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ACHIEVING TOTAL SANITATION IN THIRUVANANTHAPURAM CITY (Back ground Paper-II) M. Dileep Kumar Pollution Control Board Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram Research Unit, Local Self Government (RULSG) Centre for Development Studies THIRUVANANTHAPURAM February, 2017 Sl. Contents Page No. No. Contents ii List of Tables iii Executive Summary iv 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Contextualizing the Problem of Sanitation 2 2.1 Drinking Water Supply 2 2.2 Sewage Management 4 2.3 Municipal Solid Waste Management 5 2.3.1 Plastic Waste Management 12 3.0 Critical Appraisal of Initiatives Taken so far 12 3.1 Drinking Water Supply 12 3.2 Sewage Management 13 3.3 Municipal Solid Waste Management 14 4.0 Suggested Approach: Technical and Managerial 15 4.1 Human Excreta Disposal 15 4.1.1 Enhanced awareness and sustained behavioral change 16 4.2 Sewage Management 17 4.2.1 Re-Orienting Institutions and mainstreaming sanitation 17 4.3 Municipal Solid Waste Management 18 5.0 Conclusion 18 6.0 References 21 ii Sl. List of Tables Page No No. 1 Access to sanitation facilities in Kerala 5 2 Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Kerala 6 3 Decadal population and projected population of Thiruvananthapuram 6 Municipal Corporation 4 Sources of municipal solid waste and their respective contribution in total 7 Municipal Solid Waste in Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation 5 Physical Composition of Municipal Solid Wastes in Thiruvananthapuram 8 Municipal Corporation 6 Physical Composition of Municipal Solid Wastes at selected locations in 8 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation (in per cent) 7 Chemical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in Thiruvananthapuram 9 Municipal Corporation 8 Type of markets and their locations 9 iii Executive summary This report is prepared as a back ground paper of the project “ River restoration of Kerala: Developing a co-evolutionary framework and river restoration action plan for Thiruvananthapuram city’ undertaken by RULSG, Centre for Development Studies. Objective of this report is to deliberate on status of sanitation in Thiruvananthapuram city and to suggest the strategy that may be followed to achieve total sanitation. The issue of water supply has also been discussed as it is an essential component of sanitation. Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala spreads over an area 215.86 km 2 and accommodates 9,86,578 persons according to 2011 census. The present water supply scheme is based on the Karamana river. The existing Water Supply Scheme in Thiruvananthapuram city has the capacity to supply 268 MLD in 2010 for meeting the increasing water demand of city and neighboring Panchayaths. However there are problems of quality of water and also supply. The city mostly depends on septic tanks, leach pit etc and only 30% of geographical area is covered with centralized Sewerage System. The methods to clean these septic tanks and dispose of the septage pose serious environmental threat. Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation generates around 450 tonnes of solid wastes per day. Based on sample studies it is estimated that about 72% of MSW reaches the municipal stream, 19% gets disposed off at sources and the rest about 9% of the MSW is being collected by the Rag Pickers for recycling. Households generate major share of solid waste (55.4%), and among the remaining sources bulk contributors are commercial establishment and markets. The treatment plan established at Vilappilsala for treatment of municipal garbage and for production of organic manure has been beset with various problems including public protest. There are various initiatives to treat solid wastes in the city. However, full proof system is yet to be in place. For achieving total sanitation in Thiruvananthapuram city decentralized interventions are suggested to create facilities for on-site sanitation, network-based sewerage system, septage management, solid waste management and storm water drainage. The policy reorientation is necessary for spreading awareness about sanitation through an integrated city-wide approach, assigning institutional responsibilities with due regard for demand and supply considerations, and according special focus on the women and urban poor. iv ACHIEVING TOTAL SANITATION IN THIRUVANANTHAPURAM CITY 1.0 Introduction The State of Kerala is well known for human development. It has achieved high standards in human health, education, and other parameters for ensuring a good quality of life. However, the State has been facing significant challenges in the area of societal hygiene especially solid and liquid waste management. Due to various reasons, this sector has remained neglected in the past and has now become a matter of great concern