Illicium Griffithii Hook. F. & Thoms.-A Potential Source of Natural

Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources Vol. 4(2), June 2013, pp. 131-137

Illicium griffithii Hook. f. & Thoms.-A potential source of natural off-farm income to the rural people of Arunachal Himalaya, India

∗ Ashish Paul1 , Janmoni Kalita2, Mohamed Latif Khan2 and Om Prakash Tripathi2 1Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh – 791 112, Arunachal Pradesh, India 2Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed University), Nirjuli –791 109, Arunachal Pradesh Received 30 March 2012; Accepted 9 March 2013

In the high altitude region of Arunachal Himalaya, hilly and undulating terrains have resulted into low agricultural crops production although majority of the local residents are highly dependent on the agriculture for their subsistence. Moreover, sources of income are scarce and peoples mainly depend on forest and forest products. Therefore, wild plant and animal species form an important component of livelihood of rural people in many parts. Illicium griffithii Hook.f. & Thoms. one of the significant aromatic and medicinal tree species occurring in subtropical to temperate forest of Arunachal Himalaya. However, the species is growing in selected forest patches to a few locations. Dried seed pods are economically valuable having good market potential for spices and pharmaceutical purposes. Fruit is considered to be carminative, aromatic stimulant, stomachic and galactagogue. It is used as medicine to cure abdominal pain, cough, dyspepsia, food poisoning, vomiting, toothache and sinusitis. It is also used as an antifungal agent and food preservative. Owing to its high demand, local inhabitants harvest large quantity of fruits every year. Collected seeds are sold in local market at the rate from 120 to 150/kg which mainly depends on the market demand. Fruits may also be a potential source of shikimic acid for the production of Tami flu (oseltamivir), an active drug against avian influenza or bird flu. Further investigations on its chemical aspects are required to meet the needs of shikimic acid for the country as well as global market. This is an important source of natural off-farm income to the rural people of the West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh where the present study was undertaken. Keeping economic values in consideration, I. griffithii has the tremendous potential to reduce the poverty and will also provide employment opportunity to the rural inhabitants through bio-prospecting of the species which will contribute towards the socio-economic development of the rural people of Arunachal Himalaya.

Keywords: Economy, Illicium griffithii, Off-farm income, Rural people, West Kameng, Anise trees. IPC code; Int. cl. (2011.01)−A61K 36/00

Introduction Arunachal Pradesh is the largest state among the Forests are the storehouse of biological diversity north eastern Himalayan region, known for its and provide immense value to life and wealth of glittering landscape with rich biodiversity and human beings. It plays an important role in ecosystem endemism. The state is the store house of natural functioning and services and contribute substantially resources because of its unique location at the to the economic development. It provides natural junction of biogeographic realms which enriches its resources like fuel, food, fodder, medicines, timber, biodiversity by harbouring biological elements from industrial forest products, wildlife habitats, animal both the Palearctic and Indomalayan realms1 and products, commercial products, etc. Owing to contributes to the 50% of the flowering plant species immense variety of climatic, edaphic, topographic of India2. It has a significant role in biological, ethical conditions resulted wide range of ecosystems and and cultural diversity of the country. The state has habitats such as forests, grasslands, wetlands, costal 26 major tribes and over 110 sub-tribes3 having and marine ecosystems, deserts which successively unique culture and ethics who mainly depend on contribute to enormous biological diversity. natural resources. About 34% of the total geographical area of the state is under temperate ______forests4 which harbours a variety of aromatic, *Correspondent author: medicinal, ethnobotanical, economic and E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +91-9862035885 commercially important plants like Abies spp., 132 INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2013

