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An Invasive Alien Plant

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An Invasive Alien Plant Universit t Rostock DIPLOMARBEIT The effects of herbivory and competition on Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae), an invasive alien plant zur Erlangung des Grades eines Di lom-Biologen (Di l. Biol.) Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakult t Christo h Scherber Dekan. Prof.Dr. R.Redmer Gutachter. 1. Prof.Dr.,. Porembski0 Universit t Rostock 1. Prof.Dr. M.2. Crawley0 Im erial College0 London eingereicht. 1.10.1001 Abstract Abstract ,ince the end of the 15th century0 overall er-ca ita mobility of humans has increased significantly0 leading to increased rates in human-mediated trans ortation of animal and lant s ecies. The ra id s read of alien organisms0 however0 may lead to quick and un redictable changes in ecosystems. Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae) is an invasive alien lant from ,outh Africa that was first introduced to Euro e 100 years ago and is characterized by an e7ce tionally fast rate of s read; it contains yrrolizidine alkaloids that are to7ic to invertebrates0 livestock and humans. In the study resented here0 field, laboratory and greenhouse e7 eriments on the biology of Senecio inaequidens were conducted, in order to find out if and how herbivory and lant com etition influence growth0 survival and re roduction of this lant. Fully factorial or s lit- lot designs were used in order to answer this 6uestion. 9ertebrate herbivores (rabbits) as well as native invertebrate herbivores (molluscs and two oligo hagous insect herbivores) were used in the field e7 eriments8 the insect herbivores studied in detail were Longitarsus jacobaeae : aterhouse (Coleo tera. Chrysomelidae) and Tyria jacobaeae (Le ido tera. Arctiidae). Multi le- and no-choice feeding reference e7 eriments with these two insect herbivores were conducted. All e7 eriments were performed at Im erial College0 Silwood Park0 about 30 km west of London (UK). Growth and fecundity of Senecio inaequidens were significantly affected by inters ecific com etition0 both in the greenhouse and in the field e7 eriments. Rabbits only showed a significant effect when a closed vegetation cover was resent at the same time. On artificially disturbed lots0 Senecio inaequidens showed high ca ability to overcom ensate for cli ing of the above-ground arts by these herbivores. The shoots roduced after cli ing were not eaten by the rabbits any more0 and the lants reached the flowering and fruit roduction stage within the same growth period. There was a significant negative relationshi between mollusc damage to leaves0 and number of ca itulae roduced. Different ecoty es of Senecio inaequidens showed different amounts of herbivore damage. One of the most remarkable results of this study was that Longitarsus jacobaeae freely colonized Senecio inaequidens0 and that this lant was also acce ted as a food source in laboratory two-way feeding reference e7 eriments. In contrast0 it could be clearly shown that Tyria jacobaeae does not acce t Senecio inaequidens as a host lant. Host switching from indigenous to invasive alien lant s ecies in oligo hagous insect herbivores may be more common than generally thought. The study resented here gives first e7 erimental sup ort for this assertion. From the results of the e7 eriments on rabbit grazing and lant com etition0 it is likely that Senecio inaequidens will start to colonize heavily grazed or disturbed grassland ecosystems in the near future8 because of the to7ic com ounds this lant contains0 it would be advisable to design a reventive management rogramme and to inform the public about the conse6uences that might be associated with the invasion of this plant. i Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Die w hrend des letzten 2ahrhunders stark gestiegene Mobilit t von Teilen der : eltbev?lkerung hat dazu gef@hrt0 daA sich Tier- und Pflanzenarten @ber weitaus gr?Aere Distanzen ausbreiten k?nnen0 als ihnen dies unter normalen Umst nden m?glich w re. Die 9erschle ung und Einb@rgerung von Tier- und Pflanzenarten kann zu raschen und unvorhersehbaren Ver nderungen in Bkosystemen f@hren. Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae) ist ein vor ca. hundert 2ahren aus ,@dafrika eingeschle ter Neo hyt0 der durch eine besonders hohe Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit charakterisiert ist8 die Pflanze enth lt Pyrrolizidin- Alkaloide0 die giftig f@r W irbellose0 W eidevieh und Menschen sind. