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Vol. 44 No. 3 Summer 1984 arno ~a

Arnoldia (ISSN 0004-2633) is pubhshed quarterly in Page spring, summer, fall, and winter by the Arnold 3 Frank Meyer: Agricultural Explorer Arboretum of Harvard University. Isabel Shipley Cunningham

Subscriptions are $12.00 per year; single copies $3.50. 277 Biotechnology at the Arnold Arboretum Second-class postage paid at Boston, Massachusetts. John Einset Postmaster Send address changes to: 36 Introducing Betula platyphylla Amoldia ’Whitespire’ The Arnold Arboretum Edward Hasselkus The Arborway Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 34 COLLECTOR’S NOTEBOOK Copyright © 1984 President and Fellows of Harvard College. 38 BOOKS Eileen J. Dunne, Editor Peter Del Tredici, Associate Editor David Ford, Graphic Designer

Front cover photo ’Album’, a cultivar of Viburnum far- ren, a species Frank Meyer introduced into this coun- try. Back cover: Street planting of the Bradford pear tree (Pyrus calleryana ’Bradford’) in Cambridge, Massachu- setts. Meyer collected the species in China in 1908 Gary Koller photos. Frank Meyer on his return from a collecting trip The photographs on pages 5-12 and 16-25 were in the mountams of China in the early 1900s. taken by Frank Meyer during his travels in China Photo reproduced by permission of the U.S. De- for the U.S. Department of Agnculture. Copies partment of Agriculture. are m the collection of the Arnold Arboretum. Frank Meyer, Isabel Shipley Cunningham Agricultural Explorer

For 60 years the work of Frank N. Meyer has 2,500 pages of his letters tell of his journeys remained a neglected segment of America’s and the plants he collected, and the USDA heritage. Now, as people are becoming con- Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported con- cerned about feeding the world’s growing tains descriptions of his introductions. population and about the loss of genetic di- Until recently little was known about the versity of crops, Meyer’s accomplishments first 25 years of Meyer’s life, when he lived have a special relevance. Entering China in in Amsterdam and was called Frans Meijer. 1905, near the dawn of the single era when Dutch sources reveal that he was bom into a explorers could travel freely there, he be- loving family in 1875. Frans was a quiet boy, came the first plant hunter to represent a who enjoyed taking long walks, reading government and to search primarily for eco- about distant lands, and working in his fami- nomically useful plants rather than orna- ly’s small garden. By the time he had mentals. No one before him had spent 10 fimshed elementary school, he knew that ’ years crossing the mountains, deserts, farms, wanted to be a world traveler who studied he ’,if and forests of Asia in search of fruits, nuts, plants; however, his parents could not afford vegetables, grains, and fodder crops; no one to give him further education. When he was has done so since. 14 years old, he found work as a gardener’s During four plant-hunting expeditions to helper at the Amsterdam Botanical Garden. China and Central Asia, Meyer enriched During the next eight years, Frans pro- America’s agricultural and horticultural re- gressed to gardener and then head gardener in sources, made important botanical discov- charge of the experimental garden. Hugo de eries, and improved the economy of his Vries, director of the experimental garden, adopted country. As he fulfilled his promise observed that Frans was intelligent, indus- to "skim the earth in search of things good trious, and dependable and trained him to be for man," no hardship or danger deterred his assistant. He taught the boy French and him. He sent the United States Department English and allowed him to attend lectures of Agriculture hundreds of shipments of live on botany and plant propagation. In his lei- cuttings and thousands of packages of seeds, sure Frans studied languages, mathematics, which resulted in more than 2,500 plant in- and science and collected herbarium speci- troductions. Though he published little, the mens of the plants of the Netherlands. When he was 20, de Vries arranged for him to study Isabel Cunningham’s biography of Frank Meyer, for six months at the University of Gronin- entitled Frank Meyer: Plant Hunter .m Asia, was pubhshed in June of this year by Iowa State Um- gen. versity Press. Though he continued to work at the Amsterdam Botanical Garden for two years ment and Meyer eagerly accepted. To train thereafter, Frans felt faraway places beckon- him for his work, Fairchild sent him on a ’ ing until his desire to see the world became 10-day trip to the New York Botanical Gar- too strong to resist. For several months he den and the Arnold Arboretum. After exam- wandered across Europe, using maps and a ining Augustine Henry’s herbarium speci- compass as guides. Once he almost lost his mens in New York, Meyer studied the tre- life in a blizzard when he crossed the Alps in mendous collections at the Arnold Ar- an area where there were no roads. In 1900 boretum and received the advice of the di- he set out for England to earn money for his rector, Charles Sprague Sargent. Two days passage to America. A year later, in October later he began his journey to China. 1901, he arrived in the United States. When Meyer reached Washington, he pre- The First Expedition sented a letter of introduction from Hugo de Vries to Dr. Erwin F. Smith, a bacteriologist Soon after Meyer reached Peking (Beijing) in at the department of agriculture, and found September 1905, he hired a guide, cart, work in the USDA greenhouses on the Mall. driver, and donkeys and set out into the For a year he was content in new surround- mountains on a 10-day trip. A sweet, seed- ings. Then his desire to see what lay beyond less persimmon four inches in diameter was the horizon led him to work as a gardener in his first major discovery. "As soon as the southern California. There he continued to leaves are off," he promised Fairchild, "I’ll " long for "farther off and unseen places." go back to those trees and will try to send After 18 months he left California to study you a thousand scions." Sargent later pre- the flora of Mexico. He walked 1,000 miles, dicted that this persimmon would add discovering new fruits and flowers every $100,000 to the American economy. In late day, and felt that he was learning more about autumn Meyer divided his collection of plants than books could have taught him in grape, apricot, and catalpa cuttings, pear, 10 years. persimmon, and elm scions, and Ginkgo After returning to the United States in biloba andPinus bungeana (white-barked July 1904, Meyer found employment at the pine) seeds. Then he mailed bundles to the Missouri Botanical Garden, where he ini- USDA and the Arnold Arboretum. He never tiated the preparation of a list of seeds for trusted anyone else to pack his cuttings and exchange with botanical gardens in other scions, for only he could judge just how countries. He planned to leave St. Louis as much water he must wring out of the dam- soon as he had saved enough money to pened sphagnum moss before wrapping each explore the Andes; however, his destiny was package first in oiled paper and then in bur- to lead him in another direction. David Fair- lap, which he stitched at the seams. If the child, head of the Foreign Plant Introduction moss were too wet or too dry, the material Section of the USDA, for several years had would not survive the long journey to Amer- been searching for an explorer to send to ica. China. When he heard of Meyer’s willing- Meyer eagerly complied with the USDA ness to walk great distances and his passion policy of collecting ornamentals "when en- for plants, Fairchild offered him this assign- countered." In January, when ice a foot thick 5

formed on the canals, he returned to the Peking pear (Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta /,a Western Hills, where he had observed rem- promising maple (Acer truncatum), and a nants of original vegetation around an- semidouble rose (Rosa xanthma "to be cient temples. There he collected cuttings of shared with Professor Sargent." Sargent later the Chinese pistachio (Pistacia chinensis), aa wrote that this rose had been known to horse chestnut (Aesculus chinensis/, a botanists only through Chinese paintings catalpa (Catalpa bungei/, and a cultivar of until Frank Meyer sent it to America. the Peking willow (Salix matsudana ’Um- The letters Meyer wrote during his first braculifera’). None of these trees was new to six months in China reflect a kaleidoscope botanists, but all were virtually unknown in of impressions and emotions: the miserable America. In the mountains he also found a nights spent on brick beds in filthy inns, columnar juniper (juniperus chinensis ‘Col- where he battled bedbugs, centipedes, lice, umnaris’), wild peach trees (Prunus and scorpions; his joy when he "felt at peace davidiana) for use as a rootstock, the famous with the whole creation" as he collected seeds of crimson oaks and flaming maples in Frank Meyer collected the globular-headed wil- the Ming Tombs Valley; the shock of awa- low (Sahx matsudana ’Umbracuhfera’), below, in kening one night in Mongolia to find an as- the Western Hills, Pekmg (Beijmg~ China. sassin’s knife a few inches from his throat; 6 ,I

his pleasure while watching his Chinese weeks of the journey, they walked 20 to 35 guide making his own herbarium collection; miles every day. At last they reached Siberia. the frustration of lacking time to learn Man- From Vladivostok Meyer shipped his col- darin and the many dialects of the Chinese lection of 220 kinds of seeds and cuttings, as language; and his pride in finding useful well as herbarium specimens, and then con- plants to send to his adopted country. He tinued his journey north. At Nikolsk (Us- admired the Chinese people: "China is going suriysk, formerly Voroshilov) he arranged an to come to the front, for the people are a exchange of seeds of hardy plants with a solid kind of men and they possess many government forester; in the countryside sterling virtues. In agriculture, they are ex- nearby he collected seeds of the Amur maple perts."" (Acer ginnala), which bore an abundance of When authorities approved his plan to fol- rosy-red fruits. low the Yalu and Tumer rivers to Siberia in He paused at Khabarowsk to mail his col- search of hardy plants, he left Peking m late lection of pears, plums, nuts, wheat, barley, April for Newchwang (Yingkou) in Man- forage crops, and the Amur lilac (Syringa churia. There he mailed the USDA a collec- amurensis). He also arranged seed exchanges tion containing the first oil-bearing soybean with the government agronomist and the sent to the United States. He then set out head forester of the Imperial Domains there. through wild mountainous country with At dusk he would watch the sun setting over carts, mules, an intelligent guide, and a the ice fields of the Amur, silhouetting the coolie "of doubtful character." Though he white birches against the dying purple of the had no equipment for pressing or drying her- western sky. One evening as he returned to barium material, he frequently paused to his inn, three murderous ruffians attacked gather specimens as he traveled. North of him, but he drew his bowie knife and de- Mukden (Shenyang) he found a drought- fended himself so vigorously that they ran resistant alfalfa, white peonies blooming in away. ravines, and a wilt- and bright-resistant Meyer spent Christmas at Kwan Tientse spinach that was to save the threate~ed (Changchun) with a missionary who agreed American spinach-canning industry. to collect seeds for the USDA m exchange When Meyer crossed to the Korean side of for seeds of hardy vegetables and flowers. the Yalu at Antung (Dandong), he entered an After leaving his host, he traveled south in unexplored region. For weeks he and his bitter cold but forgot the frigid air that froze men followed narrow footpaths across his beard to his scarf as he watched the rising mountain ranges and waded icy streams. He sun color the mountamtops rosy red. On collected zoysia grass (Zoysia japonica) near January 21 he arrived at Mukden and pre- the Yalu, and in the mountains a pyramidal pared 20 large sacks of cereals and legumes cherry with bright green foliage, which for shipping to the USDA. Then a telegram Alfred Rehder of the Arnold Arboretum ordering him to meet E. H. Wilson in Shan- named Prunus meyeri. Farther north he and ghai before February 10 abruptly canceled his party passed through primeval forests his plans to collect plants he had previously never before seen by Westerners. Though spotted in Manchuria. they lived on boiled oats during the last two When Meyer reached Shanghai, he learned 7

that Wilson had promised to send the USDA have sent us seeds." Earlier Sargent had in- economically useful plants from the upper sisted~that Meyer’s work include the collec- Yangtze and that he himself was expected to tion of herbarium material, but Fairchild had collect botamcal specimens for the Arnold told Meyer that the department "did not Arboretum in the barren Wu Tai Shan. He place that much importance on herbarium made no attempt to appear content with the specimens." Meyer nevertheless had col- bargam Sargent and Fairchild had made. Let- lected herbarium matenal on his journey ters from both explorers show that their im- north and had shipped two boxes of speci- tial meeting was a disaster. Unaware that mens from Vladivostok. The contents of Meyer believed his own work had been these boxes were badly damaged m a ty- undervalued, Fairchild also had chosen this phoon. Frustrated by this loss, Meyer replied time to convey Sargent’s criticism of the that Sargent’s criticism "is somewhat comi- USDA’s failure to collect herbarium speci- cal. It is just as if the department people mens "of the botanical species of which you were disappointed when Professor Sargent did not collect plants of economic interest on his journeys."" In mailed 14 to the Frank Meyer and his collecting party at 4,000 feet April Meyer packages near Ying Tau Ko, China. 8

