restaurant manager and business analyst for different companies and schools, and took a vocational training in Thailand for a few years in Marketing Brand Ads.

In 1998, he founded the advertising agency PA SERVICES Co., Ltd. and the Priority Group Advertising Agency. The latter specializes in advertising, PR and event, media management. Its main goal was to broaden the range of PA’s clients. His family fully owns the business, but he shares benefits with his employees.

In 2005, he founded the Tonle Group, which runs Tonle FM in Siem Reap, Phnom Penh and Kampong Cham. He claims that he started the radio stations to share knowledge and education to people and use it as a platform to promote and support his other businesses.

According Phearum, he also invested in general trade and real estate, but he declines to give details information about the business. He now plays a role as an adviser to company and business he owns, while the operation is run by his staff. Phearum currently lives in Phnom Penh with his wife, Chum Rachana who is director of Tonle Group, and their 3 children.

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Media Companies / Groups

100%

Tonle Group

Media Outlets

100% Radio

Tonle - FM 102.5

Facts

Business

Adverstising Priority Group Advertising Agency

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Family & Friends

Affiliated Interests Family In 1998, Chin founded the advertising agency PA SERVICES Co.Ltd, which he Members Friends merged in 2000 with the Priority Group Advertising Agency that he just funded to sell advertising, PR and event services. While his family fully owns the business, Chin shares benefits with his employees.

Further Information

Sources  Priority Group

Interview Chin Phearum, Owner of Tonle Group (http://prioritygroup.com.kh/ about-us/)in 2000

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Say Chhum

Born in 1945, Say Chhum is the owner and director of Rasmei Kampuchea, one of the most popular newspaper in Cambodia. According to the Ministry of Information, Say is also the license holder of Apsara TV, Apsara radio station and Seila Angkor radio station. He was elected President of the Cambodian Senate in June 2015 and co-vice president of the Cambodian People’s Party. The same month, he was awarded the honorable title of “Samdech Vibol Sena Pheakdey Say Chhum” by the King. Before these nominations, he had been serving as First Vice President of the Senate since 2012 and second vice president of the National Assembly since 2008, according to his bio posted on senate’s website. From 1993 to 2012, he served as a CPP MP in Kompong Speu province. From 1986 to 1993, he was appointed Minister of Agriculture and Vice-President of the Council of Ministers. Say was a teacher in a Northeastern Cambodian province in the 1960's and started to serve various posts in CPP after the Khmer Rouge regime.

Media Outlets

100% Print

Rasmei Kampuchea Daily Newspaper

Facts

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Business

Media Apsara TV

Apsara radio station

Seila Angkor radio station

Rasmei Kampuchea Co., Ltd.

Further Information

Sources  Fresh News Asia

 The Phnom Penh Post

 The Khmer Times

 The Senate of the Kingdom of Cambodia

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Soy Sopheap

Soy Sopheap, 44, is the owner and director of DAP Media Center which runs Deum Ampil Daily Newspaper, Deum Ampil Radio Station, Deum Ampil News Website, and the Looking Today online magazine. In addition to these media outlets, Soy Sopheap is also a shareholder of Fresh News, an online news website and app, whose contents are similar to DAP News’ [DAP Media Center, 2015].

Born in 1972 (officially 1974) in Phnom Penh, Sopheap started his career as a journalist in 1993, after the general election organized by UNTAC, aiming at interacting with political leaders.

In 1994, Sopheap, co-founded Moneakseka Khmer, an opposition newspaper which is now owned by a CNRP lawmaker Dam Sith, and worked there for ten years. Between 1994 and 2005, also worked for two others opposition newspapers as well: Samleng Youveachun Khmer, and Oudom Keate Khmer. From 1994 to 1997, he also worked for Cambodia Today, a newspaper ran by Malaysian businessman T. Mohan, who currently owns The Khmer Times. He was also an assistant to Ieng Moly, Cambodia’s former Minister of Information.

In 1997, he started to work as a news correspondent for Japan’s news agency Kyodo, and founded the Deum Ampil newspaper in 2006, together with a group of journalists. Three years later, he started Deaum Ampil Radio station and Deum Ampil online news website and formed Deum Ampil Media Center.

In October 2003, he started working at CTN as news anchor and commentator, where he gained popularity for his reports on sensitive issues such as land disputes. This is where he got his close links to the office of the Prime Minister. He started to play a political role in 2006, as [he helped negotiate for the release of five imprisoned civil society leaders and the return of Sam Rainsy from exile. Since then, he has been accused of political bias, received death threats and sued for his comments on TV.

In October 2008, he abruptly resign from CTN after he was banned from reporting inside the studio, but continued to work there until late 2010.

In 2011, he started to work at Bayon TV as a news analyst. He is also a vice president of Panha Chiet University responsible for scholarship and internal relation and deputy secretary general of Golden Rice Association.

Soy Sopheap lives in Phnom Penh. He has married 4 times and has a son.

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Media Companies / Groups

DAP Media Center

Media Outlets

100% Online 100% Print Radio

dap-news.com Deum Ampil News Deum Ampil Radio

Facts

Further Information

Headlines  Hard hitting News Anchor resigns abruptly CTN

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 The Phnom Penh Post. Soy Sopheap Journalism.

 The Phnom Penh Post. TV commentator sued defamation after preah vihear remark

 The Phnom Penh Post. Can Cambodian TV news be trusted?

Sources Email correspondence with Deum Ampil Media Center (available upon request).

 The Free Press Magazine & Radio

 The Phnom Penh Post

 People's Daily

 FPM online

 Looking Today Homepage

 Fresh News Asia

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Bernard Krisher

Bernard Krisher, 84, is a former Newsweek correspondent and bureau chief in Japan. Born in Germany, he studied in the United States after surviving of the Nazi Holocaust and first visited Cambodia in 1958. In the 1980’s, Krisher became the Tokyo correspondent for Fortune Magazine and created FOCUS magazine under a larger Japanese publishing company. Krisher came to Cambodia in 1991 and launched the Cambodia Daily in 1993. He remains his owner and publisher until today. At the same time, he set up World Assistance for Cambodia and the Japan Relief Fund for Cambodia, two independent NGOs dedicated to providing opportunities for the youth and rural poor in the country.

According to Krisher, "as an American, [he] felt it was [his] duty to compensate the Cambodians for the damage my country inflicted on them. King Norodom Sihanouk was gratified with [his] contribution to his country and has continuously praised the [...]Sihanouk Hospital Center of Hope and the more than 500 rural schools that [his organizations] helped to build".

Media Companies / Groups

100%

Cambodia Daily

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Media Outlets

100% Print

The Cambodia Daily

Facts

Family & Friends

Affiliated Interests Family Daughter - The Deputy Publisher Vice-chair of World Assistance for Cambodia Members Friends

Son-in-Law - General Manager

Further Information

Sources Email correspondence with The Cambodia Daily (available upon request)

 Guidestar non-profit directory

 Shinchosha

 Cambodia Schools. About.

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Dam Sith

Dam Sith created the pro-opporsition newspaper in 1996. At the time, it was promoting the political ideas of the Sam Rainsy Party (SRP), which merged with the Human Rights Party in 2012 to become the Cambodian National Rescue Party (CNRP).

In 2009, Dam Sith was sued by the CPP for the 3 time since 2006 for defamation, disinformation and incitement. He wrote a letter of apology to the Prime Minister and offered to close the newspaper in return for the cessation of criminal charges against him. In 2008, he had spent a week in prison in pre-trial detention for the same charges.

In 2010, the Ministry of Information granted Sith the authorization to start its publication again. In 2013, he was elected a CNRP lawmaker in Phnom Penh and threatened with a lawsuit after after his paper stood by its article accusing Prime Minister Hun Sen of using the military to illegally gain votes in the national polls.

Media Companies / Groups

Moneaksekar Khmer

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Media Outlets

Moneakseka Khmer

Facts

Further Information

Sources  CCHR Press Release 07.13.2009.

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T.Mohan

T.Mohan (Mohan Tirvgmanasam Banddam) is the publisher and owner of The Khmer Times, a weekly newspaper created in 2013 and that became a daily in 2014. A Malaysian national, T. Mohan first started to be involved on the Cambodian market in the 1990’s, as the manager of the Cambodia Times (1993-1995) and Cambodia Today (1995-1996). Mohan also created the monthly Cambodian Business Review in 1998 (3,000 copies according to the Ministry of Information). During this period, he also helped founding the League of Cambodian Journalists.

Mohan is also the sole representative for BlueMac Resources SDN in Cambodia, a Malaysia-based company which owns the Virtus Green Plantations. As such, he holds 20% of the BlueMac group and manages the plantations of the Virtus Green Plantations. In 2015, he was at the center of a report by The Cambodia Daily about land grabs, a claim he rejected in The Khmer Times. Mr. Mohan contributed to the Khmer times with his weekly opinion pieces - however, he stopped writing for the English-language daily following the discovery of a trove of plagiarized material in his opinion pieces.

In September 2000, Mr. Mohan made headlines after he was arrested on allegations that he attempted to extort $5,000 from the vice president of what was then Naga Casino in Phnom Penh. Mr. Mohan was released three days after his arrest and has maintained his innocence.

Media Companies / Groups

51%

Virtus Media Group

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Media Outlets

The Khmer Times

Facts

Further Information

Sources  The Khmer Times

 Cambodia Chamber of Commerce

 The Cambodia Daily

 The Cambodia Daily. In coverage of land sipute apublishers interests served.

) (http://www.cccdirectory.org/listings/id911) (http://www.virtusgroupkh.com/ index.php?page=group) (LINK TO GROUP  http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/10816/of-ethics--hatchet-jobs-and- misrepresentation/

 The Khmer Times. Of ethics hatchet jobs and misrepresentation.

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Hy ChanHan

Born in 1984, Hy Chanhan, is the founder and license holder of K Qube, a news website launched in January 2014 and registered with the ministry of information in July the same year. He graduated in software engineering and is an MBA candidate. He has been working in online business for more than 9 years in e- Commerce development and Internet marketing. As such, he is today the General Manager of CINet Technology Co. Ltd, a company managing a wide range of E-commerce, Social Media, Real Estate, e-Newspaper and Online Booking System. He is also involved in iOS/Android development and Online payment gateway integration. Hy Chanhan currently lives in Phnom Penh.

Media Companies / Groups

Q Kube

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Media Outlets

100% Online

kqube.net

Facts

Further Information

Sources  K Qube

 lurk.com

 Hy Chanhan

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Vong Moyura

Vong Mayoura is the owner of The Cambodia Herald and Cambodia Express News, which belong to the PEN Media Group. She was appointed Deputy Secretary of State at the Ministry of National Assembly-Senate Relations and Inspection in April 2015 and manages the PEN Media Group after its co-founder, her husband, Pen Samithi, passed away in March 2015. Pen Samithi was born in 1960. A founder and editor-in-chief of Rasmei Kampuchea from 1993 until his death, he also founded the Club of Cambodian Journalists in 2000. Pen first worked at the Ministry of Information and Propaganda in Phnom Penh in 1979. He then started a career in journalism in 1981, and worked as a reporter for The Phnom Penh newspaper, for which he then worked as editor and then editor-in-chief from 1986 to 1993. In 2008, Pen founded PEN Media group, a company registered at the ministry of commerce, which runs The Cambodia Herald and Cambodia Express News. Until 2015, he was a journalism lecturer at the Department of Media and Communication (DMC) of The Royal University of Phnom Penh. Pen Samithi is also the younger brother of Pen Panha, the current chairman of the Commission on Legislation and Justice of the National Assembly and a member of the Permanent Committee of CCP’s the Central Committee. Pen held a Bachelor Degree in journalism from Russia in 1987.

Media Companies / Groups

100%

PEN Media Group

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Media Outlets

100% Online

Cen.com.kh

Facts

Family & Friends

Affiliated Interests Family Pen Samithi - passed away in March 2015. Pen Samithi was born in 1960. A Members Friends founder and editor-in-chief of Rasmei Kampuchea from 1993 until his death, he also founded the Club of Cambodian Journalists in 2000.

Pen Panha - brother in law, is the current chairman of the Commission on Legislation and Justice of the National Assembly and a member of the Permanent Committee of CCP’s the Central Committee.

Further Information

Sources  Homepage CEN

 CPP Homepage

 Fresh News Asia

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Ly Yong Phat

Ly Yong Phat, 57, was born in Cambodia’s Southwestern Koh Kong and is dual Cambodian-Thai citizen. Nicknamed “the King of Koh Kong” for his prominence in the province, he currently serves as a CPP Senator and advisor to Prime Minister Hun Sen.

He is described as having an “aptitude for business and commerce, even at an early age“, a trader in the 1980s, which led to him to become one of the country’s most respected businessmen and, in 2000, business adviser to the government of the Royal Kingdom of Cambodia. In 2006, he was elected to the Cambodian Senate. He is believed to be Hun Sen’s favorite Senator since then. The same year, after receiving land concessions that exceed the legal limit of 10,000 hectares from the government, it has been reported that he used his influence to grab land. In 2014, the Australian bank ANZ was publicly shamed for lending money to Ly Yong Phat, as he was involved in a land grabbing conflict with hundreds of families in another case.

Later that year, he expressed his will to start a TV channel “to share accurate news with people” and report about social issues in the country.

The new PNN TV channel is part of the LYP Group, one of the leading industrial group of the country. Major investments include trading, resorts, plantation and processing factory, utilities and infrastructure, and real estate.

Media Companies / Groups

100%

L.Y.P Group Co.,Ltd

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Facts

Business

Hotel & Entertainment Koh Rong Resort

Phnom Penh Hotel

O-Smach Resort

Garden City Hotel

Garden City Golf Club

Safari World Phnom Penh

Infrastructure & Utilities Koh Kong Infratsructure & Facilities

O-Smach Electricity and Water Supply

Cambodia Electricity Private (CEP)

Plantation Phnom Penh Sugar Plantation

Chub Rubber Plantation Co., Ltd

Trading & Distribution Hero King Co., Ltd

Koh Kong Co., Ltd

O-Smach Co., Ltd

Real Estate Garden City

Pong Peay City

Koh Kong Special Economic Zone

KIRISAKOR KOH KONG S.E.Z

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Further Information

Sources  The Cambodian Senate

 LYP Group

 The Phnom Penh Post

 The Diplomat

 Cambodia: The struggle for tenure

 Lyp Group Homepage

 Wikileaks Phnom Penh

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Chea Sundaneth

Born in 1958, Chea Sundaneth is the legal owner of the Women’s Media Center (WMC) and one of the five women who co-founded the WMC radio in 1995. She is the only one of them still being active as WMC Executive Director. Between 1979 and 1981, Chea Sundaneth worked as protocol officer for the Kampuchea newspaper, and was appointed writer and reporter for the state newspaper a year after. While no formal journalism education existed at the time in Cambodia, she received trainings by international media experts as a governmental staff .With the arrival of the UNTAC in Cambodia, she started to work as a program officer for the UNTAC Radio, considered as the first neutral radio station in the country after the fall of the Khmer rouge regime. There she met her British colleague Roy Head, who encouraged her to establish a media outlet focusing on Women’s rights. Together with two American consultants, she worked on the concept in 1995. In order to gather more expertise on TV, networking, campaigning and audio-visual content, the team was expanded. Together with four other Cambodian women, Sundaneth co-founded WMC later that year. She worked at the WMC as Director of Radio Program. The radio obtained its broadcasting license from the Ministry of Information in 1999. Chea Sundaneth lives in Phnom Penh with her husband.

Media Companies / Groups

Women's Media Center

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Media Outlets

Radio

WMC - FM 102

Facts

Further Information

Sources  The Cambodia Daily

 Women's Media Center

Email correspondence with WMC (available upon request)

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Mr. Batkhuu Gavaa

Batkhuu.G, a former Member of Parliament for the Democratic Party (DP) and his brother Batsaikhan.P own the Media Group LLC with 50:50 shares. Bathkhuu Gavaa was born in Uvurkhangai province in 1960. He holds a Major in engineering and economics. He is a former Member of Parliament, Vice-Speaker of the Parliament, and former Minister of Road, Transport, and Tourism of Mongolia. He is a member of the Democratic Party (DP) (http://vip76.mn/u/88?page=history). He listed the following ownerships and shares: Shunkhlai Agro LLC 100 percent Agriculture; APU Trading LLC 50 percent International and domestic trade; Shunkhlai Group 50 percent Petroleum; Shunkhlai Mining LLC 50 percent Mining; Shunkhlai LLC 50 percent Petroleum; Shunkhlai Govi LLC 50 percent Oil; Mongol Motors Group 50 percent Vehicles and Logistic; GSB Resource LLC 50 percent Mining; Green Air Garden LLC 50 percent Construction; Hyundai Motors Mongolia LLC 50 percent Auto service; Mongol Hyundai Kia Service LLC 50 percent Auto service; Mongolian Road Construction LLC 50 percent Construction; Suntrans Mongol LLC 50 percent Transport and international trade; Important Solution LLC 51 percent Trade; Power Unit LLC 50 percent Energy; Media Group 50 percent Media; Coalbaker MNG LLC 25,5 percent Construction; International medical Centre LLC 17,75 percent Health; Oyunlag Urlug LLC 10 percent; Batgan Trans LLC 1 percent International trade and transport.

Media Companies / Groups

Group: Media Group

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Media Outlets

50% TV 50% Online

NTV www.time.mn

Facts

Business

Besides media property Batkhuu Gavaa listed the following companies and shares in his Property and Revenue Sheet submitted to the Anti-Corruption Agency in 2014: Mongol Motors, APU Trading, GSB Resource LLC, Shunkhlai Mining LLC, and Power Unit LLC, 100 percent of shares of Shunkhlai Agro LLC, 51 percent of shares of Important Solution LLC, and another 24 groups and companies of which he owned about 50 percent or less shares (http://www.ikon.mn/p/6b0). In addition to this, he owns shares in Skymedia Corporation LLC of Skytel LLC which provides Skymedia, a service that offers internet, IPTV, and WIMAX wireless system (http://biznetwork.mn/c/Shunkhlai+Group/products). Bathkhuu Gavaa is also Chairman of the Board of Directors of Shunkhlai Group. This group started its operations with qualified auto-vehicle maintenance and services in 1993. As of 2016, the group operates in a variety of sectors including sales of petroleum products, beverage manufacturing, logistics, mining, finance, health, real-estate, communication, media, and infrastructure. It is one of the major leading business groups in Mongolia.

Family & Friends

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Affiliated Interests Family Batkhuu Gavaa is well connected with politics. His brother and 50 percent Members Friends shareholder of Media Group, Batsaikhan P, also has vested business interests (see O-3070). The Director of APU Trading LLC, Batchimeg P, is a sibling to Batkhuu.G and Batsaikhan P (http://shilennam.mn/p_view/66). Also the Director of Shunkhlai Group, Batkhishig P, is a sibling to Batkhuu G and Batsaikhan P (http://shilennam.mn/p_view/66).

Further Information

Data Unavailable ownership data is not publicly available, company/channel denies the release of information or does not respond, no public record exists

Meta Data The company rejected to provide information. Four phone inquiries were made regarding the MOM questionnaire. Therefore, the limited open information sources were used.

Sources http://biznetwork.mn/c/Media+Group+LLC ; http://www.crc.gov.mn/k/U/5H ; http://www.crc.gov.mn/k/V/5I ; http://www.crc.gov.mn/k/W/5J ; http://biznetwork.mn/c/Media+Group+LLC ;

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Mr. Batsaikhan P

He owns the Media Group LLC with his brother Batkhuu.G with 50:50 shares. Consequently he owns 50 percent of NTV Broadcasting LLC, Public Media LLC, EZFM LLC, Mon Zakh LLC. In addition he is [Chairman of the Board of Directors of APU Group] (http://apu.mn/%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7/). The group manufactures alcohols, spirits, beers, water, soda, and juice, manages international and domestic wholesale and retails of grocery products and beverages, catering services and product sales. Batsaikhan P also is the [Chairman of the Board of Directors of APU JSC, a leading national manufacturer](http://apu.mn/%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83-%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0/).

