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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Merrington: land, landlord and tenants 1541 1840 Morrin, Elizabeth Jean How to cite: Morrin, Elizabeth Jean (1997) Merrington: land, landlord and tenants 1541 1840, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4757/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk MERRINGTON: LAND, LANDLORD AND TENANTS 1541 - 1840. A STUDY IN THE ESTATE OF THE DEAN AND CHAPTER OF DURHAM. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the written consent of the author and information derived from it should be acknowledged. SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF Ph.D DURHAM UNIVERSITY SEPTEMBER 1997 BY ELIZABETH JEAN MORRIN 2 3 JAN 199S MERRINGTON: LAND, LANDLORD AND TENANTS 1541-1840. BY ELIZABETH JEAN MORRIN ABSTRACT This thesis considers the performance of the Dean and Chapter of Durham as estate managers from 1541-1840, as perceived from the detailed study of one parish. Durham was created as a New Foundation Cathedral in 1541 by Henry VI11 and endowed with the lands of the Priory, which had been dissolved in 1539. Durham Chapter administered the same lands until 1840 when central government again intervened with cathedral estates. Cathedral chapters have been described as 'inactive rentier' landlords. Durham Chapter's management is compared with that of other landlords to see if this description was justified. The Chapter's response to problems and challenges, such as tenant right and inflation in the sixteenth century, civil war and abolition in the seventeenth century and rapidly changing agricultural practices in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is considered. The thesis concludes that by 1626 Durham Chapter had created an effective system of estate management, knovm as beneficial leasehold, which offered tenants security of tenure and fixed rents, while compensating the Chapter for inflation by regular renewal fines, related to the true value of the land. The Chapter were not inactive rentiers in 1640: they promoted agricultural innovation, especially enclosure of the townships. The work of the Chapter was only interrupted by the Civil War, not fundamentally altered. The Chapter recovered relatively rapidly at the Restoration: their tenants had greater problems because of the costs of war and land purchase. By the nineteenth century, the Chapter were left behind by progressive leindlords who controlled their tenants' farming practices and drew a greater financial return from their lands than Durham Chapter achieved. However, progress continued on the Chapter estate, as the security of beneficial leasehold encouraged tenants to invest, for example in restructuring their farms, breeding improved cattle and introducing new field crops and rotations. CHAPTER THREE: FACING THE CHALLENGE FOR LANDLORD AND TENANTS: RESTORATION, RECOVERY AND RESUMPTION OF WORK 1660-1699. 150 Section A. The Problems of Restoration for the Dean and Chapter and their tenants, 1660-65. 150 Section B. Chapter policies resumed, 1665-99. 187 Section C. Relations with tenants, partnership continued: security of tenure and agricultural progress. 192 Section D. Towards rentier status:increasing sub-tenancy begins to distance the Dean and Chapter from the cultivators of the land. 206 CHAPTER FIVE. PROFESSIONALIZATION OF ESTATE MANAGEMENT, 1700-75. 217 Section A. The employment of professional officers for estate management. 217 Section B. The broader horizons of the beneficial leaseholders. 226 Section C. Land distribution and use. 244 Section D. The effects of beneficial leasehold tenure. Comparison with other landlords, c. 1775. 258 CHAPTER FIVE. AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS DESPITE AN INCREASINGLY ANACRONISTIC LANDLORD, 1775-1840. 264 Section A. Some policy short comings in a changing world. 265 Section B Nineteenth century Chapter estate income and national rent levels. 276 Section C. Chapter support for expanding industrial development in Merrington. 283 Section D. First doubts about the security of beneficial leasehold and the changing nature of tenants. 296 Section E. Tenant led agricultural innovation. 303 CHAPTER SIX. CHAPTER AND THEIR TENANTS IN PARTNERSHIP AGAINST THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE ESTATE AND THE END OF BENEFICIAL LEASEHOLD. 320 CONCLUSION 329 BIBLIOGRAPHY 338 List of Figures Page 0.1. The study area of Merrington. 11 0.2. Merrington within County Durham. 12 0.3. The bursar's estate under the Prior and Convent with the Merrington townships underlined. 