WIR SCHAFFEN WISSEN – HEUTE FÜR MORGEN Lenny Rivkin:: GFA:: Paul Scherrer Institute PSI Accelerators PSI Summer Students Lectures, July 13, 2016 Large Research Facilities: accelerator based PSI, 13.07.2016 Seite 2 PSI West PSI East SwissFEL Instruments needed for human exploration 400 years of discoveries Galileo Galilei with «telescopes» «microscopes» Zacharias Janssen Accelerators are recent, modern instruments Rolf Wideröe 90 years Accelerators Ernest O. Lawrence 5 The Role of Accelerators in Physical and Life Sciences “It is an historical fact that scientific revolutions are more often driven by new tools than by new concepts” Freeman Dyson PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Particle beams: main uses (protons, electrons, photons, neutrons, muons, neutrinos etc.) Research in basic subatomic physics Analysis of physical, chemical and biological samples Modification of physical, chemical and biological properties of matter PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL “Le véritable voyage de découverte ne consiste pas à chercher de nouveaux paysages, mais à avoir de nouveaux yeux” Marcel Proust The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes but in having new eyes 25 Nobel Prizes in Physics that had direct contribution from accelerators Year Name Accelerator-Science Contribution to Nobel Prize- 1980 James W. Cronin and Cronin and Fitch concluded in 1964 that CP (charge- Winning Research Val L. Fitch parity) symmetry is violated in the decay of neutral K 1939 Ernest O. Lawrence Lawrence invented the cyclotron at the University of mesons based upon their experiments using the Californian at Berkeley in 1929 [12]. Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron [28]. 1951 John D. Cockcroft and Cockcroft and Walton invented their eponymous linear 1981 Kai M. Siegbahn Siegbahn invented a weak-focusing principle for Ernest T.S. Walton positive-ion accelerator at the Cavendish Laboratory in betatrons in 1944 with which he made significant Cambridge, England, in 1932 [13]. improvements in high-resolution electron spectroscopy 1952 Felix Bloch Bloch used a cyclotron at the Crocker Radiation [29]. Laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley 1983 William A. Fowler Fowler collaborated on and analyzed accelerator-based in his discovery of the magnetic moment of the neutron experiments in 1958 [30], which he used to support his in 1940 [14]. hypothesis on stellar-fusion processes in 1957 [31]. 1957 Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Lee and Yang analyzed data on K mesons (θ and τ) 1984 Carlo Rubbia and Rubbia led a team of physicists who observed the Yang from Bevatron experiments at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in 1955 [15], which supported their idea in Simon van der Meer intermediate vector bosons W and Z in 1983 using 1956 that parity is not conserved in weak interactions CERN’s proton-antiproton collider [32], and van der [16]. Meer developed much of the instrumentation needed 1959 Emilio G. Segrè and Segrè and Chamberlain discovered the antiproton in for these experiments [33]. Owen Chamberlain 1955 using the Bevatron at the Lawrence Radiation 1986 Ernst Ruska Ruska built the first electron microscope in 1933 based Laboratory [17]. upon a magnetic optical system that provided large 1960 Donald A. Glaser Glaser tested his first experimental six-inch bubble magnification [34]. chamber in 1955 with high-energy protons produced by 1988 Leon M. Lederman, Lederman, Schwartz, and Steinberger discovered the the Brookhaven Cosmotron [18]. Melvin Schwartz, and muon neutrino in 1962 using Brookhaven’s Alternating 1961 Robert Hofstadter Hofstadter carried out electron-scattering experiments Jack Steinberger Gradient Synchrotron [35]. on carbon-12 and oxygen-16 in 1959 using the SLAC 1989 Wolfgang Paul Paul’s idea in the early 1950s of building ion traps linac and thereby made discoveries on the structure of grew out of accelerator physics [36]. nucleons [19]. 1990 Jerome I. Friedman, Friedman, Kendall, and Taylor’s experiments in 1974 1963 Maria Goeppert Mayer Goeppert Mayer analyzed experiments using neutron Henry W. Kendall, and on deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and beams produced by the University of Chicago Richard E. Taylor bound neutrons used the SLAC linac [37]. cyclotron in 1947 to measure the nuclear binding 1992 Georges Charpak Charpak’s development of multiwire proportional energies of krypton and xenon [20], which led to her chambers in 1970 were made possible by accelerator- discoveries on high magic numbers in 1948 [21]. based testing at CERN [38]. 1967 Hans A. Bethe Bethe analyzed nuclear reactions involving accelerated 1995 Martin L. Perl Perl discovered the tau lepton in 1975 using Stanford’s protons and other nuclei whereby he discovered in SPEAR collider [39]. 1939 how energy is produced in stars [22]. 