USDA and set out with his interpreter and periods of drought. At this point his in- guide for the Wu Tai Shan. "There goes terpreter and guide refused to endure further nothing above fresh air, a blue sky above hardships, forcing him to return to Peking. one’s head, and if some mountains or lakes Sargent later complained that Meyer can be added, then life is worth living. I love should have remained in the Wu Tai Shan exploring better than anything else," he until more vegetation appeared; Meyer re- wrote Fairchild. After reaching the moun- plied that he could not have done so "unless tains in a snowstorm, he studied the sparse I was of a barnacle nature, which God help vegetation and took photographs of the bar- me, I never hope to become." The following ren landscape. He then traveled south to February he returned to gather seeds, staying Taiyuan. There he found quantities of Rosa in a room so cold that ink froze on his pen. xanthina, which bloomed early and freely For five days he collected seeds of several and withstood cold temperatures and long spruces, a pine, and a larch that had not been recorded previously. He also found two wil- a a hull-less A Chinese cart loaded with boxes of seeds, mostly lows, lilac, rose, rhubarb, oats, wild peach stones and chestnuts, leaving Frank and a rare hull-less barley. Meyer’s hotel enroute to America. 9

After a trip to sultry Chekiang (Zhejiang) he labored indoors, he yearned for "the bum- Province, where he collected edible, orna- ing sun and the smell of the mountains."" mental, and timber bamboo (including one Sargent criticized him for covering too much now called Phyllostachys meyeri), Meyer territory, but he argued that he must travel traveled to Tsingtao (Qingtao) and began a widely in order to find plants that would journey across Shantung (Shandong) Pro- make America "wealthier and better." He vince. In the Lau Shan he found a rare dwarf firmly believed that "any ordinary botanist" sorghum and a previously unknown could stay in one place and collect speci- yellow-flowered catalpa. Later he collected mens of shrubs and trees; identifying grains the Shantung plum-cot, a single yellow rose and fruits that might benefit humamty (Rosa xanthina f. spontanea) that bloomed seemed to him infinitely more challenging. " profusely m rocky soil, and epiphytic or- To give his expedition "a fitting end," chids that Fairchild forwarded to the Royal Meyer planned a series of journeys. In No- Botamc Gardens at Kew. vember a trip north to Jehol (Chengde) As he and his guide searched for the cele- yielded acorns of oaks that looked like brated pound peach of Shantung, soldiers chestnut trees (Quercus variabihs) and 73 warned them of robbers nearby. Meyer’s bundles of fruits, nuts, forage crops, and party did encounter a band of outlaws the hardy ornamentals. But he despaired as he next day, but he held his pistol "glistening in watched farmers cutting down trees. "I see their eyes" and saw the leader signal his men with sad eyes the last vestiges of a once not to attack. The risks of the journey grand vegetation," he mourned. Late m Jan- proved worthwhile near the village of uary he worked in deep snow m the moun- Feicheng, where Meyer found the sweet and tains beyond Peking, collecting the white- juicy peaches that sometimes weighed more barked pine, a rare pyramidal white poplar than a pound. Jumperus chmensis and Pinus (Populus tomentosa), persimmons, apricots, bungeana trees at least 1500 years old made yellow plums, a free-flowering pink rose this trip memorable. He also saw Chinese (Rosa odorata and pods of a spiny locust cabbages (Brassica pekmensis ~ weighmg up /Gleditsia heterophylla). Since this tree to 40 pounds each, hawthorns (Crataegus seemed to be in a state of mutation, he asked pmnati fida bred to produce fruit that made Fairchild to send sets of pods to Sargent and delicious preserves, a rare yellow-fruited to de Vries. He also assembled a large quan- hawthorn, and a dogwood loaded with dark tity of scions of the dry-land elm (Ulmus green berries that the natives used as a pumila), a dwarf lemon (Citrus x meyen), aa source of oil for lamps. After four months he silver-blue juniper of dense habit (juniperus returned to Peking. squamata ’Meyeri’~, and a dwarf lilac Meyer disliked the confining task of label- (Syringa meyeri). Published accounts state ing, describing, and packing seeds and cut- incorrectly that Meyer found this lilac (PI tings of the hundreds of plants he collected. 23032) in the Wu Tai Shan. He bought To assist him in determining the correct Synnga meyeri at Fengtai near Peking on Chinese names of the plants, he employed March 31, 1908. He previously had collected Chow-hai Ting, who continued to work Syringa mllosa (PI 22675) m the Wu Tai with him during his later expeditions. While Shan. 10

After transportmg his collection to Shang- the Arnold Arboretum to study the exten- hai in May 1908, Meyer supervised the sive living collections and herbarium speci- packing of 20 tons of plant material, includ- mens there. When Sargent reprimanded him for his to a the ing 2 zelkovas, a Chinese holly, 18 lilacs, 4 failure collect large number of had viburnums, 2 spireas, a rhododendron, a latter, Meyer responded that the USDA daphne, 30 kmds of bamboo, and 4 lilies. sent him to Chma to collect plants of eco- Throughout the four-week voyage to Amer- nomic value; privately, he told Fairchild that ica, he exposed his plants to sun and air he agreed with Sargent about the need for whenever the weather was mild and cared authentic material in herbariums. In re- for a pair of rare northern monkeys that he sponse to Sargent’s request for specimens of was bringing to the National Zoological all the arboreal species that he might find in Park. the future, he asked the USDA to authorize During a year in the United States, Meyer him to fulfill that request. visited many agricultural experiment sta- Meyer spent most of the spring and sum- tions, forming a list of their needs to guide mer of 1909 "cooped up in that little office him on his coming expedition to Central in hot and humid Washington." He sorted Asia. Long before the discovery of germ- his hundreds of negatives and photographs and plasm, he wrote, "In the future we will studied the 1,664 mventory cards that create unheard-of strains of fruits and shrubs had accompamed his introductions. Of and trees and flowermg plants. All we need these, 1,297 had survived, and over 50 percent . now is to build up collections so as to have of the 497 varieties that he had sent as scions the material at hand." He eagerly returned to or plants were growing in America. He also completed his bulletin, Agricultural Explo- ration m the Fruit and Nut Orchards of Frank Meyer’s caravan crossmg the Mussart before he received his Glacier m Chmese Turkestan (Ym~ang Au- Chma, appropriation tonomous Region). and set out on a three-year journey to Cen- tral Asia.

The Second Expedition Aware that he had begun his first trip to China without adequate preparation, Meyer prepared for his second by visiting European nurseries and botanical gardens. In England he spent a week studying the "wonderfully rich" herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gar- den. "If I had known that Kew is after all rather poor in northern Chmese material ... I most certainly would have collected more," he wrote Fairchild. "It really hurts me now to find out how much more useful I could have been to mankind." He was im- 111

pressed by the Chinese plant introductions liberally with Professor Sargent." From his that E. H. Wilson "kindly pointed out" at base at Tiflis (Tbilisi), he explored not only Veitch and Sons and at Kew. As he studied Georgia but also Azerbaidzhan and Armenia, collections at the Jardin des Plantes and sending the USDA grapes, plums, apricots, Vilmorin Nurseries in France and "other black barley, coffee made from soybeans, a centers of accumulated knowledge" in Bel- new peony, and cuttings of the Paradise gium, Germany, and Russia, he arranged apple (Malus pumila var. paradisiaca) from plant and seed exchanges for the USDA. , its native habitat. In late April he and his in- When his itinerary took him to Antwerp, terpreter left Tiflis on foot for the northern he acted as host to members of his family, Caucasus. Despite snowstorms in the whom he had been longing to see. "We are a mountains, Meyer collected alfalfa, clover, crowd of eight people," he wrote Fairchild. and herbarium specimens of other plants. "I am, of course, the most popular member, When he reached Baku, he sent the USDA and they want me to talk for hours and hours fruit, grain, legumes, and alfalfa, as well as about all my experiences." Four days to- fossils and ancient pottery for the Smithso- gether were not enough. He took his entire nian Institution. On May 30, 1910, he ’ family with him for three additional days crossed the Caspian Sea to Russian Turkes- when he traveled to Brussels. Then he tan. moved on to botanical gardens in Germany Vegetation in Russian Turkestan lacked and Russia. variety, and the police there harassed Meyer After a series of frustrating delays in St. contmually. Nevertheless, before venturing Petersburg (Leningrad), Meyer received the into the Hissar Mountains south of Samar- necessary permits and journeyed to the kand, he found the drought-resistant Crimea. On a rocky cliff there he found the common privet (Ligustrum vulgare), which A crowded street on market day in Tching to proved to withstand cold winters and Tchun, Shensi, September 1914. drought in the upper midwestern United States. In addition to roots and seeds, he mailed to the USDA olive cuttings; her- barium specimens, to be divided with the Arnold Arboretum; and algae and fungi, for the New York Botanical Garden. Then, ac- companied by an assistant and an interpre- ter, he boarded a steamer and crossed the Black Sea. Meyer assembled a large collection and ar- ranged several seed exchanges during four months m the Caucasus. An early shipment contained seeds of apples, cherries, almonds, and an evergreen hawthorn (Crataegus meyeri); several kinds of wheat; soil sam- ples ; and herbarium specimens to be "shared 12