Media Companies / Groups

Group: Media Group

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Media Outlets

50% TV 50% Online

NTV www.time.mn

Facts

Business

Besides media property, Batsaikhan P is Chairman of the Board of Directors of APU JSC (http://apu.mn/%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7/) and owns shares in companies that manufactures alcohols, spirits, beers, water, soda, and juice, manages international and domestic wholesale, and provides services in wholesale and retail of grocery products, beverages, restaurants, bars, and catering services.

Family & Friends

Affiliated Interests Family The Director of APU Trading LLC, Batchimeg P, is a sibling to Batkhuu.G and Members Friends Batsaikhan P (http://shilennam.mn/p_view/66). Also the Director of Shunkhlai Group, Batkhishig P, is a sibling to Batkhuu G and Batsaikhan P (http://shilennam.mn/p_view/66).

Further Information

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Data Unavailable ownership data is not publicly available, company/channel denies the release of information or does not respond, no public record exists

Meta Data The company rejected to provide information. Four phone inquiries were made regarding the MOM questionnaire. Therefore, the limited open information sources were used.

Sources http://biznetwork.mn/c/Media+Group+LLC ; http://www.crc.gov.mn/k/U/5H ; http://www.crc.gov.mn/k/V/5I ; http://www.crc.gov.mn/k/W/5J ; http://biznetwork.mn/c/Media+Group+LLC ;

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Cambodian Media Companies

Out of the 41 media surveyed by the MOM, almost 90% of them belong to a registered media company with the Ministry of Commerce. It is rare, however, to find a cross-media company in Cambodia and most of the media outlets are registered with media-specific companies.

In terms of audience shares, the most important media companies are:

Cambodian Broadcasting Service (CBS), with 47% of the TV viewership Hang Meas Video production company, with at least 23% of the TV viewership and 3.5% of the radio listenership The Thai-Cambodian joint venture between Mica Media and the Ministry of Defense, owning TV5 with 9% of the TV viewership.

The Royal Government of Cambodia is also a cross-media owner with AKP news agency, TVK TV station and RNK Radio.

Due to the Cambodian media landscape, and the popularity of the TV sector, media companies including TV outlets have a potential significance on opinion-shaping of the audience.

PPCTV Co., Ltd. Angkor Thom Media Bayon Media Hight Cambodia Daily Group System Co., Ltd.

Cambodian Cambodian Center for Cambodian Media DAP Media Center Broadcasting Service Independent Media Broadcasting (CBS)Co., Ltd. (CCIM) Corporation

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Hang Meas Video Kampuchea Thmey Koh Santepheap Co., Ltd L.Y.P Group Co.,Ltd Company Co., LTD Daily Co., Ltd.

Mica Media Co., Ltd. Mohachun Moneaksekar Khmer Mongkul Sovann Trading Co., Ltd.

Nokor Wat Media PEN Media Group Post Media Co., Ltd. Q Kube Center

Radio France Radio Free Asia Rasmei Kampuchea Co., Royal Group Internationale (rfi) Ltd.

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Sonando Co., LTD Southeast Asia TV and Tonle Group Town Group Co Radio FM 106 Co., Ltd.

Triangle Media Group Vayo Media Group Co., Virtus Media Group Women's Media Center LLC Ltd

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Cambodian Media Broadcasting Corporation

Key facts

Mother Company f Mengly J Quash Holdings

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Online

Ownership

Individual Owner  Mengly J. Quach ?

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Media Outlets

Online

thmeythmey.com

Other Media Outlets

Other Online Outlets ThmeyThmey.com

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2012

Founder Mengly J Quash -ThmeyThmey.com was launched in 2012 as part of Mengly J Quash Holdings

Employees 20

Financial Information

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Revenue (Financial Data/ 80,000 USD Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) OPERATING COSTS evaluated at 13,000 USD/month

Advertising (in % of total Private funding)

Management

Executive Board Dr. Mengly J. Quash - Chairman of the Board

Keo Lundi - Vice Chairman of the Board (also the Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs & Provost and Communications of Mengly J. Quach Education since 2010)

Non-Executive Board Ky Soklim - Editor in Chief of the Website (A former correspondent for Radio France Internationale in Cambodia , he also worked as a journalist for the French-speaking newspaper Cambodge Soir and is a member of the Club of Cambodian Journalists.)

Further Information

Sources Email correspondence with ThmeyThmey.com

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Radio France Internationale (rfi)

Radio France Internationale generally referred to by its acronym RFI, is a French public radio service that broadcasts in Paris and all over the world. RFI broadcasts 24 hours per day across the world in French and in 12 other languages in FM, shortwave, medium wave, cable, on Worldspace and on rfi.fr. It is a channel of the state company, France Médias Monde (RFI – France24 – MCD).

RFI was created in 1975 as part of Radio France by the Government of France, and replaced a private station which was commandeered by the Germans during the occupation of France, and the Voice of France which was operated by the Vichy regime from 1941 to 1944, RTF Radio Paris (1945) and ORTF Radio Paris (1965). In 1986 the French Parliament changed the law to allow RFI to operate independently of Radio France.

RFI operates under the auspices and primary budget of the French Minister of Foreign Affairs. It also owns Monte Carlo Doualiya (formerly Radio Monte Carlo Middle East), which produces Arabic programmes in Paris, and airs them from a transmitter in Cyprus to audiences across the Middle East and North Africa.

Some 34.5 million listeners around the world tune into RFI every week (weekly audience without extrapolation) and its new media platforms attract 8 million visits a month.

Key facts

Mother Company state company, France Médias Monde (RFI – France24 – MCD).

Business Form Public

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Broadcasting

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Marie Christine Saragosse 100 %

Media Outlets

Online Radio

kh.rfi.fr RFI - FM 92

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1975

Founder The Government of France

Contact No. 315, Preah Ang Duong (St. 110), corner of Preah Monivong (St. 93), Canadia Towner, 21st Floor Phnom Penh, Cambodia (WEB)  km.rfi.fr

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

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Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  Radio France Internationale

 France Médias Monde

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Cambodian Broadcasting Service (CBS)Co., Ltd.

CBS is operated by The Royal Group which is also a parent company to ONE TV (digital TV), EZECOM (ISP) and CELLCARD (Mobile Phone operator). CBS based on own accounts "trives to enrich the lives of all Cambodians by providing top-class TV that entertains, educates, and inspires". It is owned by Kith Meng, 47, a dual Cambodian and Australian national who funded the banking-to-telecom Royal Group in 1994 and now owns more than 40 companies registered at the Ministry of Commerce. CBS launched its first channel, the Cambodian Television Network (CTN) in 2003.

Key facts

Mother Company Royal Group

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Media & Entertainment

Ownership

Individual Owner  Kith Meng 100 %

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Media Outlets

TV TV TV

CNC CTN MyTV

Other Media Outlets

Other TV Outlets CTN

MyTV

CNC

Other Online Outlets CTN.com

MyTV.com

CNC.com

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2003

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Founder Kith Meng

Employees Missing Data

Contact 246 Monivong Blvd - Phnom Penh - Kingdom of Cambodia; 0855 23 426 414

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Management

Executive Board Bernard Anthony - General Manager

Ieng Kimsreng - Deputy General Manager

Further Information

Sources  The Royal Group

 CBS

Email correspondence with CBS Group (available upon request)

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Mica Media Co., Ltd.

Mica Media belongs to the Thai Kantana Group. It owns 50% of the TV5 television station in a joint venturewith the Cambodian Ministry of Defense [KAS, 2009]. Mica Media was founded in 1995 by the Kantana Group, one of the oldest and largest media production company in Thailand. It was registered at the ministry of commerce as Single Member Private Limited Company a under the name of Supochai Veropuchong, its director.

Mica Media owns 50% of the TV5 television station in a joint venture with the Cambodian Ministry of Defense.

Key facts

Mother Company Thai Kantana Group

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Media & Entertainment

Ownership

Supochai Veropuchong ?

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Media Outlets

TV5

Other Media Outlets

Other TV Outlets TV5

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1995

Founder Kantana Group

Employees Missing Data

Contact National Road No 2, Prek Thloeng Village, Prek Kampeus Commune, Kandal Steung District, KandalKandal (PHONE) 012 885 558 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  tv5cambodia.com

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Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

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Nokor Wat Media Center

Nokor Wat Media Center was founded in July 2010 by Sieng Chanheng, the director of Heng Development Company and former financial backer of Soy Sopheap’s DAP Media Center, one of leading media group in Cambodia.

Sieng Chanheng appointed her daughter, Dim Sopheavy to be the editor in chief of Nokor Wat Media Center. Previously, Dim was the deputy director of DAP Media Center.

Information Minister Khieu Kanharith said that Prime Minister Hun Sen requested the Ministry to support Nokor Wat Media Centre as it begins operations. In August 2011, it launched its own Krong Noreay printing house. At the time, Touch Kongkea, an assistant to General Kun Kim, deputy commander-in-chief of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces, was reportedly the director of the Center. His wife, Kaekol Sophea, the deputy director.

Kaekol Sophea is now the director of the Center and the license holder of its media outlets. Nokor Wat now runs Nokor Wat Daily newspaper and monthly magazine and its online news.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Publishing, Printing House

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Kaekol Sophea Kaekol Sophea is the wife of Touch 100 % Kongkea, an official at Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia and assistant to General Kun Kim, deputy commander-in-chief of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces.

Media Outlets

Nokor Wat News Daily

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets Nokor Wat News Daily

Facts

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General Information

Founding Year 2010

Founder Sieng Chanheng

Affiliated Interests Founder The director of Heng Development Company and former financial backer of Soy Sopheap’s DAP Media Center, one of leading media group in Cambodia.

Contact No 111, St. Rada, Tumnup Toek Village, Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 012 864 189 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.nokorwatnews.com

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  Nokor Wat News

 The Phnom Penh Post

Email corespondence with Nokor Wat Media Center (Available upon request)

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Bayon Media Hight System Co., Ltd.

Bayon Media Hight System, Co. Ltd had been registered with the Ministry of Commerce since 1996. Hun Mana - Hun Sen's eldest of two daughters - was the director of Bayon Media Hight System, Co. Ltd and became the owner of the company, when her mother, Bun Rany, transferred her all shares. In 2010, Hun Mana became the chairman and the director of the Kampuchea Thmey Daily newspaper . In 2009, she then married Dy Vichea, the son of Hok Lundy, Hun Sen’s late national police commissioner, who first had been married to her cousin.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Media & Entertainment

Ownership

Individual Owner  Hun Mana 100 %

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Media Outlets

Radio TV TV

Bayon Radio Bayon TV ETV

Other Media Outlets

Other TV Outlets Bayon TV

BTV

ETV

Other Radio Outlets Bayon Radio

Facts

Media Business

Media Chair & 25 % Shareholder - Bayon CM Organizer Co

Chair & 100 % Shareholder - Bayon Media Height System Co

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Chair & 51% Shareholder via NH Holding - Moon Media (listed as Moon Advertising at MoC)

Chair, Director & 100% Shareholder - Kampuchea Thmey Daily Co

Business

Energy Director & 10% Shareholder - Cambodia Electricity Private

Telecomms Chair & Director – Dragon Royal telecom

Shareholder 6% via NH Holding – Viettel (Cambodia) PTE

Transport Chair – Helistar

Chair – Star Airline (Cambodia) Transport

Chair – Star Aviation

Unknown Chair - Jaya Holding Ltd.

Chair – Ocasis Cambo Investment Co

Chair – Ocasis Cambo Investment Group Co

Retail Director & 10% Shareholder

K Thong Hout Telecom

Tourism Chair – MLM Resort Group Co

Shareholder – The Museum Company

Finance Director, Shareholder – Royal Group Investment Company

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Representative – NH Holding

Manufacturing Chair, Director, Shareholder via NH Holding – NVC Corporation

Construction, Real Estate Chair – NVN Corporation Co

Chair – Orkide Villa 3

Gambling Shareholder – Vina (HK)

General Information

Employees Missing Data

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  The Phnom Penh Post. Inside Hun Sen's Family Business

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PPCTV Co., Ltd.

PPCTV (Phnom Penh Municipal Cable TV) is the first and leading provider of Cable TV service and broadband Internet in Cambodia. PPCTV was founded September 1995 and established Cable Service and Internet Service operations that provide an extensive range of consumer products and services in Phnom Penh, Kampot and Sihanouk Province.

Sok Chamroeun is the owner, Director, and CEO of Phnom Penh Cable Television (PPCTV) Co., LTD, that operates CTV8, a free-to-air channel. Sok also heads Angkor Cable Television, LTD (AKCTV), the main cable TV provider in Siem Reap and Kompong Thom provinces, and CKCTV Cable TV in Sihanoukville.

In 2009, he was granted a license by the Ministry of Information to distribute online TV (IPTV) over its fiber-optic network, creating a monopoly in the sector. The same year, he was appointed as Advisor to the Ministry of Information, a position equal to Director General. He is also a member of The Cambodian Red Cross’s committee, an organization run by the wife of Cambodia's Prime Minister. He holds the titles of Excellency and Oknha.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Cable TV service , broadband Internet

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Sok Chamroeun 100 %

Media Outlets

CTV 8

Other Media Outlets

Other TV Outlets PPCTV

CVT8

Facts

Media Business

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Angkor Cable Television

LTD (AKCTV) in Siem Reap & Kompong Thom CKCTV Cable TV in Sihanoukville.

Distribution of IPTV (online TV) over fiber-optic network.

General Information

Founding Year 1995

Founder Sok Chamroeun

Contact No. 316, Monivong Boulevard, St. 93, Sangkat Chaktomuk, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia (PHONE) 023 666 333 9

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Data Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  PPCTV

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Hang Meas Video Company Co., LTD

Hang Meas Video Company was established in 1994 as a video and audio production copmany. In May 2009, it launched Hang Meas FM (104.5MHz) radio station, which features songs produced exclusively by its parent company. This was followed by the launch of Reasmey Hang Meas FM (95.7MHz).

In 2012, the company launched Hang Meas HDTV station, focusing mainly on entertainment. Its morning news time slot however, are the most popular among its viewers (CMRD, 2015). The company then expanded by establishing Reasmey Hang Meas HDTV, whose contents are similar to Hang Meas HDTV’s.

In addition to TV and radio stations, the company also launched a news website, hangmeasdaily.com, where current news is regularly updated and both TV and radio programs are available.

As a whole, Hang Meas Video Company owns:

• Hang Meas HDTV and Reasmey Hang Meas HDTV

• Hang Meas FM and Reasmey Hang Meas FM

• Reasmey Hang Meas film production

• Phleng Records

• WE Production (launched in 2015)

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Media & Entertainment

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Ing Chhay Nguon 100 %

Media Outlets

Hang Meas HDTV

Other Media Outlets

Other TV Outlets Hang Meas HDTV

Reasmey Hang Meas HDTV

Other Radio Outlets Hang Meas Radio

Reasemy Hang Meas FM

Facts

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General Information

Founding Year 1994

Employees Missing Data

Contact No, 132-134Eo, St. 182 Sangkat Boeung Prolit, Khan 7 Makara Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 023 452 3333 023 721 516 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.hangmeas.com.kh

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  Hang Meas FM

 The Phnom Penh Post

 Radio Free Asia

 Sabay News

 Hang Meas Daily

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 The Phnom Penh Post. Broef on Hang Meas Radio.

 RFA. Cambodian TV start new competition

 News Sabay

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Southeast Asia TV and Radio FM 106 Co., Ltd.

Founder and owner of this compamy is Kao Kim Hourn. His wife Khem Rany is the license holder of Southeast Asia television, launched in 2010. Kao Kim Hourn is the SEA TV and radio stations co-founder, and a high-ranking government official. Khem Rany became the director-general of SEATV in 2009, after its former was sued by Kao Kim Hourn for “breach of trust”.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Media & Entertainment

Ownership

Individual Owner  Kao Kim Hourn Kao Kim Hourn is politically affiliated to 100 % the Government.

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Media Outlets

SEATV

Other Media Outlets

Other TV Outlets SeaTV

Other Radio Outlets SouthEastAsia Radio 106 FM

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2009

Founder Kao Kim Hourn - currently serves as Minister Delegate attached to the Office of Prime Minister.

Employees Missing Data

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

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Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Management

Executive Board Khem Rany (Kao KimHourns Wife) - General Director

Further Information

Sources  University of Cambodia

 University of Cambodia Foundation

 The Phnom Penh Post

Ministry of information (2015)

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Angkor Thom Media Group

Angkor Thom Media Group was founded in 1995 by Thong Saphai (??? ????), the publisher of Angkor Thom newspaper. Angkor Thom was published as a newspaper for three years, before it became a weekly magazine in February 1998. Since then, it has been owned by Seng Sitheang, Saphai’s son. The Angkor Thom Media Group owns 3 other media outlets:

Dara Magazine was created in 2005, and is published every two weeks (1st & 15th of the month). It focuses mainly on social and economic news, as well as entertaining news.

The Angkor Thom Media website was launched in 2011 to cover domestic and International news. Nokor Thom Daily newspaper was first published in 2013.

The business is family owned and managed and reporters employed by the Group work indifferently for the magazines and the newspaper. It is self-funded.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Media & Entertainment

Ownership

Individual Owner  Seng Sitheang 100 %

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Media Outlets

Print Print Print

Angkor Thom Magazine Dara Magazine Nokor Thom Daily

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets Nokor Thom Daily

Angkor Thom Magazine

Dara Magazine

Other Online Outlets akt-media.com

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1995

Founder Thong Saphai (??? ????)

Employees 100

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Contact No.B7 94, St. 107BT, Sangkat Boeung Tumpun, Khan Meanchey, Phnom Penh (PHONE) 078 86 60 23

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Management

Executive Board Touch Sophornn - Publisher

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Koh Santepheap Co., Ltd

The daily newspaper Koh Santepheap was already founded in 1967 by Chou Thany (?? ????), a former teacher. The limited company Koh Santepheap was established in 1993, but did not register with the Ministry of Commerce until 2005. It first compreised the Koh Santepheap newspaper and its printing house.

In 2010, Koh Santepheap was changed to be Koh Santepheap Group Co. Ltd, and Yin Phanny, the former publisher of the newspaper, was named the director. The same year, Koh Santepheap launched its online news website and radio stations in Phnom Penh and Battambang province.

In November 2010, Koh Santepheap started to build its own 15-floor office building on 1 hectare of land . The Koh Santepheap Group now also owns Central Superstore, a grocery store and ANINA Tower, an office and service apartments building in Phnom Penh.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Publishing

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Yin Phanny Owner and chairwoman of ANINA Tower & ? Central Superstore. Deputy President of the Cambodian Red Cross in Phnom Penh (honorable title)

 Thong Uypang ?

Media Outlets

Print Online

Koh Santepheap Daily kohsantepheapdaily.com.kh

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets The Koh Santepheap Daily

Other Radio Outlets Voice of Koh Santepheap

Other Online Outlets kohsantepheapdaily.com.kh

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Facts

Business

Food & beverages Central Superstore

Facilities ANINA Tower, office and service apartments building in Phnom Penh

General Information

Founding Year 1993

Founder Missing Data.

Employees Missing Data

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

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Management

Executive Board Chea Garuda (?? ????????) - General Manager (Son in law of the owners)

Thong Sovanrangsi (??? ????????????) -publisher (daughter of owner)

Further Information

Sources Interview with Thong Uypang (http://www.moc.gov.kh/en-us/company- search/type/2/id/387) (www.kohsantepheapdaily.com) (http://kohsantepheapdaily.com.kh/article/8299.html) (http://c21fortuna.com.kh/news-event/detail/25) (http://aninabuilding.com/?page_id=20)

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Mongkul Sovann Trading Co., Ltd.

Mongkul Sovann Trading Co., Ltd was established in 2013. It is owned and directed by Heng Sovann. A family- run trade and import company, it trades products health supplements and organic fertilizers, that Mongkul Sovann radio stations and Mongkul Thmey are advertising for.

