A Magnetic Susceptibility Database for Stony Meteorites
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The M~Neralogical Composition and Structure of the Assisi Meteorite
595 The m~neralogical composition and structure of the Assisi meteorite By G. R. LEvI-DoNATI (Doctor in Natural Sciences) Istituto di Mineralogia, Facolth di Scienze, Universit~ di Perugia, Italy [Taken as read 2 November 1966] Summary. The principal data about the fall and the distribution of the fragments of the Assisi (Perugia, Italy) meteorite are collected. A fragment of the stone, weighing 146.5 g, preserved in the British Museum (Natural History) (B.M. 63621), is described in some detail. Crust morphology, mineralogical composition, and structure are studied. Optical data are established by microscopical analysis of five thin sections and two polished surfaces. Compared with electron-probe analysis, they are found in good agreement. Assisi is an olivine-bronzite chondrite, H group, with characteristic features of metamorphism. N 24 May 1886, at 7 a.m., the sky being clear, a single stone weigh- O ing 1795 g fell in a cornfield in Tordandrea, 7"5 Km south-west of Assisi (Perugia, Italy). Three peasants were present and immediately unearthed the small meteorite. It was at a depth of about 60 cm, in an apparently vertical hole about 25 cm in diameter. The stone was 13.8 cm long, 12.8 cm wide. The fall was first described by Bellucci (1887), who submitted the individual specimen to a macroscopic examination. In the same year the complete meteorite was sent by Be]lucci to Vienna, where Eger made a cast of the stone and sawed the meteorite in several pieces. 1 Museums and collections later purchased the fragments, which (1967) are now widely distributed (B. -
Constraints on the Water, Chlorine, and Fluorine Content of the Martian Mantle
Meteoritics & Planetary Science 1–13 (2016) doi: 10.1111/maps.12624 Constraints on the water, chlorine, and fluorine content of the Martian mantle 1* 2,3 4 Justin FILIBERTO , Juliane GROSS , and Francis M. MCCubbin 1Department of Geology, Southern Illinois University, 1259 Lincoln Dr, MC 4324, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA 3Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA 4NASA Johnson Space Center, Mail Code XI2, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, Texas 77058, USA *Corresponding author. E-mail: fi[email protected] (Received 30 July 2015; revision accepted 22 January 2016) Abstract–Previous estimates of the volatile contents of Martian basalts, and hence their source regions, ranged from nearly volatile-free through estimates similar to those found in terrestrial subduction zones. Here, we use the bulk chemistry of Martian meteorites, along with Martian apatite and amphibole chemistry, to constrain the volatile contents of the Martian interior. Our estimates show that the volatile content of the source region for the Martian meteorites is similar to the terrestrial Mid-Ocean-Ridge Mantle source. Chlorine is enriched compared with the depleted terrestrial mantle but is similar to the terrestrial enriched source region; fluorine is similar to the terrestrial primitive mantle; and water is consistent with the terrestrial mantle. Our results show that Martian magmas were not volatile saturated; had water/chlorine and water/fluorine ratios ~0.4–18; and are most similar, in terms of volatiles, to terrestrial MORBs. Presumably, there are variations in volatile content in the Martian interior as suggested by apatite compositions, but more bulk chemical data, especially for fluorine and water, are required to investigate these variations. -
Appendix A: Scientific Notation
Appendix A: Scientific Notation Since in astronomy we often have to deal with large numbers, writing a lot of zeros is not only cumbersome, but also inefficient and difficult to count. Scientists use the system of scientific notation, where the number of zeros is short handed to a superscript. For example, 10 has one zero and is written as 101 in scientific notation. Similarly, 100 is 102, 100 is 103. So we have: 103 equals a thousand, 106 equals a million, 109 is called a billion (U.S. usage), and 1012 a trillion. Now the U.S. federal government budget is in the trillions of dollars, ordinary people really cannot grasp the magnitude of the number. In the metric system, the prefix kilo- stands for 1,000, e.g., a kilogram. For a million, the prefix mega- is used, e.g. megaton (1,000,000 or 106 ton). A billion hertz (a unit of frequency) is gigahertz, although I have not heard of the use of a giga-meter. More rarely still is the use of tera (1012). For small numbers, the practice is similar. 0.1 is 10À1, 0.01 is 10À2, and 0.001 is 10À3. The prefix of milli- refers to 10À3, e.g. as in millimeter, whereas a micro- second is 10À6 ¼ 0.000001 s. It is now trendy to talk about nano-technology, which refers to solid-state device with sizes on the scale of 10À9 m, or about 10 times the size of an atom. With this kind of shorthand convenience, one can really go overboard. -
Deep Carbon Science
