Study of the Magnetic Water Treatment Mechanism

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Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2019.12.03 Revised: 2019.12.23 Volume 21, Issue 2, February 2020, pages 251–260 Accepted: 2020.01.10 Available online: 2020.01.25 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/116341

Iryna Vaskina1*, Ihor Roi1, Leonid Plyatsuk1, Roman Vaskin1, Olena Yakhnenko1

1 Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The main problem of widespread introduction of magnetic water treatment (MWT) in the processes of water and wastewater treatment is the lack of modern research aimed at studying the mechanisms of MWT effects, in particular the influence on the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions. This study explains the effect of MWT taking into account the physical and chemical properties of aqueous solutions due to the presence of the quantum differences in water molecules. All of the MWT effects are related to the change in the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions. It is due to the presence of two types of water molecule isomers and their librational oscillations. The result of MWT is a violation of the synchronism of para-isomers vibrations, with the subsequent destruction of ice-like structures due to the receiving of energy from collisions with other water molecules (ortho-isomers). One of the most important MWT effects includes the change in the nature and speed of the physicochemical processes in aqueous solutions by increasing the number of more physically and chemically active ortho-isomers. The MWT parameters specified in the work allow explaining the nature of most MWT effects and require developing the scientific and methodological principles for the implementation of the MWT process and mathematical modeling of the MWT process in the water and wastewater treatment. It can be used in the design of the MWT devices taking into account the constructive and mode parameters of MWT devices.

Keywords: wastewater, aqueous solutions, water isomers, magnetic induction, non-equilibrium system, librational fluctuations

INTRODUCTION changes in the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions. Most known hypotheses relate The studies on the constant magnetic field the MWT mechanism to the polarizing effect of impact on the processes of aqueous solutions the magnetic field on water molecules and solutes treatment have been ongoing for many years (gases, impurities, organic matter, anions and cat- and remain relevant today. The current research ions). There are known data on the manifestation is focused on reducing the formation of hard of the effects of MWT in the treatment of chemi- scales at elevated temperatures on heat transfer cally pure aqueous solutions (distillate, bidistil- surfaces [Lipus, et al., 2013; Bali, et al., 2016; late). The effects of MWT also occur in untreated Chibowski, et al., 2018; Koshoridze, et al., 2014; aqueous solutions with part of an aqueous solu- Kozic, et al., 2010]. Much less attention is paid to tion pre-treated with MWT [Lipus, et al., 2013]. other effects of the magnetic field on the physi- Different interpretations of the mechanisms of cochemical processes in aqueous solutions. Such MWT effects do not determine the general prin- processes are fundamental and can find wide ciples of the process, consider the effects of MWT practical application in the wastewater treatment independently and cannot simultaneously explain [Zaidi, et al., 2013]. all known effects of MWT. The situation is fur- The main problem on the magnetic water ther complicated by the low reproducibility of the treatment (MWT) implementation is the lack MWT effects [Klassen, 1982]. of up-to-date studies on the mechanisms of the Most of the MWT effects are observed in the MWT effects, in particular the appearance of treatment of aqueous solutions with a temperature

