DOCSLIB.ORG

Pharmacognostic Investigations and in Vitro Biological Profile of Illicium Angustisepalum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pharmacognostic Investigations and in Vitro Biological Profile of Illicium Angustisepalum Pharmacognostic Investigations and in vitro Biological Profile of Illicium angustisepalum By KARINA MARIANNA SZYMULANSKA-RAMAMURTHY Magister Farmacji, Jagiellonian University, Poland, 2009 DISSERTATION Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacognosy in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Chicago, 2015 Chicago, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Dr. Chun-Tao Che, Chair/Advisor Dr. Birgit U. Jaki Dr. Hyun-Young Jeong, Department of Pharmacy Practice Dr. Jeremy J. Johnson Dr. Djaja D. Soejarto DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my husband, Saikrishnan Ramamurthy, who has given me the motivation and strength to persevere beyond all the challenges that I have faced during the past five years. Without his presence, support and love, I could not have completed this dissertation. I love you forever. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Chun-Tao Che, my advisor, for the opportunity to conduct my research work under his guidance, for providing essential environment to grow as a scientist and also for his generous support and inspiration throughout the past four years. I extend my gratitude to the members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Birgit U. Jaki for the thoughtful review of my work and for insightful comments that helped me to enrich my dissertation, and also for the encouragement and for the support throughout my tenure in the program. Dr. Djaja D. Soejarto for providing me with opportunities to broaden my knowledge of medicinal plants and for teaching me about the plant taxonomy, and also for the insightful review of this work and for the encouragement while in the program. Dr. Hyun-Young Jeong and Dr. Jeremy J. Johnson for the review of my dissertation and for their valuable comments and also for good advice. Many thanks to Dr. Guido F. Pauli for providing me with the opportunity to participate in this program and to Dr. Jimmy Orjala for his guidance. And also, thanks to Dr. Brian T. Murphy and Dr. Birgit Dietz for their help and support. Special thanks to Dr. Ming Zhao for training me in various research techniques and for his continuous support during my tenure as a graduate student. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (continued) I would also like to express my appreciation to the following people, without whose assistance my work would have not move forward: Dr. Aleksjej Krunic and Dr. Benjamin Ramirez for providing me with the NMR training. Dr. Jerry White, Caleb Nienow and Monika Lysakowska for providing mass spectra of the compounds isolated in the present study. Dr. Arthur Anderson for help with GC-MS analysis used to establish the metabolite fingerprinting. Wei-Lun Chen, Dr. Steven Swanson and Dr. Joanna Burdette for testing the compounds isolated in the present study in the cytotoxic assay. Dr. Hyunwoo Lee, Joy Barranis and Dr. Tamiko Oguri for testing the compounds isolated in the present study in the antimicrobial assay. Dr. Bernard Santarsiero for collecting x-ray diffraction crystallographic data. Dr. Shi Lei and Dr. Paul Ip for testing compounds and fractions in the neural cell protection assay and in the promotion of neural growth assay. Also thanks to all past and present members of Professor’s Che laboratory for their help. Many thanks go to the faculty, staff and graduate students of the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy for assistance and conversations. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (continued) I am very grateful to the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy for the teaching assistantships provided during my tenure as a graduate student. I thank my friends, Dr. Edyta Grzelak, Rasika Phansalkar, Dr. Yu Zhang, Joy Barranis, Wei- Lun Chen, Yang Liu, Sunaina Premkumar, Prabha Venkat, Meera Ranganathan, Dr. Sai Hari Gandham, Vaishnav Vijayakumar, Naren Babu, Prashanthi Gandham and Amruth Rao for their friendship and support. Last, and the most important, I thank my parents, Jozefa and Michal, who instilled in me the perseverance and passion for science and to my brothers, Michal, Daniel and Wojciech, who continuously supported me in my efforts despite the geographical distance between us. This work would not be possible without their love and caring support. I also thank my uncle, Janusz Borek, who inspired me to pursue my career goals. I express my gratitude to my parents-in-law, Uma Maheswari and Ramamurthy, sisters in law, Uthara Prashant, Magdalena Szymulanska, and Meng-Yi Wu for their encouragement and love. - KSR V TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - LITERATURE INFORMATION ........................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE GENUS ILLICIUM .......................................4 Taxonomy of the genus Illicium ..............................................................4 Ethnomedical and other uses of species of Illicium ...............................7 Brief history of scientific investigations on the genus Illicium ................9 Biological activities of Illicium plants .................................................... 12 1.2.4.1 In vitro biological activities of species of Illicium ...................... 12 1.2.4.1.1 Acetylcholinesterase inhibiting activity ...................................... 12 1.2.4.1.2 α-Glucosidase inhibiting activity ................................................ 