2004 David J. Gross, Frank Wilczek, Gross, Wilczek, and Politzer discovered asymptotic 1968 Luis W. Alvarez Alvarez discovered a large number of resonance states using his fifteen-inch hydrogen bubble chamber and and freedom in the theory of strong interactions in 1973 high-energy proton beams from the Bevatron at the H. David Politzer based upon results from the SLAC linac on electron- Lawrence Radiation Laboratory [23]. proton scattering [40]. 1976 Burton Richter and Richter discovered the J/Ψ particle in 1974 using the 2008 Makoto Kobayashi and Kobayashi and Maskawa’s theory of quark mixing in Samuel C.C. Ting SPEAR collider at Stanford [24], and Ting discovered Toshihide Maskawa 1973 was confirmed by results from the KEKB accelerator at KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research the J/Ψ particle independently in 1974 using the and Yoichro Nambu Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron [25]. Organization) in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, 1979 Sheldon L. Glashow, Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg cited experiments on and the PEP II (Positron Electron Project II) at SLAC Abdus Salam, and the bombardment of nuclei with neutrinos at CERN in [41], which showed that quark mixing in the six-quark Steven Weinberg 1973 [26] as confirmation of their prediction of weak model is the dominant source of broken symmetry [42]. neutral currents [27]. 2013: François Englert and Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider" PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL 20 Nobels with X-rays Chemistry Physics 1936: Peter Debye 1901 Wilhelm Rontgen 1962: Max Perutz and Sir John 1914 Max von Laue Kendrew 1915 Sir William Bragg and son 1976 William Lipscomb 1917 Charles Barkla 1985 Herbert Hauptman and 1924 Karl Siegbahn Jerome Karle 1927 Arthur Compton 1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert 1981 Kai Siegbahn Huber and Hartmut Michel 1997 Paul D. Boyer and John E. Medicine Walker 1946 Hermann Muller 2003 Peter Agre and Roderick Mackinnon 1962 Frances Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins 2006 Roger D. Kornberg 1979 Alan Cormack and Godfrey 2009 V. Ramakrishnan, Th. A. Hounsfield Steitz, A. E. Yonath 2012 Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Accelerators in the world New Applications Total number ~ 40’000 growing at about 5% per year New technologies Research 5% Medicine 35% Industry 60% PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL All PSI accelerators operated from one control room • 3 operators per 8 h shift for all PSI accelerators 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron at PSI First beam on target: February 19th 1974 Page 13 February 28, 2014 - 40 years PSI-Ringcyclotron Proton Beam at Highest Intensity Team Photo 2010 The best expertise of many different professions is required to run the complex HIPA facility. Overview HIPA Injector II Cyclotron Cockcroft Walton 72 MeV, 160kW 870keV, 10kW Isotope Production Ring Cyclotron 590 MeV, 1.3MW Muon Beamlines UCN Ultra-Cold Neutrons SINQ spallation source proton therapie center [250MeV sc. cyclotron] dimensions: 120 x 220m2 Cockcroft-Walton 870 keV protons PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL history of maximum beam power milestones: • new injector cyclotron (84) • upgrading Ring RF power • replacing Ring cavities • new ECR source 1974 planned: 100uA today: 2.400uA [routine: 2.200uA] PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL PSI HIPA in the international context Neutron Sources Energ Power y [MW] [GeV] ISIS 0.8 0.18 J-Parc 3.0 0.3 (1.0) SNS 1.0 1.4 PSI 0.59 1.4 ESS 2.5 5.0 CSNS 1.6 0.1…0.5 Radio Frequency Acceleration HF-Kavitäten 50 MHz (Ringzyklotron) 500 MHz (Swiss Light Source), 3 GHz (SwissFEL-Injektor), 6 GHz SwissFEL Laser THz? PSI, 13.07.2016 Seite 20 Light sources PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Light sources: > 50 producing synchrotron light 60‘000 users world-wide SLS Inaguration 2001: Twenty years after??? PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Wavelength continuously tunable ! PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Light is emitted into a narrow cone θ e 1 θ θ = γ ⋅ θe v ~ c v << c v ≈ c PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL The “brightness” of a light source: Source area, S Angular Flux, F divergence, Ω Brightness = constant x _________F S x Ω PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL X-rays Brightness Average XFELs Brightness Peak Brightness (3rd Gen) (XFELs) Bertha Roentgen’s hand (exposure: 20 min) PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL 3 types of storage ring sources: 1. Bending magnets: B ~ Ne detector short broad signal hν-band pulse time frequency 3 types of storage ring sources: 2. Wigglers: large B ~ NeNw x10 undulations broad Series of hν-band short pulses time frequency 3 types of storage ring sources: detector 3. Undulators: continuously small illuminated undulations detector 2 3 B ~ NeN u x10 long signal narrow pulse hν-band hν/∆hν ≈ N time frequency Undulators λu Tobs = Temit (1− β ) λ ≈ light 2γ 2 PSI Accelerators, L.