251 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(2), 2020 below 343 K. All known anomalies of water prop- field (the presence of sections with a magnetic erties (density, heat capacity, thermal conductiv- induction drop) is on the base for their workflow. ity, etc.) are observed in such temperature range. Movement of the aqueous solution is a pre- The use of recent studies on the presence of quan- requisite for MWT process. The velocity of the tum differences in water molecules and nature aqueous solution is one of the determining pa- of the rotational oscillations of water molecules, rameters. With zero velocity of aqueous solution, which are responsible for the thermodynamic for any rate of induction drop, the induction of properties of aqueous solutions in the tempera- the magnetic field remains constant for each unit ture range from 273 to 343 K, will enable to un- of the water volume. From a physical point of derstand the mechanism of MWT. More detailed view, it is clear that the velocity directly affects physical model of the MWT mechanism allows the magnitude of the magnetic induction drop per us to form a generally accepted MWT mecha- unit volume of the solution. The maximum mag- nism to describe the nature of the appearance of nitude of the magnetic field induction is not so MWT effects. important. It coincides with the conclusions re- The effects of MWT have a complex de- ported in [Klassen, 1982; Sammer, et al., 2016; pendence on the MWT parameters [Lipus, et Plyatsuk, et al., 2019], where the effect of MWT al., 2007; Bali, et al., 2016; Chibowski, et al., was observed at low induction values. The geom- 2018; Zaidi, et al., 2013; Klassen, 1982]. It does etry of the magnetic field and the inhomogene- not increase in proportion with the increase in ity of the magnetic induction distribution along the intensity of the magnetic field (magnetic in- the pipe for the passage of the aqueous solution duction). The large amount of MWT data, their are one of the basic design parameters of MWT volatility and practical relevance [Koshoridze, et devices, which depend on the characteristics of al., 2014; Lipus, et al., 2013; Kozic, et al., 2010; the magnets and their location along the water tra- Sammer, et al., 2016; Liu, et al., 2015; Seyfi, et jectory. The MWT efficiency has also been influ- al., 2017; Al-Ogaidi, et al., 2017; Szcześ, et al., enced by the duration of treatment, the physical 2011; Rashid, et al., 2013] have led to different parameters of water (temperature), mineral and hypotheses of the MWT mechanism and can be dispersed composition [Chibowski, et al., 2018; roughly classified into three groups (see Table 1). Klassen, 1982]. There is no conventional approach to the The effects of MWT include the changes in the interpretation of the nature of the physical and kinetics of reactions, hydration of solutes, the rate chemical effects of MWT, no general principles of evaporation, changes in density, strength and of the process or the criteria for choosing the op- surface tension of the aqueous solution [Lipus, timal design parameters of MWT devices. It led et al., 2007; Lipus, et al., 2013; Bali, et al., 2016; to a large variety of the MWT devices, which dif- Chibowski, et al., 2018; Koshoridze, et al., 2014; fer in a number of features: the type and shape Kozic, et al., 2010; Zaidi, et al., 2013; Koksha- of magnets, the type of water movement in a rov, et al., 1990; Bali, et al., 2018; Sammer, et magnetic field, way of creating a magnetic field, al., 2016; Liu, et al., 2015; Toledo, et al., 2008; completeness of using the magnetic field, scope, Seyfi, et al., 2017; Al-Ogaidi, et al., 2017; Szcześ, conditions of use and design features. Long-term et al., 2011; Rashid, et al., 2013]. Such changes operation of MWT devices has proven that irre- in the physicochemical properties of aqueous so- spective of the MWT devices type, the motion of lutions are caused by the decrease in the energy an aqueous solution in a non-uniform magnetic of H-bonds in the interactions of water molecules

Table 1. Classification of the hypotheses of the MWT mechanism Group of Colloidal Ionic Water approaches Colloidal particles including Impact object Ions that are present in water Water molecules ferromagnetic Under the influence of a This group combines ideas The surface properties of such magnetic field, polarization about the possible influence of particles changes and they act and defor-mation of ions occur, a magnetic field on the water as crystallization centers under Mechanisms which are accompanied by their structure. This influence, on the the magnetic field influence. This hydration decrease, which affects one hand, can cause changes in group explains the anti-scale the course of physicochemical the aggregation of water mole- effect. processes in aqueous systems. cules, and on the other hand, etc.