According to Heng Sovann, Mongkul Sovann Trading also owns Mongkul Sovann radios station in 7 provinces and Mongkul Thmey radion station in Siem Reap.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Media & Entertainment, Trade & Import

Ownership

Individual Owner  Heng Sovann 100 %

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Media Outlets

Radio

Mongkul Sovann

Other Media Outlets

Other Radio Outlets Mongkul Sovann

Mongkul Thmey

Other Online Outlets http://www.mksradio.com/

Facts

General Information

Employees 70

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

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Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  Ministry of Commerce. Company Search

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Women's Media Center

Women’s Media Center (WMC) is a non-governmental and non-profit organization, that was founded and registered in 1995. It was created by a coalition of five women to promote and empower Cambodian women. The key driver was today’s Executive Director, Chea Sundaneth, that gathered four Cambodian women with different expertise around her (see Management Board).

WMC’s TV and radio programs on Gender equality issues were aired via different relay stations. In 1998, they applied for their own license and got it one year later. The licensing process was smooth: as former governmental staff members, Sundaneth and Saraveth had good relations to the Ministry of Information, the Minister approved the mission and vision to empower women, and – unlike today - the contest for radio licenses was low.

WMC claims to be independent. Economically, the radio is financed 20% by international donors, and is 80% slef-funded by renting out airspace (to peer NGOs, VOA, RFI), selling content, and developing NGO programs. Advertising space is not sold to controversial companies in beverage, cosmetic, and tobacco sectors. WMC also does not broadcast any content provided by political actors. However, as a non-profit-organization, WMC does not have to meet market conditions and generate profit to survive.

Key facts

Business Form Non-Profit

Legal Form Non-Profit

Business Sectors Broadcasting, Human Rights

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Chea Sundaneth ?

Media Outlets

Radio

WMC - FM 102

Other Media Outlets

Other Radio Outlets WMC

Other Online Outlets WMC

Facts

General Information

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Founding Year 1995

Founder Chea Sundaneth (Key driver)

Employees Missing Data

Contact No. 19A, St. 564, Sangkat Beoung Kak I, Khan Toul Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 023 881 497 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

www.wmc.org.kh

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Management

Other Influential People Co-Founders: Chea Sundaneth (Director of Radio Production in 1995 and WMC Executive Director today); Yim Chandavy (Director of Media Campaigns in 1995. She now lives in the USA); Nuth Rasy (Director of Audio-Visual Content in 1995. She now lives in the USA); Som Khemra (Director of Networking in 1995. She is now retired and lives in Cambodia); Tiv Sarayet (Director of Video Production in 1995. She now is a freelance journalist)

Further Information

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Sources  Women Media Center

Interview with Chea Sundaneth

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Sonando Co., LTD

Sonando Co. Ltd was created in 1996 to be the legal entity of Sambok Khmum (Beehive) radio. It is owned by Mam Sonando and his wife, Dinn Phannara. Sonando is known to be a political commentator on its own radio airwaves and a strong opponent to the Cambodian government. In 2014, Sonando requested a TV license to the Ministry of Information, which he could not be granted. More recently, the group faced an internal dispute leading his employees to strike.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Broadcasting

Ownership

Individual Owner  Mam Sonando Mam Sonando is a political Activist. In ? 2010, Sonando created the Association of Democrats, an NGO meant to create a new political party to initially stand in elections.

Dinn Phannara She is the license holder. ?

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Media Outlets

Radio

Sambok Khmom - FM 105

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1996

Founder Mam Sonando & Dinn Phannara - Sonando is known to be a political commentator on its own radio airwaves and a strong opponent to the Cambodian government.

Contact Toul Thnout Village, Koki Commune, Kean Svay District, Kandal Province, Cambodia(PHONE) 012 994 939(MAIL)  [email protected](WEB) 

www.sbk105.net

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

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Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Management

Executive Board Mam Sonando - Director

Din Phannara (Mam Sonandos Wife) - License Holder

Further Information

Sources

(http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/violence-mars-rally-licence) (https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/beehive-radio-employees-on-strike- sonando-defiant-79551/)

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Mohachun

Lim Sokcheng is the license holder of Mohachun FM (95.3MHz), a 24h radio station focusing mainly on breaking news.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Broadcasting

Ownership

Lim Sokcheng ?

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Media Outlets

Radio

Mohachun - FM 95.3

Facts

General Information

Founding Year Missing Data

Founder Lim Sokcheng -Licence Holder

Employees Missing Data

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

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Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

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Vayo Media Group Co., Ltd

Vayo Media Group was established in 2010 by Ung Dipola and Seng Pisey, the owners of Eye Care, one of the leading optician chains in Cambodia. It operates Vayo FM radio in Phnom Penh, Battambang, Siem Reap and Sihanoukville.

According to Dipola, Vayo Media Group is fully owned by his wife, Seng Pisey, and registered under her name at the ministry of commerce. It employs 30 staff, 20 of whom work in the radio newsroom.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Optician Care

Ownership

Individual Owner  Seng Pisey 100 %

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Media Outlets

Radio

Vayo - FM 105.5

Facts

Business

Health Industry Eye Care

General Information

Founding Year 2010

Founder Ung Dipola & Seng Pisey - Dipola operates as a government official.

Contact Building No. 216B, 7th Floor, Norrodom Blvd. Sangkat Tonle Bassac, Khan Chamkar Morn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia(PHONE) 077 60 85 88 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) wwwl.vayofm.com

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

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Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Data Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources Email correspondent with Ung Dipola, license holder of Vayo FM

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Tonle Group

Tonle Group was founded in 2005 by Chin Phearum, a businessman who started in advertising and PR management. It is fully owned by Chin Phearun’s family and registered at the ministry of commerce as a private company under the name of Phearum’s wife, Chum Rachana, since 2005.

When it first started, Tonle Group operated Tonle FM in Siem Reap province. It established another radio station in Phnom Penh in 2008 and in Kampong Cham province in 2015. It is now planning to launch a fourth radio station in Battambang province.

In 2013, Tonle Group was granted a license from the ministry of information to run Friends FM in Phnom Penh, that the group is planning to officially launch early next year. Friends FM’s programming will be focusing on news, particularly related to social issues, and the content will be produced by young journalists. It is available online, but the content is not regularly updated yet.

According to Phearum, Tonle Group employs at least 50 people, with about 30 staff working in Phnom Penh station, while each station in the province has 15 to 20 staff members.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Media & Entertainment

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Chin Phearum 100 %

Media Outlets

Radio

Tonle - FM 102.5

Other Media Outlets

Other Radio Outlets Tonle FM

Friend FM

Other Online Outlets http://friends.tonlefm.com

http://tonlefm.com

Facts

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General Information

Founding Year 2005

Founder Chin Phearum - license holder is his wife Chum Rachana

Employees 50

Contact No. 246 E1 E2, Preah Trasak Paem (St. 63), Sangkat Beong Kengkang I, Khan Chmakar Morn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 023 222 484 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.tonlefm.com

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Passive Transparency upon request, ownership data is easily available from the company/channel

Sources  Friends FM

Interview Chin Phearum, Owner of Tonle Group

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Cambodian Center for Independent Media (CCIM)

The Cambodian Center for Independent Media (CCIM )is the legal entity of VOD Radio. It was created in Phnom Penh in 2007 and is registered with the Ministry of Interior as a non-governmental organization.

Its mission is to promote democratic governance and human rights enforcement in Cambodia through the development of a pluralistic and independent media environment. CCIM is directed by Pa Nguon Teang, the former deputy director of the Cambodian Centre for Human Rights.

CCIM has been applying for a radio license for VOD at the Ministry of Information, which was never granted. As a result, it began operating a existing radio station in Siem Reap,Sarika FM, at the end of the first quarter of 2009. By the end of that year, Sarika FM had a combined coverage area of 14 out of 24 provinces and municipalities, with a potential listenership of 8.5 million of Cambodia’s total 14 million population.

Since 2011, CCIM has been developing multimedia approaches to produce and disseminate content by:

Using VOD as its radio-program production house; Operating Sarika FM as the radio broadcasting network; Developing www.vodhotnews.com for online production and dissemination; Laying groundwork for a TV/video production team.

CCIM considers that media development plays a critical role in improving democratic governance and enforcement of human rights in Cambodia.

You can read more about CCIM values and professionalism principles here.

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Key facts

Business Form Non-Profit

Legal Form NGO

Business Sectors Broadcasting, Human Rights

Media Outlets

Radio

Voice of Democracy (VOD)

Other Media Outlets

Other Radio Outlets Voice of Democracy

Sarika FM

Other Online Outlets vodhotnews.com

Facts

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General Information

Employees 70

Contact 14A, Beoung Keng Kong 1, Khan Chamkar Mon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 023 726 845

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ 1,000,000 USD (approximative) - 20% from advertising and 80% from Optional) international donors.

Advertising (in % of total $200,000 USD. funding)

Management

Executive Board Pa Ngoun Teang - Director (the former deputy director of the Cambodian Centre for Human Rights)

VOD Director: Nop Vy Governing board (on a volunteer basis)

Heng Sreang - Lecturer at the Royal University of Phnom Penh.

Huot Ratanak - freelance consultant

Yun Mane - IP network NGO ED)

Supervisory Board Heng Sreang (Lecturer at the Royal University of Phnom Penh)

Huot Ratanak (freelance consultant)

Yun Mane (IP network NGO ED)

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Further Information

Sources  CCIM

Email correspondence with CCIM (available upon request)

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DAP Media Center

DAP Media Center was established in 2009 as a joint venture between the journalist Soy Sopheap, and Sieng Chanheng, the owner of the Heng Development Company. The Center owns Deum Ampil newspaper, its online version DAP-NEWS.COM focusing on political news, Deum Ampil radio, and Morakot magazine.

Three of the founding journalists remain at the Center. Noun Chanmony is now the editor-in-chief of Deum Ampil Daily Newspaper, Lim Cheavutha, the DAP Media Center general manager and Soy Sophea, Soy’s younger brother, the manager of Deum Ampil radio station. In July 2010, Deum Ampil newspaper and its print & radio affiliated media outlets, were forced to close due to financial constraints after Sieng Chanheng, its financial backer, stopped supporting the team. The newspaper, however, resumed its publication in December, the same year. In April 2011, DAP resumed the broadcasting of Deum Ampil radio.

In addition to dap-news.com, DAP Media Center launched Fresh News Asia in 2012. A joint venture with LMA International, this application disseminates the Deum Ampil content since 2014 but first started as a Facebook page. Early 2015, Fresh News became available on a website and focuses on breaking news. Soy plans to add a paywall to FreshNews. Both DAP-News and Fresh News are among the most popular news websites in Cambodia (CMRD, 2015).

DAP Media Center also owns Looking Today, an online magazine which primarily focusing on entertainment. According to Soy, DAP employs nearly 100 people, 60 of which are in the newsroom.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Media & Entertainment

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Soy Sopheap ?

Media Outlets

Online Print Radio

dap-news.com Deum Ampil News Deum Ampil Radio

Online

freshnewsasia.com

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Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets DAP News

Morakot Magazine

Other Radio Outlets DAP Radio

Other Online Outlets freshnewsasia.com

dap-news.com

Looking Today

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2009

Founder Soy Sopheap and Sieng Chanheng

Affiliated Interests Founder Soy Sopheap was a Journalist and Sieng Chanheng the Owner of the Heng Development Company. Soy Sopheap was also the co-founder of Moneaksekar Khmer with Dam Sith in 1997.

Employees 100

Contact No 57A, St. 480, Sangkat Toul Tumpong II, Khan Chamkar Morn, Phnom Penh - (PHONE) 012 722 337 - (MAIL)  [email protected] - (WEB) 

www.dap-news.com

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

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Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Management

Executive Board Lim Cheavutha - General Manager (and founding member of the newsroom)

Further Information

Sources  Fresh News

 DAP News

Email coorespondence with DAP Media Center

Interview with Soy Sopheap

 Deum Ampril discontinued

 National - Newspaper reopen.

 Looking Today.

 Fresh News Asia

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Rasmei Kampuchea Co., Ltd.

Rasmei Kampuchea Co., Ltd. operates of Rasmei Kampuchea. It was founded by Pen Samithi, who remained its editor-in-chief until he died in 2015. Before belonging to Say Chhum, it was owned by Theng Bunma, who once was named the “richest and most politically-influential businessman” in Cambodia. The company was registered at the Ministry of Commerce in 2011, six years after its shares were transferred from the business tycoon Theng Bunma to Say Chhum, the president of the Senate and Vice President of Cambodian People’s Party (CPP), through a Prakas of ministry of information in 2005.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Media & Entertainment

Ownership

Individual Owner  Say Chhum 100 %

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Media Outlets

Rasmei Kampuchea Daily Newspaper

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets Rasmei Kampuchea Newspaper

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2005

Founder Pen Samithi

Employees Missing Data

Contact No. 474, Preah Monivong Blvd (93), Kbal Thnal, 12301 Phnom PenhPhnom Penh, 12301Cambodia - (PHONE) 023 726 655 - (MAIL)  [email protected] - (WEB)  www.rasmeinews.com

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Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  Fresh News

 Rasmei Kampuchea

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Kampuchea Thmey Daily Co., Ltd.

In 2010, Hun Mana - Hun Sen's eldest of two daughters - became the chairman and the director of the Kampuchea ThmeyDaily newspaper . Kampuchea Thmey Daily Co., Ltd. Runs both a newspaper as well as an online news portal.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Media & Entertainment

Ownership

Individual Owner  Hun Mana 100 %

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Media Outlets

Print Online

Kampuchea Thmey Daily kampucheathmey.com

Other Media Outlets

Other TV Outlets Kampuchea Thmey Newspaper

Other Online Outlets KampucheaThmey.com

Facts

Media Business

Media Chair & 25 % Shareholder - Bayon CM Organizer Co

Chair & 100 % Shareholder - Bayon Media Height System Co

Chair & 51% Shareholder via NH Holding - Moon Media (listed as Moon Advertising at MoC)

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Chair, Director & 100% Shareholder - Kampuchea Thmey Daily Co

Business

Energy Director & 10% Shareholder - Cambodia Electricity Private

Telecomms Chair & Director – Dragon Royal telecom

Shareholder 6% via NH Holding – Viettel (Cambodia) PTE

Transport Chair – Helistar

Chair – Star Airline (Cambodia) Transport

Chair - Star Aviation

Unknown Chair - Jaya Holding Ltd.

Chair – Ocasis Cambo Investment Co

Chair – Ocasis Cambo Investment Group Co

Retail Director & 10% Shareholder

K Thong Hout Telecom

Tourism Chair – MLM Resort Group Co

Shareholder – The Museum Company

Finance Director, Shareholder – Royal Group Investment Company

Representative – NH Holding

Manufacturing Chair, Director, Shareholder via NH Holding – NVC Corporation

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Construction, Real Estate Chair – NVN Corporation Co

Chair – Orkide Villa 3

Gambling Shareholder – Vina (HK)

General Information

Founding Year 1995

Employees Missing Data

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  The Phnom Penh Post. Inside Hun Sen's Family Business

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Post Media Co., Ltd.

Post Media Co. Ltd was established by Australian national Ross Dunkley in 2008 in Phnom Penh after he bought The Phnom Penh Post newspaper from Michael Hayes. His partner is Bill Clough, an Australian oil and gas entrepreneur. The company expended the editorial, marketing, sales and added production staff ito establish a dedicated pre-press and printing operation to publish The Phnom Penh Post on a dalily basis. It launched Post Khmer in 2009 and Post Week-End in 2014. Post Media Co. Ltd has established licensed agreements with Reuters, The Guardian, Washington Post, Bloomberg and other news syndicates to publish international news items in Cambodia. Dunkley is described as one "of the most colourful characters in Cambodia’s publishing industry ", running both The Phnom Penh Post and The Myanmar Times.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Publishing

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Ownership

Ross Dunkley Dunkley is publisher and a major shareholder in Post Media Ltd (PML). He also was the founder, managing director and editor-in-chief of Myanmar Consolidated Media Ltd, which publishes The Myanmar Times.Dunkley started working in the media in 1980 through a cadetship at The Stock and Land newspaper in Melbourne. ?

Bill Clough An Australian oil and gas entrepreneur. In 2010, Australian miner and entrepreneur Bill Clough was stepping down as chairman but remained as a director and major shareholder. Clough is part of the Clough family from Perth. His father, Harold Clough, is also a shareholder and is a former director of West Australian Newspapers ?

Media Outlets

Print Online Print

Phnom Penh Post (Khmer) postkhmer.com The Phnom Penh Post (English)

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Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets The Phnom Penh Post (Khmer)

The Phnom Penh Post (English)

The Post Week-End The Post Week-End

7Days Lifestyle Magazine 7Days lifestyle magazine

Sports Today

Other Online Outlets postkhmer.com

phnompenhpost.com

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1992

Founder Michael Hayes & Kathleen O'Keefe- Armed with a royal seal from King Norodom Sihanouk, the American couple founded The Phnom Penh Post from scratch in 1992, and for the next 16 years was responsible for a newspaper. He

Employees 220

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Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Passive Transparency upon request, ownership data is easily available from the company/channel

Sources  The Independant

 World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers

 The Phnom Penh Post.

 The Phnom Penh Post (2010). Major reshuffle at Post

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Cambodia Daily

The Cambodia Daily is a subsidiary of Yugen Kaisha Bernard Krisher Jimushu, a Japanese LLC. Bernard Krisher started the paper in 1993 as part of a philanthropic project that included supplying Cambodia with mosquito nets, schools, a hospital and more. Although the Cambodia Daily states that it has always been a private company and has never received public funding, a non-profit registry introduces it as an “ongoing non-profit newspaper”, based on data provided by the two organizations set up by Bernard Krisher, the owner and publisher of The Cambodia Daily.

His daughter, Deborah Krisher-Steele, is listed as Deputy Publisher of The Cambodia Daily. She is also the vice- chair of the 501c3 non-profit organization World Assistance for Cambodia.

Key facts

Mother Company Yugen Kaisha Bernard Krisher Jimushu

Business Form Private

Legal Form Japanese LLC

Business Sectors Publishing

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Ownership

Individual Owner  Bernard Krisher 100 %

Media Outlets

The Cambodia Daily

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets The Cambodia Daily

Other Online Outlets www.cambodiadaily.com

www.cambodiadailykhmer.com

Facts

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General Information

Founding Year 1993

Founder Bernard Krishner - he son of Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany started the paper in 1993 as part of a philanthropic project .

Employees 63

Contact 7 street 228Phnom PenhCambodia; 00855 (0)23 426 60200855 (0)23 426 490

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Management

Executive Board Deborah Krisher-Steele, the paper’s deputy publisher and daughter of Bernard Krisher.

Further Information

Passive Transparency upon request, ownership data is easily available from the company/channel

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Sources  The Cambodia Daily

 Guidestar non-profit Directory

Email correspondence with The Cambodia Daily (available upon request)

 Guidestar Fin Document 2013.

 https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2017/10/22/issues/defiant- cambodia-daily-not/

.Wi6JMlXia70 Japan Times (2017). Defiant Cambodia Daily is down but not out.

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Moneaksekar Khmer

Moneaksekar Khmer publlishes the newspaper named as well Moneaksekar Khmer (Khmer Conscience). It was established in 1994 by the opposition activist Dam Sith, an ardent supporter of the Sam rainsy Party. In 1998, the Ministry of Information ordered a private printing house to stop publishing it, arguing he had not authorized the paper to resume publication after the 1997 Coup ousting Prince Ranarridh. In July 2010, government lawyers filed defamation, disinformation and incitement charges against Dam Sith for a series of articles criticising government officials. Dam Sith then wrote to Prime Minister Hun Sen with a “sincere apology” and promised to stop publishing in exchange for a pardon.The newspaper seemed to not be operating as in 2017.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Publishing, Printing House

Ownership

Dam Sith the paper’s publisher and editor in chief. ?

