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Study of the Magnetic Water Treatment Mechanism Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2019.12.03 Revised: 2019.12.23 Volume 21, Issue 2, February 2020, pages 251–260 Accepted: 2020.01.10 Available online: 2020.01.25 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/116341 Study of the Magnetic Water Treatment Mechanism Iryna Vaskina1*, Ihor Roi1, Leonid Plyatsuk1, Roman Vaskin1, Olena Yakhnenko1 1 Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The main problem of widespread introduction of magnetic water treatment (MWT) in the processes of water and wastewater treatment is the lack of modern research aimed at studying the mechanisms of MWT effects, in particular the influence on the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions. This study explains the effect of MWT taking into account the physical and chemical properties of aqueous solutions due to the presence of the quantum differences in water molecules. All of the MWT effects are related to the change in the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions. It is due to the presence of two types of water molecule isomers and their libra- tional oscillations. The result of MWT is a violation of the synchronism of para-isomers vibrations, with the sub- sequent destruction of ice-like structures due to the receiving of energy from collisions with other water molecules (ortho-isomers). One of the most important MWT effects includes the change in the nature and speed of the physi- cochemical processes in aqueous solutions by increasing the number of more physically and chemically active ortho-isomers. The MWT parameters specified in the work allow explaining the nature of most MWT effects and require developing the scientific and methodological principles for the implementation of the MWT process and mathematical modeling of the MWT process in the water and wastewater treatment. It can be used in the design of the MWT devices taking into account the constructive and mode parameters of MWT devices. Keywords: wastewater, aqueous solutions, water isomers, magnetic induction, non-equilibrium system, libra- tional fluctuations INTRODUCTION changes in the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions. Most known hypotheses relate The studies on the constant magnetic field the MWT mechanism to the polarizing effect of impact on the processes of aqueous solutions the magnetic field on water molecules and solutes treatment have been ongoing for many years (gases, impurities, organic matter, anions and cat- and remain relevant today. The current research ions). There are known data on the manifestation is focused on reducing the formation of hard of the effects of MWT in the treatment of chemi- scales at elevated temperatures on heat transfer cally pure aqueous solutions (distillate, bidistil- surfaces [Lipus, et al., 2013; Bali, et al., 2016; late). The effects of MWT also occur in untreated Chibowski, et al., 2018; Koshoridze, et al., 2014; aqueous solutions with part of an aqueous solu- Kozic, et al., 2010]. Much less attention is paid to tion pre-treated with MWT [Lipus, et al., 2013]. other effects of the magnetic field on the physi- Different interpretations of the mechanisms of cochemical processes in aqueous solutions. Such MWT effects do not determine the general prin- processes are fundamental and can find wide ciples of the process, consider the effects of MWT practical application in the wastewater treatment independently and cannot simultaneously explain [Zaidi, et al., 2013]. all known effects of MWT. The situation is fur- The main problem on the magnetic water ther complicated by the low reproducibility of the treatment (MWT) implementation is the lack MWT effects [Klassen, 1982]. of up-to-date studies on the mechanisms of the Most of the MWT effects are observed in the MWT effects, in particular the appearance of treatment of aqueous solutions with a temperature 251 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(2), 2020 below 343 K. All known anomalies of water prop- field (the presence of sections with a magnetic erties (density, heat capacity, thermal conductiv- induction drop) is on the base for their workflow. ity, etc.) are observed in such temperature range. Movement of the aqueous solution is a pre- The use of recent studies on the presence of quan- requisite for MWT process. The velocity of the tum differences in water molecules and nature aqueous solution is one of the determining pa- of the rotational oscillations of water molecules, rameters. With zero velocity of aqueous solution, which are responsible for the thermodynamic for any rate of induction drop, the induction of properties of aqueous solutions in the tempera- the magnetic field remains constant for each unit ture range from 273 to 343 K, will enable to un- of the water volume. From a physical point of derstand the mechanism of MWT. More detailed view, it is clear that the velocity