From Crust to Core Carbon plays a fundamental role on Earth. It forms the chemical backbone for all essential organic molecules produced by living organ- isms. Carbon-based fuels supply most of society’s energy, and atmos- pheric carbon dioxide has a huge impact on Earth’s climate. This book provides a complete history of the emergence and development of the new interdisciplinary field of deep carbon science. It traces four cen- turies of history during which the inner workings of the dynamic Earth were discovered, and it documents the extraordinary scientific revolutions that changed our understanding of carbon on Earth for- ever: carbon’s origin in exploding stars; the discovery of the internal heat source driving the Earth’s carbon cycle; and the tectonic revolu- tion. Written with an engaging narrative style and covering the scien- tific endeavors of about 150 pioneers of deep geoscience, this is a fascinating book for students and researchers working in Earth system science and deep carbon research. is a life fellow at St. Edmund’s College, University of Cambridge. For more than 50 years he has passionately engaged in bringing discoveries in astronomy and cosmology to the general public. He is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a former vice- president of the Royal Astronomical Society and a fellow of the Geological Society. The International Astronomical Union designated asteroid 4027 as Minor Planet Mitton in recognition of his extensive outreach activity and that of Dr. Jacqueline Mitton. From Crust to Core A Chronicle of Deep Carbon Science University of Cambridge University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. -
The Mineralogical Magazine Journal
THE MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE AND JOURNAL OF THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY. 1~o. 40. OCTOBER 1889. Vol. VIII. On the Meteorites which have been found iu the Desert of Atacama and its neighbourhood. By L. FLETCHER, M.A., F.R.S., Keeper of Minerals in the British Museum. (With a Map of the District, Plate X.) [Read March 12th and May 7th, ]889.J 1. THE immediate object of the present paper is to place on record J- the history and characters of several Atacama meteorites of which no description has yet been published; but incidentally it is con- venient at the same time to consider the relationship of these masses to others from the same region, which either have been already described, or at least are stated to be preserved in one or more of the known Meteo. rite-Collections. 2. The term " Desert of Atacama " is generally applied to that part of western South America which lies between the towns of Copiapo and Cobija, about 330 miles distant from each other, and which extends island as far as the Indian hamlet of Antofagasta, about 180 miles from 224 L. FLETCHER ON THE METEORITES OF ATACAMA. the coast. The Atacama meteorites preserved in the Collections have been found at several places widely separated throughout the Desert. 3. A critical examination of the descriptive literature, and a compari- son of the manuscript and printed meteorite-lists, which have been placed at my service, lead to the conclusion that all the meteoritic frag- ments from Atacama now preserved in the known Collections belong to one or other of at most thirteen meteorites, which, for reasons given below, are referred to in this paper under the following names :-- 1. -
Organic Matter in Meteorites Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Spain
REVIEW ARTICLE INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY (2004) 7:239-248 www.im.microbios.org Jordi Llorca Organic matter in meteorites Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Spain Summary. Some primitive meteorites are carbon-rich objects containing a vari- ety of organic molecules that constitute a valuable record of organic chemical evo- lution in the universe prior to the appearance of microorganisms. Families of com- pounds include hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amino acids, amines, amides, heterocycles, phosphonic acids, sulfonic acids, sugar-relat- ed compounds and poorly defined high-molecular weight macromolecules. A vari- ety of environments are required in order to explain this organic inventory, includ- ing interstellar processes, gas-grain reactions operating in the solar nebula, and hydrothermal alteration of parent bodies. Most likely, substantial amounts of such Received 15 September 2004 organic materials were delivered to the Earth via a late accretion, thereby provid- Accepted 15 October 2004 ing organic compounds important for the emergence of life itself, or that served as a feedstock for further chemical evolution. This review discusses the organic con- Address for correspondence: Departament de Química Inorgànica tent of primitive meteorites and their relevance to the build up of biomolecules. Universitat de Barcelona [Int Microbiol 2004; 7(4):239-248] Martí i Franquès, 1-11 08028 Barcelona, Spain Tel. +34-934021235. Fax +34-934907725 Key words: primitive meteorites · prebiotic chemistry · chemical evolution · E-mail: [email protected] origin of life providing new opportunities for scientific advancement. One Introduction of the most important findings regarding such bodies is that comets and certain types of meteorites contain organic mole- Like a carpentry shop littered with wood shavings after the cules formed in space that may have had a relevant role in the work is done, debris left over from the formation of the Sun origin of the first microorganisms on Earth. -