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Media Outlets

Moneakseka Khmer

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets Moneaksekar Khmer

Other Online Outlets moneaksekarkhmer.com

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 1994

Founder Dam Sith - opposition activist

Contact (PHONE) 089 83 33 01 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

mrkhmer.blogspot.de/2013/06/moneakseka.html

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

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Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

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Virtus Media Group

Virtus Media Group was created in 2014 as a stand-alone company by T. Mohan, publisher and owner of The Khmer Times in Phnom Penh. T. Mohan is the chairman and shares the group with his daughter Ashwini (49%). Virtus Media Group is a sister Company of Virtus Green Plantations (Cambodia) Pte., Ltd, a Cambodian company registered at the Ministry of Commerce and owned by T.Mohan.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Publishing

Ownership

Individual Owner  T.Mohan 51%

Ashwini Mohan Daughter to T.Mohan. 49%

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Media Outlets

The Khmer Times

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets The Khmer Times

Other Online Outlets www.thekhmertimes.com

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2014

Founder T.Mohan - Malaysian Businessman.

Employees 28

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Contact Khmer Times Virtus Media Pte Ltd 1F/2F, No. 7, Street 252, Sangkat Chak Tomuk, Khan Dau Penh, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia (PHONE) 023 221 660 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

www.khmertimeskh.com

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Passive Transparency upon request, ownership data is easily available from the company/channel

Sources  Virtus Media Group

Interview with T. Mohan

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Q Kube

Hy Chanhan, is the founder and license holder of Q Kube, a news website launched in January 2014 and registered with the ministry of information in July the same year. He graduated in software engineering and is an MBA candidate. He has been working in online business for more than 9 years in e-Commerce development and Internet marketing. QKube claims to expand the availability of news online, and aims at being a media center dedicated to information and knowledge. It also serves as platform for discussion, opinion sharing and, in addition to news, Kqube is also an online shopping and job-listing platform.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Online

Ownership

Hy Chanhan Founder and license holder . He graduated in software engineering and is an MBA candidate. He has been working in online business for more than 9 years in e-Commerce development and Internet marketing. ?

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Media Outlets

Online

kqube.net

Other Media Outlets

Other Online Outlets  http://Kqube.net

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2014

Founder Hy Chanhan - Founder and license holder . He graduated in software engineering and is an MBA candidate. He has been working in online business for more than 9 years in e-Commerce development and Internet marketing.

Employees Missing Data

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

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Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

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PEN Media Group

The PEN Media Group was founded in 2008 by Pen Samithi, the founder and editor-in-chief of Rasmei Kampuchea from 1993 until his death in 2015. The company is registered at the ministry of commerce, which runs The Cambodia Herald and Cambodia Express News.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Publishing

Ownership

Individual Owner  Vong Moyura Vong Moyura, Pen Samithi's (Founder) wife 100 % since 2015. She was appointed Deputy Secretary of State at the Ministry of National Assembly-Senate Relations and Inspection in April 2015.

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Media Outlets

Online

Cen.com.kh

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets The Cambodia Herald

Cambodian Express News

Other Online Outlets Cen.com.kh

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2008

Founder Pen Samithi - Pen also founded the Club of Cambodian Journalists in 2000, worked at the Ministry of Information and Propaganda in Phnom Penh in 1979 and worked for the Phnom Penh Newspaper.

Employees Missing Data

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Contact 4 St.610 Sangkat Boeng Kok 2, Khan Toulkork, Phnom Pen, Cambodia (PHONE) 088 979 9148 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB) 

www.cen.com.kh

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  Cambodia Express News

Email correspondence with Ly Menghour, CEN’s editor-in-chief (available upon request) .

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Royal Group

The Royal Group is one of the largest investment companies in Cambodia. A diversified investment strategy has been undertaken by the Royal Group in many industry sectors. It is owned by Kith Meng. He is a dual Cambodian and Australian national who funded the banking-to-telecom Royal Group in 1994 and now owns more than 40 companies registered at the Ministry of Commerce. They include CTN and My TV, two of the most popular TV channels, as well as CNC, Cambodia’s first 24/7 news channel.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors FINANCE, INSURANCE & INVESTMENTS, TRANSPORTATION & AVIATION INDUSTRY, TELECOMMUNICATIONS & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT, HOSPITALITY, TOURISM , LEISURE, HOTELS & RESORTS, PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT & INVESTMENT, FRANCHISE DEVELOPMENT & COUNTRY REPRESENTATION, FUTURE PROJECTS & DEVELOPMENT SERVICE, INDUSTRIES

Ownership

Individual Owner  Kith Meng 100 %

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Other Media Outlets

Other TV Outlets CTN

MyTV

CNC

Facts

Media Business

Media & Entertainment FTA BROADCASTING

ROCK ENTERTAINMENT CENTRE

TITAN KING CASINO.CORP

Business

Finance, Insurance & INFINITY GENERAL INSURANCE PLC Investment

ROYAL FINANCIAL CORPORATION CO., LTD

CAMBODIA LIFE INSURANCE PLC

CELLCARD FINANCE

WING CAMBODIA LIMITED SPECIALIZED BANK

CHAILEASE ROYAL LEASING PLC

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ANZ ROYAL BANK

Transportation, Aviation & BMW CAMBODIA Industry

ROYAL CAMBODIAN LIMOUSINES SERVICE CO., LTD

GIANT IBIS

ROYAL RAILWAY CO. LTD

HELICOPTERS

Telecommunication & CELLCARD (CAMGSM CO. LTD.) Information Technologies

EZECOM

Media & Entertainment FTA BROADCASTING

ROCK ENTERTAINMENT CENTRE

TITAN KING CASINO.CORP

Hospitality HOTEL CAMBODIANA

KAMPUCHEA FOOD CORPORATION CO., LTD

THE ROYAL SANDS KOH RONG CO., LTD

Property, Development & NORTHBRIDGE COMMUNITIES CO., LTD Investment

NORTH PARK CONDOMINIUM

SOUTHBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL CAMBODIA

YONG SHENG GLOBAL TRADING

Franchise development NITROGEN CHEMICALS AND FERTILIZER (CAMBODIA) LTD

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Future Projects & NORTHBRIDGE DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD Development

Service Industries Global Security Solutions

General Information

Founding Year 1994

Founder Kith Meng - a dual Cambodian and Australian national who funded the banking-to-telecom Royal Group in 1994 and now owns more than 40 companies registered at the Ministry of Commerce.

Employees Missing Data

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Management

Executive Board Oknha Kith Thieng - Vice Chairman & Managing Director

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Town Group Co

Town Group runs Town Production which is located in Phnom Penh. The company is working in Film, Television and Video, Event equipment, Audio visual, Event services, Video production services, Music, CDs and DVDs business activities. It is owned and directed by

Chuob Mean who also holds the licence for Town FM.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Film, Television and Video, Event services

Ownership

Individual Owner  Choub Mean 100 %

Facts

Media Business

Town Production

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General Information

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Data Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

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L.Y.P Group Co.,Ltd

The L.Y.P Group Company Limited is one of Cambodia’s most dynamic and diversified business organizations playing a key role in the Royal Government of Cambodia’s strategy of economic diversification.The L.Y.P Group has major investments in a number of sectors including hospitality, agriculture, real estate, infrastructure, entertainment and the media (starting in 2015). It is onwed by Ly Yong Phat who is dual Cambodian-Thai citizen. Nicknamed “the King of Koh Kong” for his prominence in the province, he currently serves as a CPP Senator and advisor to Prime Minister Hun Sen.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors hospitality, agriculture, real estate, infrastructure, entertainment and the media

Ownership

Individual Owner  Ly Yong Phat 100 %

Other Media Outlets

Other TV Outlets PNNTV

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Facts

Media Business

Media PNN TV

Business

Hotel & Entertainment Koh Rong Resort

Phnom Penh Hotel

O-Smach Resort

Garden City Hotel

Garden City Golf Club

Safari World Phnom Penh

Infrastructure & Utilities Koh Kong Infratsructure & Facilities

O-Smach Electricity and Water Supply

Cambodia Electricity Private (CEP)

Plantation Phnom Penh Sugar Plantation

Chub Rubber Plantation Co., Ltd

Trading & Distribution Hero King Co., Ltd

Koh Kong Co., Ltd

O-Smach Co., Ltd

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Real Estate Garden City

Pong Peay City

Koh Kong Special Economic Zone

KIRISAKOR KOH KONG S.E.Z

General Information

Founding Year 1992 / Media operating since 2015

Founder H.E Okhna Ly Yong Pha - one of the country’s mbiggest businessmen and business advisers to the government of the Royal Kingdom of Cambodia in 2000.

Employees Missing Data

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

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Triangle Media Group LLC

Triangle Media Group LLC, is a company which was founded in 2011 by Genci Gjineci. The company owns City Radio Albania, which transmits on the frequency 88 FM. In April 2017 the company received an IPTV license from the Albanian Media Authority, AMA, under the logo City TV.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Liability Company

Business Sectors Radio Broadcasting

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Ownership

Genci Gjineci is the sole shareholder of the Triangle Media Group founded in 2011. The company owns City Radio Albania, which transmits on the frequency 88 FM. Gjineci is publically known as a manager of the digital network broadcaster DigitAlb. In his LinkedIn profile he writes that he is the Director of Production and Promotion in Digitalb. In April 2017, Gjineci’s company Triangle Media Group received an IPTV license from the Albanian Media Authority, AMA, under the logo City TV.

100 %

Other Media Outlets

Other Online Outlets http://cityradio.al/

Facts

General Information

Founding Year 2011

Founder Genci Gjineci – is the sole shareholder of the Triangle Media Group founded in 2011. The company owns City Radio Albania, which transmits on the frequency 88 FM. Gjineci is publicly known as a manager of the digital network broadcaster DigitAlb. In his L

Employees Missing Data

Contact Blv. “Gjergj Fishta”, Nd.30, H.18, Ap.7, 1001 Tirana, Al Email:  [email protected];  [email protected]

Website:  cityradio.al

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Tax/ ID Number L11913017I

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ 0.4 Mio. $ / 62.2 Mio. Lek Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) 0.11 Mio. $ / 13.5 Mio. Lek

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Headlines  Genci Gjineci zëri zyrtar I Digitalb [Genci Gjineci official voice of Digitalb] (2017) by Top Channel, Accessed 7 February 2018

Data Publicly Available ownership data is easily available from other sources, e. g. public registries etc.

Meta Data The ownership structure and financial statement are publicly available on the Albanian National Business Registry. The financial data provided are for 2016. The Central Bank's average exchange rate for 2016 was used to convert the amounts into USD. See sources for more.

Sources  Rreth nesh [ About us], by City Radio Albania Accessed 7 February 2018

 Audiovisual Media Authority Press Releases (2017) Accessed in February 2018

 The Albanian National Business Registry, Accessed in February 2018

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Radio Free Asia

Radio Free Asia belongs to the American government. It is a sister media non-profit company of Voice of America. RFA is mandated to broadcast to China, Tibet, North Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Burma. RFA’s programming primarily comprises domestic news and information of unique and specific interest to its listeners. All broadcasts are solely in local language(s) and dialects.

Radio Free Asia is a private, nonprofit corporation that is funded by the U.S. Government through an annual grant from the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), an independent federal agency charged with overseeing all U.S. civilian international broadcasting.

Key facts

Mother Company Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG

Business Form Non-Profit

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Broadcasring

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Ownership

Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) - an independent US federal agency charged with overseeing all U.S. civilian international broadcasting funds RFA with annual grant. ?

Other Media Outlets

Other Radio Outlets Radio Free Asia

Other Online Outlets www.rfa.org/khmer/

Facts

Business

Broadcasts in nine Asian languages were introduced on the following dates:

Mandarin, launched 9/96, 12 hours of programming per day, 7 days a week. One and one half additional hours weekly in the Wu (Shanghai) dialect.

Tibetan, launched 12/96 in Uke dialect, and added Kham dialect on 5/97, and Amdo dialect on 5/97 - 10 hours of programming per day, 7 days a week

Uke dialect Burmese, launched 2/97 - 4 hours per day, 7 days a week

Vietnamese, launched 2/97 - 2 hours per day, 7 days a week

Korean, launched 3/97 - 5 hours per day to North Korea, 7 days a week

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Laotian, launched 8/97 - 2 hours per day, 7 days a week

Khmer (Cambodian,) launched 9/97 - 2 hours per day, 7 days a week

Cantonese, launched 5/98 - 2 hours per day, 7 days a week

Uyghur, launched 12/98 - 2 hours per day, 7 days a week

General Information

Founding Year 1996

Founder Richard Richter - was founding president. A distinguished broadcast journalist, Mr. Richter retired during the summer 2006.

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Data Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Management

Executive Board Corporate Board:

Jeffrey Shell - Chairman of BBG and RFA Corporate Board

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Matthew C. Armstrong

Dr. Leon Aron

Ryan C. Crocker

Michael Kempner - Secretary of State John Forbes Kerry

Ambassador Karen Kornbluh

Kenneth Weinstein

Libby Liu - President

Dan Southerland - Executive Director

Other Influential People Parameswaran Ponnudurai - Vice-President of Programming

Further Information

Sources  Radio Free Asia - Board Members

 Radio Free Asia - Directors

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Nokor Wat Media Center

Sieng Chanheng appointed her daughter, Dim Sopheavy to be the editor in chief of Nokor Wat Media Center. Previously, Dim was the deputy director of DAP Media Center.

Kaekol Sophea is now the director of the Center and the license holder of its media outlets. Nokor Wat now runs Nokor Wat Daily newspaper and monthly magazine and its online news.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Publishing, Printing House

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Ownership

Media Outlets

Nokor Wat News Daily

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets Nokor Wat News Daily

Facts

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General Information

Founding Year 2010

Founder Sieng Chanheng

Affiliated Interests Founder The director of Heng Development Company and former financial backer of Soy Sopheap’s DAP Media Center, one of leading media group in Cambodia.

Contact No 111, St. Rada, Tumnup Toek Village, Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 012 864 189 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.nokorwatnews.com

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  Nokor Wat News

 The Phnom Penh Post

Email corespondence with Nokor Wat Media Center (Available upon request)

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Nokor Wat Media Center

Sieng Chanheng appointed her daughter, Dim Sopheavy to be the editor in chief of Nokor Wat Media Center. Previously, Dim was the deputy director of DAP Media Center.

Kaekol Sophea is now the director of the Center and the license holder of its media outlets. Nokor Wat now runs Nokor Wat Daily newspaper and monthly magazine and its online news.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Publishing, Printing House

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Ownership

Media Outlets

Nokor Wat News Daily

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets Nokor Wat News Daily

Facts

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General Information

Founding Year 2010

Founder Sieng Chanheng

Affiliated Interests Founder The director of Heng Development Company and former financial backer of Soy Sopheap’s DAP Media Center, one of leading media group in Cambodia.

Contact No 111, St. Rada, Tumnup Toek Village, Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 012 864 189 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.nokorwatnews.com

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  Nokor Wat News

 The Phnom Penh Post

Email corespondence with Nokor Wat Media Center (Available upon request)

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Nokor Wat Media Center

Sieng Chanheng appointed her daughter, Dim Sopheavy to be the editor in chief of Nokor Wat Media Center. Previously, Dim was the deputy director of DAP Media Center.

Kaekol Sophea is now the director of the Center and the license holder of its media outlets. Nokor Wat now runs Nokor Wat Daily newspaper and monthly magazine and its online news.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Publishing, Printing House

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Ownership

Media Outlets

Nokor Wat News Daily

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets Nokor Wat News Daily

Facts

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General Information

Founding Year 2010

Founder Sieng Chanheng

Affiliated Interests Founder The director of Heng Development Company and former financial backer of Soy Sopheap’s DAP Media Center, one of leading media group in Cambodia.

Contact No 111, St. Rada, Tumnup Toek Village, Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 012 864 189 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.nokorwatnews.com

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  Nokor Wat News

 The Phnom Penh Post

Email corespondence with Nokor Wat Media Center (Available upon request)

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Group: Media Group

Media Group owns the NTV Broadcasting Co Ltd which owns NTV television channel (M-3067). The group also owns Public Media Co Ltd which owns the news website www.time.mn (M-3112). The Media Group is owned by Mr. Batkhuu Gavaa and his brother Mr. Batsaikhan P. The company started off in 1999 with the radio FM 107 and expanded with founding the Media Group LLC in 2000. The mission statement of the company is a golden triangle of media standard, professional skills, and ethics. News anchors and journalists of NTV channel received Journalist of the Year awards by Goodali magazine, Stylist of the Year awards, and the www.time.mn website received the Best Web-Portal of the Year. The media house collects information from various sources and official contents from the USA, Germany, and Japan.Media Group is comprised of NTV channel television (M-3067), FM 107 radio, Goodali magazine, Gooali photo studio, NTV production, Niislel guide magazine, www.time.mn (M-3112) web-portal, ONTV channel television, and Orange entertainment. Batkhuu.G, a former Member of Parliament for the Democratic Party (DP) and his brother Batsaikhan.P own the Media Group LLC with 50:50 shares. Bayarbat Ariunbold, Executive Director of Media group and NTV channel television was appointed as the Executive director of the Media Group in 2015. He holds a Major in information technology and business administration. In the past, Bayarbat A used to work for MCS Electronics, Univision, and Skymedia. He has been [working in the communication, information technology, and the media sector for 12 years](http://mtf.mn/%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82/).

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Key facts

Mother Company Media Group

Business Form Private

Legal Form LLC

Business Sectors Media Group is comprised of NTV channel television (M-3067), FM 107 radio, Goodali magazine, Gooali photo studio, NTV production, Niislel guide magazine, www.time.mn (M-3112) web-portal, ONTV channel television, and Orange entertainment. In addition the 50 percent shareholder Batkhuu Gavaa listed the following companies and shares in his Property and Revenue Sheet submitted to the Anti-Corruption Agency, the government watchdog, in 2014: Shunklai Group, Mongol Motors, APU Trading, GSB Resource LLC, Shunkhlai Mining LLC, and Power Unit LLC, 100 percent of shares of Shunkhlai Agro LLC, 51 percent of shares of Important Solution LLC, and another 24 groups and companies of which he owned about 50 percent or less shares (http://www.ikon.mn/p/6b0). In addition to this, he owns shares in Skymedia Corporation LLC of Skytel LLC which provides Skymedia, a service that offers internet, IPTV, and WIMAX wireless system (http://biznetwork.mn/c/ Shunkhlai+Group/products). In addition his brother and 50 percent shareholder of Media Group, Batsaikhan P is [Chairman of the Board of Directors of APU Group] (http://apu.mn/%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7/). The group manufactures alcohols, spirits, beers, water, soda, and juice, manages international and domestic wholesale and retails of grocery products and beverages, catering services and product sales. Batsaikhan P is also the [Chairman of the Board of Directors of APU JSC, a leading national manufacturer](http://apu.mn/%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83-%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0/).

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Ownership

Mr.Batkhuu Gavaa O-3069 Batkhuu Gavaa listed the following companies and shares in his Property and Revenue Sheet submitted to the Anti-Corruption Agency, the government watchdog, in 2014: Shunklai Group, Mongol Motors, APU Trading, GSB Resource LLC, Shunkhlai Mining LLC, and Power Unit LLC, 100 percent of shares of Shunkhlai Agro LLC, 51 percent of shares of Important Solution LLC, and another 24 groups and companies of which he owned about 50 percent or less shares (http://www.ikon.mn/p/6b0). In addition to this, he owns shares in Skymedia Corporation LLC of Skytel LLC which provides Skymedia, a service that offers internet, IPTV, and WIMAX wireless system (http://biznetwork.mn/ c/Shunkhlai+Group/products). Bathkhuu Gavaa is a member of the Democratic Party (DP) (http://vip76.mn/ u/88?page=history).

50%

Mr. Batsaikhan P O-3070 Batsaikhan P is [Chairman of the Board of Directors of APU Group] (http://apu.mn/%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B7/). The group manufactures alcohols, spirits, beers, water, soda, and juice, manages international and domestic wholesale and retails of grocery products and beverages, catering services and product sales. Batsaikhan P also is the [Chairman of the Board of Directors of APU JSC, a leading national manufacturer](http://apu.mn/%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83-%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0/).

50%

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets Goodali magazine, Niislel guide magazine

Other TV Outlets NTV television (M-3067)

Other Radio Outlets FM 107 radio

Other Online Outlets news website www.time.mn (M-3112)

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Facts

Media Business

Media Group is comprised of NTV channel television (M-3067), FM 107 radio, Goodali magazine, Gooali photo studio, NTV production, Niislel guide magazine, www.time.mn (M-3112) web-portal, ONTV channel television, and Orange entertainment.