Kashgar elm (Ulmus carpinifolia var. um- terpreter of Russian, Meyer and his small braculifera) for settlers in the arid south- party plodded across the desert through western United States. No roads existed in ankle-deep sand with 1,200 pounds of bag- the steep mountains and food was scarce; gage. however, he collected the Siberian bush When they reached Chinese Turkestan cherry (Prunus prostrata) and herbarium (Xinjiang Autonomous Region), Chow-hai specimens of pistachio, almond, maple, and Ting joined the party. From Kashgar (Kashi) juniper. After stopping at cholera-infested they traveled to Yarkand (Shache) and con- Tashkent, where he hired a German in- tinued south across "dreary expanses of sand and grit," relieved occasionally by oases sheltered by Russian olive shrubs (Elaeagnus Khotan The north side ot a mountain densely grown with angustifolia). Near (Hotan) Meyer torests ot the Thian Shan spruce (Picea collected a drought-resistant ash (Fraxinus shrenckiana near Idm-Kul, Chmese Turkestan. potamophila), which later proved to be use- 13

ful in Nevada, and two wheat cultivars roots of climbing asparagus and a rare alfalfaa (Triticum aestivum ’Ak-Mecca Boogdai’ and (Medicago platycarpa and cut scions of ap- T. aestivum ’Kizil Boogdai’) that are still ples, apricots, and willows. From Kuldjaa maintained in the USDA germplasm collec- (Guldja or Ining) he mailed 52 packages of tion at Beltsville, Maryland. Returning to roots and cuttings, including a hawthorn for Kashgar on trails used only by natives, he the Arnold Arboretum. North of Kuldja he and his men climbed barren mountains had difficulty finding a guide because he and " where food was scarce and then trudged his party were entering a "robber district." across snow-covered deserts until they lost Though robbers "prowling around" dis- track of time. The tents of the fierce Kirghiz turbed their rest on four nights, they con- sometimes offered shelter from icy winds tinued north across an alkaline plain where that froze their hot tea before they could only artemisia and tamarisk grew. Finally drink it. On the mountainsides Meyer found they arrived at Chuguchak (Qoqek or a spruce species (Picea schrenkiana several Dacheng) in Mongolia. kinds of hardy wheat, hull-less barley, and After pausing at Chuguchak, Meyer and alfalfa and cut scions of fruit trees, elms, wil- his interpreter trekked through barren and lows, and rare poplars. He returned monotonous country until they reached the exhausted to Kashgar on January 1, 1911, Altai Mountains in Siberia. Siberian irises after an absence of two months. There he (Iris sibimca globe flowers (Trollius packed and mailed seeds of peaches, nec- asiaticus and daphne (Daphne altaica) cov- tarines, plums, and pomegranates; 11I ered the slopes and perfumed the air. Among varieties of sweet apricot kernels (Prunus ar- patches of snow in alpine meadows, Meyer meniaca pistachio nuts, and grains, as well noticed primroses, gentians, anemones, and as herbarium specimens of other plants. dense masses of pansies, buttercups, and vio- Meyer and his party then set out across lets. Near Lake Markakol he and his com- the desert to Aksu (Aqsu), where Chow-hai panions were forced to balance on fir logs as Ting took the main road east to China and they carried hundreds of pounds of baggage the others followed a rough trail north. In a across a rushing mountain stream. Even on a valley in the towering Tian Shan, Meyer col- limited diet of bread, wurst, and tea, he en- lected two types of wheat (Triticum aes- joyed climbing range after range of snow- tmum ’Kara Boogdai’ and T. turgidum that capped mountains. Camping under a majes- are stored in the USDA germplasm collec- tic pine near a swift and icy stream, he re- tion today. As his small party approached joiced because "fear and wrong disappear in the Mussart Glacier, which formed a pass such surroundings." After descending at last through the Tian Shan, they prepared for the to the lowlands, he and his interpreter awesome climb along shifting trails beside reached Omsk on July 2, 1911, having gaping chasms. They reached solid ground walked about 1,000 miles from Kuldja. The after six hours on moving ice and then scaled journey along the border of Mongolia and a steep ascent to 13,000 feet. Descending in Siberia had yielded extremely hardy apples, deep snow at dusk, they camped in bitter apricots, currants, and alfalfa, as well as two cold. Though snow, rain, and hail fell during new pasture plants, Lathyrus pisiformis and the next several days, Meyer "grubbed out" Vicia megalotropis. 14 .

Mail from three continents awaited Meyer at Omsk, but a letter from Augustine Henry pleased him most. Dr. Henry, a former British consular official in China, had sent many herbarium specimens to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. His letter com- plimented Meyer on his bulletin about fruit and nut culture in China. A USDA request for 500 pounds of seeds of wild Medicago falcata anchored Meyer in Siberia until fall. After his German interpreter of Russian re- turned to Tashkent, he traveled to Tomsk and spent 10 days studying herbarium mate- rial and conferring with professors at the university there. He then searched the area around Semipalatinsk where the yellow- flowered wild alfalfa grew in scattered loca- tions. When he returned to Omsk, he mailed the USDA alfalfa, legumes, vetches, clovers, and two promising forage crops (Astragalus sp. and Hedysarum sp. as well as conifer cones, samples of wheat, and herbarium of other for specimens plants Sargent. Frank Meyer at 23 years old. Photo courtesy of De Though he had intended to go on to China, Arde en haar Volken, Amsterdam, Holland. From news of the revolution there forced him to the Library of Congress collections, Washington, turn westward. D.C. As Meyer traveled along the Volga, he vis- ited agricultural stations, nurseries, and quinces in existence. He also arranged seed universities, collecting seeds and scions of exchanges at the Kharkov Botanical Garden, hardy fruits and 15 cultivars of the variable the Moscow Agricultural Institute, and the Medicago falcata. He also arranged ex- St. Petersburg Bureau of Applied Botany. changes of seeds and wheat samples. In a When his illness became severe, he stayed ravine near Saratov, he found a creeping vine indoors long enough to complete a 38-page ~Coronilla varia from which propagators report on wild alfalfa and to pack wheat, bar- developed Emerald crown vetch, a ley, flax, herbarium material, and cones of a groundcover that now controls soils erosion hybrid pine for Sargent. on the banks of interstate highways. Though In March 1912, he left Russia and visited he had developed typhus malaria, he spent his family and Hugo de Vries in Holland be- two days at Koslov (Michurinsk) with Gre- fore going to England. At Cambridge he con- gori Mijurin, called the Luther Burbank of ferred with Augustine Henry and conveyed Russia, and mailed the USDA scions of some an offer from Fairchild to Kingdon-Ward. He of the hardiest cherries, apricots, plums, and also studied rare ornamentals at Veitch and 15

Sons and the Royal Botanic Gardens, where tor except Potanin who had worked in officials asked permission to publish some of Kansu (Gansu) Province in China. In January his photographs. His assignments com- he crossed Russia and Sibena by train, stop- pleted, he crossed the Atlantic on the ping occasionally to visit potential USDA Mauretania, passing through dense low fog correspondents or to arrange seed collections just one day behind the Titanic. and exchanges. Once m Peking he hired Confined to an office in Washington once Chow-hai Tmg as his interpreter and Johan- more, Meyer wrote reports and identified his nis de Leuw, "a young Hollander," as his as- photographs. Though Fairchild often urged sistant. He soon mailed seeds of Swiss stone him to record his botanical observations, pine (Pinus cembra var. sibmica/, Japanese Meyer found formal composition unconge- larch (Larix leptolepis), Japanese fir ~Abies nial. He prepared to return to China after firma/, Cryptomema japonica, Zelkova ’ only six months m America. Before depart- acummata, and the Hmoki cypress ing, he spent two weeks at the Arnold Ar- (Chamaecyparis obtusa). After a brief trip to boretum, studying the herbarium collec- Shantung and a severe attack of malarial tions, taking notes in the library, and confer- fever, he packed and mailed seeds of fine ring frequently with Sargent, Wilson, and local varieties of vegetables and scions of the Jackson Dawson, superintendent of plant- seedless Chmese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba),/, ings. They welcomed him cordially, and he the English walnut (juglans regia/, and the enjoyed discussing plant exploration in the Chinese walnut (juglans cathayensis) for interior of China. Sargent suggested that he Sargent. send all rare woody plants directly to the Because the Office of Forest Pathology Arnold Arboretum; however, Meyer could needed to know whether the chestnut blight promise only to label all rare arboreal plants (Endothia parasitlca that was killing Amer- to be forwarded to the Arboretum. The rela- ican chestnut trees was of foreign origin, the tionship between Wilson and Meyer had USDA asked Meyer to look for the fungus in changed since their first meeting. Wilson China. Meyer searched the mountains be- took time to show Meyer his own collection yond Peking and soon mailed specimens of of Prunus and the newly introduced Chinese the fungus to America; however, he ob- plants at Farquhar’s Nursery. From Boston served healed wounds on the Chinese Meyer traveled to New York, where he vis- chestnut trees (Castanea mollissima) and ited botanists at the New York Botanical reported that they appeared resistant to Garden and shared his knowledge of un- blight. After pathologists had grown cultures explored northern Korea with Roy Chapmen that proved the American chestnut blight Andrews at the Museum of Natural History. had come from the Orient, they told Meyer Then he set out on a three-year expedition that he had accomplished the most impor- that would encircle the globe. tant work done m plant pathology in 10 years. Meyer was amused and wrote Fair- child, "Haven’t you any more such problems The Third Expedition to solve in China? They do not involve so Meyer stopped briefly in England to consult much trouble as, for instance, bamboo cul- William Purdom, the only Western collec- ture or jujube problems." 16

Meyer delayed his expedition to Kansu for pathological material, and a wooden case months because bands of outlaws were ter- containing several sets of 500 labeled her- rorizing the inhabitants of the interior. barium specimens. He also sent scions and While he waited for conditions to improve, cuttings including Viburnum farreri. Sar- he shipped the USDA grains, legumes, a gent later declared that such a handsome dwarf cherry (Prunus humlhs), 150,000 shrub had not been mtroduced into America stones of the promising bush cherry (Prunus for a long while. tomentosa), 20,000 persimmon (Diospyros Meyer, de Leuw, and Ting finally left Pek- kaki seeds, 1,500 pounds of Prunus ing by train in mid-December. At the end of davidiana stones, 250 pounds of chestnuts the railroad they began a challenging journey (Castanea molhssima), entomological and across Shensi (Shaanxi) Province. In the rug- ged Ta hua Shan, where trails were too steep even for donkeys, Ting fell and sustained an A field of Chmese cabbages /Brassica chmensis/,), injury. When they reached Sian (Xi’an), a near Huai-jau, m 1905. doctor informed Ting that he could not con- 177

