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Paul Scherrer Institute

Paul Scherrer Institute

WIR SCHAFFEN WISSEN – HEUTE FÜR MORGEN

Lenny Rivkin:: GFA:: Institute

PSI Accelerators

PSI Summer Students Lectures, July 13, 2016 Large Research Facilities: accelerator based

PSI, 13.07.2016 Seite 2 PSI West

PSI East

SwissFEL Instruments needed for human exploration 400 years of discoveries

Galileo Galilei with «telescopes» «» Zacharias Janssen Accelerators are recent, modern instruments

Rolf Wideröe

90 years Accelerators Ernest O. Lawrence

5 The Role of Accelerators in Physical and Life Sciences

“It is an historical fact that scientific revolutions are more often driven by new tools than by new concepts”

Freeman Dyson

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Particle beams: main uses (protons, electrons, photons, , , etc.)

Research in basic subatomic

Analysis of physical, chemical and biological samples

Modification of physical, chemical and biological properties of matter

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL “Le véritable voyage de découverte ne consiste pas à chercher de nouveaux paysages, mais à avoir de nouveaux yeux” Marcel Proust

The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes but in having new eyes 25 Nobel Prizes in Physics that had direct contribution from accelerators

Year Name Accelerator-Science Contribution to - 1980 James W. Cronin and Cronin and Fitch concluded in 1964 that CP (charge- Winning Research Val L. Fitch parity) symmetry is violated in the decay of neutral K 1939 Ernest O. Lawrence Lawrence invented the at the University of mesons based upon their experiments using the Californian at Berkeley in 1929 [12]. Brookhaven Alternating Gradient [28]. 1951 John D. Cockcroft and Cockcroft and Walton invented their eponymous linear 1981 Kai M. Siegbahn Siegbahn invented a weak-focusing principle for Ernest T.S. Walton positive-ion accelerator at the Cavendish Laboratory in betatrons in 1944 with which he made significant Cambridge, England, in 1932 [13]. improvements in high-resolution electron spectroscopy 1952 Bloch used a cyclotron at the Crocker Radiation [29]. Laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley 1983 William A. Fowler Fowler collaborated on and analyzed accelerator-based in his discovery of the magnetic moment of the experiments in 1958 [30], which he used to support his in 1940 [14]. hypothesis on stellar-fusion processes in 1957 [31]. 1957 Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Lee and Yang analyzed data on K mesons (θ and τ) 1984 and Rubbia led a team of who observed the Yang from Bevatron experiments at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in 1955 [15], which supported their idea in intermediate vector W and Z in 1983 using 1956 that parity is not conserved in weak interactions CERN’s proton-antiproton collider [32], and van der [16]. Meer developed much of the instrumentation needed 1959 Emilio G. Segrè and Segrè and Chamberlain discovered the antiproton in for these experiments [33]. 1955 using the Bevatron at the Lawrence Radiation 1986 Ruska built the first electron in 1933 based Laboratory [17]. upon a magnetic optical system that provided large 1960 Donald A. Glaser Glaser tested his first experimental six-inch bubble magnification [34]. chamber in 1955 with high-energy protons produced by 1988 Leon M. Lederman, Lederman, Schwartz, and Steinberger discovered the the Brookhaven Cosmotron [18]. , and in 1962 using Brookhaven’s Alternating 1961 Hofstadter carried out electron-scattering experiments Gradient Synchrotron [35]. on -12 and oxygen-16 in 1959 using the SLAC 1989 Paul’s idea in the early 1950s of building ion traps linac and thereby made discoveries on the structure of grew out of accelerator physics [36]. nucleons [19]. 1990 Jerome I. Friedman, Friedman, Kendall, and Taylor’s experiments in 1974 1963 Goeppert Mayer analyzed experiments using neutron Henry W. Kendall, and on deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and beams produced by the University of Chicago Richard E. Taylor bound neutrons used the SLAC linac [37]. cyclotron in 1947 to measure the nuclear binding 1992 Charpak’s development of multiwire proportional energies of krypton and xenon [20], which led to her chambers in 1970 were made possible by accelerator- discoveries on high magic numbers in 1948 [21]. based testing at CERN [38]. 1967 Hans A. Bethe Bethe analyzed nuclear reactions involving accelerated 1995 Martin L. Perl Perl discovered the tau in 1975 using Stanford’s protons and other nuclei whereby he discovered in SPEAR collider [39]. 1939 how energy is produced in stars [22]. 2004 David J. Gross, , Gross, Wilczek, and Politzer discovered asymptotic 1968 Luis W. Alvarez Alvarez discovered a large number of resonance states using his fifteen-inch bubble chamber and and freedom in the theory of strong interactions in 1973 high-energy proton beams from the Bevatron at the H. David Politzer based upon results from the SLAC linac on electron- Lawrence Radiation Laboratory [23]. proton scattering [40]. 1976 and Richter discovered the J/Ψ particle in 1974 using the 2008 Makoto Kobayashi and Kobayashi and Maskawa’s theory of mixing in Samuel C.C. Ting SPEAR collider at Stanford [24], and Ting discovered 1973 was confirmed by results from the KEKB accelerator at KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research the J/Ψ particle independently in 1974 using the and Yoichro Nambu Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron [25]. Organization) in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, , 1979 Sheldon L. Glashow, Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg cited experiments on and the PEP II (Positron Electron Project II) at SLAC , and the bombardment of nuclei with neutrinos at CERN in [41], which showed that quark mixing in the six-quark 1973 [26] as confirmation of their prediction of weak model is the dominant source of broken symmetry [42]. neutral currents [27]. 2013: François Englert and Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider" PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL 20 Nobels with X-rays