Aconitum spp., Bambusa spp., Berberis wallichiana Phylogenetic point of view, the Illicium species have DC., Bergenia sp., Coptis teeta Wall., Dipterocarpus vast biological importance as it exhibits the gradual spp., Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, Gymnocladus transition of the spiral perianth from sepaloid to assamicus U N Kanjilal, Illicium griffithii, Panax petaloid structure (found in Nymphaea)11. spp., Picrorrhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth., Pinus Among the different reported species, I. griffithii spp., Podophylum spp., Quercus spp., Rhododendron Hook.f. & Thoms. distributed sporadically in Bhutan, spp., Rheum australe D. Don, Rubia cordifolia L., Hong Kong, India and Vietnam12. It is an important Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem.) Karst., Taxus economic evergreen tree distributed between 1700 to wallichiana Zucc., Terminalia spp., etc. The local 3000 m ASL in subtropical and temperate forest of inhabitants of Arunachal Himalaya are mainly Arunachal Himalaya. Illicium species is growing wild dependent on forests and forest products for daily uses in different localities of subtropical and temperate like food, fodder, timber, fuel and medicine. Forests broad leaved forest of Lower Dibang Valley, Lower also play a significant role in social, cultural and Subansiri, Tawang, West Kameng and West Siang traditional aspects of rural people. There are many of districts of the state. However, this species is found in such species, while potential of it yet to be recognized. selected forest patches in particular pockets in West Among them I. griffithii is one of the medicinal and Kameng district due to geographical location and aromatic tree species occurring in high altitude of microclimatic condition of the district unlike other Arunachal Himalaya having good commercial value parts of the state. Conversely, it is not widely for spice and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, not distributed like other plant species. In the present only to conserve those species which we have already survey, we have recorded large trees with girth and gathered the information but those have yet to be height more than 140 cm and 30 m, respectively, identified and described their economic potential. growing in patches in temperate broad leaved forests, mixed forests and forest margins. Characteristics and Illicium species The word Illicium was derived from the Latin word values of the species are described in Table 1. It ‘Illicere’ meaning an attractant, presence of tempting flowers during January to April and fruiting by the perfume/aromatic oils. In 17595, the famous Dutch end of April, while fruit matures from September botanist Carl Linnaeus described and published in his onwards. Fruit is star shaped with 11-13 glowing boat shaped seed pods/carpels with incurved short beak work in ‘Systema Naturae’ in which the genus 12 Illicium appeared in plant literature for the first time. and may vary upto 13-14 carpels (Plate 1). During that period only one species Illicium anisatum L. I. griffithii associate with broad leaved trees like Acer was known in the world. Illicium L. or star anise, the spp., Castanopsis spp., Cinnamomum sp., Cornus only genus of the family Illciaceae, is an evergreen capitata Wall. ex Roxb., Cotoneaster sp., Daphne shrub or tree distributed in East and South East Asia papyracea Wall., Eurya acuminate DC., Juglans (37 species), South Eastern North America, Mexico regia L., Litsea spp., Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude, and West Indies (5 species)6-8. The genus is growing Magnolia sp., Michelia sp., Persea sp., Prunus well in subtropical evergreen forests and extends into cerasoides D. Don, Quercus griffithii Hook. f. & north temperate deciduous forests and tropical Thoms., Rhododendron arizelum Balf. f. & Forrest, montane forests. However, distribution of the genus Rhododendron garnde Wight, Rhododendron falconeri Illicium has been divided into two geographical ssp. eximium, Rhododendron kenderickii Nutt., regions, viz. (i) Southeastern Asia: Japan, southern Rhododendron mechukae A. A. Mao & A. Paul, China, northeastern India to Sumatra, northern Rhododendron sp. etc. and also with other conifer Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, the Indo-China species like Abies spp., Pinus wallichiana A. B. Peninsula and the northern Philippines and Jackson, Taxus wallichiana Zucc., etc. It has been (ii) Southeastern America and the Caribbean islands: observed that the species has good regeneration but from the southeastern United States and eastern the establishments of seedling to sapling stages are Mexico, Cuba to Haiti6. Maximum concentrations of poor in nature. the species have been reported from northern I. griffithii is popularly known as Lissi while Myanmar and southern China where 35 species have locally called as Munsheng (Monpa dialect) in West been illustrated9. About 27 species have been reported Kameng and Tawang district. At the same time from China, out of which 18 are endemic to China10. as Dirang and Senge Monpa people of West Kameng PAUL et al: ILLICIUM GRIFFITHII: A SOURCE OF INCOME FOR RURAL PEOPLE OF ARUNACHAL HIMALAYA 133

Table 1Characteristics, density-distribution and economic importance of Illicium griffithii occurring in Arunachal Himalaya