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
Chemical analysis of organic molecules in carbonaceous meteorites Torrao Pinto Martins, Zita Carla Citation Torrao Pinto Martins, Z. C. (2007, January 24). Chemical analysis of organic molecules in carbonaceous meteorites. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/9450 Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral License: thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/9450 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). ______________________________________________________ CHAPTER 1 ______________________________________________________ Introduction 1.1 Heavenly stones-from myth to science Ancient chronicles, from the Egyptian, Chinese, Greek, Roman and Sumerian civilizations documented the fall1 of meteorites, with Sumerian texts from around the end of the third millennium B. C. describing possibly one of the earliest words for meteoritic iron (Fig. 1.1 Left). Egyptian hieroglyphs meaning “heavenly iron” (Fig. 1.1 Right) found in pyramids together with the use of meteoritic iron in jewellery and artefacts show the importance of meteorites in early Egypt. Meteorites were worshiped by ancient Greeks and Romans, who struck coins to celebrate their fall, with the cult to worship meteorites prevailing for many centuries. For example, some American Indian tribes paid tribute to large iron meteorites, and even in modern days the Black Stone of the Ka´bah in Mecca is worshiped and regarded by Muslims as “an object from heaven”. The oldest preserved meteorite that was observed to fall (19th May 861) was found recently (October 1979) in a Shinto temple in Nogata, Japan. It weighted 472 g and it was stored in a wooden box. -
Magnetite Plaquettes Are Naturally Asymmetric Materials in Meteorites
1 (Revision 2) 2 Magnetite plaquettes are naturally asymmetric materials in meteorites 3 Queenie H. S. Chan1, Michael E. Zolensky1, James E. Martinez2, Akira Tsuchiyama3, and Akira 4 Miyake3 5 1ARES, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058, USA. 6 2Jacobs Engineering, Houston, Texas 77058, USA. 7 3Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 8 606-8502, Japan. 9 10 Correspondence to: Queenie H. S. Chan. Correspondence and requests for materials should be 11 addressed to Q.H.S.C. (Email: [email protected]) 12 13 Abstract 14 Life on Earth shows preference towards the set of organics with particular spatial configurations. 15 Enantiomeric excesses have been observed for α-methyl amino acids in meteorites, which 16 suggests that chiral asymmetry might have an abiotic origin. A possible abiotic mechanism that 17 could produce chiral asymmetry in meteoritic amino acids is their formation under the influence 18 of asymmetric catalysts, as mineral crystallization can produce spatially asymmetric structures. 19 Although magnetite plaquettes have been proposed to be a possible candidate for an asymmetric 20 catalyst, based on the suggestion that they have a spiral structure, a comprehensive description of 21 their morphology and interpretation of the mechanism associated with symmetry-breaking in 22 biomolecules remain elusive. Here we report observations of magnetite plaquettes in 1 23 carbonaceous chondrites (CCs) which were made with scanning electron microscopy and 24 synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (SXRCT). We obtained the crystal orientation of 25 the plaquettes using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. SXRCT permits 26 visualization of the internal features of the plaquettes. -
Report of the United States National Museum
— THE METEORITE COLLECTION IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM; A CATALOGUE OF METEORITES REPRESENTED NOVEMBER 1, 1886, By F. W. Clarke. The following catalogue has been prepared mainly to facilitate ex- changes and to aid in the upbuilding of the collection. In addition to the usual information as to title, date of fall, and weight of specimen, it has beeu thought well to give the source from which each example was obtained ; and it may be interesting to note that the meteorites ac- credited to Dr. J. Berrien. Lindsley were mainly received by him from the late Dr. J. Lawrence Smith. In the catalogue of the Shepard col- lection, now on deposit in the Museum, the arrangement of Professor Shepard himself has been followed without change. Including the Shepard meteorites, over 200 falls are now on exhibition, giving the entire collection a very respectable place among the larger collections of the world. The Tucson iron is unique, and therefore a cut of it is inserted. METEORIC IRONS. 1. Scriba, Oswego County, N. Y. Fouud about 1834. Fragment, 9.15 grammes. By exchange from S. C. H. Bailey. 2. Burlington, Otsego County, N. Y. Ploughed up previous to 1819. Weight of specimen, 76.87 grammes. By exchange from Prof. C. U. Shepard. 3. Lockport, Niagara County, N. Y. Ploughed up earlier thau 1845. Slice weigh- ing 155 grammes. By exchange from the cabinet of Yale College. 4. Jenny's Cheek, Wayne County, W. Va. Found in 1884. Several small frag- ments, 25.5 grammes in all; largest fragment, 15.3 grammes. -