252 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(2), 2020 with each other and around solutes. However, the spin isomers in water is non-equilibrium (1:1), external energy supplied to the aqueous solution which indicates its unstable metastable state. It is is not sufficient to directly break or weaken the a physical factor of high variability, abnormally H-bonds in accordance to the value of magnetic large fluctuations and the ability to establish equi- induction during MWT. The changes caused by librium ortho/para ratios (3: 1) and enrichment the inhomogeneous magnetic field can be associ- ortho-isomers of water (para-ortho conversion). ated with a decrease in H-bond energy, increas- A model of interaction and dynamics of mol- ing their length and changes of the angle of the ecules in water in the framework of the theory of H-bond [Zaharov, et al., 2011]. The structure of the Jan-Teller effect was proposed in [Malafaev, the water molecules themselves, the distribution et al., 2013; Malafaev, et al., 2015; Malafaev, of their electron density and the nature of their 2011]. It showed that the major contribution to interaction with each other and with solutes be- the properties of water is made by the collective comes important. librational vibrations of the molecules that appear The heterogeneity of water density caused by during the transition from the ice to the liquid the presence of the ice-like and densely packed state, which lead to the occurrence of hydrogen structures in water was revealed by [Zaharov, et protons around the lines of intermolecular bonds al., 2011; Voloshyn, et al., 2001]. The first type of (in elliptical trajectory (ET)) and accompanied by such structures has the correct tetrahedral coordi- dynamic bending of H-bonds. The libration vibra- nation of the adjacent molecules that form four H- tions of water molecules are large in amplitude, bonds. Unlike the ice-like structures, the tightly two-dimensional, bound and ordered. The pres- packed structures of water molecules with broken ence of these fluctuations in water leads to high H-bonds are arranged more tightly together and values of heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and connected with stronger H-bonds. In the tightly thermal expansion anomalies. The rotation of lo- packed structures, the water molecules form one cal charges of the hydrogen protons around the donor and one acceptor H-bonds. Such struc- lines of intermolecular bonds leads to the appear- tures have the appearance of branched chains, ance of magnetic fields along the H-axis. For the in which the mobility of the water molecules is unidirectional rotation of protons of a single mol- much greater than in the structures with the cor- ecule, magnetic fields are formed along the axis of rect tetrahedral environment. The duration of the the molecule on which the oxygen atom is located existence of H-bonds is significantly smaller. and cause it to rotate. In the case of the directional The presence of ortho- and a para- spin iso- rotation of the protons, the magnetic fields are su- mers of water in different rotational states was es- perimposed and compensate each other. The to- tablished with different methods in [Horke, et al., tal magnetic field of the molecule is zero. These 2014; Mamrashev, et al., 2018; Kravchuk, et al., magnetic fields can be fixed by electron paramag- 2011; Hama, et al., 2016; Pershin, et al., 2018; netic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance Kilaj, et al., 2018]. An aqueous solution is a com- methods as a chemical shift. plex system of molecular complexes with a vari- The aim of this study was to physically sub- able configuration of structural bonds and mono- stantiate the mechanism of the MWT effects tak- mers that differ in the quantum and physical prop- ing into account the quantum differences of water erties. According to the Boltzmann distribution, it molecules and the nature of H-bonds distribution is more energy-efficient at the room temperature in supramolecular formations due to the presence for para of isomers (has no magnetic moment) to of libration vibrations of water molecules. form 4 H-bonds than for the ortho- isomers (has a The following tasks were set: magnetic moment), which always rotate and form 1. To conduct a systematic analysis of the recent only one donor and one acceptor H-bonds. studies on the properties of aqueous solutions There are quantum differences of the and create a single model of an aqueous solu- ortho/para spin-isomers of water molecules on the tion based on the quantum differences in water basis of the physical properties of water [Pershin, molecules, the presence of rotational vibrations 2012]. The values of the critical water tempera- of water molecules, as well as the cooperativity tures (4, 19, 36.6ºС, etc.) satisfy the resonant and synchrony of libration vibrations of water condition of equality of the kinetic energy of the molecules in supramolecular. ortho/para spin-isomers of water and the energy 2. To determine the causes and conditions of of their rotating quantum. The ratio of ortho/para inhomogeneous magnetic field influence on

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the structure and physicochemical properties accompanied by a dynamic bending of H-bonds of aqueous solutions caused by the changes and stable rotation of proton charges around the in the libration vibrations of water molecules H-bond axes on ET. In this case, in some mol- and the appearance of the natural para-ortho ecules, both protons rotate in the same direction, conversion. while in others, the rotation occurs in opposite directions. Such rotations result in the formation of magnetic fields along the H-bond axes, which RESULTS AND DISCUSSION add up or compensate for each other along the

water molecule, in the same way as ortho-H2O

Known considerations and hypotheses of dif- and para-H2O. ferent authors about the mechanism of permanent The rotation of protons in opposite directions magnetic field influence on water and its impuri- on para-H2O during ice melting allows the wa- ties in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium are ter molecules to form four H-bonds and to save mainly based on the polarizing effect of the mag- the ice-like structures with proper tetrahedral netic field on ions and water molecules. However, coordination of adjacent molecules. It is natural during the contact of water with a relatively weak to expect that thermal motion and fluctuations magnetic field, some changes occurred in the in water destroy structural complexes, which are aqueous solution, which become possible only in mainly formed by para-H2O, and complexes with thermodynamically nonequilibrium systems. ice structures. At the same time, the ice structures The presence of two protons of hydrogen and are formed without defects due to synchroniza- the mutual orientation of their spins causes the ap- tion in the frequency and direction of the vibra- pearance of different states of water molecules in tional vibrations of molecules in the 2nd and 3rd aqueous solutions. The mutual orientation of the coordination. spins of water molecule protons leads to the exis- A gradual increase in the temperature of solu- tence of two independent ortho- and a para-states tions accompanied by a decrease in the synchro- of water molecules. Such states are characterized nization of the librational vibrations in the ice by a long lifetime and cause the appearance of structures and their destruction. This results in the two types of H-bonds. The stability of their ex- release of para-H2O and an increase in the amount istence is conditioned by the existence of supra- of ortho-H2O (see Fig. 2). molecular formations [Kuyanov-Prozument, et The change in the ortho/para ratio is due to al., 2010]. Both protons of some molecules ro- the involuntary process of para-ortho conversion. tate in one direction (ortho-isomer – ortho-H2O), The process involves a change the direction of while others – in opposite directions (para-iso- rotation of one of the protons in para-H2O when mer – para-H2O). Both states are characterized by molecules collide. Conversion becomes pos- virtually identical chemical properties, but differ sible under the condition of resonant exchange slightly in their physical properties in the infrared of thermal energy of molecules motion with the and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Ortho- energy of the rotating quantum ortho-H2O or