Parameters Observations

Scientific name Illicium griffithii Hook.f. & Thoms. Popular name Lissi Local name Munsheng/Dombushing (Monpa dialect); Taihelang (Apatani dialect) and Loshsing/Loshu (Memba dialect) Growth form Tree Habitat Open or mixed subtropical, temperate broad leaved forests and forest margins Renewal buds position Mesophanerophytes Seasonality of assimilating organs Evergreen Shade tolerance No Bark consistency Smooth Spinescence No Leaf shape Oblong-elliptic to narrowly obovate-elliptic Leaf indumentum No Flower Flowers axillary or subterminal. Bisexual, white with yellow tinge or light greenish to yellow Fruit type Dry Fruit shape Star shaped with 11-13 glowing boat shaped seed pods/carpels with incurved short beak Organs shed rhythmically Leaves Dispersal agents Seeds are dispersed ballistically Altitudinal range (m asl) 1700-3000 Flowering season January to April Fruiting season End of April Fruit mature September onwards Fruit harvesting October-December Price (Rupees) 120-150/kg Density (individuals/ha) 2136 Basal area (m2/ha) 25.63 Utilization Fresh leaves in combination with juniper/thuja/pine leaves are burnt for making smoke which is believed to be sacred and help in purifying surrounding air. Wood is used for fuel, poles in house construction, fencing in garden, agriculture lands. Fruit is considered to be carminative, aromatic stimulant, stomachic and glactagogic. It is used as medicine to cure abdominal pain, cough, dyspepsia, food poisoning, vomiting, toothache and sinusitis. Fruits are also used as incense, flavouring tea, to increase the potency of alcohol, preparing butter salted tea or sugar tea for sweet fragrance. It is also used as an antifungal agent and food preservative. Conservation status Presently not threatened

Plate 1- Illicium griffithii: (a-b) Flowering & Fruiting branches; (c) Mature dry fruits district called it as Dombushing. Conversely, the species by a year of poor production. Although the species has is called as Taihelang (Apatani dialect) in Ziro Valley of been reported as not threatened in Arunachal Lower Subansiri district and Loshsing/Loshu (Memba Himalaya13, the confined distribution and occurence in dialect) in Mechuka of West Siang district. It has also unprotected areas with high anthropogenic disturbances been observed that leaf, bark and fruit of the I. griffithii and addition of changing climate that mostly affects the emit a characteristic of refreshing flavour. The local high altitude flora may led the species into its people reported that it bears fruits once a year in endangerment. Conversely, the species has already been alternating cycles of one good productive year followed categorised as critically endangered in Meghalaya13. 134 INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2013

Utilization of I. griffithii Products are the income sources/subsistence of the It is well thought-out as one of the important tree rural people in many parts of the state. Due to its high species of Non Timber Forest Products. Fruits are demand in spice and pharmaceutical industry, local distinguishing star shaped follicles that emit a people harvest huge quantity of fruits during October characteristic of refreshing flavour. Dried fruits/pods to December in each and every year from different are economically valuable part having good parts of West Kameng district like Barchi, Bomdila, commercial market potential for spices and Chander, Dibin, Duwangba, Senge, Shergaon, pharmaceutical purposes. Because of its straight bole, Yewang and many other places. The collected fruits the species is extracted for fuel as well as for the are then dried out and sold to the middlemen. The middlemen who collect the fruits from the local purposes of poles in house construction, fencing in villagers sell it to outside traders and finally it has garden, agriculture lands etc. Fresh leaves in been marketed at Tezpur in Assam from where it is combination with juniper/thuja/pine leaves are burnt traded to other parts of the country. In the present in a place called Sangbumb for making smoke that is survey, it has been found that the villagers are selling believed to be sacred and help in purifying the dried fruits at a rate ranging from 120 to 150/kg surrounding air by the Memba tribe in Mechuka which varies according to market demand. Local Valley. Fruit is considered to be carminative, aromatic people reported that in the year (2010 – 2011) it has stimulant, stomachic and glactagogic. It is also been got high market value mainly because of more used in treating abdominal pain, dyspepsia, food demand. It has also been reported by local people that poisoning and vomiting14-16. The fruits of Illicium although the fruit of the species has high market species have been used in medicinal purposes because potential but due to lack of knowledge on market of the presence of anethol-rich essences. I. griffithii is demand, awareness about the potential importance of also used as a substitute for Illicium verum Hook. f. as the products, established market and also local a vernacular of badayan17. In Bhutan, pods/carpels are industry or processing unit they are not getting used for various purposes like incense, curing cough, adequate returns. As a result, middlemen or traders toothache, sinusitis (inhale the vapour by boiling the are the major beneficiaries/stakeholders. Although, fruits in water), flavouring tea, to increase the potency the occurrence of the species has been reported from of ara (local wine), preparing suja (butter salted tea) other parts of the state however, it is not growing as it 12,16,18 grows in West Kameng district. Besides, abundant or nga ja (sugar tea) for sweet fragrance . Oil wild populations of the species are not available and extracted from fruits has antifungal activity and can people are not aware of significant value of the be used as an antifungal agent and food 19 species. Hence, mass awareness regarding the high preservative . Illicium species or ‘anise trees’ are also medicinal, economic importance and motivation of becoming popular as ornamental plants and many 20 local people for large scale cultivation in natural more new cultivars are growing for landscape use . habitat as well as domestication of the species will Furthermore, fruits of the species are also adulterated not only increase the income generation but also with the Chinese star anise (I. verum) in national and meet the market demand. Moreover, if we could international market. include the species in agroforestry and social forestry programme with community participatory I. griffithii -As natural off-farm income resource management will further enhance rural income and Wild plant and animal species are important source also contributes towards the conservation of the of livelihood of rural people which provide food, species. On the other hand, drying, processing, fodder, shelter, fuel, timber, medicine, etc. and also packaging, marketing etc. could be done at local play a major source of income. The hilly and level to increase return of the products. undulating terrains have resulted into low agricultural Consequently, rural people will get actual market crops production although most of the local residents value instead of middlemen which will improve the are highly dependent on the agriculture for their rural economy and income sources of the local subsistence in the high altitude region of Arunachal inhabitants and the state as a whole. Dried seed Himalaya. Moreover, other sources of income are pods/carples of the species is serving as natural off- very less and local people totally depend on forest and farm income to the rural people of West Kameng other natural resources. So, collection and selling of district of Arunachal Himalaya although it’s an medicinal and aromatic plants, plant parts/products, annual income. Therefore, I. griffithii may have the animal, animal products and other Non Timber Forest potential to reduce the poverty and provide PAUL et al: ILLICIUM GRIFFITHII: A SOURCE OF INCOME FOR RURAL PEOPLE OF ARUNACHAL HIMALAYA 135