16 1.2.4.1.3 Anti-inflammatory activity ........................................................... 17 1.2.4.1.4 Antimicrobial activity .................................................................. 20 1.2.4.1.5 Antioxidant activity ..................................................................... 21 1.2.4.1.6 Antiviral activity .......................................................................... 24 1.2.4.1.7 Chemopreventive activity........................................................... 25 1.2.4.1.8 Cytotoxic activity ........................................................................ 26 1.2.4.1.9 Estrogenic activity ...................................................................... 29 1.2.4.1.10 Lipase inhibition activity ............................................................. 30 1.2.4.1.11 Neural cell protection activity ..................................................... 30 1.2.4.1.12 Promotion of neural growth activity ........................................... 31 1.2.4.1.13 Promotion of ChAT activity ........................................................ 33 1.2.4.2 In vivo biological activities of Illicium plants ............................. 34 1.2.4.2.1 Anti-depressant .......................................................................... 34 1.2.4.2.2 Anti-inflammatory ....................................................................... 34 1.2.4.2.3 Chemopreventive ....................................................................... 35 1.2.4.2.4 Fumigant .................................................................................... 36 Morphological description of I. angustisepalum .................................. 36 Chemical constituents of I. angustisepalum ....................................... 37 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 2 - METABOLITE FINGERPRINTING OF I. ANGUSTISEPALUM ................. 42 RATIONALE .................................................................................................... 42 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES ................................................................. 43 Plant material collection ....................................................................... 43 Plant material extraction ...................................................................... 44 2.2.3 GC-MS analysis, data processing and compound identification ........ 44 RESULTS ........................................................................................................ 46 Identification of volatile secondary metabolites .................................. 46 Metabolite fingerprint of I. angustisepalum ......................................... 51 Comparative profiles between I. angustisepalum, I. lanceolatum and I. verum ................................................................................................ 52 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................. 54 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................. 56 CHAPTER 3 - PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF I. ANGUSTISEPALUM ............................ 57 RATIONALE .................................................................................................... 57 GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES .............................................. 57 PLANT MATERIAL .......................................................................................... 58 EXTRACTION OF THE PLANT MATERIAL .................................................. 58 FRACTIONATION OF THE ETHANOL EXTRACT ....................................... 58 ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION .......................................... 59 Thymol (1) ............................................................................................ 68 (-)-T-Muurolol (2) .................................................................................. 68 2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-6-methyleneoct-7-en-3-yl benzoate (3) ............. 70
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’S Letter
    Planning and planting for a better world Friends of the JC Raulston Arboretum Newsletter Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’s Letter Spring greetings from the JC Raulston Arboretum! This garden- ing season is in full swing, and the Arboretum is the place to be. Emergence is the word! Flowers and foliage are emerging every- where. We had a magnificent late winter and early spring. The Cornus mas ‘Spring Glow’ located in the paradise garden was exquisite this year. The bright yellow flowers are bright and persistent, and the Students from a Wake Tech Community College Photography Class find exfoliating bark and attractive habit plenty to photograph on a February day in the Arboretum. make it a winner. It’s no wonder that JC was so excited about this done soon. Make sure you check of themselves than is expected to seedling selection from the field out many of the special gardens in keep things moving forward. I, for nursery. We are looking to propa- the Arboretum. Our volunteer one, am thankful for each and every gate numerous plants this spring in curators are busy planting and one of them. hopes of getting it into the trade. preparing those gardens for The magnolias were looking another season. Many thanks to all Lastly, when you visit the garden I fantastic until we had three days in our volunteers who work so very would challenge you to find the a row of temperatures in the low hard in the garden. It shows! Euscaphis japonicus. We had a twenties. There was plenty of Another reminder — from April to beautiful seven-foot specimen tree damage to open flowers, but the October, on Sunday’s at 2:00 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Benefit Plant Sale