for maintaining health, sanitation and good quality of life for the citizens especially in the ‘urban’ context. Sanitation as per National Urban Sanitation Policy (Government of India, 2008) is defined as safe management of human excreta, including its safe confinement, treatment, and disposal and associated hygiene-related practices. The Kerala recognizes the need to integrate solutions that cover sub sectors of supply of drinking water, waste water management (including septage), solid waste management and storm water drainage. The strategy has to be evolved for capacity enhancement, finance, technology, inclusiveness, climate change responsiveness, institution building and strengthening of governance. Sanitation is intrinsically linked to conditions and processes related to public health and quality of environment, especially the systems that supply water and deal with human wastes. The problem of sanitation is further worsened in urban areas due to increasing congestion and population density resulting in poor environmental and health outcomes. As per 2011 Census, only 81.4% of households in Kerala have latrine facilities within premises, which includes 72.6% households having water closets, 7.1% households having pit latrines and 1.7% households using other types of latrines. Out of 72.6% households with water closet facilities, 32.7% households are linked to piped sewer system and the rest of the households use pit latrines. The remaining 18.6% household are sharing public latrines (6%) and defecate in open (12.60%). To improve the sanitation situation in urban areas, in October 2008, the Government of India announced the “National Urban Sanitation Policy” (NUSP) which laid down the framework for addressing challenges of city sanitation. The policy emphasizes on the need 1 for spreading awareness about sanitation through an integrated city-wide approach, assigning institutional responsibilities considering demand and supply and according special focus on the women and urban poor. Government of Kerala (2006) prepared sanitation strategy following the national policy. As per the NSUP it is necessary to understand the present problems and future requirements in the following areas for achieving total sanitation in Thiruvananthapuram city: • On-site Sanitation Facilities • Network-based Sewerage System • Septage Management Facilities • Solid Waste Management System • Storm Water Drainage System This report is prepared as part of the commission study for the project “River Restoration in Kerala: Developing a Co-Evolutionary Framework and River Restoration Action Plan for Trivandrum City” undertaken by RULSG, CDS 2.0 Contextualizing the Problem of Sanitation 2.1 Drinking Water Supply Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala spreads over an area 215.86 km 2 and accommodates 9,86,578 persons according to 2011 census. Population density is 4589 persons/km 2 well above the state average of 860 persons/km 2.The city houses an IT hub of the state (TECHNOPARK) from where over 80% of the state's software exports are taking place. There are many Central and State Government offices. Apart from being the political nerve center of Kerala, the city possess a number of academic institutions of national importance, and several educational, science & technology institutions, and health care institutions. All these together make Thiruvananthapuram city, the most prominent place in the Kerala state. Drinking water for Thiruvananthapuram city and its suburbs is drawn from the Karamana, river by impounding two reservoirs, one at Aruvikkara, the first reservoir and another at Peppara. There are also sub urban water supply schemes making use of the pumping stations at Kundamankadavu, Adimadakkayam and Trikkannapuram along the course of river 2 Karamana. The Water Supply Scheme in Thiruvananthapuram city was established as early as in 1931 with an installed capacity of 20 MLD (Million Liters per Day) with gravity flow of water from Aruvikkara dam. Later the scheme was augmented to 36 MLD in 1962 by introducing pumping systems instead of gravity flow from Aruvikkara Dam with a minimum treatment facility of pre settling tank. Since the storage capacity of Aruvikkara was as low as 2 Mm 3, a new dam was constructed at Peppara, 45kms away from Thiruvananthapuram in the year 1983 with a capacity of 70 Mm 3 (at present 40Mm 3 only). Water is let out from the Peppara dam through the river course to Aruvikkara reservoir as and when required. Raw Water for the 36 MLD Water Treatment Plant at Vellayambalam is conveyed from Aruvikkara reservoir. The treatment unit there is one pre settling tank. This was the first Water Treatment Plant. The city was divided into three zones, and three reservoirs were constructed, one each at Peroorkada, Thirumala and Observatory hills. The treated water transmitted from Aruvikkara was distributed