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~ tinue the journey to Kansu. While he rested, chestnuts that appeared unusually resistant Meyer spent several weeks in the coun- to blight, and a slow-growing privet (Ligus- tryside near Sian. There he found heavenly trum qmhoui/ bearing masses of black ber- bamboo (Nandina domestica/, jasmine ries. In the southern United States this (Jasmmum nudi florum the pagoda tree handsome privet now produces pamcles of (Sophora japomca the Chinese honey lo- creamy white flowers and remams ever- cust (Gleditsia sinensis), and the princess green all winter. Meyer, de Leuw, and Ting tree (Paulowma fortunei He collected nine left Sian on February 1 and crossed Shansi named persimmons, four named jujubes, (Shanxi) and Honan (Henan) provinces, de- spite wind, sleet, and snow. Moving on to Shantung, Meyer collected scions. A row of watermelon plants /Citrullus vulgams/ of pears, apples, peaches, haw, quinces, m northern Chma, "where the duststorms blow and 12 tree so fiercely m spring and early summer that the jujubes; peonies (Paeoma suf- plants would be blown to pieces if not shielded by fruticosa) and 5 herbaceous peonies (P. lac- " wmdbreaks of reed stems." tiflora) ; and root cuttings of Paulownia for- 18

tunei, Albizia chinensis, and Populus to- idols in ancient temples. As they traveled, mentosa. Then he and his men boarded a Meyer collected a large amount of her- train for Peking. barium material and dried it over charcoal Though he intended to explore Kansu, the fires. Though botanists then believed that difficulty of replacing Ting and the activities Pinus bungeana grew only in Hupeh (Hubei) of a murderous band of outlaws called White Province, Meyer found it in Shansi, Shensi, Wolves delayed Meyer’s departure. While he and Kansu as well. Approaching the Tibetan searched for an interpreter, he mailed the borderland, Chi-nian Tien and the coolie re- USDA 15 cases of seeds of the bush cherry, fused to continue the journey because they rooted rice plants, roasted soybeans, vegeta- feared certain death at the hands of the Tibe- bles, and ornamentals. In desperation, he tans. When Meyer reached Siku (Zhugqu/, he finally employed an interpreter who lacked had spent three days trying to persuade Tien experience in the field. Accompanied by de to abide by his contract. Leuw, Chi-man Tien (the interpreter), and a By coincidence, a British plant-hunting coolie, he left Peking with 30 bulky pieces of expedition led by Reginald Farrer and his as- baggage. sistant, William Purdom, happened to be in As they crossed the mountams of Honan the remote town of Siku at this time. Farrer, and Shansi provinces, high temperatures and who had been sending the Gardeners’ heavy rainfall spoiled their food and made Chronicle a series of articles describing his drying specimens nearly impossible. Meyer "state of perfect isolation," heard of Meyer’s nevertheless continued his journey with re- arrival "in a tempest of surprise, by no lays of pack animals, despite a band of out- means wholly pleasurable." Farrer and Pur- laws nearby and several attacks of "this ac- dom called on Meyer and then left Siku for cursed fever." East of Pingyang (Lmfen/ he several days. While they were gone, Meyer noticed a small green peach the size of a experienced "great difficulty with the in- marble and recognized it as the original wild terpreter and coolie. They left the inn and peach (Prunus davidiana var. potammi~. He hid themselves." Farrer also described these found it repeatedly as he traversed Shansi, events, although they took place m his ab- Shensi, Kansu, and the Tibetan borderland. sence : "Words flew until the interpreter de- Potanin had collected herbarium specimens scended the stairs with more precipitation of this peach m Kansu, but Meyer sent the than he would have chosen, followed by the USDA dried fruits, samples of the wood, sci- coolie." He then added that Meyer’s conduct ons, and 700 peach stones. Tired, dirty, and so antagonized the townspeople in Siku that hungry, he and his men reached Sian on Au- his life was in danger there. Though Farrer gust 19, 1914, only to hear upsetting news of avoided saying that Meyer shoved Tien, re- the outbreak of war in Europe. Despite cent versions based on Farrer’s account official warnings that the roads ahead were state that Meyer threw Tien and the coolie unsafe, they continued their journey. down a flight of stairs. Between Sian and southwestern Kansu When Meyer returned Farrer’s visit, he ex- (Gansu) Meyer and his party climbed steep plained that he had asked the magistrate to and slippery mountain trails and shared enforce Tien’s contract. Since Farrer spoke shelters with their mules or slept among Chinese, he accompanied Meyer to a hearing 19

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and helped to present his claims. "Had it not into what was then Tibet (Xizang). After he been for our presence indeed," Farrer wrote, had found the bush almond (Prunus tan- "it is not easy to imagine how the American gutica), Potanin’s peach, and other fruits, he party could have extricated themselves from returned to Siku. Then he followed the Siku the present predicament." Farrer wrote that River west, collecting scions of fruit trees he assisted Mr. Meyer and "[sent] him on his and a hazelnut (Corylus tibetica) at altitudes way rejoicing." Actually, Meyer did not go up to 10,000 feet. Returning to Siku once on his way. Farrer and Purdom left for winter more, he dried his herbarium material and quarters, but Meyer used Siku as a base for negotiated with muleteers for the journey two weeks. He first journeyed to the moun- north to Lanchow (Lanzhou). tains south of Siku and across the Siku River On November 19, 1914, Meyer and de Leuw began a challenging trip over snow- covered mountains without an interpreter or a crossed four mountain "A large bush of the Tangutian almond (Prunus guide. They passes at elevations above feet in a tangutica / lodgmg m the cremces of a mighty 11,000 single rock. Such a situation proves the remarkable day. Magnificent spruce trees 150 feet tall, drouth-resistant qualities this almond seems to splendid red-barked birches nearly 100 feet " possess." high, and groves of Smarundinama nitida (a type of bamboo) repaid Meyer for the hard- he endured. At Taochow ships (Lintan) _ American missionaries received him cor- dially and agreed to ship the USDA seeds of barley, oats, flax, and spring wheat in return for winter wheat, vegetable seeds, and flower seeds. He and de Leuw and their muleteers then climbed a cham of high mountains. Food was scarce and the White Wolves had left the few inns along their route in ruins. Nevertheless, Meyer enjoyed the rugged scenery and collected nuts, scions of fruit trees, herbarium specimens, and Daphne tangutica, "a first-class decorative." When he and de Leuw reached Lanchow, they had walked a thousand miles from Sian. Able to relax at last, Meyer spent the night reading 120 letters that awaited him. During his stay in Lanchow, Meyer was disturbed by news of the war in Europe and by his failure to find an interpreter. Unsanit- ary conditions there also troubled him. All water used m the city came from the Yellow River (Huang He) in wooden buckets, and, 20

"horrible to say, in these same buckets, all a wall in preparation for immediate execu- the waste water [was] carried to the river and tion. Fortunately the soldiers changed their thrown out."Despite these problems, Meyer set minds and escorted the two men to a nearby a record by successfully shipping live plant town for consultation with a superior material from Lanchow to Washington. officer. After a customs inspector in the After a prolonged search, he abandoned town examined their baggage, he released hope of finding an interpreter to accompany them. For several weeks they trekked him as he returned to Peking. He and de through Shensi (Shaanxi) and into Honan Leuw therefore prepared to make the (Henan), crossing deep ravines and climbing difficult and dangerous journey alone. steep mountain trails, despite fierce dust Early in January 1915, Meyer and de Leuw storms, icy winds, sleet, and snow. They left Lanchow with two muleteers, three finally reached the railroad, having walked mules, and a cart containing rare herbarium 40 miles in 15 hours that day. When they specimens. Setting out at daybreak each arrived at Peking, they heard further news of morning, they climbed windswept moun- the war in Europe and of Japanese aggression tains and endured dust storms and bitter in China. "A dark cloud hangs over all hu- cold. When they reached the Kansu border, manity," Meyer wrote Fairchild. "If only we they encountered soldiers who suspected are not at the threshold of another dark age." Meyer and de Leuw of carrying contraband Despite his concern, he labeled and packed a poppy seeds and forced them to stand against collection that mcluded grains, alfalfas, soy- beans, fruits, nuts, ornamental trees and shrubs, lichens and mosses, and cones for Floating rafts of bamboo Cryptomena poles, Before for japomca and Cunninghamia lanceolata. Sargent. leaving Peking Chekiang (Zhejiang) Province, he tried to fill Fair- child’s requests for seeds: 50 pounds of Prunus davidiana, a bushel of Pistacia chinensis, several bushels of Pinus bungeana, 75 pounds of Ulmus pumila, and a 1,000 pounds of Zizyphus jujuba. He also received a plea from the USDA: "We have been carrying out your suggestion and send- ing Professor Sargent one-fourth to one-half of all the seeds you are sending. Couldn’t we propagate first and then share?" Meyer and de Leuw traveled south in May 1915, stopping at Nanking (Nanjing~ to ar- range a shipment of seeds of the Chinese elm (Ulmus parmfoha) andAlbizia chinensis. They reached Hangchow (Hangzhou) during the rainy season, but Meyer forgot the sultry weather when he saw hickory nuts in the . 21

markets. Knowing that the hickory never May he attended Wilson’s lecture at the had been reported in China, Meyer ques- New York Botanical Garden before moving tioned missionaries and learned that the on to Boston. He stayed there three weeks, nuts probably came from Yuhang (Linping) conferring frequently with Sargent and Wil- in the Pan Shan, south of Hangchow. At son about his next expedition. He also en- Yuhang he found that he must travel west joyed discussing plant propagation with several days. At last he discovered groves of Jackson Dawson and visiting him and his hickories (Carya cathayensis) in sheltered family. Before returning to China, he visited valleys in the mountains and also observed experiment stations in western states. Ginkgo biloba growing semiwild. Sargent later wrote Meyer that finding the hickory was by far his most interesting accomplish- The Fourth Expedition ment from a botanical point of view. After parting from de Leuw at Shanghai, Meyer In Oregon Meyer studied the fire blight went to Japan. There he found the chestnut (Bacillus amylovarus) that was destroying blight unrecognized but well established. American pear orchards. F. C. Reimer of the His assignments completed, he left Japan for Southern Oregon Experiment Station, who the United States. had tested all available varieties of pears, At the USDA’s plant introduction station, told him that only the wild pears he had sent m Chico, California, Meyer inspected his from China (the Chinese sand pear, Pyrus thriving Tangsi cherries, jujubes, dwarf lem- ussumensis, and P. calleryana) resisted fire ’-‘ ons, almonds from Turkestan, Chinese blight. He therefore planned to collect great chestnuts, olives from Central Asia, and quantities of wild pear seeds for use in de- tung-tree seedlings. Best of all, he saw or- veloping a congenial immune stock for chards of fruit trees growing on his Prunus pears. davidiana stock in alkaline soil that had Three weeks after Meyer reached China, previously been considered useless, even for he and Chow-hai Ting set out to collect the alfalfa. In contrast, the news of the loss of his Chinese sand pear in the Shingling Shan, shipment from China in a cyclone at Galves- northeast of Peking. Published accounts ton was difficult to accept. He hoped that have confused this pear (Pyrus ussuriensis/ the rare herbarium specimens that he had with the Peking pear (Pyrus pynfolia var. collected in the interior of China might be culta), which Meyer collected in the same salvaged, but all were lost. region 10 years earlier. Thereafter he sent to Once more Meyer devoted much of his the USDA not only seeds and roots of the time m America to paperwork. He also vis- wild pear but also a spruce (Picea meyeri), the ited agricultural experiment stations, gave Manchurian walnut ~Juglans mandshurica),/, lectures, and wrote the article "China, A 15 cases of stones of Prunus davidiana, sev- Fruitful Field for Plant Exploration." In eral hundred pounds of dried ZIzyphus March he spent pleasant days with E. H. jujuba, 75 pounds of Juniperus chmensis Wilson, Camillo Schneider, and Jackson berries, seeds of the huge Brassica pekinen- Dawson at the Arnold Arboretum. Late in sis, hchens and fungi for the New York Bo- 22