    Annual Benefit Plant Sale 2020 Sunday, April 26th 10 am–4 pm Wildflower Celebration At our free Wildflower Celebration, you’ll experience the gardens at their peak and enjoy live music, food trucks, family programming, and more. It’s our biggest event of the year. mtcubacenter.org/udbg Event parking located at 1003 Old Wilmington Road, courtesy shuttle provided. roses | woodies | perennials | edibles STAR® ROSES and PLANTS The most complete supplier to the nursery industry. www.StarRosesandPlants.com WELCOME to the 2020 UDBG Annual Benefit Plant Sale catalog, featuring just some of the exciting array of plants we’ll be offering at the 2020 BENEFIT PLANT SALE CATALOG sale! For many of us, receiving the catalog is a welcome sign of spring. It’s hard to believe the sale is 28 years young. It certainly has grown in its Contents depth of plant material, scope and attendance over the years. As a matter Welcome .........................................................4 of fact, 3,255 people came through our gates last year. The sale now spans Event Dates .....................................................5 two weeks to allow more shopping days with additional new plants General Information .......................................5 available the second week. Wow! Quick Reference Key for Cultural Symbols ....5 The UDBG plant sale serves two primary purposes: Plant Sale Patron Donors ................................6 1. It’s an educational and outreach opportunity. Each year we strive to Featured Shrub/Tree: Illicium ....................7–9 offer a diverse assortment of plants, many of which are difficult to Featured Perennial: Hibiscus ..................10–11 find elsewhere, to meet your landscape needs and expand your plant Plant Descriptions ........................................12 palette.
    [Show full text]
  • Photosynthetic Responses of Container-Grown Illicium L. Taxa to Sun and Shade
    J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 127(6):919–924. 2002. Photosynthetic Responses of Container-grown Illicium L. Taxa to Sun and Shade Richard T. Olsen,1 John M. Ruter,2 and Mark W. Rieger3 University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Department of Horticulture, Tifton, GA 31793-0748 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Illicium anisatum, Illicium floridanum ‘Pebblebrook’, Illicium henryi, Illicium lanceolatum, Illicium parviflorum ‘Forest Green’, star-anise, photoinhibition, carotenoids, SPAD chlorophyll meter ABSTRACT. Illiciums, or star-anises, have increased in popularity in the nursery and landscape industries. However, confusion exists as to which taxa are tolerant of high light intensities during production and subsequent establishment in the landscape. We investigated the effect of two light intensity treatments, 45% and 100% full sunlight, on gas-exchange parameters of five Illicium taxa: Illicium anisatum L., I. floridanum Ellis. ‘Pebblebrook’, I. henryi Diels., I. lanceolatum A.C. Sm., and I. parviflorum Michx. Ex. Vent. ‘Forest Green’. Light-response curves were determined for individual leaves, and mean response parameters calculated. Chlorophyll and total carotenoids were analyzed after extraction in acetone, with total chlorophyll also estimated with a SPAD chlorophyll meter. In general, highest rates of CO2 assimilation (Amax) and lowest rates of dark respiration (Rd) were found in the 45% light treatment for all taxa. Both Illicium anisatum and I. floridanum ‘Pebblebrook’ had substantial reductions in Amax in 100% light, 94% and 81% respectively, compared to plants grown in the 45% light treatment. Illicium henryi failed to survive the 100% light treatment. Illicium lanceolatum and I. parviflorum ‘Forest Green’ were least affected by the 100% light treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • STAR ANISE (Illicium) Cat Meholic and Melinda Zoehrer This Year We Have Selected the Genus Illicium As Our Featured Woody Plant
    STAR ANISE (Illicium) Cat Meholic and Melinda Zoehrer This year we have selected the genus Illicium as our featured woody plant. Illicium is an uncommon garden plant with fantastic attributes. The genus Illicium has traditionally been the sole member of the Illiciaceae, but more modern sources recognize it as being in the Schisandraceae (the starvine family). Those of us that enjoy the spice and earthiness of “star anise” have appreciated the attributes of Illicium verum, a species native to southwest China. The genus Illicium has approximately 30 species, but only two are native to the United States, I. floridanum and I. parviflorum. In cultivation these two species have been joined by I. anisatum, I. henryi, I. lanceolatum, I. parviflorum, and some have also been bred with I. mexicanum to create a range of interesting evergreen shrubs for the garden. Over the last two years UDBG staff has been acquiring both the straight species and unusual cultivars Illicium ‘Woodlanders Ruby’ in Claudia Bradley’s garden to add to the sale. Photo: Claudia Bradley All the Illicium offered for sale are broadleaved evergreen plants and most have lustrous thick leaves. The genus name Illicium comes from the Latin name illicio meaning allure, Plants contain the chemical Safrol which referring to the aromatic scent or spice released by bruised or gives it its characteristic smell and crushed leaves. Illicium is resistant to most pests and diseases makes it highly undesirable to deer and and does well in shade locations. Plants contain the chemical Safrol which gives it its characteristic smell and makes it insect predation.