directly affects physical model of the MWT mechanism allows the magnitude of the magnetic induction drop per us to form a generally accepted MWT mecha- unit volume of the solution. The maximum mag- nism to describe the nature of the appearance of nitude of the magnetic field induction is not so MWT effects. important. It coincides with the conclusions re- The effects of MWT have a complex de- ported in [Klassen, 1982; Sammer, et al., 2016; pendence on the MWT parameters [Lipus, et Plyatsuk, et al., 2019], where the effect of MWT al., 2007; Bali, et al., 2016; Chibowski, et al., was observed at low induction values. The geom- 2018; Zaidi, et al., 2013; Klassen, 1982]. It does etry of the magnetic field and the inhomogene- not increase in proportion with the increase in ity of the magnetic induction distribution along the intensity of the magnetic field (magnetic in- the pipe for the passage of the aqueous solution duction). The large amount of MWT data, their are one of the basic design parameters of MWT volatility and practical relevance [Koshoridze, et devices, which depend on the characteristics of al., 2014; Lipus, et al., 2013; Kozic, et al., 2010; the magnets and their location along the water tra- Sammer, et al., 2016; Liu, et al., 2015; Seyfi, et jectory. The MWT efficiency has also been influ- al., 2017; Al-Ogaidi, et al., 2017; Szcześ, et al., enced by the duration of treatment, the physical 2011; Rashid, et al., 2013] have led to different parameters of water (temperature), mineral and hypotheses of the MWT mechanism and can be dispersed composition [Chibowski, et al., 2018; roughly classified into three groups (see Table 1). Klassen, 1982]. There is no conventional approach to the The effects of MWT include the changes in the interpretation of the nature of the physical and kinetics of reactions, hydration of solutes, the rate chemical effects of MWT, no general principles of evaporation, changes in density, strength and of the process or the criteria for choosing the op- surface tension of the aqueous solution [Lipus, timal design parameters of MWT devices. It led et al., 2007; Lipus, et al., 2013; Bali, et al., 2016; to a large variety of the MWT devices, which dif- Chibowski, et al., 2018; Koshoridze, et al., 2014; fer in a number of features: the type and shape Kozic, et al., 2010; Zaidi, et al., 2013; Koksha- of magnets, the type of water movement in a rov, et al., 1990; Bali, et al., 2018; Sammer, et magnetic field, way of creating a magnetic field, al., 2016; Liu, et al., 2015; Toledo, et al., 2008; completeness of using the magnetic field, scope, Seyfi, et al., 2017; Al-Ogaidi, et al., 2017; Szcześ, conditions of use and design features. Long-term et al., 2011; Rashid, et al., 2013]. Such changes operation of MWT devices has proven that irre- in the physicochemical properties of aqueous so- spective of the MWT devices type, the motion of lutions are caused by the decrease in the energy an aqueous solution in a non-uniform magnetic of H-bonds in the interactions of water molecules Table 1. Classification of the hypotheses of the MWT mechanism Group of Colloidal Ionic Water approaches Colloidal particles including Impact object Ions that are present in water Water molecules ferromagnetic Under the influence of a This group combines ideas The surface properties of such magnetic field, polarization about the possible influence of particles changes and they act and defor-mation of ions occur, a magnetic field on the water as crystallization centers under Mechanisms which are accompanied by their structure. This influence, on the the magnetic field influence. This hydration decrease, which affects one hand, can cause changes in group explains the anti-scale the course of physicochemical the aggregation of water mole- effect. processes in aqueous systems. cules, and on the other hand, etc. 252 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(2), 2020 with each other and around solutes. However, the spin isomers in water is non-equilibrium (1:1), external energy supplied to the aqueous solution which indicates its unstable metastable state. It is is not sufficient to directly break or weaken the a physical factor of high variability, abnormally H-bonds in accordance to the value of magnetic large fluctuations and the ability to establish equi- induction during MWT. The changes caused by librium ortho/para ratios (3: 1) and enrichment the inhomogeneous magnetic field can be associ- ortho-isomers of water (para-ortho conversion). ated with a decrease in H-bond energy, increas- A model of interaction and dynamics of mol- ing their length and changes of the angle of the ecules in water in the framework of the theory of H-bond [Zaharov, et al., 2011]. The structure of the Jan-Teller effect was proposed in [Malafaev, the water molecules themselves, the distribution et al., 2013; Malafaev, et al., 2015; Malafaev, of their electron density and the nature of their 2011].
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