tanical Garden, and acorns for Sargent. As he Hankow, without any competent assistance, left for the Yangtze Valley, he admitted to Meyer shipped the USDA a 260-pound crate Fairchild that he did not feel quite well, containing citrus specimens, nuts, early rice, blaming "this never-ending, horrible war" late soybeans, soil for nematode analysis, " for "making me feel like a ship adrift." cones for Sargent, and entomological and Meyer and Chow-hai Ting traveled up the pathological specimens. Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) to Ichang After a 16-day journey through the moun- (Yichang). "I am now on Terra Sancta," he tains of Hupeh (Hubei), Meyer settled at wrote Fairchild. "Mr. Wilson and Dr. Henry Kingmen (Jingmen) where he had observed had Ichang for headquarters for many years. I the greatest concentration of Pyrus feel like a Christian in Palestine or a calleryana. His frustration mounted as Mohammedan in Mecca." He soon began an weeks passed, for the pears were ripening extensive search for the Callery pear (Pyrus very slowly. He was forced to wait in order calleryana) and found the trees widely scat- to extract the seeds and was unable to collect tered on sterile slopes, sunny ledges, and in in the mountains north of Ichang as he had standing water in low areas. When he re- planned. By mid-October, he had accumu- turned to Ichang, he was pleased to learn lated 5,000 pounds of pears the size of mar- that the USDA had distributed 17,234 of his bles. Eventually he and his helpers cleaned Ulmus pumila to settlers on the northern and dried about 100 pounds of seeds. In addi- plains. tion, he harvested a large quantity of seeds of In a letter written during his stay in Pistacia chinensis and Eremochloa Ichang, Meyer said that America’s entry into ophiuroides, afterward named centipede World War I caused him to feel so depressed grass. that he could not eat or sleep. His doctor His solitude ended when F. C. Reimer ar- warned him that continued overwork, lone- rived to study the wild pears in their native liness, and worry about the war, especially habitat. Meyer shared with Reimer "unre- in the debilitating climate of the Yangtze servedly" the information he had gleaned Valley, could cause further attacks of "ner- and showed him "special trees that it tooks vous prostration."" weeks to spot." They then spent five days A few weeks later Meyer and Chow-hai exploring the Chikang Shan west of Ichang. Ting went to Hankow (Hangou), where After Reimer departed, Meyer began a Meyer looked forward to a visit from Liberty 17-day trip north of the Yangtze that took Hyde Bailey. "At last I will again meet him almost to the border of Szechwan (Sic- somebody who is my superior in knowledge huan) Province. Along the way he found of plants," he commented. When Bailey ar- Ginkgo biloba growing "undoubtedly wild" rived, he and Meyer visited markets and gar- for the first time. He also collected the dens and enjoyed "solid talks." In June Ichang lemon (Citrus ichangensis) and the Bailey returned to confer with Meyer for kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) before re- several more days. Meyer stayed in hot and turning to Ichang by rowboat. Though civil humid Hankow throughout the summer, war had spread to Hupeh, he nevertheless but Chow-hai Ting returned to the cooler explored for another week south of the climate of Peking in July. Before leaving Yangtze. 23

When Meyer reached Ichang again, he was As soon as the American consul at Shang- trapped there by government and revolu- hai heard of Meyer’s disappearance, he tionary troops that were fighting in the sur- launched an mvestigation. Meyer’s body was rounding countryside. He filled the winter recovered from the Yangtze and brought to days by helping Westerners with their hor- Shanghai for burial in the Bubbling Well ticultural problems, arranging his herbarium Cemetery. Horticulture reported that Meyer specimens, and serving with other foreign fell overboard and was drowned, while the residents on a defense committee. Despite American Nurseryman called his death "one rifle fire a mile from the city and stories of of those mysteries of the white man in the looting and atrocities, he occasionally took Orient." Sargent commented in a letter to long walks in the country. All commerce Wilson, who was in Korea. "He may have stopped and food became scarce. In March he committed suicide or some of the Chinamen wrote Fairchild that "fighting occurs almost may have thrown him overboard. This is hourly and everyone feels depressed from certamly bad news, for he was getting to be I this long-drawn state of suspension."" a useful collector." People on three continents mourned the death of Meyer. The supervisor of parks m wrote that he knew Meyer’s Death Shanghai "undoubtedly more about the economic vegetation of Meyer and his guide, Yao-feng Ting, China than any other man." Liberty Hyde slipped through the battle lines on May 2 and Bailey said, "I shall never cease to regret his walked 80 miles past looted and burned vil- untimely end; and I am more than ever glad lages. Though soldiers occasionally stopped that I had the two opportunities to be with them, Meyer was able to reach Kingmen and him last summer, not only because I liked reclaim his baggage and collection. Then he him personally, but also because he gave me walked 60 miles to the Yangtze, where he so very many points of view and so much in- found a boat bound for Hankow. He planned teresting information about China.... He to go to Shanghai to mail his collection and was worthy of anything we can do to per- then to move to the cooler coast of Shantung petuate his memory." From the Chosen to label and mail his herbarium material; Hotel in Korea, Wilson wrote to Fairchild. "I however, he delayed leaving Hankow be- am much distressed over the sad end of cause he had contracted a severe digestive Meyer and also deeply puzzled. By his un- disturbance. On June 1, 1918, he and Yao- timely death plant exploration has lost one feng Ting boarded a steamer for Shanghai. of the most energetic and enthusiastic ser- The next day Meyer talked at length to a vants it ever had." In a letter to Meyer’s British passenger and felt well enough to father, Fairchild said that the thousands of have dinner for the first time smce his ill- plants that Meyer had introduced had been ness began. Just before midnight the cabin increased to hundreds of thousands by prop- boy reported that he could not find Mr. agation and had been scattered throughout Meyer. The captain ordered a search of the America; however, he deeply regretted that riverboat, but Frank Meyer was not on Meyer’s "remarkable fund" of knowledge board. had not been recorded and published. 24

Meyer’s Contribution ’Potaninii’ and P. tangutica to the Western world. Frank Meyer introduced plants that are still Ornamental plants that have Meyer’s in- treasured because they are useful, beautiful, troductions as their source include all hardy or new to botanical science. His efforts to yellow roses that grow in New England or find in remote regions "the rudimentary and the northern prairie states, greenhouse roses long-forgotten parent stock or as yet unused that had as grafting stock his Rosa odorata, wild plant that might be adapted to man’s lilies propagated from his scarlet Korean profit" furnished new germplasm for the de- Lilium species, and ornamental trees bred velopment of improved varieties of fruits, from his hawthorn, bush almond, Feicheng nuts, grains, fodder crops, shrubs, and flow- peach, and Callery pear. An outstanding ex- ers. He opened the field of agricultural ex- ample is the ’Bradford’ pear, which Dr. John ploration in Asia. He also investigated L. Creech of the USDA developed and called methods of dry-land farming that the a living memorial to Frank Meyer. Other Chinese had perfected; developed the ear- cultivars fromPyrus calleryana are ’Aristo- liest USDA seed exchanges; established a crat’, ’Chanticleer’, ’Whitehouse’, and’Capi- group of USDA correspondents and tal’. missionary-collectors abroad; perfected The USDA still holds many of Meyer’s techniques for shipping live material over trees and shrubs, including Acer great distances; and collected thousands of buergeranum (USDA Plant Introduction herbarium specimens. The National Ar- No. 19411), ), Acer truncatum (PI 18578), boretum in Washington holds a set of his Diospyros smensis (PI 23013/, Malus hal- documented specimens; other specimens are hana (PI 38231/, Myrica rubra (PI 22905),), preserved at the Arnold Arboretum, the New Syringa meyeri (PI 23032), and Viburnum York Botanical Garden, and elsewhere. macrocephalum (PI 22978). The Glenn Dale Drought-resistant trees and ornamentals Plant Introduction Station in Maryland previously unknown to botanists are among maintains a 100-foot-long Ligustrum Meyer’s significant introductions. His qmhoui hedge (PI 38807), while Juniperus Ulmus pumila thrives from Canada to Texas chinensis ’Columnaris’ (PI 18577) forms and breaks the searing winds on formerly handsome hedges at Glenn Dale and at the treeless prairies, while his Pistacia chmensis National Arboretum. Rosa xanthma (PI is used for street plantings in the Southwest. 21620) apparently now grows only at the Ar- His new trees and shrubs include Carya nold Arboretum. cathayensis, Citrus x meyerl, Crataegus Among the fruits that Meyer collected, meyeri, Jumperus chmensis’Columnans’, Prunus davidiana not only proved to be a Juniperus squamata ’Meyen’, Picea meyeri, good rootstock for peaches but also enabled Prunus x meyeri, and Synnga meyen. He orchardists to grow apricots and plums on was the first to send to America Ligustrum dry, alkaline soil. In addition, it has been qmhom, L. vulgare, and Viburnum farreri. used to develop a leading rootstock that is No other plant hunter in modern times resistant to nematodes. His Tangsi cherry found Gmkgo biloba in the wild or sent liv- (distributed as Prunus pseudocerasus) con- ing plant material of Prunus davidiana tinues to be a factor m breeding early cher- 25

ries. Persimmons grown commercially in America, despite their Japanese names, are a direct result of Meyer’s work in China. His Prunus calleryana remains the rootstock most resistant to fire blight and pear decline. The Meyer lemon (Citrus x meyeri) is an important source of frozen lemon juice in Florida and is also grown commercially in Texas, South Africa, and New Zealand. The contributions made to American ag- riculture by Meyer’s grains, fodder and for- age crops, grasses, and vegetables were largely unrecorded. The USDA Small Grains Collection at Beltsville, Maryland, holds 10 of Meyer’s wheats, while the National Seed "A large grove of Chmese pistachios (Pistacla Storage Laboratory at Fort Collins, Colorado, chmensis planted as a bunal ground to the stores one of his and two of his sor- soybeans neighbormg village. In the foreground are care- ghums. His centipede grass is used as a lawn fully planted beds of garlic."" grass in the Gulf States. Though his celery- cabbage, bean sprouts, alfalfa sprouts, and bean curd failed to interest his contem- agriculture unrecognized when propagators "