Business

Batkhuu Gavaa listed the following companies and shares in his Property and Revenue Sheet submitted to the Anti-Corruption Agency in 2014: Mongol Motors, APU Trading, GSB Resource LLC, Shunkhlai Mining LLC, and Power Unit LLC, 100 percent of shares of Shunkhlai Agro LLC, 51 percent of shares of Important Solution LLC, and another 24 groups and companies of which he owned about 50 percent or less shares (http://www.ikon.mn/p/6b0). In addition to this, he owns shares in Skymedia Corporation LLC of Skytel LLC which provides Skymedia, a service that offers internet, IPTV, and WIMAX wireless system (http://biznetwork.mn/c/Shunkhlai+Group/products). Bathkhuu Gavaa is also Chairman of the Board of Directors of Shunkhlai Group. This group started its operations with qualified auto-vehicle maintenance and services in 1993. As of 2016, the group operates in a variety of sectors including sales of petroleum products, beverage manufacturing, logistics, mining, finance, health, real-estate, communication, media, and infrastructure. It is one of the major leading business groups in Mongolia. (http://biznetwork.mn/c/Shunkhlai+Group). His brother and 50 percent shareholder of Media Group, Batsaikhan P, also is Chairman of the Board of Directors of APU Group. The group manufactures alcohols, spirits, beers, water, soda, and juice, manages international and domestic wholesale and retails of grocery products and beverages, catering services and product sales. In addition, Batsaikhan P is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of APU JSC, a leading national manufacturer.

Missing Data

General Information

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Founding Year 2000

Founder G.Batkhuu, founder Media group LLC

Affiliated Interests Founder G. Batkhuu is a member of the Democratic Party (DP) and former MP (2004 – 2016) and was vice speaker of the parlianment. Among many other business interests he is the Chairman of the board of the Shunkhlai group, which has businesses in petroleum industry, beverage production, logistics, mining, finance, health, real estate, communications and infrastructure sectors.

Employees Missing Data

Contact Media Group LLC7711 0009  biznetwork.mn/c/Media+Group+LLC  www.ntv.mn  www.time.mn

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Data Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing Data

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Management

Executive Board Executive Director Bayarbat D

Non-Executive Board Missing Data

Supervisory Board Chairman of the Board of Directors: Batkhuu Gavaa Member and Chairman of the Board of Directors: Batsaikha D.

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Further Information

Data Unavailable ownership data is not publicly available, company/channel denies the release of information or does not respond, no public record exists

Meta Data The company rejected to provide information. Four phone inquiries were made regarding the MOM questionnaire. Therefore, the limited open information sources were used.

Sources http://biznetwork.mn/c/Media+Group+LLC ; http://www.crc.gov.mn/k/U/5H ; http://www.crc.gov.mn/k/V/5I ; http://www.crc.gov.mn/k/W/5J ; http://biznetwork.mn/c/Media+Group+LLC ;

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Key facts

Mother Company 1

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Nokor Wat Media Center

Sieng Chanheng appointed her daughter, Dim Sopheavy to be the editor in chief of Nokor Wat Media Center. Previously, Dim was the deputy director of DAP Media Center.

Kaekol Sophea is now the director of the Center and the license holder of its media outlets. Nokor Wat now runs Nokor Wat Daily newspaper and monthly magazine and its online news.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Publishing, Printing House

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Ownership

Media Outlets

Nokor Wat News Daily

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets Nokor Wat News Daily

Facts

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General Information

Founding Year 2010

Founder Sieng Chanheng

Affiliated Interests Founder The director of Heng Development Company and former financial backer of Soy Sopheap’s DAP Media Center, one of leading media group in Cambodia.

Contact No 111, St. Rada, Tumnup Toek Village, Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 012 864 189 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.nokorwatnews.com

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  Nokor Wat News

 The Phnom Penh Post

Email corespondence with Nokor Wat Media Center (Available upon request)

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Nokor Wat Media Center

Sieng Chanheng appointed her daughter, Dim Sopheavy to be the editor in chief of Nokor Wat Media Center. Previously, Dim was the deputy director of DAP Media Center.

Kaekol Sophea is now the director of the Center and the license holder of its media outlets. Nokor Wat now runs Nokor Wat Daily newspaper and monthly magazine and its online news.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Publishing, Printing House

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Ownership

Media Outlets

Nokor Wat News Daily

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets Nokor Wat News Daily

Facts

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General Information

Founding Year 2010

Founder Sieng Chanheng

Affiliated Interests Founder The director of Heng Development Company and former financial backer of Soy Sopheap’s DAP Media Center, one of leading media group in Cambodia.

Contact No 111, St. Rada, Tumnup Toek Village, Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 012 864 189 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.nokorwatnews.com

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  Nokor Wat News

 The Phnom Penh Post

Email corespondence with Nokor Wat Media Center (Available upon request)

This is an automatically generated PDF version of the online resource cambodia.mom-rsf.org/en/ retrieved on 2021/09/22 at 20:12 440 / 505 Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Cambodian center for independant media - all rights reserved, published under Creative Commons Attribution- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. MEDIA OWNERSHIP MONITOR CAMBODIA

Nokor Wat Media Center

Sieng Chanheng appointed her daughter, Dim Sopheavy to be the editor in chief of Nokor Wat Media Center. Previously, Dim was the deputy director of DAP Media Center.

Kaekol Sophea is now the director of the Center and the license holder of its media outlets. Nokor Wat now runs Nokor Wat Daily newspaper and monthly magazine and its online news.

Key facts

Business Form Private

Legal Form Limited Company

Business Sectors Publishing, Printing House

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Ownership

Media Outlets

Nokor Wat News Daily

Other Media Outlets

Other Print Outlets Nokor Wat News Daily

Facts

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General Information

Founding Year 2010

Founder Sieng Chanheng

Affiliated Interests Founder The director of Heng Development Company and former financial backer of Soy Sopheap’s DAP Media Center, one of leading media group in Cambodia.

Contact No 111, St. Rada, Tumnup Toek Village, Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia (PHONE) 012 864 189 (MAIL)  [email protected] (WEB)  www.nokorwatnews.com

Tax/ ID Number Missing Data

Financial Information

Revenue (Financial Data/ Missing Optional)

Operating Profit (in Mill. $) Missing

Advertising (in % of total Missing Data funding)

Further Information

Sources  Nokor Wat News

 The Phnom Penh Post

Email corespondence with Nokor Wat Media Center (Available upon request)

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Context

Cambodian media do not exist in a vacuum but are dependent on the political, legal and social context of the country. Media diversity and journalistic tradition in Cambodia evolved along historical and political changes during periods of French and (short) Japanese occupation, the escalation of the Indochinese war, the brutal Khmer Rouge era, and its long aftermath of Vietnamese occupation, the People's Republic of Kampuchea and the UN Mandate leading towards Modern Cambodia since 1993.

It equally depends on the legal framework that guarantees freedom of speech and press, and encourages media – but seems to lack behind in preventing media concentration and inhibiting political influence hidden in ownership structures.

Looking at the economic situation, mostly state media gets cash injections trough state funding and advertising. Private media outlets often don't manage to keep up or are cross-subsidised through other businesses that their owners run. This also keeps journalist’s salaries low.

The characteristics of the Cambodia society, from literacy rates to consumption habits, determine which media outlets or media types dominate and which will thus presumably have the strongest influence on public opinion.

History Society Politics

When the Khmer Rouge regime The arrival of the United Nations Since 1985, Cambodia has enjoyed raged from 1975-1979, it wiped had a significant impact on the a relative political stability with out the basis for journalism in society and on journalism, as Prime Minister Hun Sen. After the Cambodia... more Cambodia slowly... more Paris Peace Accords... more

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Economy Law Media Consumption

Despite a strong economic As a result of the General Election Interests in the news and in progress and better media in 1993, Cambodia adopted a new politics remains limited however technical skills, media is not Constitution which recognized all as Cambodian favor always driven as business asset... rights... more entertainment and prefer to more watch... more

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History

Regime Changes Impacted Media

When the Khmer Rouge regime raged from 1975-1979, it wiped out the basis for journalism in Cambodia, with only ten journalists surviving the regime (1).

After the fall of the Khmer Rouge and with the Vietnamese installed political regime from 1979 to late 1980’s, foreign journalists were banned from entering Cambodia from 1980 to 1986. At that time, the media landscape was mainly made up of partisan news media, being used as a political tool. As such, no newspaper was allowed to be published, except Pracheachun, a daily newspaper mainly expressing the stand of the ruling party on domestic and international affairs.(2)

Peace Accords: A Scent of Media Freedom In The Air

With the 1991 Paris Peace Accords and the arrival of the UN Transitioning Authority of Cambodia (UNTAC), newspapers started to flourish (3). The role of the media slightly changed, contributing to the establishment of the reconciliation process and the rebuilding of people and institutions. It is for example believed that the success of voters’ registration ahead of the first democratic elections in the country in 1993, was largely due to the wide reach and neutral programs of the UNTAC radio (4), set up by the United-Nations in 1992.

But while the efforts continued to develop media pluralism in Cambodia after UNTAC, this unforeseen surge of free expression did not allow time for the development of ethical constraints in the Cambodian media, nor for the training of journalists, most of whom were new to the profession (1).

Media As Political Assets

As such, the lack of regulation in the sector led to the consolidation of existing and new patronages for the past 2 decades. This translated to the ownership of media outlets and companies, and partly explains why the majority of media outlets became political assets, rather than conventional business assets (3).

Today, according to the Reporters Without Borders (RSF) World Press Freedom Index, Cambodia is ranked 139 out of 180 countries in 2015. It is also one of the less problematic countries in Southeast Asia. In a regional comparison, Myanmar (144), Malaysia (147), Singapore (153), Laos (171) and Vietnam (175) were arrayed behind Cambodia.

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Sources

(1) McCartney (2012). Media development in transitional democratic Cambodia

(2) Sok Som Oeun (2015). Media Ownership Monitor - Legal Assessment

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(3) Roberts (2011). The Media Map Project. Cambodia. Case Study on Donor Support to Independent Media, 1990-2010

(4) Oldag (2015). Freedom of the Press and media regulation in Cambodia: Approaches and Options for Democratic Diversity. Publication by Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung

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Society

Cambodia as a Donor's Darling

The arrival of the United Nations had a significant impact on the society and on journalism, as Cambodia slowly overcame its history of isolation and became one of the countries receiving the most foreign funding. As a result, international and local NGOs are present in every province and major sector in Cambodia, providing support to basic social services. According to a case study on the support given to independent media in Cambodia, this also goes for media development.

Deeply-rooted fears in Journalism Culture

Despite some improvements in the media legal sector, deeply-rooted obstacles for free media and challenges for journalists practically still remain. For example, fear of criticizing the authorities and consequently self- censorship are deeply ingrained in the culture, extending to broadcasters and journalists. Journalism also follows its tradition of not openly holding authorities accountable to the public, which contributes to impunity. Since 1992, at least 13 journalists have been killed and 2014 was the deadliest year for Cambodian journalists since 1997. According to an analysis of the content of Cambodian media outlets, politically sensitive topics like corruption, law and justice, political conflicts, military, human rights, or land issues, and media journalism are absent from most of the newsrooms.

High Trust in Media and Low Media Literacy

Despite this context and a lack of reliable and independent sources, most Cambodians believe information in the media. This trust in media is continuously high. A study conducted by BBC Media Action in 2014, shows that the youth considers media a trusted source of information regarding civic engagement issues, and a common source for reported awareness of opportunities for participation (TV: 65%, Radio: 64%).

This trust in media is again connected to a problematic level of media literacy: While almost 80% of Cambodians are literate, access to information is still a challenge, with 80% of the population living in rural areas. And while more than 95% of Cambodian children have access to the school system, the lack of quality of education – including media education - remains a major challenge. As a result, there is no public outcry over media bias, poor quality reporting or the absence of newsworthy stories.

State of Media Education

Even if the Ministry of Education recently decided to incorporate media literacy within school curricula, the broader learning environment does not impart media literacy yet. Media education becomes ever more important, especially considering that positive impact that media literacy can have on the next generation: a BBC Media Action study from 2014 showed that awareness and engagement in civil society and politics is much higher among youth media consumers than media-dark youth, and they are more likely to have heard of the National Assembly (80% vs. 39%), commune councils (89% vs. 61%) and democracy (75% vs. 33%). This pattern

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appears again when considering reported knowledge: youth media consumers are almost twice as likely as media-dark youth to say that they know what each of these terms means.

More generally in the Cambodian society, the difference between news and public information is not clear. As such, distinguishing news from public relations message is still problematicm which, according to a study conducted on the support given to independent media in Cambodia, partly explains the lack of publich outrcy over media bias.

Sources

Roberts (2011). The Media Map Project Cambodia. Case Study on Donor Support to Independent Media, 1990-2010. (p.11, 25)

 UN Development Program (2015). Country information  UNICEF (NO YEAR) BBC Media Action (2014). Media Habits and Information Sources of Youth in Cambodia

Chivoin, Pin, Sok (2013). Governance reporting: a Content analysis of Cambodian Media outlets (p.22)

 The Diplomat (2013). NGOs in Cambodia: it’s complicated  The Cambodian Center for Independent Media (2014). Justice for Journalists

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Politics

Relative Political Stability

Since 1985, Cambodia has enjoyed a relative political stability with Prime Minister Hun Sen. After the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1991, the country was administered by the United Nations Transitional Authority Cambodia (UNTAC) and nationwide elections were organized in 1993. Although Hun Sen lost the election bid, he refused to renounce to power. In the end, the UN appointed him as Prime Minister, to serve jointly with Prince Norodom Ranariddh . In the second national elections in 1998, Hun Sen led the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) to victory thanks to a coalition with the royalist party FUNCINPEC, Prince Norodom Ranariddh’s party. Since then, the political power has been concentrated towards CPP, which now occupies more than two- thirds of National Assembly seats. Hun Sen currently serves in his fifth prime ministerial term, as one of the longest serving leaders in the world.

Opposition Comes Into Play

In 1995, the first official opposition party was created under the Sam Rainsy Party (SRP), after Sam Rainsy, an MP for the Siem Reap province from 1993 to 1995, was expelled from the FUNCINPEC and created its own political party. The SRP merged with the Human Rights Party (HRP) in 2012 to form the Cambodian National Rescue Party (CNRP) coalition and run against the CPP in the 2013 National Assembly elections. Founded in 2007, the HRP was led by Khem Sokha, the former director of the Cambodian Center for Human Rights and the founder of VOD radio program.

In 2013, during the latest national electoral campaign, and despite receiving more media coverage, the CPP lost many seats. It could however still hold the majority. CNRP accused CPP of election fraud, boycotted the parliament and launched a campaign against the ruling party, which peaked in late 2013, when thousands of people marched through Phnom Penh demanding the resignation of Prime Minister Hun Sen. In July 2014, both parties eventually agreed to work together in the National Assembly. But in the Autumn 2015, Khem Sokha, who became the Vice-President of the National Assembly, and Sam Rainsy, the leader of the minority, were both removed from the Parliament.

Government Get Nervous Over Free Media

According to Sok Som Oeun, a lawyer and the executive Director of Cambodian Defenders Project, this tensed political compromise impacted the government’s press and media policy. Accusations of one-sided or even false reporting have been raised frequently. (1) According to a study about the support to Cambodian independent media, journalists have faced defamation cases for publishing content critical of the Government and ruling party, they tend to fear exposing politically sensitive information. The lack of protection for journalists and whistleblowers of any kind deters reporters from digging into certain issues.

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First Opposition TV?

In 2014 however, Sam Rainsy was granted a license to set up the first opposition-aligned TV in Cambodia, after the Prime Minister publicly agreed to it. The project is still under way and was planned to broadcast around the country by the end of 2015. It is estimated to cost at least $3 million to launch operations and will be operated the Cambodia Independent Media Co. Ltd.

But the ongoing political and social conflicts in Cambodia tends to jeopardize its already fragile press freedom situation

Sources  BBC Profile: Cambodia's Hun Sen

 The Inter-Parliamentary Union (1996)

 Rainsy (2012). Merger between Sam Rainsy Party and Human Right Party (video)

Roberts (2011). The Media Map Project Cambodia. Case Study on Donor Support to Independent Media, 1990-2010

Sok Som Oeun (2015). Media Ownership Monitor - Legal Assessment

 The Electoral Reform Alliance (2013). Joint-report on the conduct of the 2013 Cambodian elections.

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Economy

Media Remains Political Asset

Despite a strong economic progress and better media technical skills, media is not always driven as business asset and remains political resources. Successful media outlets however, require strong financial backers to start up. And so far, in practice, the ruling party and co-opted business elite are the most capable of it.

No Audits Required

Although the Law on Commercial Enterprises (2005) requires all companies to prepare and maintain financial and business records, neither the Law on Corporate Accounts, their Audit and the Accounting Profession (2002), nor the Law on Commercial Enterprises (2005) require audits to be published. This limits the possibilities of scrutiny of company finances by external sources according to a Transparency International report from 2014.

Limited Transparency Regulations

Legal provisions regarding transparency in the media sector are likewise limited, which led to an opaque media market. Available economic data varies tremendously: some sources state that the sector is attracting $50 million a year; others estimate the advertising expenditure growth from $150 million annually to $500 million today. While digital advertising is growing fast, TV and radio are still favoured because of their wide reach.

Media outlets are not required to submit reports on their financing or activities to any oversight body such e.g. a broadcasting regulatory authority. Thus, few legal checks and balances are in place to ensure accountability of the media are provided. As an effect, as Transparency International showed, they disclose at most incomplete information, and are especially careful to publish information regarding revenue, contracting, and expenditure. As all businesses have to be registered as Value Added Tax (VAT) tax payers, they fear being demanded to pay higher taxes as soon as their revenue/ profit becomes public.

Centralized Media Market

Different media organizations exist in and outside of the capital, although the majority are based in Phnom Penh. No major print media organizations exists outside of the capital, although several provincial newspapers do. Radio stations, however, are more broadly distributed. 70 are registered across the country, half of which are based in Phnom Penh.

Sources

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Roberts (2011). The Media Map Project. Case Study on Donor Support to Independent Media, 1990-2010

Transparency International (2014). Corruption and Cambodia's governance system : The Need for Reform

Background information by Transparency International during Advisory Group meeting.

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Legal Framework

As a result of the General Election in 1993, Cambodia adopted a new Constitution which recognized all rights enshrined in the 1948 Universal Declaration on Human Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - including freedom of opinion and expression. It is also specifically mentioned in Article 41 of the Cambodian Constitution.

Laws for the Media

Several laws are applicable to the media sector. The Press Law (1995) theoretically assures that no one may be arrested for exercising his right of freedom of speech. However, its article 12, which demands the safeguarding of “political stability” and “national security” and prohibits defamation, has been used to sue and jail journalists. In 2006, Prime Minister Hun Sen promised the international community to decriminalize defamation, working towards a new Penal Code. Despite minor improvements, defamation can de facto still be punished according to both the Penal Code and the Press Law. The Press Law is still the only law that protects journalists today; the Penal Code is rather used to take legal steps against journalists and social media users.

Lack Of Media Regulation Standards

More generally, the media legal environment lacks regulation standards. As there is no transparent framework for issuing or renewing broadcasting/ print licenses, the Ministry of Information has the sole authority to allocate them in an opaque process. Moreover, as there is no law to prevent media concentration in the audiovisual sector, radio and television branches remain unregulated with regard to cartel laws. The Competition Clause (Press Law, Art. 17) only applies to the print sector, and states that a Cambodian national cannot own more than 2 newspapers. Finally, there is no regulation on the development of a public broadcaster to ensure pluralistic content and to serve the interests of the Cambodian people.

Sources

Oldag (2015). Freedom of the Press and media regulation in Cambodia: Approaches and Options for Democratic Diversity. Publication by Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung

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Media Consumption

Interests in the news and in politics remains limited however as Cambodian favor entertainment and prefer to watch Comedy shows (80%) and concerts (71%) before accessing news content (57%). More generally, local and international news are among the programs the most watched on TV (20%), reaching the same level of interest as Thai drama series (23%).

