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Developing Sexual Rights: Challenges and Trends in Latin America

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Developing Sexual Rights: Challenges and Trends in Latin America 2Armas37.5.qxd 02/11/2006 16:13 Page 46 Developing Sexual Rights: Challenges and Trends in Latin America Roger Raupp Rios 1 Introduction and analyse it in order to adequately reflect on and The current situation concerning the rights of practice it. Hence, the relevance of a legal approach. lesbian, gay and transgender persons in Latin America can be examined from various perspectives. This article thus begins with a typology of legal These might include analyses of the successes and frameworks as to the level of repression against (or failures, the limits and possibilities, and the formal legal protection of) LGBT people. This initial exercise recognition of these rights by Latin American will be followed by listing the trends and challenges national states, in an approach pertaining more to in the Latin American scenario, aimed at an political science. Studies can also be proposed on the understanding of the current situation and prospects effectiveness of existing rights, based on the degree concerning these rights. I conclude with observations of commitment by various government institutions on what might be done to further advance efforts to involved in their enforcement, adopting a more overcome discrimination on the basis of sexual sociological perspective. Anthropological research orientation. can also point to the impacts that formal recognition of these rights can have on the social representations 2 The legal situation of LGBT people in Latin concerning these groups, both inside and outside the America groups themselves. There are many ways of thinking about the legal situation of LGBT people in Latin America. Two In this article, I propose to examine the current perspectives predominate, the ‘descriptive’ and the situation regarding the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual ‘operational’. The ‘descriptive perspective’ demands a and transgender (LGBT) people from a legal compilation and systematic review of the legislation perspective. What does such an analysis entail? What enacted around the region. This compilation, is the relevance of a legal approach to this issue? although unquestionably important, is beyond the One should begin by distinguishing between a legal objectives of the current article, which aims primarily analysis and a mere inventory of legislation and case to analyse the law’s effectiveness in relation to the law on the topic. A legal analysis involves more than sexual orientation discrimination reality rather than compiling data; on the contrary, it requires a critical to describe the legislative and administrative sources examination of the prevailing legislation and its for Latin American guidelines on the issue. Taking an potential and limits for dealing with these rights, ‘operational perspective’ involves systematising and whether or not the legislation is explicit in relation discussing the most effective legal arguments and to sexual rights. A legal analysis should also cover the procedural strategies for the best possible legal trends and challenges for the recognition and protection required by LGBT people. Based on enforcement of these rights, serving as important consecrated hermeneutic canons in legal theory, this material for a more adequate understanding of perspective requires a broader legal and political reality, to be incorporated by researchers and comprehension of the role of the sexual orientation activists. To the extent that the law (whether in its discrimination law in the region. Such understanding official wording or its enforcement by legal bodies) is enables legal professionals, researchers and activists also a fact of social reality, we must both understand to extract the greatest possible efficacy vis-à-vis the IDS Bulletin Volume 37 Number 5 October 2006 © Institute of Development Studies 46 2Armas37.5.qxd 02/11/2006 16:13 Page 47 reality of the discrimination, while also pursuing the the above-mentioned practices and penalising most adequate procedural strategies. discriminatory acts also establish positive measures for the protection and recognition of 3 Typology of legal frameworks concerning the the sexual practices and identities of gays, lesbians rights of LGBT people and transgender persons. The relationship between sexuality and the law, viewed as a legal framework (that is, the set of normative state In the Latin American context, the application of this instruments prevailing at a given moment in a given typology of legal frameworks vis-à-vis the degree of country, encompassing both legislative acts and court protection of LGBT rights allows one to evaluate the decisions), is an ancient one. Traditionally, state law was situation with such rights in the region. The objective produced as an instrument to reinforce and preserve of this article is not to map the situation in each the majority and dominant sexual moral norms. State individual country (a task that would require a joint law has served to confirm hegemonic sexual relations effort by numerous researchers and detailed data and practices. Examples include the consecration of the collection, not to mention keeping pace with the petit bourgeois nuclear family, the attribution of sexual dynamism characterising the legislative and juridical rights and duties between spouses, and the output in such a broad area). Rather, the article seeks criminalisation of homosexual acts. to identify the most salient elements in this scenario, allowing an analysis of the trends and challenges for With the emergence of social movements these rights in Latin America. vindicating the acceptance of practices and relations divorced from this model, the issue of sexual rights, An overview of the Latin American situation, and especially that of LGBT rights, was shifted into considering the available data, shows that: (1) there is the political arena and thus into the legal debate. The no legal framework in Latin America that emergence of these demands and the recognition of criminalises homosexual sexual practices, except in some rights (although slowly and unevenly) launched specific contexts such as military establishments; a new modality in the relationship between these (2) the majority of legal frameworks in Latin America legal frameworks and sexuality (Heinze 1995). penalise acts of discrimination on the grounds of Historically, and concentrating on modernity, one expressions of sexuality (e.g. Argentina, Brazil, observes the emergence of these rights in the Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru); and (3) few 1980s, when a landmark decision by the European legal frameworks establish positive measures for the Court of Human Rights overruled a law criminalising protection and recognition of these sexual rights sodomy, on the grounds that said legislation violated (Argentina and Brazil). Only Cuban law explicitly a basic human right, namely the right to privacy. establishes punishment for public manifestations of homosexuality (Penal Code, Article 303). In some Since then it has been possible to speak of various other countries, legislation that criminalises relations levels of protection for LGBT sexual rights, and hence between persons of the same sex has only very the following proposed typology of legal frameworks: recently been revoked: in Chile, for example, homosexuality was criminalised until 1998.1 1 Legal frameworks with a minimal degree of protection: those that have revoked the traditional prohibition Meanwhile, in the sphere of protective frameworks, of sexual practices that depart from hegemonic Brazil, Argentina and Colombia are examples of standards (especially linked to penal law). countries which not only prohibit discrimination, but also institutionally recognise unions between persons 2 Legal frameworks with an intermediate level of of the same sex (in Brazil and Colombia, based on protection: those which besides not criminalising court rulings, while in Argentina there is explicit such sexual practices also institute measures to legislation) (Golin et al. 2003; Cabal et al. 2001). The penalise discriminatory acts, especially by degree of protection varies from country to country. prohibiting discrimination on the grounds of Brazil has shown a high degree of institutional sexual orientation. protection, at least formally, since the country launched the 2nd National Human Rights 3 Legal frameworks with a maximum degree of Programme and the ‘Brazil without Homophobia’ protection: those which besides not criminalising Government Plan, and of course the government IDS Bulletin Volume 37 Number 5 October 2006 47 2Armas37.5.qxd 02/11/2006 16:13 Page 48 support (especially through the Ministry of Health) relations. Within this broader context, there for visibility campaigns and specific attention to gay emerged spaces for the strengthening of civil society and lesbian groups. and various social movements, among which the feminist and gay movements have played outstanding In the context of protective frameworks, Ecuador roles in demanding LGBT rights vis-à-vis the state. should be highlighted for its Constitutional provision explicitly prohibiting discrimination on grounds of More specifically, this dynamic reached the legislative sexual orientation (Leon 1999), with the following and judiciary branches, not only by the gradual wording: establishment of alliances and dialogue with progressive Congressional forces, but also by the All persons shall be considered equal [before the strengthening of judicial bodies. The latter, law] and shall enjoy the same rights, freedoms, encouraged by post-Second World War Continental
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