- poraries, his Spinacia oleracea collected in used them as unrecorded breeding parents. Manchuria is m the breeding lines of most Though it is impossible to identify each use multidisease-resistant cultivars of spinach of a specific introduction, what is significant grown in the United States today. is that all uses were made possible by his in- Meyer acknowledged the pioneering na- itiative and discrimination. ture of his work when he wrote, "We are out a few m the mountain only cutting steps Conclusion of knowledge and others have to mount by our steps." Though he collected 42 varieties E.H.M. Cox, who accompanied Farrer on of soybeans and contributed careful studies his second expedition, wrote, "It is unfortu- of soybean products, especially as a protein nate that much of Meyer’s work has been substitute, this represented only a begm- forgotten in comparison to the more showy ning. He laid the groundwork for future ac- introductions of other collectors who spe- complishment when he found blight- cialized more in ornamentals than in eco- resistant chestnut trees m China and when nomic plants .... To most gardeners he is he collected zoysia grass in Korea. Others not even a name, but he has done more to- went to Asia later to collect soybeans, ward helping the economic life of a country chestnuts, zoysia, peaches, and pears, but than most plant collectors and his name Meyer first pinpointed their location and re- should be a household word among Amer- vealed their value. Meyer’s introductions ican farmers."" often entered the mainstream of American Despite physical hardships and an increas- 26

ing sense of isolation, Meyer pursued his Fairchild, David. 1938 The World Was My Garden. New York- Charles Scnbner’s Sons. He could have no more goals courageously. " . 1920 "An Agncultural Explorer m China." fitting epitaph than the words Fairchild Asia, 21: 7-13 wrote soon after his death: "Meyer’s field 1919. "A Hunter of Plants."National Geo- graphic Magazme, 36: 57-77. work is done. Whether his body rests near Farrer, Reginald. 1917 On the Eaves of the World 2 the great river of China or under some of the volumes. London E. Arnold trees he loved and brought to this country . 1915. "Mr. Reginald Farrer’s Explorations m Chma "Gardeners’ 3rd 58: 1 matters little to him. He will know that Chronicle, ser., 1914. "Mr. Reginald Farrer’s Explorations in his land there will al- throughout adopted China." Gardeners’ Chromcle, 3rd ser , 56 : 347. ways be his plants, hundreds of them, in Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported by the Office fields, in the backyards and orchards of little of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction. 1908- 1918. Volumes 12-57 Washington, D.C ’ Bureau on street and in the ar- cottages, corners, of Plant Industry, U S Department of Agricul- boreta of wealthy lovers of plants. And ture " wherever they are, they will all be his." Meyer, Frank N. 1916 "China, A Fruitful Field for Plant Exploration." In Yearbook of Agnculture, 1915, China remained to fully open foreign plant 205-24. Washington, D C : U.S. Department of collectors for less than half a century, the Agnculture Grand Age of plant exploration. Frank Meyer . 1916. "Economic and Botanical Explorations in China." In Transactions the Massachusetts emerges from the shadows that have sur- of Horticultural Society, Part I, 125-30. rounded his life and work to take his rightful . 1911. Agmcultural Exploration m the Frmt andd place beside E. H. Wilson, George Forrest, Nut Orchards of China Bulletin 204. Washing- and Frank Kingdon-Ward, the giants of that ton, D.C : Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. De- partment of Agriculture memorable era. Smith, Erwm F. 1918 "Frank N. Meyer " Science, 48: 335-36. Sutton, Stephanne Barry. 1970 Charles S Sargent andd the Arnold Arboretum Cambndge, Massachu- References setts. Harvard University Press Archives van Uildmks, Fredenke J. 1919 "De Reiziger-Plant en Werk." De Meyer, Frank N. Letters, Reports, Notes, and other Rec- Kundige Frans N Meyer Zr~n ords. National Archives and Records Service Aarde en haar Volken, January/February: 1-24; Records ot the Bureau of Plant Industry, Division March/Apnl~ 41-96; July/August. 145-71. Owen. 1909 "The Travels of a Plant Hunter." ot Plant Exploration. Record Group 54. Project Wilson, World’s Work, 18’ Studies, Volumes 105-9, Boxes 3-I8. 11,670-84 Sargent, C. S. Papers. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University of Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. Wilson, E. H. Papers. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.

Pubhshed Matenal Cunmngham, Isabel S. 1984. Frank N Meyer Plant Hunter in Asia. Ames: Iowa State University Press. " Derksen, Leo. 1957. "De Onrust van Frank Meyer Panorama, 44(20): 4-6. Donald, W H. 1915 "China as a Most Promismg Field for Plant Exploration." Far Eastern Review, 12~2~: 41-48. Biotechnology at the john Einsett Arnold Arboretum

Biology has made enormous progress during pertinent to the development of biotechnol- the last 30 years in understanding the chem- ogy for woody species. ical reactions that characterize living things. This burst of scientific has discovery largely Tissue Culture resulted from two fundamental findings: (1) the identification of deoxynbonucleic acid Tissue culture involves the control of de- (DNA) as the genetic material and (2) the velopment in isolated parts of an organism elucidation of its detailed molecular struc- placed under defined conditions of nutrient ture. Because of these discoveries and the supply and physical environment. It was perfection of powerful chemical techniques first employed as a basic research tool to for DNA has chemicals that normally nourish altering molecules, biology identify - reached a stage at which it is now theoreti- and regulate development in plants. The ul- cally possible to manipulate the genetic timate objective of our research is to obtain a makeup of organisms in specific ways. The better understanding of plant hormones term biotechnology is used to describe prac- (phytohormones) and other factors that con- tical applications of this capability in medi- trol plant growth generally. cine, agriculture, and forestry. As far as propagation is concerned, tissue Although most discussions of biotechnol- culture is a relatively new technique, having ogy focus on the essential role of DNA been used extensively only during the last 155 biochemistry, biotechnology actually re- years. To date, it is estimated that tissue- quires input from virtually every field of bi- culture methods have been devised for over ology. The full realization of the potential of 300 plant species, although the technique is plant biotechnology, for example, will un- used commercially for only about 30 species. doubtedly depend on a multidisciplinary ef- That is not to say that the impact of tissue fort, combining knowledge from biochemis- culture has been minor. As a matter of fact, try, physiology, morphology, anatomy, ge- tissue culture is already an extremely valu- netics, ecology, and systematics. able process for propagating plants with With the conversion of facilities at the superior characteristics rapidly and for pro- Dana Greenhouses into scientific laborato- ducing plants (via meristem-culturing) that ries, the Arnold Arboretum has begun a new are free of virus and fungal infections. Un- program of research in the use of tissue cul- doubtedly, these applications will continue ture to gain further knowledge of the phys- to be important to agriculture and forestry in iology of woody plants. The program is also the future. Indeed, if the true potential of tis- expected to provide valuable information sue culture in combination with DNA bio- 28F

chemistry can be realized, tissue culture plant kingdom. The table below summarizes may very well lead to revolutionary ad- the families, orders, and superorders under vances in applied plant biology. study. Experimentally, we will investigate Our program of tissue-culture research in- several of the physiological characteristics of volves comparative studies of woody species these woody plants in tissue cultures. In this in about 35 different families that represent manner, we will be able to assess each a considerable degree of the diversity in the species for its suitability for tissue-culture propagation and to study the factors that The families, orders, and superorders of plants regulate growth and development in plants under study at the Arboretum to determme their generally. suitability for propagation by tissue culture.

The Importance of Comparative Physiology Understandably, most current efforts roses, apples, and blackberries) and the worldwide to propagate woody plants in tis- Ericaceae (which includes the rhododen- sue cultures have concentrated on econom- drons and mountain laurels). As a result, ically important plants, primarily in two only a limited number of systematic group- families, the Rosaceae (which includes the ings have been studied. It is because of this 29

that we believe that the Arboretum can play pects of plant life are the most slowly evolv- a unique role in physiological research by ing. Because growth regulation is central to conducting fundamental comparative stud- plant development, one would expect that it ies on a broad range of woody species. This would evolve slowly. One would also expect research will increase knowledge of growth that it would distinguish large systematic regulation in plants and will also result in groupings rather than individual species new technology for propagation, conserva- within a genus. In this sense, comparative tion, and improvement of these species. physiology potentially could become a com- From the perspective of basic plant phys- plement to systematics, especially in ad- iology, comparative studies are particularly dressing questions of the relationships of important now. Although much is known families and orders to each other. about the metabolism and physiological ef- The practical implications of comparative fects of the five major classes of phytohor- physiology, of course, are also significant. In mones, most of the research on these sub- a general sense these studies will define a jects is based on experiments with just a few framework of knowledge that relates propa- types of plants. The obvious question is gation technology to systematic botany. whether concepts based on a limited number Therefore, it will help to make propagation of species can be extrapolated to all plants. by means of tissue culture a predictable For example, our understanding of the rather than a hit-or-miss procedure. Beyond apical-dominance phenomenon (the ten- this, the research will lead directly to new dency of a single shoot to inhibit the growth technology as illustrated by the examples in of others) is based on extensive research this article. It could also result in the iden- with beans, peas, and tobacco. Comparative tification of germ-plasm resources within studies m tissue cultures will determine important plant groups that could be valu- whether the same controls are operating in able to biotechnology. In the family other species. Another subject of interest is Leguminosae, for example, if species that are cellular proliferation and the factors in particularly amenable can be identified, then plants that regulate it. the characteristics that render them amen- Studies on comparative physiology will able potentially could be transferred by plant also broaden the understanding of growth breeding into soybeans or other important regulation and its evolution. It is already legumes. For agricultural technology, the evident that plants vary in the ways they implications of this research are far- control their growth, and this variability can reaching. be documented and characterized through comparative physiology. This is an essential first step in understanding the evolution of Botanical Interpretation of Growth and growth regulation in plants. Development Professor G. L. Stebbins, an evolutionary biologist with the University of California, Knowledge of some botamcal terms and has pointed out that different characteristics principles is necessary in order to under- in plants evolve at different rates and that stand tissue-culture propagation. characteristics associated with essential as- The termmonopodial refers to the condi- 30