H2O, unlike para-H2O, has momentum amounts „free” para-H2O [Pershin, 2012]. Increasing the of motion, are poorly adsorbed on some types of amount of ortho-H2O leads to the formation of the surfaces and are in a higher energy state. It in- tightly packed structures that look like branched dicates significant differences in their behavior chains. In such structures, the water molecules and chemical interactions. The exact differences are arranged tightly to each other and connected between them and the nature of their appearance by stronger H-bonds. The mobility and chemical remain poorly understood, but their relationship activity of such water molecules is much greater determines the physicochemical properties and due to the presence of rotations and constant col- structure of the aqueous solution. lisions with the neighboring molecules during The ortho or para states of water molecules thermal motion. The duration time of H-bonds can be caused by the presence of collective and is substantially shorter, which is consistent with non-attenuating libration vibrations of water mol- [Zaharov, et al., 2011; Voloshin, et al., 2001]. ecules (Fig. 1). It has been identified recently and The dissolved substances in water change the all the anomalies of the physicochemical proper- structural temperature of the aqueous solutions of ties of water in the temperature range up to 343 K pure water by the polarization of water molecules. were well described. The libration oscillations are This process affects the para-ortho conversion in

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Figure 1. System analysis of recent studies of the aqueous solutions structural properties

Figure 2. Schematic representation of setting of the equilibrium ortho/para ratio ∆N – the shift in the number of ortho(para) isomersfrom the equilibrium ortho/para ratio; ∆N’ – additional number of ortho-isomers caused by polarization of water molecules around of dissolved substances the near hydration region (∆N’), Figure 2. Hydra- increase in the synchronization of the librational tion can be both positive and negative and causes vibrations of para-H2O and the stability of the ice- two mutually opposite effects. On the one hand, like structures. As the temperature rises, the con- by increasing the entropy of water molecules, tribution of the structural temperature decreases the synchronization of the libration oscillations and the thermal motion of water molecules begins of para-H2O in ice structures is disturbed. It has to play an increasing role. a disruptive effect and enhances the para-ortho According to the classical quantum theory, conversion. On the other hand, the action of the the aqueous solution, like any dynamic system, particles’ magnetic field orientates the water mol- tends to equilibrium ortho/para ratio and it should ecules in this field in a certain way. Such process be 3:1. Hydrogen consists of approximately 75% is accompanied by a decrease in entropy and an ortho-hydrogen and 25% para-hydrocarbon at the

255 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(2), 2020 temperatures above 0°C. At low temperatures, Lipus, et al., 2007; Roi, 2014] with constant oth- most molecules have only kinetic energy, and the er mode and design parameters of MWT, is ex- rotational heat (part of the heat that is rotation- plained by the presence of a magnetic moment al motion) is zero, and the ratio between ortho- of proton rotation over ET, which is an integral