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden E7 erimente zur Biologie dieses Neo hyten durchgef@hrt0 mit dem Ziel0 Prognosen @ber den zuk@nftigen 9erlauf der Invasion in Abh ngigkeit verschiedener Faktoren machen zu k?nnen. Hierzu wurden Gew chshaus-0 Labor- und Freilande7 erimente durchgef@hrt. Die Auswirkungen von Herbivorie und inters ezifischer Konkurrenz auf : achstum und Re roduktion von Senecio inaequidens wurden in faktoriellen E7 erimenten und in sogenannten Cs lit lotD E7 erimenten untersucht. Als Herbivoren dienten Kaninchen0 ,chnecken und zwei auf eine andere Senecio-Art s ezialisierte hyto hage Insekten (Longitarsus jacobaeae : aterhouse0 Coleo tera. Chrysomelidae und Tyria jacobaeae L.0 Le ido tera. Arctiidae). Um zu testen0 ob einheimische Herbivoren den Neo hyten Senecio inaequidens als sekundäre Futter flanze annehmen0 wurden F@tterungse7 erimente unter kontrollierten Laborbedingungen durchgef@hrt. Alle Untersuchungen fanden am Im erial College (GroAbritannien) auf einem Forschungsgel nde 30 km westlich von London statt. : achstum und Re roduktion von Senecio inaequidens wurden sowohl im Gew chshaus0 als auch im Freiland signifikant durch inters ezifische Konkurrenz beeinfluAt. Kaninchen hatten nur dann einen signifikanten Effekt0 wenn gleichzeitig eine geschlossene 9egetationsdecke vorhanden war. Bei gest?rter 9egetationsdecke trat Regenerationswachstum an von Kaninchen deka itierten Senecio inaequidens – Pflanzen auf0 und die neu ausgetriebenen oberirdischen Organe wurden nicht mehr von den Kaninchen gefressen. Pflanzen0 die auf diese W eise neu ausgetrieben waren0 kamen noch im selben Jahr zur Bl@te und Fruchtreife. 2e mehr ,chneckenfraA an den Bl ttern auftrat0 desto geringer war die Anzahl der roduzierten Bl@tenk? fe. 9erschiedene Bkoty en von Senecio inaequidens wurden unterschiedlich stark von Longitarsus und Molluscen angenommen. Besonders bemerkenswert war0 daA Longitarsus jacobaeae das ,chmalbl ttrige Greiskraut von selbst zu besiedeln begann und dieses auch in FraAtests unter Laborbedingungen als Futter6uelle akze tierte. Dagegen konnte klar gezeigt werden0 daA Tyria jacobaeae diese Greiskraut-Art nicht als Futter flanze annimmt. Futter flanzen-: echsel von einheimischen zu eingeschle ten Pflanzenarten k?nnte bei s ezialisierten hyto hagen Insekten h ufiger auftreten als bisher angenommen. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert hierf@r am Beis iel von Senecio inaequidens einen ersten Beleg. : ie aus den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit geschlussfolgert werden kann0 ist es wahrscheinlich0 daA Senecio inaequidens in naher Zukunft verst rkt gest?rte und stark beweidete Graslandökosysteme besiedeln wird. Aufgrund der to7ischen Inhaltsstoffe dieser Pflanze ist daher m?glicherweise ein r ventives Management rogramm und die Aufkl rung der Bev?lkerung ratsam. ii Acknowledgements Ackno ledgements This work would not have been ossible without the encouragement and sup ort of my two supervisors0 Professor Mick Crawley (Im erial College0 ,ilwood Park0 United Kingdom) and Professor ,tefan Porembski (University of Rostock0 Germany). I would furthermore wish to thank all the eo le who have sup orted me in many ways. My arents0 2?rg and Gertraude ,cherber (M@nchen0 Germany)8 2ulia :olf (Rostock and 2ena0 Germany) for all her love and sup ort8 the technicians and gardeners at ,ilwood Park0 es ecially 2im Culverhouse0 Pete : ilkinson and Paul Beasley8 Dr. 2ohannes D. Nauenburg (Rostock Botanical Gardens) and 2ohannes Betz (Augsburg) for organizing seed deliveries for me8 Dr. Christel Baum (Agrarwissenschaftliche Fakult t0 Universit t Rostock0 Germany) for conducting the screening for 9A mycorrhiza8 Dr. Gregor ,chmitz and the many other eo le with whom I had interesting discussions during the lanning phase of this proFect. Many thanks also to Ek Del 9al0 Ryan Keane0 2osie Harral and Emma Pilgrim from MickDs group at ,ilwood Park0 and to Maria G.Alvarez (Mont ellier0 France)8 Brian Pickett for filling the ots with me8 Maria Magalhaes0 Bish Das and Doris Leung for always being there for me at Silwood, and of course to all the other ,ilwoodians with whom I have shared such unforgettable times8 Gary Brown for his sup ort and encouragement to come to the UK, and Katrin Meyer – who has introduced me to the Silwood community. Part of this proFect was sup orted by the German National Merit Foundation. iii Declaration Declaration Hiermit versichere ich0 dass ich die vorliegende Di lomarbeit selbst ndig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. _________________________ ___________________________________ Ort0 Datum Unterschrift des Verfassers iv Preface Nowadays we live in a very explosive world, and while we may not know where or when the next outburst will be, we might hope to find ways o stopping it or at any rate damping down its force." Charles S.Elton 15I80 .1I Preface My first encounter with an invasive lant was during my community service near the beautiful Lake ,tarnberg in ,outhern Germany0 in summer 1556. : e were e6ui ed with s ates0 raincoats0 and brushcutters with circular saw blades – fighting against dense stands of tree-like Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantega$$ianum ,omme. L Lev.) introduced from the Caucasus0 which is robably one of the best-known
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