Lilacs (Syringa vulagaris x hyacinthiflora ’Excel’) from different being propagated m four different tissue-culture growth resulting growing tips. mediums. The medium in the second test tube Sympodial growth is exhibited by elms, in from the left contains a high concentration of which the terminal shoot tips abort from a hormone that is found in all cytokinin, plants branches at the end of each growing season. and stimulates the most vigorous growth. As a result, shoot growth during the subse- quent year always begins from a lateral bud. The sympodial growth condition is also evi- tion in which a single growing tip produces dent in many tropical tree species in which an unbranched stem from year to year. Ex- both main stems and branches from lateral treme examples of monopodial growth can buds grow simultaneously. be seen in several palms in which a single Growth of lateral branches concurrent stem constitutes the entire above-ground with growth of the main stem is also referred part of the plant. The contrasting condition to as an example of weak apical dominance is sympodial growth, which involves stem in contrast to strong apical dominance, a 31

condition in which a growing shoot tip effec- retically would generate well over a million tively inhibits growth of lateral buds in the plants within nine months. axils of leaves below it. Physiologically, api- At the Arboretum rapidly expanding cal dominance is believed to involve two shoots of Syringa vulgaris x hyacinthi flora ’Excel’ are taken from the in phytohormones: auxin, produced in the plants spring and growing tip and transported to lateral buds, disinfested with detergent and bleach. When these shoot are transferred to a where it inhibits growth; and cytokmin, tips which stimulates shoot growth. According medium with the cytokinin thidiazuron, within six to the major scientific hypothesis on apical weeks monopodial shoots de- dominance, the relative levels of auxm and velop and inhibit lateral buds at three to five cytokinin in lateral buds determine whether nodes. A surprising characteristic of Syringa, which is shared other m the the buds will or will not grow out. If auxin is by genera such as and in excess, the lateral buds will not grow, and Oleaceae, Ligustrum Forsythia, is that shoots in tissue culture exhibit a monopodial shoot will emerge. On the strong dominance that cannot be overcome other hand, if cytokmm is predominant the apical lateral buds will grow, and a sympodial by cytokinin. Shoot multiplication with shoot will emerge. (An article by Michael these plants therefore requires a different Donoghue inArnoldia [JanuarylFebruary strategy. 1981, volume 41, number 1] contains fur- The procedure we devised is as follows: ther information on terminology.) we cut each monopodial shoot into sections consisting of a node with two lateral buds and a piece of stem. We then culture indi-- vidual sections on the cytokinin medium, where they each, in turn, produce a mono- Multiplying Plants in Tissue Culture podial shoot that also can be separated into The most common procedure for multiply- sections for the next tissue-culture passage. ing woody plants in tissue culture is to add a This procedure, when used repeatedly, can high concentration of cytokinin to a com- produce a million shoots from a single bud plex nutrient medium. This environment within one year. These can be treated with stimulates shoot growth and overcomes api- indole butyric acid and rooted in vermicu- cal dominance. The sympodial shoots that lite. result are then subdivided into mdividual A third method of tissue-culture multipli- branches, and these are either recultured on cation is used with an uncommon amaryllis the same medium, to increase the number of (Hippeastrum striatum ‘Fulgidum’~. This shoots, or treated with auxm to stimulate plant (see photo on page 33), a native of the rooting. Rooted plants can then be trans- tropical rain forests of Brazil, exhibits sev- planted to soil. eral characteristics that make it an excellent If the objective is rapid, clonal propaga- house plant. It blooms at least twice a year, tion, each branch can be excised and subcul- producing many umbels of showy orange tured on the same medium. For example, at flowers. (Most commercially available Hip- a multiplication rate of five shoots produced peastrum cultivars produce only one umbel from one every month, this procedure theo- with four flowers.) Its evergreen foliage re- 32

mains vigorous and healthy throughout the scribed, by a systematic, comparative study year. Tolerant of low light and low humid- of physiological expression in tissue cul- ity, the plant requires little care. tures. We believe that over time this ex- In using tissue culture to multiply this de- perimental approach will improve the un- sirableHippeastrum clonally, we adapted derstandmg of developmental regulation in methods that had been used successfully for plants generally and will also point the way Narcissus, a member of the same family as for new methods m biotechnology. theHippeastrum, the Amaryllidaceae. We A second and equally important aspect of first cut the bulb of the plant into sections, our research at the Arboretum is the direct each containing a piece of stem and the analysis of the physiology and biochemistry bases of at least two leaves. (A bulb is a com- of two phytohormones, cytokimn and pact shoot system with a short stem and ethylene, which are crucial to tissue-culture several scalelike leaves.) Next each section mampulations. By obtaimng a better under- is placed with its stem side down on a me- standing of these substances, we hope to dium supplemented with powdered charcoal gain further knowledge of comparative phys- but lacking phytohormone. The charcoal iology. apparently absorbs chemicals produced in At present rapid progress also is being response to the wound made in cutting the made in several areas related to plant bulb. After about four weeks of incubation biotechnology. In the last few years, for ex- in the dark, each section forms a new bulblet ample, two completely new methods for in the axil of the two leaves. At this stage the hybridizing plants have been discovered. bulblets are removed and cut longitudinally The first of these involves protoplast fu- into two equal parts, each containing a piece sion, a process in which cells from two dif- of stem and at least two leaves. Within an- ferent plants are treated with enzymes to other four weeks each of these explants in dissolve their cell walls, and the protoplasts turn will regenerate a new bulblet, which then are mixed together under special condi- also can be cut in two and recultured as tions that stimulate them to fuse and pro- often as needed. Depending on the number duce a hybrid cell. Once this has been ac- of bulbs required, the tissue-culture method complished, tissue-culture techniques are can be scaled up. We estimate, for example, used to produce a whole plant from that cell. that 1,000 Hippeastrum plants can be pro- Protoplast fusion was first achieved with duced from a smgle bulb in six months. species of tobacco, but it has since been used with potato and tomato plants and two species in the Brassicaceae (cabbages). A second for alter- Goals and Prospects techmque genetically ing plants is one of the most elegant proce- In all probability the variation among dures m DNA biochemistry, involving the strategies of growth regulation m plants is a injection of bacterial DNA mto plant cells. product of evolution just as any other plant In the most sophisticated versions of this characteristic is. Our rationale is that the technique, a gene conferring resistance to a mechanisms of growth regulation can be poison is isolated from bacteria and intro- characterized, and their evolution can be de- duced via a bacterium into protoplasts from 33

development become better understood. In our research on woody species from the Ar- boretum’s collection, we are especially in- terested m identifying such species. Not only are these of interest from the point of view of comparative physiology, but they also may represent valuable genetic re- sources for the biotechnology of plants. With the advent of biotechnology, the consolidat- ing work of the Arnold Arboretum in botany and horticulture will have a profound im- pact.

/ohn Emset is a member of the staff of the Arnold Ar- boretum and an associate professor of biology at Har- vard University.

The evergreen amarylhs (Hippeastrum stmatum ’Fulgidum’) produces many flowers, m contrast to the usual four of most commercially available amaryllis cultivars. By means of tissue-culture techmques, 1,000 of these plants could be pro- duced from a single bulb in only six months. Peter del Tredici photo cells of petuma, tobacco, and carrot plants. Tissue-culture techmques are then used to produce poison-resistant plants. The most desirable woody species for ge- netic modification at this time are those that permit the regeneration of whole individuals from single hybrid cells. Although few species are amenable to this type of manipu- lation at present, it is expected that more will become so as the factors that regulate COLLECTOR’S NOTEBOOK

The Sweetleaf

Richard E. Weaver, jr.

Many of our fine native shrubs wild plums. The berries are yel- pamcul ata /,a awide-rangmg mde-rangmg Asia- are seldom seen in American gar- lowish and ~pamculata),tic species, is used for such pur- unspectacular. dens, either because they are un- Several varieties have been poses m the Umted States, and famihar to the gardening pubhc recognized by botanists. then only rarely. The sapphire- or because they are difficult to Symplocos tmctona var. berry is a fine ornamental. With propagate or transplant. tmctoma occurs m hummocks its open clusters of white flowers Symplocos tmctoma is one of and at the edges of swamps on the appeanng after the leaves have these plants. This interesting coastal plam from Delaware to partially expanded, and its beaut- iful blue it is differ- southeastern native is known by Texas. Symplocos tmctona var. bernes, very sweet- several common names: sweet- ashei is a plant of the Southern ent in appearance from the leaf or horse sugar, because the Appalachians from North leaf. little information is avail- sweet-tastmg leaves are attrac- Carolina to Georgia. It is most Very of tive to browsing mammals, and common on dry ridges, but it also able concerning methods prop- dye-bush, because the bark and occurs in moist lowland forests. agation of Symplocos species. at the leaves yield a yellow dye. Ashei can be distinguished from Jack Alexander, propagator Arnold uses an alter- The sweetleaf is a shrub or tmctona by its hairy twigs and Arboretum, native warm/cold stratification small tree, occasionally to 9 m earher deciduous leaves. It cer- but tall; it usually forms loose col- tamly should prove to be the for the seeds of S. pamculata, is He said that onies from root sprouts, much in most cold-hardy of the varieties. germination poor. the manner of Sassafras albidum. A third variety, S. tmctona var. softwood cuttings of the sapphire taken m had The handsome leaves, 13-15 cm pygmaea, a dwarf plant with berry, early July, rooted well when long and 3-5 cm wide, are thick small leaves and few flowers, oc- by September, curs in soil in a restricted they were transferred to pots. and lustrous. They are clustered sandy area of southeastern Surprisingly though, not a single at the ends of the twigs and re- Virginia. semble those of Rhododendron Symplocos is a rather large plant grew out the followmg Alexander had no data on carohmanum or the mountain genus of trees and shrubs widely spring. the of S. tmctona. laurel (Kalmia laufoha) except distributed m the warmer areas of propagation to col- for the few, inconspicuous teeth Austraha, Asia, and the Amer- Several years ago I tried of the sweetleaf m along their margms. They often icas. The sweetleaf is the only lect plants persist until November or De- species native to the Umted Burke County, North Carolina, for the Arnold Arboretum. I cember m the south. The delight- States and is therefore the north- found that the m the col- fully fragrant, creamy white ernmost representative of the plants omes I were flowers are crowded into nearly group m the New World. Several sampled mostly suckers from stemless, very dense clusters, and of the species are used on a small very thick, sparsely with few they appear in April or May, be- scale as dye plants, but few are branching roots, very fibrous roots Plants fore the leaves. A plant m flower cultivated for ornament. Only attached. somewhat resembles the various the sapphire-berry (Symplocos that reproduce m this manner are 35

usually very difficult to trans- plant, and none of the ones I col- lected survived. Such plants usu- ally can be propagated from pieces of their roots, however, and Symplocos tmctona is no ex- ception. One- to two-mch pieces of root taken m December and January produced shoots within one month and roots within two months. Root growth has been " slow, and the cuttings probably should not be disturbed until their second spring. I have not tried to germmate the seeds, as I have not been able to acquire any. They are seldom produced m the foothills of North Carohna. Smce the sweetleaf can now be propagated and transplanted eas- ily, contamer plants should be- come available, and this mterest- ing shrub will make its debut m American gardens. Richard E. Weaver, Jr., the former horticultural taxonomist at the Ar- nold Arboretum, now operates WE-DU Nurseries in Manon, North Carolina.