    [Show full text]
  • Novelties of the Flowering Plant Pollen Tube Underlie Diversification of a Key Life History Stage
    Novelties of the flowering plant pollen tube underlie diversification of a key life history stage Joseph H. Williams* Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 Edited by Peter R. Crane, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved June 2, 2008 (received for review January 3, 2008) The origin and rapid diversification of flowering plants has puzzled angiosperm lineages. Thus, I performed hand pollinations and evolutionary biologists, dating back to Charles Darwin. Since that timed collections on representatives of three such lineages in the time a number of key life history and morphological traits have field [Amborella trichopoda, Nuphar polysepala, and Aus- been proposed as developmental correlates of the extraordinary trobaileya scandens; see supporting information (SI) Text, Meth- diversity and ecological success of angiosperms. Here, I identify ods for Pollination Studies]. several innovations that were fundamental to the evolutionary Each of these species has an extremely short fertilization lability of angiosperm reproduction, and hence to their diversifi- interval—pollen germinates in Ͻ2 h, a pollen tube grows to an cation. In gymnosperms pollen reception must be near the egg ovule in Ϸ18 h, and to an egg in 24 h (Table 1). The window for largely because sperm swim or are transported by pollen tubes that fertilization must be short because the egg cell is already present grow at very slow rates (< Ϸ20 ␮m/h). In contrast, pollen tube at the time of pollination (Table 1) and this is also the case for growth rates of taxa in ancient angiosperm lineages (Amborella, species within a much larger group of early-divergent lineages Nuphar, and Austrobaileya) range from Ϸ80 to 600 ␮m/h.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in the Families, Magnoliaceae, Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae of Szech'uan, China Ching-Yung Cheng University of Tennessee - Knoxville
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-1948 Studies in the Families, Magnoliaceae, Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae of Szech'uan, China Ching-Yung Cheng University of Tennessee - Knoxville Recommended Citation Cheng, Ching-Yung, "Studies in the Families, Magnoliaceae, Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae of Szech'uan, China. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1948. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2965 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Ching-Yung Cheng entitled "Studies in the Families, Magnoliaceae, Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae of Szech'uan, China." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Botany. Aaron J. Sharp, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Arthur Meyer, J. K. Underwood Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) August 6, 1948 To the Committee on Graduate St�: I am submitting to you a thesis written by' Ching-Yung Cheng entitled "Studies in the F&milies, Ma.gnoliaceae, Illi­ ciaceae and Schisandraceae o:t Szech 1 uan, China"• I recommend that it be accepted :tor ten quarter.hours of credit in partial fulfillment of tne requirements for the degree o:t Master of Science, with a major in Botany.