H2O and para-H2O changes in favor to para-H2O property of a water molecule. During the move- [Meier, et al., 2018]. ment of the water molecule in the magnetic field, The stability of the ice structures due to the an external field is superimposed on the proton synchronization of cooperative libration oscilla- and the magnetic field of the proton rotation is tions of para-H2O and the redistribution of the «oriented» as a magnet in an external magnetic energy from received collisions with other mol- field. The energy of interaction of the magnetic ecules, imposes a „ban” on resonant energy ex- moment of proton rotation by ET with an external change during the collisions of molecules and magnetic field is defined as: slows the para-ortho conversion (Fig.2, dashed µ (1) line). An aqueous solution that formed after melt- where: m – magnetic moment of hydrogen pro- ing ice, within temperatures from 272 to 343 K, is ET #$ ton rotation𝑊𝑊 =over ET,𝐵𝐵 J/T; a non-equilibrium dynamic system in which the В – induction of an external magnetic ortho/para ratio is displaced to 1:1 toward para- field, Tl. H2O [Pershin, 2012]. It is expected that such a system always seeks to establish an equilibrium The para-ortho conversion becomes pos- state and is sensitive to the influence of external sible with the collisions of isomers and resonant factors, including the presence of dissolved sub- exchange of the energies of thermal motion and stances, the influence of physical fields, changes rotational quantum. The conversion is possible in temperature etc. only if these energies are equal. This equality is The influence of the inhomogeneous magnet- disturbed as the interaction of the proton with the ic field on the aqueous solution, which is a non- external magnetic field increases and the orienta- equilibrium system in the ortho/para ratio, does tion of the magnetic moment of rotation of hydro- not lead to a direct rupture of the H-bonds, as ex- gen protons rotation in the direction of the field pected in the previous work. Taking into account is stabilized. Thus, during MWT for para-H2O, in the presence of constant non-attenuating rotations which the magnetic moments of rotation of hy- of the local charges of hydrogen protons along the drogen protons interact with the external field, ET line around the H-bond, the influence of the the difference between the energies of the rotat- inhomogeneous magnetic field on the aqueous ing quantum and the thermal motion increases. solution is connected with the appearance of an Thus, the number of effective collisions of the additional precession ET [Plyatsuk, et al., 2019]. molecules leading to conversion decreases. Due to the arbitrary orientation of water mol- The contribution of MWT to the para-ortho ecules, precession is not the same for para-H2O in conversion process decreases with the increasing the ice structures, which causes asymmetry of the temperature. The thermal motion of water mole- librational vibrations and impairs their synchron- cules in the natural para-ortho conversion process icity and cooperativity. begins to play an increasing role. On such back- MWT is a «catalyst» for a series of sequential ground, the higher effect of MWT is observed at processes (see Table 2) – the violation of the libra- low solution temperatures and decreases if the tional vibrations of para-H2O, the destruction of temperature is increased. ice structures, the appearance of para-ortho con- The previous experimental studies [Roi, version. The para-ortho conversion is made pos- 2014] formed the basis of the proposed hypothe- sible after MWT by removing the non-radiative sis and partially confirm the developed positions. quantum transition ban by reducing the difference Further refinement confirmed the dependence between thermal motion energy and hydrogen of the MWT efficiency on the physicochemical proton rotation energy. The increase of ortho-H2O properties of the treated solution and a number explains the changes in density, viscosity, infra- of regime parameters of MWT. The experimental red water spectrum, hydration of solutes, etc. results are still being processed and being pre- The absence of the MWT effects when using pared for publication, so they are not given in this higher magnetic induction values [Klassen, 1982; article.

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Table 2. Influence of MWT on aqueous solution

Factor of Object of influence Results of influence Description influence The nature of the precession frequency change is related to the emergence of the Lorentz force component, which becomes possible only in the non-uniform magnetic field (∆B / ∆t). The change in the magnitude of the magnetic induction is accompanied by an increase or decrease in the density of the magnetic induction lines in the Violation of the middle of the elliptical trajectory (ET) circuit, and Lorentz Precession of the frequency of precession their «movement» perpendicular to the circuit force in elliptical trajectory of the elliptical trajectory of the ET. The intersection of the ET circuit is non-uniform radius of the hydrogen radius of the hydrogen accompanied by the appearance of a Lorentz magnetic field proton rotation around proton rotation for force, which affects the proton of hydrogen at [Plyatsuk, et the H-bond line neighboring water each point on the ET and shifts the ET rotation al. 2019] molecules radius. The shift of the ET rotation radius and consequently a change in the speed (frequency) of its precession are different for neighboring water molecules due to the different orientation with respect to the magnetic induction lines, which causes disturbance of the synchronization and cooperativity of the libration vibrations of the neighboring water molecules. MWT is a «catalyst» for the emergence of sequential processes: the disruption of Non-equilibrium synchronous oscillations of water molecules in system (aqueous The emergence of supramolecular formations, which by collision solutions in the additional para/ortho with other molecules receive excess energy temperature range conversion and are destroyed, which leads to the release from 273 to 343 K) of para-isomers of water molecules and their subsequent conversion into ortho-isomers.