Flowers of Symplocos tmctoma var. tmctoma. Robert L. Taylor photo. Reprinted by permission of the American Horticultural Society. Introducing Edward Hasselkus Betula platyphylla ’Whitespire’

’ A narrow, pyramidal white-barked birch tree in Nagano Prefecture in southern Japan that is tolerant of high temperatures and re- by John L. Creech of the United States Plant sistant to the bronze birch borer was regis- Introduction Station (Creech 1957). The col- tered and introduced last year by the author lection site was an open field above Shibuyu at the Umversity of Wisconsin-Madison. Onsen at 1,530 m m the Yatsugatake Moun- Betula platyphylla var. japonica ’White- tains. Betula p. var. japonica occurs in two spire’ has a wide range of adaptability, from distinct distribution regions, a massive USDA hardiness zones 5a through 7a and northern distribution that connects eventu- possibly farther. The parent tree has been ally with the Siberian distribution and a uninjured following exposure to winter separate distribution in central Honshu. A temperatures as low as -30°F at Madison. Its distinct band where the tree does not occur seedlings have been undamaged by summer exists between these two regions (personal temperatures as high as 120°F in Oklahoma, communication from John L. Creech, March where other white-barked birches defoliated 7, 1983). Creech’s seed came from the south- at these temperatures. Seedlings in commer- ernmost part of the Central Honshu dis- cial nurseries have thrived under a wide tribution and may represent the only intro- range of soil conditions. Poor drainage, how- duction of the tree to this country from the ever, caused stunting and the development southern disjunct population. This may ac- of chlorotic foliage. count for its tolerance of high temperatures The original ’Whitespire’ birch is located and consequent borer resistance. in the Longenecker Horticultural Gardens of Plants from Creech’s seed were distrib- the University of Wisconsin-Madison Ar- uted by the U.S. Plant Introduction Station boretum. Now 27 years old, this tree mea- to the University of Wisconsin-Madison sures 10 m in height and 4.5 m in spread and Arboretum and 33 other cooperators in the has a distinctive spirelike form. Fine- spring of 1957. In the spring of 1961, five textured in twig and foliage, the glossy trees were planted in a newly established leaves turn yellow in autumn. The chalky birch collection on a droughty site m the ar- white bark is marked with black triangles at boretum. Three 27-year-old trees have re- the bases of lateral branches and does not ex- mained free of the bronze birch borer, foliate. whereas plants of Betula pendula, In October 1956, seed of Betula platy- populifoha, pubescens, and utilis and other phylla var. japonica (plant introduction number 235128) was collected from a single Opposite: Betula platyphylla ’Whitespire’. 37 38

seed strains of B. platyphylla var. japonica Books have become infested with borers. The trees from Creech’s seed are isolated on the site from other white-barked birches. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their The one with the most striking spirelike Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, form has been named ’Whitespire’. Seed Culture, Propagation, and Uses, by Michael from this tree has been distributed annually A. Dirr. Third edition. Champaign, Illinois: to several nurseries around the country dur- Stipes. 826 pp. ing the past eight years. Liners have been widely distributed as the "University of DONALD WYMAN Wisconsin strain" of the Japanese white birch. No assurance exists that the seedling Michael Dirr’s Manual of Woody Landscape progeny is not hybrid; the relative isolation Plants, now in its third edition, is a truly ex- of the parent tree makes that possibility un- cellent selection for the plantsman’s library. likely, however. Seven-year-old seedlings of It is clear that the author has studied the ’Whitespire’ birch have attained a height of plants and has spent many hours with them, 6 m and a spread of 2.7 m. They are extremely noting their characteristics and discovering uniform, with well-developed white bark the various methods of propagating them. and the slender pyramidal form of the parent He has visited collections in this country tree. and Europe, made detailed notes about each Vegetative propagation of this birch from species, researched what others have to say, cuttings has been unsuccessful. However, and especially has recorded his own observa- propagation through microculture has just tions. been accomphshed at a commercial micro- The book describes 1,100 species, 300 of propagation laboratory, providing the poten- which are new to this edition, and over 1,500 tial for clonal propagation of -Whitespire’ by cultivars. Mr. Dirr acknowledgcs the exis- the nursery industry. tence of hundreds of others too numerous to treat. For example, approximately 700 named species and cultivars of Malus exist, and may be growing somewhere in the Reference United States, but it would take a lifetime to distinguish them. The author mentions Creech, L. 1957 Plant Ornamentals John Explorations: those that he has seen and tells what he in Southern Japan. ARS 34-1 Agricultural Re- search Service, USDA, in cooperation with knows of them. Mr. Dirr wisely excludes Longwood Gardens of the Longwood Foundation, most genera with large numbers of cultivars, Inc. U.S. Government Washington: Prmring such as Camellia and which are Office. Syringa, unwieldy for a book like this, and instead lists other sources of information. He does list 40 cultivars of Potentilla fruticosa, how- ever, an indication of his interest in these

Edward R. Hasselkus is a professor of horuculture at plants. the Umversity of Wisconsm m Madison The list format of the text means that de- 39

tails of size, hardiness, habit, rate of growth, Gertrude Jekyll on Gardening. Edited, with texture, bark and leaf color, flower and fruit a Commentary, by Penelope Hobhouse. Bos- characteristics, culture, propagation, cul- ton : David R. Godine. 336 pp. $20.00. tivars, vulnerability to disease and insects, native habitat, related species, and landscape AUGUSTUS M. KELLEY values are readily accessible. Such an ar- Several of Gertrude Jekyll’s books have been can often mean dull but rangement reading, reprinted in recent years, testifymg to a re- the author saves us from that fate his oc- by vival of interest in this great figure in the casional to relate little-known digressions history of garden design. Now a handsome, facts and like the fol- personal observations, well-produced volume, Gertrude Jekyll on The literature 18 clones lowing. recognizes Gardening, undertakes to give a comprehen- of the well-known native balsam fir, but sive exposition of Miss Jekyll’s philosophy none of these has of commer- proved worthy of design. Composed of selections from Miss cial to development any significant degree. Jekyll’s articles and books (especially her amateur will The gardener, especially, first, Wood and Garden), it makes available find this book as it amasses a valuable, great material that otherwise would be difficult to deal of information that otherwise would be track down. difficult and time-consuming to obtain. The Miss Jekyll designed English gardens from is an entry for Cotoneaster apiculatus excel- the mid-1890s until the time of her death in lent instance of how much the reader can 1932. She was one of three leaders of the so- about a he or she not know glean plant may called natural movement in garden design, but observe in a A may nursery catalogue. with William Robinson, who is mentioned or of section morphology leaves, stems, several times in this book, and Reginald Far- and fruits and buds, flowers, accompanying rer. An essential characteristic of Miss sketches is helpful in making the techmcal Jekyll’s work was the use of flowers in great information understandable. The simple drifts of carefully coordinated colors, backed discussion of nomenclature will also be by generous plantings of shrubs, climbing helpful to the amateur, as will the glossary vines, and trees, and often massive walls or terms. Pen and ink sketches of botanical woods. Penelope Hobhouse, the editor of used the text aid in liberally throughout this book, maintains that it is feasible to and identifying comparing species. apply Miss Jekyll’s principles to smaller gar- The of 266 titles includes bibliography dens, but I must demur on this point: I be- most of the available modern sources needed lieve that scale is a crucial element in Miss for a of complete study woody landscape Jekyll’s work. We can enjoy reading about plants. Anyone interested in creating a per- grand projects though and can profit from sonal library would do well to begin with a Miss Jekyll’s encyclopedic knowledge of selection of these. This is a fine book for any plants and gardens and her carefully gardener’s library, written by a man who worked-out color schemes. I might add that knows his subject thoroughly. Miss Hobhouse’s knowledge of these sub- jects also is considerable. Donald Wyman is horticultunst ementus at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Umversity. / 40

I have never seen a border as large or as tails, shall show a series of pictures. It is to regu- late the trees and of the wood that beautiful as those designed by Gertrude undergrowth their hnes and masses come mto beautiful form Jekyll. The one at Wisley is large (approxi- and harmomous proportion; it is to be always 46 but of mately m) composed chiefly watching, noting and doing, and putting oneself specimen perennials. This book tells of great meanwhile into closest acquamtance and sym- borders (60 m x 6 m) at Clivden, planted by pathy with growing things. In this spmt the gar- Graham Thomas, who MissFHobhouse be- den and woodland, such as they are, have been lieves to have been influenced by Gertrude formed. There have been many failures, but, and re- Jekyll. every now and then, I am encouraged warded by a certam measure of success. Yet, as The of this book is major part organized the critical faculty becomes keener, so does the according to the months of the year, with standard of aim rise higher; and year by year, the sections entitled "Color," "Water," and desired pomt seems always to elude attainment. Schemes "Pergolas" at the end. That system must (Colour [1908] p. viii). have been difficult to adhere as the to, editor It is clear that natural gardening requires a often resorts to such connective phrases as, lot of artifice. "But to return to " May." Miss Jekyll’s love of cottage gardens is The editor’s comments in seem to general evident throughout this book. For her, cot- me to the flow of Miss interrupt Jekyll’s tage gardens were a source of plants in par- prose. I often found myself having to look ticularly good forms (she differentiated be- back to see if I were Miss or reading Jekyll tween plants that do well on the show bench Miss Hobhouse. It might have been better to and those that do well in the garden), and Miss Hobhouse’s contributions keep sepa- their caretakers were a source of knowledge rate, in footnotes perhaps. about growing techniques. Her familiarity Each monthly section is prefaced by a quo- with old country crafts and implements was tation from Miss Jekyll. I want to quote in extensive. There is an account here of her full the one that introduces December, be- annual winter trip into the woods, with cause it reveals so much of her basic philos- knife and sharpener, to cut hooked pegs from ophy. her beloved bracken for nailing down plants. It is just m the way it is done that lies the whole Her description of a woodchopper splitting difference between commonplace gardemng and into four a big oak trunk with axe and wedge gardemng that might rightly claim to rank as a is profoundly moving. fine art. Given the same of and the space ground I usually like to read the complete book or same material, they may either be fashioned mto the complete article; with excerpts I have a dream of beauty, a place of perfect rest and re- freshment of mind and body - a series of soul- the nagging suspicion that I may be missing satisfymg pictures - a treasure of well-set jewels; something. Yet I must admit that the mate- or they may be so misused that everything is jar- rial the editor brings together in this book is ring and displeasmg. To learn how to perceive the a powerful and true record of Gertrude Jekyll difference and how to do right is to apprehend and her central ideas on gardemng as a fine art. In practice it is to place garden design. every plant or group of plants with such thought- tul care and defimte intention that they shall form a part of a harmonious whole, and that suc- Augustus M. Kelley is the pubhsher of Theophrastuss cessive portions, or m some cases even single de- Books, Little Compton, Rhode Island.