Subject Index.Fm
Meteoritics & Planetary Science 38, Nr 12, 1877–1878 (2003) http://meteoritics.org Annual Subject Index 26Al-26Mg relative ages 939 CM chondrites 813 Frictional melting 1521 26Mg excess 5 Coalescence 49 Geochemistry, brachinites 1601 40Ar-39Ar dating 555, 887 Cometary meteorites 1045 Geochemistry, Mars 1849 Ablation 1023 Comets 457, 1283 Grain 49 Accretion 1399 Cosmic dust flux 1351 Grain boundary 1669, 1679 Accretionary rims 813 Continuous flow isotope ratio mass Graphite 767 Acfer 182 spectrometer 1255 Hebe, asteroid 711 Achondrite(s) 95, 145, 157 Copernicus secondary craters 13 HH064 145 Achondrites, brachinites 1601 Complex impact structure 445 Hibonite 5 Achondrites, differentiated 1485 Core formation 1425 Hughes 030 5 Achondrites, primitive 1485 Cosmic-ray exposure ages 1243, 1485 Hydrated minerals 1383 Aenigmatite 725 Cosmic-ray exposure history 157 Hydrogen 357 Ages, 39Ar-40Ar 341, 1601 Cosmic spherules 329 Hydrothermal alteration 365 Airwave 989 Composition of meteorites 1005 Ice flow 1319 Albite 725 Cosmogenic nuclides 157 IDPs 1585 Allan Hills icefield 1319 Cratering 905 IDPs/chondrites 1283 ALH 84001 109, 849, 1697 Crater clusters 905 IIIAB Alkaline-rich clasts Crater fill deposits 1437 IIIAB iron meteorites 117 26Al 35 Creep 427 Impact 747 Amino acids 399 Cretaceous-tertiary boundary 1299 Impact basins 565 Amorphous carbon 767 Crust 895 Impact breccia 1079 Annealing 1499, 1507 Crustal magnetization 565 Impact crater(s) 1137, 1299, 1341, 1551 Antarctic meteorite(s) 109, 831 Cumulate(s) 529, 1753 Impact cratering 13, 1255, -
Meteorites: an Overview
Meteorites: An Overview Edward R. D. Scott* 1811-5209/11/0007-0047$2.50 DOI: 10.2113/gselements.7.1.47 eteorites come from numerous parent bodies with a wide variety chondrites are the most pristine, of geological histories. A few (~0.5%) come from Mars or the Moon; type 6 are the most metamor- phosed, and type 1 are the most Mthe rest are impact debris from collisions between asteroids orbiting aqueously altered. between Mars and Jupiter. Unlike terrestrial, Martian, and lunar rocks, the Asteroids that melted supply us asteroidal meteorites contain minerals that formed before the Sun and the with three major classes of mete- Solar System, during the growth of planetesimals and planets from the disk orites: irons, which are Fe–Ni of dust and gas around the Sun (“the solar nebula”), and during the first samples from the cores of aster- oids; metal-free silicate rocks from half-billion years of Solar System evolution. asteroidal mantles and crusts, Meteorites from unmelted asteroids are called chondrites; which are called achondrites as they are cosmic sediments composed of particles that were they lack chondrules; and stony irons, which are impact- generated mixtures of achondrites and Fe–Ni metal (Fig. present in the solar nebula (Fig. 1). The most abundant particles are millimeter-sized objects called chondrules, 2). Most irons (85%) are divided into thirteen groups which are solidified droplets of silicate magma. The chon- (called IAB, IIAB, IIC, etc.), which come from separate drules, associated grains of Fe–Ni metal, and a few volume parent bodies. The remaining ~15% probably come from percent or less of calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions another 50-odd parent bodies. -
Identification of Meteorite Source Regions in the Solar System
Icarus 311 (2018) 271–287 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Identification of meteorite source regions in the Solar System ∗ Mikael Granvik a,b, , Peter Brown c,d a Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 0 0 014 University of Helsinki, Finland b Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Kiruna, Box 848, S-98128, Sweden c Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 3K7, Canada d Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration, University of Western Ontario, London N6A 5B7, Canada a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Over the past decade there has been a large increase in the number of automated camera networks that Received 27 January 2018 monitor the sky for fireballs. One of the goals of these networks is to provide the necessary information Revised 6 April 2018 for linking meteorites to their pre-impact, heliocentric orbits and ultimately to their source regions in the Accepted 13 April 2018 solar system. We re-compute heliocentric orbits for the 25 meteorite falls published to date from original Available online 14 April 2018 data sources. Using these orbits, we constrain their most likely escape routes from the main asteroid belt Keywords: and the cometary region by utilizing a state-of-the-art orbit model of the near-Earth-object population, Meteorites which includes a size-dependence in delivery efficiency. While we find that our general results for escape Meteors routes are comparable to previous work, the role of trajectory measurement uncertainty in escape-route Asteroids identification is explored for the first time.