Chemistry Physics 1936: 1901 Wilhelm Rontgen 1962: Max Perutz and Sir John 1914 Kendrew 1915 Sir William Bragg and son 1976 William Lipscomb 1917 Charles Barkla 1985 Herbert Hauptman and 1924 Karl Siegbahn Jerome Karle 1927 1988 , Robert 1981 Huber and 1997 Paul D. Boyer and John E. Medicine Walker 1946 Hermann Muller 2003 Peter Agre and Roderick Mackinnon 1962 Frances Crick, and Maurice Wilkins 2006 Roger D. Kornberg 1979 Alan Cormack and Godfrey 2009 V. Ramakrishnan, Th. A. Hounsfield Steitz, A. E. Yonath 2012 Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL

Accelerators in the world New Applications Total number ~ 40’000 growing at about 5% per year New technologies

Research 5% Medicine 35%

Industry 60%

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL All PSI accelerators operated from one control room

• 3 operators per 8 h shift for all PSI accelerators 590 MeV Ring Cyclotron at PSI

First beam on target: February 19th 1974

Page 13 February 28, 2014 - 40 years PSI-Ringcyclotron

Proton Beam at Highest Intensity Team Photo 2010

The best expertise of many different professions is required to run the complex HIPA facility. Overview HIPA Injector II Cyclotron Cockcroft Walton 72 MeV, 160kW 870keV, 10kW

Isotope Production

Ring Cyclotron 590 MeV, 1.3MW Muon

UCN Ultra-Cold Neutrons

SINQ source

proton therapie center [250MeV sc. cyclotron] dimensions: 120 x 220m2 Cockcroft-Walton 870 keV protons

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL history of maximum beam power milestones: • new injector cyclotron (84) • upgrading Ring RF power • replacing Ring cavities • new ECR source

1974 planned: 100uA today: 2.400uA [routine: 2.200uA]

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL PSI HIPA in the international context

Neutron Sources

Energ Power y [MW] [GeV] ISIS 0.8 0.18

J-Parc 3.0 0.3 (1.0)

SNS 1.0 1.4

PSI 0.59 1.4

ESS 2.5 5.0

CSNS 1.6 0.1…0.5 Radio Frequency Acceleration

HF-Kavitäten 50 MHz (Ringzyklotron) 500 MHz (), 3 GHz (SwissFEL-Injektor),

6 GHz SwissFEL Laser THz?

PSI, 13.07.2016 Seite 20 Light sources

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Light sources: > 50 producing synchrotron light 60‘000 users world-wide

SLS Inaguration 2001: Twenty years after???

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Wavelength continuously tunable !

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Light is emitted into a narrow cone

θ e 1 θ θ = γ ⋅ θe v ~ c

v << c v ≈ c PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL The “brightness” of a light source:

Source area, S Angular Flux, F divergence, Ω

Brightness = constant x ______F S x Ω

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL X-rays Brightness Average XFELs Brightness

Peak Brightness

(3rd Gen) (XFELs)

Bertha Roentgen’s hand (exposure: 20 min)

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL 3 types of storage ring sources:

1. Bending magnets: B ~ Ne

detector

short broad signal hν-band pulse

time frequency 3 types of storage ring sources:

2. Wigglers: large B ~ NeNw x10 undulations

broad Series of hν-band short pulses

time frequency 3 types of storage ring sources:

detector 3. Undulators: continuously small illuminated undulations

detector 2 3 B ~ NeN u x10 long signal narrow pulse hν-band hν/∆hν ≈ N

time frequency Undulators

λu Tobs = Temit (1− β ) λ ≈ light 2γ 2

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Undulator radiation

λ∗ = 2‘500 mm

edges - K

λ∗ = 1.5 mm 2 λu  K 2 2  λ = 2 1+ + γ θ  2nγ  2  Medium energy rings energy Medium ESRF, APS ESRF, (1+ 1 K 2 ) λ* = 2 λ 2n u

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL The electron beam “emittance”:

Source area, S The brightness Angular depends on the divergence, Ω geometry of the source, i.e., on the electron beam emittance Emittance = S x Ω

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL Large Research Facilities: accelerator based

PSI, 13.07.2016 Seite 33 Anatomy of a light source

Linac 100 MeV Storage Ring

Booster 2.7 GeV

Undulators

Beam lines Top-up injection: key to stability

TOP-UP INJECTION ELECTRONINTENSITY TIME SLS2 upgrade SLS SLS-2 . Dramatic increase in SLS brilliance, making the facility internationally competitive for another two decades (by a factor of 20 – 50)

. Using multibend achromat magnet lattice to replace the existing ring and upgrading all the key components necessary to maintain the stability and reliability

. Beamlines upgrade to push the envelope, utilising the increased source brilliance and coherence M UCH H I GH ER BRI GH TN ESS CAN BE REACH ED WH EN TH E ELECTRON S COOPERATE

WAVELEN GTH

IN COH EREN T EM ISSION COH EREN T EM ISSION SwissFEL – a new accelerator based RI

3rd gen. synchrotron optical lasers fine, slow fast, coarse

SwissFEL fine and fast at extreme high intensity

new direct insights into chemical, physical, biological mechanisms 2016 governing our daily-life a national free electron X-ray laser for SwissFEL in a nutshell

1st Construction phase 2nd construction phase 2013-16 2017-20 Athos 0.7-7nm user BC1 BC2 2.6-3.4 GeV stations Injector Linac 1 Linac 2 Linac 3 0.35 GeV 2.0 GeV 3.0 GeV 2.1-5.8 GeV Aramis 0.1-0.7 nm

Aramis Main parameters Hard X-ray FEL, λ=0.1-0.7 nm Variable gap, in-vacuum Undulators Wavelength from 1 Å - 70 Å First users 2017 Photon energy 0.2 - 12 keV Operation modes: SASE & self seeded Pulse duration 1 fs - 20 fs Athos e- Energy 5.8 GeV Soft X-ray FEL, λ=0.7-7.0 nm Variable polarization, Apple II undulators e- Bunch charge 10 - 200 pC First users 2019 ? Repetition rate 100 Hz Operation modes: SASE & self seeded

H. Braun SwissFEL Building

H. Braun SwissFEL Building progress

2 May 2013 13 November 2013

June 24, 2015

Building key figures overall length: 740 m soil movements: 95’000 m3 casted concrete: 21’000 m3 or 50’000 t H. Braun Medical applications

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL BRAGG PEAK

PROTON BEAM 

… ALLOWS THE TREATMENT OF DEEP INSIDE LYING TUMORS WITH BEST PROTECTION OF THE SURROUNDING

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL SPOT SCANNING

POSITION

ENERGY

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL 250 MeV proton cyclotron (ACCEL/Varian)

ACCEL Closed He system 4 x 1.5 W @4K 300 kW 90 tons

Proton source

superconducting coils 1.4 m => 2.4 - 3.8 T

4 RF-cavities ≈100 kV on 4 Dees

3.4 m

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL PROSCAN: very high availability (≈ 98 %!)

Design study of: Gantry with Superconducting magnets

Gantry 2

superconducting Gantry

Proton beam gantry, (PSI) in Switzerland.

EXPECTED IMPROVEMENTS:

⇒ NOT much smaller, but:

⇒ Weight: 200 tons  50 tons ⇒ Field size: 12 x 20 cm2  20 x 20 cm2 ⇒ Energy acceptance 1.5%  20 %

PSI, 13.07.2016 Seite 46 Hadron Market Patients Treated Worldwide

patients treated with 50,000,000 photons

patients treated with 100,000 hadrons

47 | VARIAN PARTICLE THERAPY 2016/7/13 48 Google News

‘Accelerator’ ⇛ many Toyota links!

‘’ ⇛ gave this link: Accelerator on a chip

PSI Accelerators, L. Rivkin, PSI & EPFL The future SwissFEL Aramis 2017 ⇒ Athos 2020 ⇒

SLS2 2023 ⇒ Engines of Discovery

Credit: CERN 16T and beyond, FCC Rome, 11-15 April 2016, GdR 14 27 km, 8.33 T 8.33 27 km, TeV LHC

(c.o.m FCC .)

development: High Energy LHC Phase0 ? LHC Phase0 EnergyHigh development: LHC 33 27 km, 20 T 20 27 km, TeV HE -LHC

SPS (c.o.m PS

.)

100 80 km, 20 T 20 80 km, TeV -hh FCC

(c.o.m

.)

100 100 km, 16 T km, 100 TeV -hh FCC

(c.o.m

.)

i

56

Enrico Fermi’s (1954) Space-Based World Machine Cosmic accelerators Constellation Pictor: Pictor A X-ray image X-ray jet originating near a giant black hole

800‘000 light years

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