    [Show full text]
  • Cytogenetics and Genome Size Evolution in Illicium
    HORTSCIENCE 53(5):620–623. 2018. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI12922-18 downsizing that can occur through recombination-based processes, such as un- equal recombination and illegitimate recom- Cytogenetics and Genome Size bination (Grover and Wendel, 2010; Soltis et al., 2015). There have only been limited Evolution in Illicium L. reports on chromosome numbers and relative 1,5 2 3 genome sizes for species and cultivars of Thomas G. Ranney , Connor F. Ryan , Lauren E. Deans , Illicium. A base chromosome number of x =14 4 and Nathan P. Lynch and diploidy has been reported for Illicium Mountain Crop Improvement Lab, Department of Horticultural Science, anisatum, Illicium parviflorum, Illicium tern- Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, stroemioides, and Illicium verum (Baolian, North Carolina State University, 455 Research Drive, Mills River, 1990; Lepper, 1982; Lin, 1989; Stone and Freeman, 1968; Whitaker, 1933). However, NC 28759-3423 conflicting chromosome counts for I. flori- Additional index words. ANA grade basal angiosperms, chromosome numbers, DNA content, danum exist, with different sources reporting flow cytometry, plant breeding, reciprocal translocation, star anise, star flower shrub a base chromosome number of either x =13 (Stone, 1965; Stone and Freeman, 1968) or Abstract. Illicium is an ancient genus and member of the earliest diverging angiosperms x = 14 (Whitaker, 1933). Reports of genome known as the Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales (ANA) grade. These sizes for Illicium are also limited and vari- adaptable, broadleaf evergreen shrubs, including ’40 species distributed throughout able. Nagl et al. (1977) reported a 2C genome Asia and North America, are valued for diverse culinary, medicinal, and ornamental size of 6.72 pg (determined with scanning applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Evolution and Phylogenomic Analysis of the Chloroplast Genome
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Dynamic evolution and phylogenomic analysis of the chloroplast genome in Received: 19 March 2018 Accepted: 31 May 2018 Schisandraceae Published: xx xx xxxx Bin Li1,2,3 & Yongqi Zheng1,2,3 Chloroplast genomes of plants are highly conserved in both gene order and gene content, are maternally inherited, and have a lower rate of evolution. Chloroplast genomes are considered to be good models for testing lineage-specifc molecular evolution. In this study, we use Schisandraceae as an example to generate insights into the overall evolutionary dynamics in chloroplast genomes and to establish the phylogenetic relationship of Schisandraceae based on chloroplast genome data using phylogenomic analysis. By comparing three Schisandraceae chloroplast genomes, we demonstrate that the gene order, gene content, and length of chloroplast genomes in Schisandraceae are highly conserved but experience dynamic evolution among species. The number of repeat variations were detected, and the Schisandraceae chloroplast genome was revealed as unusual in having a 10 kb contraction of the IR due to the genome size variations compared with other angiosperms. Phylogenomic analysis based on 82 protein-coding genes from 66 plant taxa clearly elucidated that Schisandraceae is a sister to a clade that includes magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots within angiosperms. As to genus relationships within Schisandraceae, Kadsura and Schisandra formed a monophyletic clade which was sister to Illicium. Chloroplasts are the photosynthetic organelle that provides energy for plants. Te chloroplast has its own genome. In angiosperms, most chloroplast genomes are composed of circular DNA molecules ranging from 120 to 160 kb in length and have a quadripartite organization consisting of two copies of inverted repeats (IRs) of approximately 20–28 kb in size, which divide the rest of chloroplast genome into an 80–90 kb large single copy (LSC) region and a 16–27 kb small single copy (SSC) region.
    [Show full text]
  • Illicium Griffithii Hook. F. & Thoms.-A Potential Source of Natural
    Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources Vol. 4(2), June 2013, pp. 131-137 Illicium griffithii Hook. f. & Thoms.-A potential source of natural off-farm income to the rural people of Arunachal Himalaya, India ∗ Ashish Paul1 , Janmoni Kalita2, Mohamed Latif Khan2 and Om Prakash Tripathi2 1Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh – 791 112, Arunachal Pradesh, India 2Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed University), Nirjuli –791 109, Arunachal Pradesh Received 30 March 2012; Accepted 9 March 2013 In the high altitude region of Arunachal Himalaya, hilly and undulating terrains have resulted into low agricultural crops production although majority of the local residents are highly dependent on the agriculture for their subsistence. Moreover, sources of income are scarce and peoples mainly depend on forest and forest products. Therefore, wild plant and animal species form an important component of livelihood of rural people in many parts. Illicium griffithii Hook.f. & Thoms. one of the significant aromatic and medicinal tree species occurring in subtropical to temperate forest of Arunachal Himalaya. However, the species is growing in selected forest patches to a few locations. Dried seed pods are economically valuable having good market potential for spices and pharmaceutical purposes. Fruit is considered to be carminative, aromatic stimulant, stomachic and galactagogue. It is used as medicine to cure abdominal pain, cough, dyspepsia, food poisoning, vomiting, toothache and sinusitis. It is also used as an antifungal agent and food preservative. Owing to its high demand, local inhabitants harvest large quantity of fruits every year. Collected seeds are sold in local market at the rate from 120 to 150/kg which mainly depends on the market demand.