14 1.1. Freehold and leasehold land in Hett and Ferryhill. 33 1.2. Reconstruction of the pre-enclosure landscape of Kirk Merrington, c. 1650. 93 1.3. Reconstruction of Hett in 1650. 97 1.4. The post enclosure farms of Ferryhill, 1637-1765. 99 3.1. Four Kirk Merrington farms after the enclosure of 1666. 197 3.2. The enclosure of Spennymoor in Kirk Merrington, Middlestone and Westerton, 1666-98. 199 3.3. The level of fines by decade in Merrington, 1660-1840. 203 4.1. Area of residence of tenants, 1541-1840. 235 4.2. Farm houses outiying in Kirk Merrington fields by 1840. 247 4.3. Mr Bowlby's lands in Ferryhill, 1765. 253 5.1. Industrial development in Kirk Merrington, Middlestone and Westerton by 1840. 293 5.2. Industrial development in Ferryhill and Hett by 1840. 294 5.3. Lands acquired by the Eden family in Kirk Merrington 304 and Middlestone by 1840. List of Tables Page 1.1. Freeholdin wills, 1541-1640. 42 1.2. First grant of leases in Merrington to sitting tenants, 1541-70. 49 1.3. Concurrent and reversionary leases to non-tenants. 57 1.4. Leases sealed under the 1577 Order. 61 1.5. Leases sub ordinem sealed to tenants who had already accepted simple leases from the Dean and Chapter. 63 1.6. First leases granted to existing tenants, 1541-1610. 69 1.7. Land use in Merrington, 1650s. 110 2.1. Durham Dean and Chapter rents from Merrington, 1640-1. 122 2.2. Estimate of amount paid by John Shaw, 1641-60. 147 2.3. Estimate of Shaw's payments as a tenant with no sale. 147 2.4. Expected expenditure by Ferryhill tenants with no sales. 148 2.5. Estimated purchase payments by Ferryhill tenants. 148 3.1. Improved rents, c. 1660. 159 3.2. Kirk Merrington fines and rents, 1660s. 162 3.3. Ferryhill fines and rents, 1660s. 163 3.4. Great Chilton fines and rents, 1660s. 164 3.5. Hett fines and rents, 1660s. 165 3.6. Westerton fines and rents, 1660s. 166 3.7. Middlestone fines and rents, 1660s. 167 4.1. The proportion of widows appointed executrix, 1541 -1840. 229 4.2. Freehold in wills, 1660-1840. 243 4.3. Sizes of tenants'holdings, 1775. 245 4.4. Land use in Merrington, c. 1770. 252 4.5. Arable of Townend Farm. 255 4.6. Arable of Cleves Cross anfMoorhouse farms. 255 5.1. Sublet land in Merrington in acres, 1840. 299 5.2. Land use in Merrington, 1840. 317 List of Plates Page 1. Site of Kirk Merrington mill pond. 209 2. Kirk Merrington mill sluice. 209 3. Kirk Merrington main street, looking west. 210 4. Shellom main street, looking south. 210 5. Middle of Kirk Merrington South Field, looking north. 211 6. Middle of Kirk Merrington South Field, looking south. 211 7. Aerial view of the Fox and Hounds, Kirk Merrington, showing the west room in Middlestone. 212 8. The Fox and Hounds from the north. 212 9. Leasingthom farm, Middlestone. 213 10. Outline of Hett mill race. 213 11. Hett village green, looking north. 214 12. Hett village green, looking south. 214 13. Ferrylough, looking north. 215 14. Ferrylough, looking south. 215 15. High Hill House Farm, Ferryhill. 216 16. Blue House Farm, Kirk Merrington. 216 ABBREVIATIONS AgHR Agricultural History Review BL British Library CA Chapter Acts CC Church Commission CL Counterpart Lease CERO Church of England Record Office CSPD Calendar of State Papers Domestic DCD Durham Dean and Chapter Muniments DCL Durham Cathedral Library DCRO Durham County Record Office DUL Durham University Library DDR Durham Diocesan Records DP Durham Probate EcHR Economic History Review EHR English Historical Review FH Ferryhill GC Great Chilton HC Halmote Court HT Hett KM Kirk Merrington LP Loose Papers MM Middlestone P&P Past and Present PRO Public Record Office RB Receiver's Book Lease register Reg. Surtees Society volumes SS SVT Surveys, Valuations and Terriers TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society WM Westerton INTRODUCTION. Agriculture today is no longer the major source of income in England. In the sixteenth century, agricultural estates provided the major source of income for the Crown; the aristocracy; the Church of England, in the form of episcopal and capitular estates; and Oxford and Cambridge Colleges. All of these were expected to finance their life and work mainly from income from their estates. Whether these estates were managed effectively to provide adequate return to their landlord has been debated ever since.' The debates are possible because many of these estates have good records over a long period of time. The different types of landlord could have great influence on agricultural practice on their lands.
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