Loss of synchrony of The shift of the ET rotation radius and oscillations with adjacent consequently a change in the speed (frequency) Rate of molecules of its precession are different for neighboring magnetic Destruction of ice- para-isomers in ice-like supramolecular induction Para-isomers ice- like supramolecular structures. The loss of cooperativity of the change like supramolecular formations and release oscillations of the para-isomers leads to the (∆B/∆t) formations of para-isomers destruction of the ice-like structures and release The appearance of of para-isomers, which in subsequent collisions additional para-ortho with other water molecules and the resonant conversion during exchange of thermal motion energies and isomer collisions rotating quantum transforms into ortho-isomers. Ortho- or para-isomers Loss of synchrony of Dissolved substances in aqueous solutions in hydration shells oscillations with adjacent (anions, cations, gases, solids, organics around dissolved water molecules molecules, etc.) cause displacement of the ortho/ substances that cause para ratio, attenuation or enhancement of the polarization of water Changes in the dissolved libration vibrations of the water molecules, which molecules substances hydration may affect the MWT efficiency.

The effect of long-term conservation of any emergence of an ortho/para convertion, which, changes in aqueous solutions under the action of despite the ban, takes place in the presence of relatively weak magnetic fields («magnetic mem- catalysts with a magnetic moment (atoms, ions, ory») is connected with the increase of ortho-H2O molecules, etc.) [Pershin, 2012], and decelerates after MWT and the quantum-mechanical ban on markedly in their absence. the spontaneous conversion of spin-isomers of On the one hand, the H-bonds between water water molecules that becomes impossible un- molecules in experimental solutions (condition- der normal conditions. However, in practice, all ally «pure») are equivalent to the influence of changes in the physicochemical properties of an external inhomogeneous magnetic field. On aqueous solutions after MWT persist from sev- the other hand, industrial wastewater is a multi- eral hours to several days [Klassen, 1982; Lipus, component solution and always contains impu- et al., 2007, Colic, et al., 1999] with a gradual re- rities of different nature. Solid impurities, gas turn to their original state. The latter indicates the molecules, minerals and organic matter cause

257 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(2), 2020 different polarization of water molecules, chang- •• ensures the rational use of water resources due to ing the ortho/para ratio, as well as causing attenu- repeated use of water in circulating water supply ation or enhancement of the libration frequencies systems and reduction of the discharges of water of water molecules, etc. It plays a significant role with high salt content on account of scale deposi- in determining the efficiency of MWT, resulting tion reduction on heat exchange surfaces in the in low reproducibility, the presence of deviations cooling systems of thermal power plants. between the laboratory and production tests, in- •• increases the efficiency of thermal installa- consistency of research results, which is marked tions and ensures the rational use of energy in many papers [Lipus, et al., 2013; Chibowski, et resources on account of preventing the scale al., 2018; Kozic, et al., 2010; Zaidi, et al., 2013; deposition on the heat exchange surfaces in Bali, et al., 2018; Liu, et al., 2015; Toledo, et al., heating and hot water systems. 2008; Seyfi, et al., 2017; Al-Ogaidi, et al., 2017; •• sharing MWT and ion-exchange filters in the Szcześ, et al., 2011]. On the basis of presented process of removal of dissolved inorganic hypothesis, it was possible to improve the water substances increases the efficiency of the ion- treatment processes in different ways (Fig. 3). exchange filters and reduces the number of re- A systematic approach to studying the MWT generations. It allows reducing the discharge effects conducted in this study, taking into account of salt water after filter regeneration. the single results of the previous examples use of •• inactivation of microorganisms under the ac- MWT in the environmental protection processes tion of MWT in the processes of disinfection [Lipus, et al., 2007; Liu, et al., 2015; Koshoridze, of natural and wastewater. It is used as a pre- et al., 2014; Kravchuk, et al., 2011; Kozic, et al., treatment to reduce the need for reagents in 2010; Kilaj, et al., 2018], allowed to build sci- subsequent purification stages. entifically based provisions for the implementa- •• increasing the efficiency of the removal of tion of the MWT. On the basis of the developing suspended particles from contaminated water provisions will expand the possibilities for us- during the stages of coagulation, flotation or fil- ing MWT in the technological processes of wa- tration. It ensures compliance with regulatory ter preparation and purification. The application requirements, or reduces the need for reagents. of MWT effects for the intensification of water •• reduces the needs for reagents and increases treatment processes (Fig. 3) is one of the effec- the efficiency of purification in the processes tive methods for reducing the anthropogenic load of reagent treatment of contaminated water on on the natural water resources. It allows obtaining account of increasing the kinetics of chemical significant environmental and technical effects: reactions after MWT.

Figure 3. Inhomogeneous magnetic field effects on aqueous solutions and their applications in environmental protection processes

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