    [Show full text]
  • Free-Sample-Pages.Pdf
    Published by Plant Gateway Ltd., Hertford, SG13 7BX, United Kingdom © Plant Gateway 2014 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant col- lective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Plant Gateway Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9929993-0-8 eISBN 978-0-9929993-1-5 Plant Gateway Ltd. has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLS for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Additional information on the book can be found at: www.plantgateway.com An appropriate citation for this eBook is: Byng JW. 2014. The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world. Plant Gateway Ltd., Hertford, UK. eBook available from: www.plantgateway.com From the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. Charles Darwin On The Origin of Species (1859) CONTENTS The Flowering Plants Handbook A practical guide to families and genera of the world James W. Byng eBook version CONTENTS DEDICATION This work is a dwarf standing on the shoulders of giants and is dedicated to the many botanists, both past and present, for the huge body of knowledge that exists today.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf of Article
    SHORT REPORT Rec. Nat. Prod. 10:6 (2016) 806-811 Volatile Constituents of Three Illicium Plants Nguyen B. Qinh1, Do N. Dai2*, Bui V. Than3, Vo T Dung2, Vuong T.T. Hang2 and Isiaka A. Ogunwande4* 1Vietnam National Museum, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam 2Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, Nghean College of Economics, 51-Ly Tu Trong, Vinh City, Nghean Province, Vietnam 3 Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18- Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam 4 Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Badagry Expressway Ojo, P. M. B. 0001, LASU Post Office, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria (Received July 20, 2015; Revised March 15, 2016; Accepted March 22, 2016) Abstract: The chemical composition of volatiles from the leaves of three different Illicium species has been studied. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC (FID) and GC-MS. The components by identified by MS libraries and their LRIs. The essential oil contents vary between 0.12% and 0.21% (v/w), calculated on a dry weight basis. Illicium majus J. D. Hooker & Thomson afforded oil whose major constituents were aromadendrene (13.0%), cuparene (8.2%), 1,8-cineole (8.1%) and calamenene (7.8%). However, 1,8-cineole (8.4%), linalool (7.7%), (E)-nerolidol (7.6%) and sabinene (7.1%) were the quantitatively significant compounds of the leaf oil of Illicium micranthun Dunn. The leaf oil of Illicium tsaii A. C. Smith comprised mainly of (E)-nerolidol (15.5%), β-caryophyllene (8.1%), β-cedrene (6.5%), 1,8-cineole (6.3%) and calamenene (6.3%).
    [Show full text]
  • Specialized Structures in the Leaf Epidermis of Basal Angiosperms: Morphology, Distribution, and Homology1
    American Journal of Botany 93(5): 665–681. 2006. SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES IN THE LEAF EPIDERMIS OF BASAL ANGIOSPERMS: MORPHOLOGY, DISTRIBUTION, AND HOMOLOGY1 KEVIN J. CARPENTER2 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Botany Department, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada The morphology of specialized structures in the leaf epidermis of 32 species of basal (ANITA: Amborella, Nymphaeales, Illiciales, Trimeniaceae, and Austrobaileyaceae) angiosperms, representing all seven families and 11 of 14 genera, was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Distribution, density, and size of structures were also measured, and character evolution was analyzed. Hydropotes are a synapomorphy of Nymphaeales and ethereal oil cells are a synapomorphy of Austrobaileyales, but uniseriate nonglandular trichomes appear to have arisen independently several times. Specialized structures are frequently characterized by adjacent epidermal cells that have striking similarities in their form and arrangement (i.e., architecture) to subsidiary cells of certain types of stomatal complexes. Additionally, forms intermediate to oil cells and stomata, to trichomes and stomata, and to hydropotes and oil cells are present in some taxa. Thus, all of these specialized structures and their adjacent epidermal cells form complexes that may be homologous with, and evolutionarily derived from stomatal complexes, and the specialized structure, or portion thereof, may be homologous to the stoma
    [Show full text]