Most Cambodians aged 15 and older are getting their information from TV (83%). With the recent success of mobile technology in the country now that the number of Internet users is likely to reach up to 9.5 million by 2020 according to the Cambodian Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. The Internet consumption (39%) rapidly reached the same level as the radio’s (34%), reaching much more public than the magazines (12%) and the newspapers (10%). The literacy rate was estimated at 79.8% for adults in 2013.

Sources

National Institute of Statistics (2013). Cambodia inter-censal population survey

CMRD (2015). Media consumption Survey (Jan-March 2015) (available upon request at CMRD)

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Findings

Is the Cambodian media landscape concentrated and if yes, how strongly? How well does the current law safeguard media pluralism? Which are the greatest risks to a diverse media coverage that includes all voices, all viewpoints, including criticism of people in power? These ten indicators shed some light on the risks that independent media faces and which could put media pluralism in Cambodia in jeopardy.

The following indicators are the basis for calculating an index describing the risk to media pluralism caused by a certain level of media ownership control. The indicators are developed on the basis of already existing media ownership & media pluralism research. They are inspired by and harmonized with the EU-funded Media Pluralism Monitor implemented by the Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom at the European University Institute (EUI, Florence).

Regulatory Safeguards: Media Audience Con- Media Ownership Con- Cross-media Ownership Media Ownership Con- centration centration Concentration centration HIGH NO DATA HIGH HIGH

(Political) Control Over (Political) Control Over Media Funding News Agencies HIGH HIGH

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Media Regulation Concentration

Why does media regulation matter? It limits political Why does media concentration matter? It impacts influence and prevents partisan reporting. In media content and jeopardizes pluralism. In Cambodia, however, regulation plays into the CPP's Cambodia, especially the TV market is highly hands ... more concentrated... more

Transparency Political Affiliations

Why does media transparency matter? It is the basis Out of the 27 Cambodian media owners, at least 11 for reliable information and responsible journalism. are on the government payroll, are appointed as an In Cambodia, however, information on who is behind advisor to the ruling party or clearly stated their media remains opaque... more affiliation to a political party more

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Indicators of Risks to Media Pluralism

Regulatory Safeguards: Media Audience Con- Media Market Concen- Cross-media Ownership Media Ownership Con- centration tration Concentration centration HIGH NO DATA HIGH HIGH

(Political) Control Over (Political) Control Over Media Funding News Agencies HIGH HIGH

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Media Audience Concentration

This indicator is based on audience-related data and media consumption; we specifically used the data of CMRD’s media consumption study 2015. It is aims at assessing the horizontal concentration of audience and readership across media platforms. Concentration is measured by using the Top4 largest audience share for each media type. Result: HIGH RISK (60%)

Why? The TV market is highly concentrated, as the major 4 owners represent an audience share of 78%. The Royal Group alone attracts 47% of the audience through its media company Cambodia Broadcasting Service (CBS). The Top 4 radio stations cover 43% of the audience in Cambodia – which means a medium concentrated RADIO market. It is also the most fragmented with 8 of the 10 most relevant radio stations, reaching between 4-6% of the audience. This means they potentially have the same - limited - influence on opinion formation. Unlike the TV market, most stations belong to small businesses and independent voices, such as Mongkul Sovann, Sambok Khmum or the Priority Group (Tunle FM). The Top 4 PRINT outlets reach 59% of the audience share, which means a high concentration. The print market is dominated by CPP-affiliated media outlets, with 3 of the Top 4 print media selected belonging to owners or newsrooms affiliated to the ruling party. While the exact circulation numbers are missing, these newspapers, as a whole, claim to represent at least 65,000 copies a day. The ONLINE market is one of the most crowded industries of the country with 31 Internet Service providers licensed and 7 active phone operators able to provide online data plans, according to the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. These include two state-owned ISPs. It is still unclear which the top ISPs and phone operators are, therefore the concentration could not be calculated.

LOW MEDIUM HIGH

Audience concentration in television (horizontal)

Percentage: 78%

If within one country the major If within one country the major 4 If within one country the major 4 owners (Top4) have an owners (Top4) have an audience 4 owners (Top4) have an audience share below 25%. share between 25% and 49%. audience share above 50%.

Audience concentration in Radio (horizontal)

Percentage: 43%

If within one country the major If within one country the major 4 If within one country the major

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LOW MEDIUM HIGH

4 owners (Top4) have an owners (Top4) have an audience 4 owners (Top4) have an audience share below 25%. share between 25% and 49%. audience share above 50%.

Audience concentration in print (horizontal)

Percentage: 59%

If within one country the major If within one country the major 4 If within one country the major 4 Owners have a readership owners (Top4) have a readership 4 owners (Top4) have a share below 25%. share between 25% and 49%. readership share above 50%.

Audience concentration in Internet (horizontal)

Percentage: not assessed

Media Market Concentration

This indicator aims to assess the horizontal concentration in the media market based on market share which illustrates the economic power of companies/ groups. Concentration is measured for each media sector by adding the market shares of the major owners in the sector. Result: Economic data was not available as a) market share and b) per media sector. Thus the market concentration could not be assessed. Score:

LOW MEDIUM HIGH

Media market concentration in television (horizontal): This indicator aims to assess the concentration of ownership within the TV media sector.

Percentage: not assessed

If within one country the major If within one country the major 4 If within one country the major

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LOW MEDIUM HIGH

4 owners (Top4) have a market owners (Top4) have a market share 4 owners (Top4) have a market share below 25%. between 25% and 49%. share above 50%.

Media market concentration in radio (horizontal) : This indicator aims to assess the concentration of ownership within the Radio media sector.

Percentage: not assessed

Media market concentration in newspapers (horizontal) : This indicator aims to assess the concentration of ownership within the print sector.

Percentage: not assessed

If within one country the major If within one country the major 4 If within one country the major 4 owners (Top4) have a market owners (Top4) have a market share 4 owners (Top4) have a market share below 25%. between 25% and 49%. share above 50%.

Media market concentration in Internet Content Providers

Percentage: not assessed

Regulatory Safeguards: Media Ownership Concentration

This indicator aims to assess the existence and effective implementation of regulatory safeguards - sector- specific and/or competition law - against a high horizontal concentration ownership and/or control. Horizontal media concentration means ownership concentration of control within one particular media market (print, TV, radio, online). The regulatory safeguards over the different media markets are in the Cambodian case mostly the same. Result: HIGH RISK Why?

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An administrative authority or judicial body monitors compliance the ownership structures. This authority, however, is not independent but under the umbrella of the Ministry of Information. Media regulation laws only exist rudimentary. Thresholds based on objective criteria (e.g. number of licenses, audience share, circulation, distribution of share capital or voting rights, turnover/revenue) to prevent a high level of horizontal concentration of ownership and/or control exist to some extent but only for the print sector. Enforcement powers such as refusal of additional licenses, blocking of a merger or acquisition and obligation to give up licenses/activities in other media sectors do exist. However, there is no transparent procedure based on objective criteria that regulates for which offences to carry out these powers. Thus, the main purpose of the media regulation body doesn’t seem to be the prevention of media concentration but the oversight on the development of the media market.

Regulatory Safeguard Score: 5 out of 19 – High Risk (26.3% Regulation)

Table summarizes all 4 media sectors Description Yes No NA MD

Does the media legislation contain specific This question aims to 0/ thresholds or limits, based on objective assess the existence of 4 criteria (e.g. number of licenses, audience regulatory safeguards share, circulation, distribution of share capital (sector-specific) against a or voting rights, turnover/revenue) to prevent high horizontal a high level of horizontal concentration of concentration of ownership and/or control in this sector? ownership and/or control in the TELEVISION/RADIO sector.

Is there an administrative authority or judicial This variable aims to 4/4 body actively monitoring compliance with the assess if the law/regulation thresholds in the media sector and/or provides a due monitoring hearing complaints? (e.g. media and/or and sanctioning system for competition authority)? the regulation on media concentration.

Does the law grant this body sanctioning/ The variable aims at 1/4 enforcement powers in order to impose assessing if the law is (only proportionate remedies (behavioural and/or providing a due system of in structural) in case of non-respect of the sanctions to sector-specific print) thresholds? regulation, such as: - Refusal of additional licences; - Blocking of a merger or

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Table summarizes all 4 media sectors Description Yes No NA MD

acquisition; - Obligation to allocate windows for third party programming; - Obligation to give up licences/activities in other media sectors; - divestiture.

Are these sanctioning/enforcement powers This indicator aims to High Risk effectively used? assess the effective (0) implementation of sector- specific remedies against a high horizontal concentration of ownership and/or control in the television media.

Total 5/16

Media Mergers Description Yes No NA MD

Can a high level of horizontal This question aims to access the existence 0 concentration of ownership of regulatory safeguards (sector specific and/or control in the media and/or competition law) against a high sector be prevented via horizontal concentration of ownership and/ merger control/competition or control in the media sector through rules that take into account merging operations: the specificities of the media - By containing media-specific provision sector? that impose stricter thresholds than in other sectors; - The mandatory intervention of a media authority in merger and acquisition cases (for instance, the obligation for the competition authority to ask the advice of the media authority); - The possibility to overrule the approval of a concentration by the communication

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Media Mergers Description Yes No NA MD

authority for reasons of media pluralism (or public interest in general), that - even tough they do not contain media-specific provisions - do not exclude the media sector from their scope of application.

Is there an administrative This variable aims to assess if the law/ 0 authority or judicial body regulation provides a due monitoring and actively monitoring sanctioning system. compliance with rules on mergers and/or hearing complaints? (e.g. media and/or competition authority)?

Does the law grant this body The variable aims of assessing if the law is 0 sanctioning/enforcement providing a due system of sanctions to powers in order to impose sector-specific regulation, such as; proportionate remedies - Blocking of a merger or acquisition; (behavioural and/or structural) - obligation to allocate windows for third in case of non-respect of the party programming; thresholds? - Obligation to give up licences/activities in other media sectors; - divestiture

Are these sanctioning/ This indicator aims to assess the effective 0 enforcement powers implementation of sector-specific remedies effectively used? against a high horizontal concentration of ownership and/or control in the television media.

Total 0/4

Cross-media Ownership Concentration

This indicator aims at assessing the concentration of ownership in the different sectors (TV, Print, Radio, Internet) (cross-media). Originally, concentration is measured by adding and weighting the market shares of the Top 8 owners across all sectors in which they are operating. For the Cambodian Media Market, the calculation was adjusted:

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Since market shares are not available for the Cambodian media market, cross-media ownership was calculated according to the audience shares. As such, the results presented are not an indicator for economic strength in different media sector but rather for the potential influence on public opinion when considering all media types. The Cambodian Media Market is small: only 8 media companies are even noteworthy. The number of Top Owners of originally 8 thus had to be reduced. For such small markets, it is recommended to work with the Top 4 owners. The weightening of audience shares was based on the consumption habits for each media type (TV: 96%, Radio: 35%, Newspapers: 10%, Magazines: 12%). Since consumption data for individual online news websites that could have allowed a cross-media comparison does not exist, the Online Sector was left out. The low number of unique visitors per day, however, would not have changed the result.

Result: HIGH RISK Why? The Top 4 Media companies are the Cambodian Broadcasting Service (CBS) (45,1%), Hang Meas (23,1%), Hun Mana’s media outlets (6,5%) and Angkor Thom Printer CO., Ltd, (3,7%). This adds up to 78,4% of cross-media audience shares, proofing a high concentration of media companies that have a potential influence on public opinion. This result is related to the highly concentrated TV market that gets attention by 96% of the population: Ownership in a popular TV outlet already means a notable influence on audiences (see CBS, Hang Meas). However, cross-media ownership in the original sense – as media owners expand their businesses across media sectors – does not exist to a large extent in Cambodia. Rather than opening new media businesses in different sectors – and thus involving in the timely process of applying for licenses – owners seem to expand their already existing media businesses in a single sector (Sok Sam Oeun, 2015). 3 of the 4 Top Owners operate only in 2 media sectors. As online media content mostly is an online version of a print content, and independent online news websites as business models as such are rare, the risk for cross-media-ownership is further limited.

Top Companies:

Company TV Radio Print Online/ISP

Royal Group (45.1%) x x

Hang Meas (23.1%) x

Hun Mana's media outlets (6.5%) x x x x

Angkor Thom Printer CO, Ltd. (3.7%) x x

Koh Santepeap Group CO, Ltd. (2.0%) x x x

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Company TV Radio Print Online/ISP

Rasmei Kampuchea CO, Ltd. (1.4%) x x

DAP Media Center (0.2%) x x x

State Media (no audience shares) x x x

Score:

LOW MEDIUM HIGH

Percentage: 78,4%

If within one country the major If within one country the major 8 If within one country the major 8 owners (Top8) have a market owners (Top8) have an audience 8 owners (Top8) have a market share below 50% across the share between 50% and 69% across share above 70% across the different media sectors. the different media sectors. different media sectors.

Regulatory Safeguards: Cross-media Ownership Concentration

This indicator aims to assess the existence and effective implementation of regulatory safeguards (sector- specific and/or competition law) against a high degree of cross-ownership between media types (press, TV, radio, internet). Result: There is very limited regulation that affects cross-media ownership, which is ultimately not preventing cross- media concentration. Therefore a HIGH RISK for market distortion through cross-media concentration exists. Why?

In Cambodian Law, there is no cross-media ownership regulation.In Cambodian Law, there is no cross-media ownership regulationn. Enforcement powers such as refusal of additional licenses exist to some extent - but not across media sectors. There is no regulation that concerns the licensing process with a more holistic perspective: merger and acquisitions across media sectors are not monitored nor have conditions attached. Obligations to give up licenses/activities in other media sectors do exist. However, there is no transparent procedure based on objective criteria that regulates for which offences to carry out these powers. Thus, the main purpose of the media regulation body doesn’t seem to be the prevention of cross-media concentration but the oversight on the development of the media market. Regulatory Safeguard Score: 2 out of 8– High Risk (Regulation: 25 %).

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CROSS-MEDIA OWNERSHIP Description Yes No NA MD

Does the media legislation contain This indicator aims to assess the 0 specific thresholds, based on objective existence of regulatory criteria, such as number of licences, safeguards (sector-specific and/ audience share, circulation, distribution or competition law) against a of share capital or voting rights, turnover/ high degree of cross-ownership revenue, to prevent a high degree of in different media sectors. cross-ownership between the different media?

Is there an administrative authority or This variable aims to assess if the 0 judicial body actively monitoring law/regulation provides a due compliance with these thresholds and/or monitoring and sanctioning hearing complaints? (e.g. media system for the regulation on authority=1, competition authority=0,5)) audiovisual media concentration.

Does the law grant body sanctioning/ The variable aims at assessing if 1 enforcement powers in order to impose the law is providing a due system proportionate remedies (behavioural of sanctions to sector-specific and/or structural) in case of non-respect regulation, such as: of the thresholds? - Refusal of additional licences; - Blocking of a merger or acquisition; - Obligation to allocate windows for third party programming; - Obligation to give up licences/ activities in other media sectors - divestiture.

Are these sanctioning/enforcement The question aims at 0 powers effectively used? assessing the effectiveness of the remedies provided by the regulation.

Can a high degree of cross-ownership For instance, cross-ownership 0 between different media be prevented can be prevented by comptetion via merger control/competition rules that law: take into account the specificities of the - by the mandatory intervention

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CROSS-MEDIA OWNERSHIP Description Yes No NA MD

media sector? of a media authority in M&A cases (for instance, the obligation for the competition authority to ask the advice of the media authority); - by the possibility to overrule the approval of a concentration by the competition authority for reasons of media pluralism (or Public interest in general); Even though the law does not contain media-specific provisions - it does not exclude the media sector from its scope of application

Is there an administrative authority or This variable aims to assess if the 0 judicial body actively monitoring law/regulation provides a due compliance with these rules and/or monitoring and sanctioning hearing complaints? (e.g. media and/or system for the regulation against competition authority) a high degree of cross- ownership in different media sectors via merger control/ competition rules

Does the law grant body sanctioning/ Examples sanctioning/ 1 enforcement powers in order to impose enforcement powers and proportionate remedies (behavioural remedies: and/or structural) in case of non-respect - blocking of a merger or of the thresholds? acquisition; - obligation to allocate windows for third party programming; - must carryobligation to give up licences/activities in other media sectors; - divestiture.

Are these sanctioning/enforcement The question aims at assessing 0 powers effectively used? the effectiveness of the remedies of the regulation.

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CROSS-MEDIA OWNERSHIP Description Yes No NA MD

Total 2 of 8

Ownership Transparency

This indicator assesses the transparency of data about the political affiliations of media owners as ownership transparency is a crucial precondition to enforce media pluralism. Result: HIGH RISK

Why? · Lists of license holders for TV and print sectors were accessible upon request at the Ministry of Information. A list of radio license holders was only available for stations in Phnom Penh. This register, however, does not include reliable and accurate information on the media ownership structure but only on the registered license holder. Consequently, the public cannot easily learn which legal or natural person effectively owns or controls a media company- since it is not even questionable that the government is informed about details. Lists of license holders for ISP and mobile companies are available online. More information can be obtained upon request at the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. Since ownership transparency regulations are lacking, law doesn’t enforce the disclosure of ownership structures of large media companies, which provides grounds for market abuse and concentration. Media and telecommunications companies and owners are not transparent on their own motion: there was only a low level of active transparency on ownership structures; economic data such as turn-over/ revenue are held confidential. This impeded to rank the Media Companies according to their economic power/ stability at this stage of the project. After contacting the media companies with questionnaires, around 26% (13 out of 41) responded and provided complete data on ownership ) and thus showed passive transparency. 12 outlets responded but didn’t provide the project with the relevant facts on shareholder structure etc. 16 media outlets never responded to the questionnaire. Data was sporadically publicly available. According to the research, at least no company actively disguised the ownership structure, e. g. through bogus companies

LOW MEDIUM HIGH

How would you assess the transparency and accessibility of data about the media ownership?

Data on media owners Data of media owners and their Data on political affiliations of media as well as their political affiliations are disclosed owners are not easily accessible by the

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LOW MEDIUM HIGH

political affiliations is based on investigations of public and investigative journalists of publicly available and journalists and media activists or activists are not successful in disclosing transparent. upon request. these data. (Active Transparency) (Passive Transparency) (Data Unavailable, Active Disguise) Code if that applies Code if that applies > 50% of the Code if data is available for < 50% of the to > 75% of the sample. sample sample

Regulatory Safeguards: Ownership Transparency

This indicator aims to assess the existence and effective implementation of transparency and disclosure provisions with regard to media ownership and/or control. Result: HIGH RISK Why? There are no transparency and disclosure obligations for media companies – and thus no enforcement powers. It is unclear how much information has to be disclosed to public authorities. There is hardly information on media ownership accessible. Sanctions in case of non-respect of disclosure obligations could be theoretically imposed and brought to court – however, there has notably been no case.

Regulatory Safeguard Score: 2 out of 20 - High Risk (Regulations 10%).

Transparency Provisions (summarized Description Yes No NA MD for TV, Radio, Press, Online - max. score 5 per sector)

Does national (media, company, tax...) law The aim of the question is to 0 contain transparency and disclosure check regulatory safeguard for provisions obliging media companies to transparency towards the publish their ownership structures on citizens, the users and the public their website or in records/documents in general. that are accessible to the public?

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Transparency Provisions (summarized Description Yes No NA MD for TV, Radio, Press, Online - max. score 5 per sector)

report (changes in) ownership structures towards public authorities. to public authorities (such as the media authority)?

Is there an obligation by national law to This question aims at assessing 0 disclose relevant information after every if the law provides rules on the change in ownership structure? public availability of accurate and up-to-date data on media ownership. This is a condition for an effective transparency.

Are there any sanctions in case of non- This question aims at assessing 0 respect of disclosure obligations? if the law on media ownership transparency can be enforced through the application of sanctions.

Do the obligations ensure that the public This question aim at assessing Medium: knows which legal or natural person the effectiveness of the laws that some effectively owns or controls the media deal with media ownership owners company? transparency and if they succeed are still in disclosing the real owners of unknown the media outlets. (=0,5*4)

Total 2 out of 20

(Political) Control Over Media Outlets and Distribution Networks

This indicator aims to assess the risk of political affiliations and control over media and distribution networks. It examines the transparency of data about the political affiliations of media owners, the proportion of specific political affiliation of media owners across the media market in terms of audience share. It also assesses the level of discrimination by politically affiliated media distribution networks. Discriminatory actions would for example include unfavorable pricing and posing barriers to media accessing the distribution channel. Political Affiliations means that the media outlet or company belongs to a party, a partisan group, a party leader or a clearly partisan person. Result: MEDIUM RISK Why?

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In the PRINT sector, distribution network means the logistics to distribute newspapers, which are not under political control. CABLE TELEVISION (originally called CATV or community antenna television) was developed in the late 1940's for communities unable to receive TV signals because of terrain or distance from TV stations. A cable system is not permitted to carry a commercial station without the station's consent. Stations electing must carry status are considered too have given their consent. Therefore, if the local commercial television station elects retransmission consent, the cable system must obtain that station's consent prior to carrying or transmitting its signal. The national RADIO network transmitting the FM signal in each relay on 87.5 - 108 MHz frequency range for each station, giving up to 1200 W of output power in continuous service. In order to operate and use this distribution network, a radio broadcaster needs to obtain a license from the Ministry of the information An Internet Service Provider (ISP) provides access to the Internet and other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting. More recently, wireless Internet service providers or WISPs have emerged that offer Internet access through wireless LAN or wireless broadband networks. Only when granted a license by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (MPTC), ISPs have the equipment and the telecommunication line access required to have a point-of-presence on the Internet for a specific geographic area.

LOW MEDIUM HIGH

What is the share media owned by politically affiliated entities?

The media having <30% The media having <50% - >30% The media having >50% audience share is owned audience share is owned audience share is owned (controlled) by a specific political (controlled) by a specific political (controlled) by a specific political party, politician or political party, politician or political party, politician or political grouping, or by an owner with grouping, or by an owner with grouping, or by an owner with specific political affiliation. specific political affiliation. specific political affiliation.

LOW MEDIUM HIGH

How would you assess the conduct of the leading distribution networks for print media?

Leading distribution At least one of the leading All of the leading distribution networks are not politically distribution networks is politically networks are politically affiliated affiliated or do not take affiliated or takes occasional and has a record of repeated discriminatory actions. discriminatory actions. discriminatory actions.

How would you assess the conduct of the leading radio distribution networks?

Leading distribution At least one of the leading All of the leading distribution networks are not politically distribution networks is politically networks are politically affiliated

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LOW MEDIUM HIGH

affiliated or do not take affiliated or takes occasional and has a record of repeated discriminatory actions. discriminatory actions. discriminatory actions.

How would you assess the conduct of the leading television distribution networks?

Leading distribution, are not At least one of the leading All of the leading distribution politically affiliated or do not distribution networks is politically networks are politically affiliated take discriminatory actions. affiliated or takes occasional and has a record of repeated discriminatory actions. discriminatory actions.

How would you assess the conduct of the leading Internet distribution networks?

(Political) Control Over Media Funding This indicator assesses the influence of the state on the functioning of the media market, focusing particularly on the risk of discrimination in the distribution of state advertisements/ funding. The discrimination can be reflected in favoritism towards political parties or affiliates of political parties in the government, or in penalization of media criticizing the government. State advertising is understood as any advertising paid by governments (national, regional, local) and state-owned institutions and companies. Public Funding is understood if th he government is using public financial resources to ensure a pluralistic media landscape with quality media. Result: HIGH RISK Why? There is no transparency on how much state advertising the individual media outlets get. Public funding only goes to the state media (TVK, AKP, RNK). The amount of direct profit of Cambodian media businesses itself is questionable. Where media is unable to build upon financial support from politicians, their financial basis is too weak to secure long-term economic survival. Beyond that, Cambodia is experiencing a trend similar to that in industrial countries: advertising is “migrating” increasingly to the internet and online platforms. Thus media businesses are suspected to be set up as a tool of business men to cross-promote their other businesses (e.g. by creating advertising platform).

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LOW MEDIUM HIGH

Is the state advertising distributed to media proportionately to their audience share?

State advertising is State advertising is distributed State advertising is distributed distributed to the media disproportionately (in terms of exclusively to few media outlets, relatively proportionately to audience share) to the media. which do not cover al major media the audience shares of outlets in the country. media.

How would you assess the rules of distribution of state advertising?

State advertising is State advertising is distributed to There are no rules regarding distributed to media outlets media outlets based on a set of distribution of state advertising to based on transparent rules. rules but it is unclear whether media outlets or these. they are transparent.

IMPORTANCE OF STATE ADVERTISING

What is the share of state advertising as part of the overall TV / Radio / Print/ online advertising market? VALUE: There is no data available on the share of state advertising in the market.

Share of state advertising is Share of state advertising is Share of state advertising is > 10% <5% of the overall market. 5%-10% of the overall market. of the overall market.

(Political) Control Over News Agencies

This indicator aims to assess the range and independence of competing news agencies, including the assessment of the level of state ownership and level of independence (content-wise and economically) of state owned news agencies. Result: HIGH RISK Why? Even if financial information on the news agency market is lacking and the indicator could only be partly evaluated, it overall shows a HIGH RISK. Even if international news agencies are a relevant source for media outlets, the only news agency with a primarily national focus and with direct access to political information is a government service. AKP is the only state-owned Cambodian news agency. Other news agencies are foreign and include (but are not limited to) Agence France Presse (AFP), Kyodo News, Xinhua, Reuters, Associated Press etc. In this case “largest news agency” refers to AKP, the only Cambodian news agency. However, there is no data on which news agency – including the international ones – reaches out to most journalists

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LOW MEDIUM HIGH

What is the market share of the leading news agency? VALUE: There is no market share for news agencies available.

No news agency dominates the One news agency has <50% ≥30% The leading news agency has market (occupy >30% of the share of the market of news ≥50% market share. market of news agencies). agencies.

How would you evaluate the political affiliation and/or dependence of the largest news agency?

None of the largest news At least one of the largest news Most or all of the largest news agencies is dependent on agencies is dependent on political agencies is dependent on political groupings in terms of groupings in terms of ownership, political groupings in terms of ownership, affiliation of key affiliation of key personnel or ownership, affiliation of key personnel or editorial policy. editorial policy. personnel or editorial policy.

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Transparency

No national law (media, company, tax) contains transparency and disclosure provisions binding media companies to report (changes in) ownership structures to public authorities, nor to disclose them to the public.

Lists of license holders for TV and print sectors were accessible upon request at the Ministry of Information. A list of radio license holders was only available for stations in Phnom Penh. This register, however, does not include reliable and accurate information on the media ownership structure but only on the registered license holder. Consequently, the public cannot easily learn which legal or natural person effectively owns or controls a media company- since it is not even questionable that the government is informed about details.

Lists of license holders for ISP and mobile companies are available online. More information can be obtained upon request at the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications.

Media and telecommunications companies and owners are not transparent on their own motion: there is no active disclosure of ownership structure; economic data such as turn-over/ revenue are held confidential. This impeded to rank the Media Companies according to their economic power/ stability at this stage of the project.

Since ownership transparency regulations are lacking, law doesn’t enforce the disclosure of ownership structures of large media companies, which provides grounds for market abuse and concentration.

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Media Regulation

MEDIA REGULATION IS IN ITS INFANCY:

No transparent and democratic framework for issuing, renewing or revoking broadcasting/ print licenses.

Instead of establishing and entrusting an independent media authority, the Ministry of Information is the sole authority to officially allocate and revoke licenses in an opaque process. Opaque means that the minister is to decide which media exist and does not, he does not have to justify his decision or to base it on objective criteria.

No concentration regulatory safeguards.

Cambodia does not have any framework containing specific thresholds or limits to prevent concentration of ownership and/or media control, neither sector-specific nor in competition law. Regulatory safeguards against a high degree of cross-media ownership (across print, broadcast and online market) also do not exist. As the Competition Clause (Press Law, Art. 17) only applies to the print sector[1], radio and television branches remain unregulated with regard to cartel laws.

Hardly regulation of private (media) companies’ organizational law.

Companies can sell or buy shares according to their own by-laws, thus also merge with other companies. The Ministry of Information may oppose such a transfer in the media sector – but has not done so yet. De facto, mergers are rare. Instead, media companies tend to expand by obtaining more frequencies (e.g. Bayon TV extended to Bayon News, CTN extended to CNC and Hang Meas extended to Rasmey Hang Meas). Such expansions are not subjected to a concentration assessment.

No independent competition/ media/ telecommunication authority to take considerations about media pluralism into account (implicitly or explicitly), when applying competition rules to the media sector. As such, the impact of a proposed concentration on media pluralism and that overseas mergers/ acquisitions is not assessed.

No plan to establish public broadcasting, with the function to ensure pluralistic content and to serve the interests of the Cambodian people. Public Broadcasting refers to an independent, pluralistic and institutionalized system (e.g. through laws and/or voluntary guidelines) to ensure diversity of opinions as well as program quality in the media market. It also includes a definition of media’s mandate: such as information, education, entertainment etc. It works on public

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funding – however, it is supposed to be independent and thus not state-owned.

[1] Cambodian nationals are allowed to own two newspapers at most and foreigners not more than 20% of the total print market. However, they are Who is responsible for Media allowed to run other media business such as Khmer or foreign language Regulation? magazine, foreign language newspaper and newsletter, and radio and TV stations. more

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Who is responsible for Media Regulation?

There are two Ministries involved in media regulation: the Ministry of Information regarding information and content; the Ministry of Post and Telecommunication (based on an executive order) regarding technical infrastructures. The Telecommunication Regulator of Cambodia was established by the Royal Decree No. ??/???/ 1215/017 dated 17 December 2015 which declared the Law on Telecommunications, and Sub Decree No. 45 ?????.??. dated 16 March 2016 regarding the organization and operation of the Telecommunication Regulator of Cambodia.

Ministry of Information

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The Ministry of Information was established in 1996. However, its roles and functions were only defined in 1999 (LINK to Legal assessment, 2015) The current Minister of Information, Khieu Kanharith, has been in office since 2004. The MoI duties comprise the allocating/ renewing of licenses (print, broadcast), controlling of broadcasting companies as well as of information published in newspapers, magazines and electronic media. This ministry has two levels of divisions - central and local divisions. Its central division is again organized in 7 departments. The state media is directly located in the central division of the MoI: Agence Kampuchea Presse (AKP) - Khmer Press Agency: State press agency. Tasks: collect, disseminate and broadcast information in country and abroad through magazines, newspaper, bulletins, books, document both in printing and electronic etc. It is mainly covering the government activities and its highest officials’ meetings and trips. National Radio of Kampuchea (RNK): State radio. Tasks: broadcast information daily in both local and foreign language, including other entertainment programs in AM, FM and SW frequency. It has 12 provincial radio stations in the country and two in Phnom Penh. However, its popularity is very small (CMRD, 2015) Television of Kampuchea (TVK): State Television Station. Task: broadcast news in country and abroad. Not among the relevant media in Cambodia for this study.

Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications

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The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication was established in 1996. Over the years, a several sub- decrees have changed its structure and responsibilities – especially related to telecommunications regulations. The current Minister for Post and Telecommunication is Prak Sokhoonn, who has been serving as such since 2013. The Ministry is responsible for the management of the post, telecommunication and ICT sectors and for the establishment of a reliable and secure technical infrastructure. As such, it holds jurisdiction for all telecommunication operators and Internet Service Providers (ISPs).

Telecommunication Regulator

With the appearance of news players on the telecommunication landscape, the Cambodian Government established the Telecommunication Regulator of Cambodia on March 1st, 2012. As an independent authority, its missions were: to be sensitive to the needs of consumers, operators, service providers and suppliers; to be responsive to the policy initiatives of Royal Government to generate growth on ICT, social and economic benefits; to improve Cambodia’s position in the worldwide ICT market, to stimulate a policy environment with fairness and transparency, strengthening the sector and encouraging a fair competition.

However, it lacked the authority to control content and to give penalties.

New Telecommunication Regulator Law in 2015 In October 2015, the Government has passed a draft of law on Telecom Regulator. In general, its structure remains the same.[1] The Draft Law changes and clarifies, however, the roles and powers of the institution. The major changes will include: It will be upgraded to a statutory institution (created by statute law) that has more power to intervene in cases of legal infringements by telecom operators. But it still has only the competency to control electronic media.

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While until now, the Regulator implements the telecom policies set by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication, it will obtain competencies to set plans and strategies to control and improve telecommunication by its own. It will have licensing competencies: transferring rights on telecom licenses, inheritance, merging telecom companies will require a reapplication to the Telecom Regulators for approval. It will have the power to investigate illegal business against code of conduct, cheating technology, service quality and illegal imported telecom equipment which abusing law on telecom regulator and other relevant laws. According to the Draft of Law on Telecom Regulators, there are 31 offenses (from Article 77 to 108). The punishment will reach from administrative fines/ sanctions to 20 years of imprisonment. It will have the competencies to interfere and settle the disputes between telecom operators.

[1] In English, even the name does not change. In Khmer, the name will change but keep its meaning (Panhatakor Tourkakmoneakum will change to Niyatakor Torkakmoneakum).

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Media Concentration

The Cambodian media market is concentrated in every sector, with a highly concentrated TV sector, a medium concentrated radio sector and a highly concentrated print sector. Evaluating concentration in the online sector is difficult – since there is no relevant consumption data available.

Since the major 4 owners in TV MARKET reach out to an audience share of 78%, it is considered as highly concentrated according to the MOM Indicators. 91% of the audience is watching 9 TV channels. The Royal Group alone attracts 47% of the audience through its media company Cambodia Broadcasting Service (CBS). Most popular TV stations and programs are mainly focusing on entertainment, and the 2 news TV channels represent only 2% of the audience. This shows the interest for local and international news is limited.

With the Top 4 RADIO stations covering 43% of the audience in Cambodia, the concentration on the radio market is medium according to the MOM Indicators. It is also the most fragmented with 8 of the 10 most relevant radio stations, reaching between 4-6% of the audience. This means they potentially have the same - limited - influence on opinion formation. Unlike the TV market, most stations belong to small businesses and independent voices, such as Mongkul Sovann, Sambok Khmum or the Tonle Group (Tonle FM). Even if Radio Free Asia (RFA) and Voice of America (VOA) are not listed here – since they aren’t stand-alone radio outlets – their independent news and foreign content programs of are among the most popular ones.

The Top 4 PRINT outlets reach 57% of the audience share, which means a high concentration. The print market is dominated by CPP-affiliated media outlets, with 3 of the Top 4 print media selected belonging to owners or newsrooms affiliated to the ruling party. While the exact circulation numbers are missing, these newspapers, as a whole, claim to represent at least 65,000 copies a day. However, the print market remains the less popular sector when it comes to audience, with 90% of Cambodians stating they never read a newspaper.

The ONLINE market is one of the most crowded industries of the country with 31 Internet Service providers licensed and 7 active phone operators able to provide online data plans, according to the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. These include two state-owned ISPs. It is still unclear which the top ISPs and phone operators are, therefore the concentration could not be calculated.

The Top 4 Media companies and owners are CBS (Royal Group) (45.1% cross-media audience share), Hang

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Meas (23.1%), Hun Mana (6.5%) and Seng Bunveng (8.7%). This adds up to 83.4% of cross-media audience shares, proofing a high concentration of media companies that have a potential influence on public opinion. This result is related to the highly concentrated TV market that gets attention by 96% of the population: Ownership in a popular TV outlet already means a notable influence on audiences (see Royal Group, Hang Meas). CROSS-MEDIA OWNERSHIP in the original sense – as media owners expand their businesses across media sectors – does not exist to a large extent in Cambodia. Rather than opening new media businesses in different sectors – and thus involving in the timely process of applying for licenses – owners seem to expand their already existing media businesses in a single sector. 3 of the 4 Top Owners operate only in 2 media sectors.

For more details also see the MOM Indicator on Media Concentration.

Sources

Concentration is calculated with data released by CMRD (2015). Media Consumption Survey

Sok Som Oeun (2015). Media Ownership Monitor - Legal assessment (available upon request)

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Political Affiliations

Among the 27 Cambodian media owners, at least 11 are on the government payroll, were appointed as an advisor to the ruling party or clearly stated their affiliation to a political party:

Kith Meng (Advisor to the Prime Minister) Hun Mana (Appointed as Assistant to the Prime Minister's office) Thong Uypang (A member of the Solidarity Front for Development of the Cambodian Motherland SFDCM) Say Chhum (President of the Senate) Mam Sonando (Founder of the Beehive Democratic Society Party) Dam Sith (CNRP MP in Phnom Penh) Soy Sopheap (Staff member of the Ministry of Information) Kao Kim Hourn (Minister Delegate attached to the Office of Prime Minister) Ly Yong Phat (CPP Senator and advisor to Prime Minister Hun Sen) Neang Phat (a Four-Star General and a Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defense) Vong Mayoura (Deputy Secretary of State at the Ministry of National Assembly-Senate Relations and Inspection)Among them, 5 own at least 8 TV stations (63% of total viewership), 5 own 5 newspapers (41% of the total readership) and 7 own a radio station each (at least 8% of the listenership among the most revelant radio stations) – which means a notable potential influence on public opinion.

Hun Mana, one of the daughters of the Cambodia Prime Minister Hun Sen, and Say Chhum, the current President of the Cambodian Senate, are the only owners active in each media sector.

The political affiliation of the remaining 16 media owners is either not clear or none is existent. In the case of foreign owners (4), MOM considered their political affiliation to be not relevant as their audience shares remain low and their influence on opinion shaping is limited.

State Media in Each Sector

The only CAMBODIAN NEWS AGENCY is owned by the government, which consequently is involved in the personnel appointment. There are three GOVERNMENT OWNED MEDIA OUTLETS (Akp.com.kh, RNK and TVK), which personnel is appointment by the government. However, their impact on opinion formation seems limited since they are not amongst the most popular media outlets.

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2017: The year of crackdowns

On September 4th 2017, The Cambodia Daily announced its own closure for the first time in 24 years in Cambodia. The cease of operation came after a massive disputed $6.3 million tax bill. In its press statement, The Cambodia Daily said the power to tax is the power to destroy, adding that the Cambodian government has destroyed a singular part of Cambodia’s free press.

Amid the closure of Daily, the problem of broadcast licensing led to the closure of more radio stations in Cambodia, in what media expert has described as massive crackdown on independent media ahead of the 2018’s election. A prominent Human Rights organisation, Licadho cited in late August 2017, 32 FM radio frequencies across 20 provinces were ordered to close by Cambodian authorities. According to Ministry of Information’s document, dated November 23, the number was significantly lower: 21 radio stations across the country were reported to have shut down due to licensing issues.

The shutdown particularly hit stations relaying contents of main opposition party CNRP, which were dissolved by Cambodia’s Supreme Court on November 16, and independent Khmer-language news: Radio Free Asia (RFA), Voice of America (VOA) and the Cambodian non-profit, Voice of Democracy (VOD). There were all taken offthe air, and their news programme effectively lost all access to the airwaves. Licadho said the closure heavily affect especially rural area where radio is a major source of information due to low Internet access.

On September 12th 2017, the United States-funded broadcaster Radio Free Asia for Khmer Service (RFA Khmer) also closed its Phnom Penh bureau and ceased in-country operations. In a press statement, RFA said a recent crackdown on independent media that has made it impossible to continue the work in the country. On November 18th, 2017, two former RFA journalists were even detained and were provisionally charged by Phnom Penh Municipal Court with “espionage”. The accusation against them came less than two months amid the RFA cease operation. In case they both get convicted, they will face seven to 15 years in prison according to Cambodian Criminal Code.

In document responding to a UN warning shortly after the arrest, Cambodia’s Ministry of Information has defended as legitimate its recent crackdown on independent press outlets, adding that the government did not use the law to restrict or shut down independent media. According the document, the government also denied that the radio stations had been closed without warning.

Amid the crackdown, analysts perceived Fresh News as the most influential forces speeding pro-government news, but it has long denied any formal connection to the ruling party.

Sources

 The Cambodia Daily. The Cambodia Daily closes after 24 years.

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 The Phnom Penh Post (13.October.2017). Tax chief backs Daily shuttering.

 The Phnom Penh Post (25.August.2017). Government closes 15 radio stations.

 The Phnom Penh Post (11. Sep. 2017). Daily founder claims liability.

 The Phnom Penh Post (12. Sep. 2017). RFA shuts down Cambodia operations amid media crackdown.

 The Phnom Penh Post (18. Sep. 2017). Official warns ex-RFA staffers about continuing to work in Cambodia.

 The Phnom Penh Post (18. Nov. 2017). Breaking: Ex-RFA reporters provisionally charged with ‘espionage’, facing up to 15 years.

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About

Frequently Asked Questions Methodology Team more more more

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Methodology

Theory: media pluralism as key for democratic societies

Media pluralism is a key aspect of democratic societies as free, independent, and diverse media reflect divergent viewpoints and allow criticism of people in power. Generally, you can distinguish internal media pluralism which refers to how social and political diversity are reflected in media content (e.g. representation of different cultural groups, diverse political or ideological opinions). External media pluralism, on the other hand, covers the number and structure of owners also known as the “plurality” of suppliers. Risks to diversity of ideas are caused by media market concentration – the opposite of media pluralism - when only a few players exert dominant influence on public opinion and raise entrance barriers for other players and perspectives (media ownership concentration);

when media content is uniform and focused only on specific topics, people, ideas and opinions (media content concentration);

when the audiences only read, watches and listens to certain media outlets (media audience concentration).

Goal: creating media ownership transparency

Notwithstanding that media pluralism encompasses many dimensions and faces as many risks, the MOM focuses on external pluralism, and more precisely on media ownership concentration as a potential threat to media pluralism. The biggest obstacle to fight it is lack of transparency of media ownership: How can people evaluate the reliability of information, if they don´t know who provides it? How can journalists work properly, if they don´t know who controls the company they work for? And how can media authorities address excessive media concentration, if they don´t know who is behind the media´s steering wheel? MOM thus aims to create transparency and to answer the question “who eventually controls media content?”

by informing about the owner of the most important media outlets of the different types of media (television, radio, internet, print) and their affiliations;

by analyzing the potential influence on the public opinion-forming process based on audience concentration;

by shedding light on the regulation of media ownership and concentration, as well as implementation of

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regulatory safeguards.

Means: data collection and fieldwork

Based on a generic methodology, the “Media Ownership Monitor” (MOM) has been developed as a mapping exercise in order to create a publicly available, continuously updated database that lists owners of all relevant mass media outlets. It creates transparency on who owns media, which interests and affiliation owners have, to which extent dependencies exist and thus, who really has a potential influence on public opinion. Fieldwork is not only aimed at finding out, who holds the stakes, but at investigating who eventually controls media. In addition, MOM provides a contextualization and qualitative analysis by assessing the respective market specifics and legal environment in the countries as well. Data collection was done by local research team from CCIM in collaboration with Reporters Without Borders.

Instrument: MOM-user guide

The data collection is conducted following a detailed User Guide, covering following sections:

Section A “Context” provides a first look into the media market and flanking conditions, such as the regulatory framework related to ownership issues, country information and media-specific data. This section allows to better understand the findings of the following sections and to contextualize estimated risks for media plurality.

In Section B “Media Market”, the types of media that are relevant for opinion-formation are agreed upon on the basis of the audience reach. At most 10 media outlets per media type - TV, radio, print and Internet – are selected.

In Section C “Ownership”, owner/ shareholder/ people with influence on the most relevant media are researched. Key media companies are defined economically (related to their revenue) and investigated concerning their ownership characteristics.

Section D “Indicators” explains the indicators which allow calculating an index for the risk to media pluralism caused by a certain level of media ownership control.

The User Guide is developed on the basis of already existing media ownership & media pluralism research. Especially the indicators are inspired by and harmonized with the EU-funded (Media Pluralism Monitor) of the Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF) at the European University Institute (EUI, Florence)

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is MOM?

The “Media Ownership Monitor” (MOM) has been developed as a mapping tool in order to create a publicly available, continuously updated database that lists owners of all relevant mass media outlets (press, radio, television sectors and online media). MOM aims to shed light on the risks to media pluralism caused by media ownership concentration (for more information: Methodology. In order to grasp the national characteristics and detect risk-enhancing or risk- reducing factors for media concentration, MOM also qualitatively assesses the market conditions and legal environment.

2. Who is behind MOM?

MOM has been proposed and launched by Reporter ohne Grenzen e. V. – the German section of the international human rights organization Reporters Without Borders (Reporters sans frontières, RSF), that aims to defend freedom of the press and the right to inform and be informed anywhere in the world. In each country, RSF cooperates with a local partner organization. In Cambodia, RSF worked with the Cambodian Center for Independant Media (CCIM).The project is funded by the Federal German Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation (BMZ).

3. Where can I download this report?

The website affords a PDF download containing all website content. The PDF is automatically generated and thus updated on a daily base. It exists for all website languages. In order to generate the PDF, scroll down to the website footer, choose your preferred language and “Download complete website as PDF”.

4. Why is transparency of media ownership important?

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Media pluralism is a key aspect of democratic societies as free, independent, and diverse media reflect divergent viewpoints and allow criticism of people in power. Risks to diversity of ideas are caused by media market concentration, when only a few players exert dominant influence on public opinion and raise entrance barriers for other players and perspectives (media ownership concentration). The biggest obstacle to fight it is lack of transparency of media ownership: How can people evaluate the reliability of information, if they don´t know who provides it? How can journalists work properly, if they don´t know who controls the company they work for? And how can media authorities address excessive media concentration, if they don´t know who is behind the media´s steering wheel? MOM thus aims to create transparency and to answer the question “who eventually controls media content?” in order to raise public awareness, to create a fact base for advocacy to hold political and economic players accountable for the existing conditions. As we consider ownership transparency as a crucial precondition to enforce media pluralism, we document the openness of media companies/outlets to provide information on their ownership structure. Considering their answers, we distinguish different levels of transparency – which is indicated for each media outlet and media company on their profile. • In several countries, media ownership is restricted by law in order to avoid concentration. So if one individual wants to extend his or her media empire beyond these limits, proxy owners and/or shell companies registered abroad, even off-shore, are frequently being used. • Sometimes, media owners receive personal threats or face other dangers either originating from governments or competing businesses and therefore decide to remain unknown to protect themselves. • In many cases, media ownership is intertwined with undue political or economic interests, even more so if individuals are involved that hold a public office and who don’t want to disclose such a conflict of interests. • In rare cases, the disguise of media ownership happens unintentionally because over time and through mergers and acquisitions, corporate structures became so complex that the original beneficial owner is difficult to identify. • Last not least, there are ‘normal’ – i. e. non-media-related reasons for owners to hide, such as tax evasion.

5. What kind of concentration regulation does MOM suggest?

MOM doesn’t make normative statements – it doesn’t suggest how to control media ownership. Which form of media concentration control can work depends on the country context, the existing legal and market conditions, the ownership landscape. MOM provides a transparency tool to enforce a democratic discussion on that issue as well as good governance: decisions are likely to be of higher quality and to better reflect the needs and wishes of the people if they have access to adequate information and broad consultations, with views and opinions freely shared.

6. How is data collected and validated?

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Preferably, official data sources, and/or sources with a high level of reliability and trust are used. Whenever not publicly available, information was directly requested of media companies, political representatives and research institutes. We used mainly data made available by Cambodia Media & Research for Development (CMRD) - for details on audience shares Ministry of Information Ministry of Posts & Telecommunications Ministry of Commerce

In order to guarantee and verify the objective evaluation, MOM worked with an advisory group that commented and consulted throughout the research process. It was composed of national specialists with a substantial knowledge and experience in the media and communications fields. Amongst others, the following experts were accompanying the research process: Mr. Pisey Pech, Transparency International Sek Barisoth, American University Phnom Penh BBC Media Action Mr. Chay Sophal, UNESCO/ CCJ Ministry of Information Mr. Sok Som Oeun, Legal Advisor Kim Ley, Social Development

All sources are thoroughly documented and archived. Information is available on request at CCIM.

7. How is "most relevant media" defined?

The main question is: which media outlets influence the opinion-forming process? In order to scan all relevant media, we included all traditional media types (Print, Radio, TV, Online). The media were selected according to the following criteria: MOM focused on media with the highest reach, measured by audience share. Basis for selection was the Media consumption survey conducted by the Cambodia Media Research for Development between January & March 2015 and available upon request to CMRD. At most 10 media outlets per media type (TV, radio, print, Online) were selected. The news worthy and opinion content. The study focuses on general information with a national focus. As such, media with specific thematic focus (music, sport), social networks, search engines and advertisement were excluded. New players are included in the media landscape. They are not included in the findings due to their recent presence on the media market and the lack of relevant data:

> PNN TV station launched in July 2015 and owned by CPP Senator and business tycoon Ly Yong Phat > The Khmer Times launched in May 2013 (weekly). It became a daily newspaper in 2015 and is owned by Malaysian businessman T. Mohan.

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8. How are the media outlets selected?

TV The TV stations were selected according to their audience reach nationwide. RADIO Due to the high fragmentation of the radio market, radio stations were selected according to the radio listenership of 6 different provinces. According to CMRD, the audience of the top 10 radios represent 85% of the total audience at the national level. Radio station relays or radio stations belonging to the same owner are compiled into one radio station for the purposes of data analysis.

Voice of America (VOA) and Radio Free Asia (RFA) radio programs were excluded since they are not Cambodian radio stations but owned by Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) and work with the US Congress’ approval. VOA and RFA supply news and social radio programming to 9 local stations for free or by buying airtime. Their historical partners in Cambodia are WMC and Beehive (Sombok Khmom) radio. Looking at the audience share, VOA and RFA offer two of the most popular programs for the Cambodian radio landscape: on average, 21.1% of Cambodian adults listen daily to RFA programs, 10.1% to VOA programs.

PRINT Print media outlets were selected according to: their audience reach nationwide.

their frequency of publication. The media outlets selected must be updated at least once a week with current content.

ONLINE Websites were selected according to: their ranking on the Alexa.com online traffic ranking system the relevance to the content regarding news/ opinion. As such, social networks, online stores and advertisement websites were excluded. The number of daily visitors is based on the MYIP.MS online database giving access to 9,000,000,000,000+ IPv4/IPv6 addresses and 377,000,000+ websites’ information worldwide.

Sources:

CMRD (2015). Media consumption Survey (Jan-March 2015) [available upon request at CMRD]

9. Why Cambodia?

Cambodia is ranked #128 out in 180 countries in the 2015 according the World Press Freedom Index published by Reporter without Borders. With a score of 40.99, Cambodia faces significant problems related to of press

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freedom. This indicates a problematic relation to media pluralism, media independence and transparency and thus highlights Cambodia as a country being worth looking in depth into the risk of media ownership concentration. On the other hand, unlike in other surrounding countries, civil society organizations such as the local partner Cambodian Center of Independent Media (CCIM) can operate relatively freely, which allowed a pilot implementation.

10. Does the MOM only exist for Cambodia?

MOM was developed as a generic methodology which can be universally applied – and potentially will be. Notwithstanding that media concentration trends are observable worldwide, implementation and analysis will first take place in developing countries. MOM has been implemented in around 20 countries over the course of three years. All country projects can be found on the global website.

11. What are the limitations of the study?

No economic data: Market concentration based on market share could not be calculated since complete and credible numbers were not available publicly. Some print outlets shared them on request, which is indicated in their Media outlet profile. Contradictory data: Official reports seemed to be hardly updated. Market share data published by the media outlets themselves seemed exaggerated (supposedly as an incentive for advertising sector). Spare media data: Media data is fragmented with no standard data set available. Audience shares, especially for the radio and the online sector, do not exist for Cambodia. Media outlets seem to not understand the value of market data, the need to purchase data and how to benefit from it. MOM worked with proxies based on available data.

12. Who do we target?

The data base allows each citizen to get informed on the media system in general;

creates a fact base for civil society’s advocacy efforts to further promote public consciousness on media ownership and concentration; is a point of reference for consulting competition authorities or governmental bodies when establishing suitable regulatory measures to safeguard media pluralism.

13. What happens next?

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The database is a snapshot of the current situation, contextualized by historical facts. It will be updated regularly by CCIM.

14. Are there similar projects?

The Media Ownership Monitor is mainly inspired by two similar projects. Especially the indicators for a later ranking rely heavily on the EU-funded Media Pluralism Monitor of the Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF) at the European University Institute (EUI, Florence). Moreover, Media Pedia, an ownership database developed by investigative journalists in Macedonia served as inspiration for the Media Ownership Monitor. An overview over other similar projects can be found in the table below.

ORGANIZATION DESCRIPTION

Acess Info A Spanish NGO that works in the field of media ownership transparency in several European countries.

Article 19 An NGO which works in the field of press freedom. It implements media concentration projects.

Deutsche Welle The Media Freedom Navigator of Deutsche Welle provides an overview of different media freedom indices.

European Audiovisual A database of television and audiovisual services in Europe. Observatory

European Journalism Center The Website provides a summary and analysis of the state of the media in Europe and neighbouring countries.

European University Institute The Media Pluralism Monitor assesses risks for media pluralism in the in Florence EU Member States.

IFEX The network provides information of the state of the media in many countries.

IREX The Media Sustainability Index (MSI) provides analyses of the conditions for independent media in 80 countries.

Media Pedia A project that is monitoring the media ownership in Macedonia.

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ORGANIZATION DESCRIPTION

mediaUk The Website provides information about media ownership in Great Britain.

Pew Research Center The organisation publishes an interactive database about media in the United States.

SEENPM Monitors media ownership and the impact on media pluralism in southeastern Europe and EU member states.

The Columbia Institute for A research that works with authors from 30 countries in the world about Tele-Information at Columbia media concentration using a common methodology. Business School

The Institute for Media and A database of international corporations of the world´s biggest media. Communication Policy

UNESCO Media Development Indicators - A framework for assessing media development.

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Team

MOM Team

Lisa-Maria Kretschmer works as a project manager for the "Media Ownership Monitor", mainly responsible for methodology design and the project implementation in Cambodia. Previously, she has worked in the field of human rights and resilience, amongst others for the German Development Agency (giz) and a Member of the German Parliament. In 2011, she supported an international research project on the role of media in conflict at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich. This experience now contributes to her work for MOM as much as her previous positions in communications departments & agencies (profit & non-profit) for creating public awareness for human rights concerns. She studied political communication, journalism and economics in Germany (LMU Munich, FU Berlin), The Netherlands, Denmark and Israel. Clothilde Le Coz worked as Senior Researcher for the “Media Ownership Monitor” in Cambodia and as Project Manager for MOM Morocco. She has been working as an independent journalist in Cambodia for the past 3 years and worked with CCIM, as a media development consultant, as she just arrived in the country. She previously worked as the Washington D.C. director for Reporters Without Borders, where she primarily worked on online transparency and journalism safety issues. She holds an M.A. in international relations and journalism and B.As. in political science & philosophy. She studied in France, Canada and the US. Sothoeuth Ith works as a research assistant for the "Media Ownership Monitor" in Cambodia. He is a graduate from Royal University of Phnom Penh’s Department of Media and Communication. Now Sothoeuth is an online news editor at Voice of Democracy (VOD), a media outlet of Cambodian Center for Independent Media. Before joining CCIM, he had worked as a media and public relations officer at a non-profit organization in Thailand for three years. Chenda Kun works as a Content Management System (CMS) assistant for “Media Ownership Monitor” in Cambodia. He is an outstanding media graduate in Media and Communication from Royal University of PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA. Chenda is now a TV producer/news editor at Voice of Democracy (VOD), a media outlet operated by Cambodian Center for Independent Media (CCIM). Before joining CCIM, he had worked as a media officer at World Vision Cambodia, video journalist at VOA Khmer, and an independent filmmaker. Chenda also works as a freelance media consultant. Sok Som Oeun, Esq. Olaf Steenfadt heads the "Media Ownership Monitor" project and the "Journalism Trust Initiative" at the press freedom watchdog Reporters Without Borders, RSF. For many years, he has been engaged as a consultant and coach in media development cooperation. Mandates of international organizations and NGOs lead him primarily to Southeast Europe and the Arab world. He previously worked for national German public broadcasters ARD and ZDF in various roles, including as a radio and TV presenter, investigative reporter, domestic and foreign correspondent, as well as in format development and corporate communication. Olaf is a member of the "High-level Expert Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation" of the European Commission and of the "Committee of Experts on Quality of Journalism in the Digital Age" at the Council of Europe. He teaches frequently at universities in Germany and Europe.

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CCIM

The Cambodian Center for Independent Media was founded in Phnom Penh (Cambodia) in 2007. It is registered with the Ministry of Interior as a non- governmental organization. Its mission is to promote democratic governance and human rights enforcement in Cambodia through the development of a pluralistic and independent media environment. CCIM is directed by Pa Nguon Teang, the former deputy director of the Cambodian Centre for Human Rights. CCIM is the legal entity of VOD Radio, which originally began airing in January 2003 under the supervision of the Cambodian Center for Human Rights (CCHR). In October 2008, the Center began operating its own radio station, Sarika FM, by hiring its license from Chay Chanrithy Solida, a Cambodian business woman. Sarika first mainly broadcasted educational and informative programs to the Cambodian airwaves. VOD Radio started to operate in 2009 on Sarika airwaves. CCIM has been applying for a radio license at the Ministry of Information, which was never granted. At the end of the first quarter of 2009, CCIM began operating another radio station in Siem Reap, and by 2009, Sarika FM had a combined coverage area of 14 out of 24 provinces and municipalities, with a potential listenership of 8.5 million of Cambodia’s total 14 million population. Amid a sprawling government clampdown on independent media in August 2017, VOD has been taken off the airwaves in what its director on Friday derided as a politically motivated move ahead of the 2018 general election. CCIM said in a statement that the NGO’s radio station partners stopped broadcasting its radio shows this week “without clear reasons.” Thus, CCIM had to stop its multimedia approaches to produce and disseminate content by: Using VOD as its radio-program production house; Operating Sarika FM as the radio broadcasting network. They are still Developing www.vodhotnews.com for online production and dissemination; Laying groundwork for a TV/video production team.

CCIM considers that media development plays a critical role in improving democratic governance and enforcement of human rights in Cambodia. The combination of (I) media’s independence from government and other outside influences, (II) promotion of freedom of expression and access to information, (III) representation of the public’s needs to decision-makers and (IV) improvement of the quality of the produced news, is the media development CCIM wants for the country. In turn, by maintaining a free-flow of information, independent and accurate media keep duty bearers transparent and hold them to account. Such transparency and accountability provide citizens with the information they need to make the critical decisions that impact them at the individual, family, community and national levels. You can read more about CCIM values and professionalism principles here.

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Reporters Without Borders

Reporters Without Borders (Reporter Sans Frontières, RSF) was founded in Montpellier (France) in 1985 by four journalists. It is is registered in France as a non-profit organization and has consultant status at the United Nations and UNESCO. RSF advocates for media freedom, supports independent media and protects endangered journalists worldwide. Its missions are - To continuously monitor attacks on freedom of information worldwide; - To denounce any such attacks in the media; - To act in cooperation with governments to fight censorship and laws aimed at restricting freedom of information; - To morally and financially assist persecuted journalists, as well as their families. - To offer material assistance to war correspondents in order to enhance their safety. Since 1994, the German section is active in Berlin. Although the German section works closely with the International Secretariat in Paris to research and evaluate media freedom worldwide, it is organizationally and financially independent. In that role, it has applied for a grant at the federal German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development – in order to finance the Media Ownership Monitor project.

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This website is continuously updated. We welcome any comments, questions and suggestions.

Cambodian Center for Independent Media: [email protected]

Reporters Without Borders: [email protected]

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Media Ownership Monitor Cambodia by Reporters without Borders (RSF) and CCIM is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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