employment opportunity to the rural inhabitants pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as a chiral which will contribute towards the socio-economic building block for the synthesis of a number of development of the rural people. compounds36. At present, demand for shikimic acid the key raw I. griffithii - A potential source of shikimic acid material is met from the fruits of Chinese star anise Currently, avian influenza or ‘bird flu’ has become (Illicium verum Hook. f.)37, which is used for a significant concern throughout the world. It is a preparation of oseltamivir, an anti-viral drug for avian highly pathogenic and infectious disease of animals influenza or bird flu. The utilization of star anise as a (mainly birds) caused by type A strains of the 21 traditional medicine has long history in Southeast influenza virus (H5N1) . According to FAO, this Asian countries particularly in China. The fruits of deadly avian influenza virus or bird flu become threat I. verum is used in traditional medicine in eastern to humans, animals and economies as many as Asia and also used in worldwide in pharmaceutical 55 countries in Africa, Asia and Europe since the out 38 (Ref. 22) products, foods and cosmetics and widely used as a break in 2003 . Outbreak of this largest and most spice for flavoring food and beverages. The species severe avian flu began in 2003 mainly in South East contain about 5 – 7% shikimic acid, which is highest Asia caused by H5H1 virus with widespread among the reported plant species with essential oil transmission to poultry while transmission to humans content as 8-10% (Ref. 39-41). Conversely, Raghavendra are also documented though it is rare. However, et al. (2009)(Ref. 42) reported more than 1% shikimic H5H1 virus transmission to humans is a serious acid content from 7 plant species out of total concern now-a-days because of its rapid mutation and 193 Angiosperm plant species belonging to 59 changes in its form which is highly infectious for families from Western Ghats. Illicium species have humans and spread more easily. Furthermore, H5N1 good source of biological active compounds so if the be able to cause severe disease to humans unlike other 21 isolation of shikimic acid/biochemical activities is dealt normal seasonal influenza . According to WHO more in a more pragmatic manner, it may be possible to than 220 million poultry have been culled/killed to isolate similar biological constituents from the fruits of control the spread of this virus/disease. This deadly I. griffithii like I. verum. Consequently, findings will virus continues to spread in Asia, especially to meet the rising needs of shikimic acid, the active agent Indonesia where 160 people have been confirmed to for the preparation of avian influenza or bird flu drug die from bird flu. Conversely, since the out break of for the country as well as global market. Thus, this may bird flu virus till date 622 cases of humans infection 21 reduce the unemployment and improve the rural have been recorded among which 371 peoples died . economy and sources of income generation. At present the only recognised drug Tami flu (oseltamivir) is being prepared from the shikimic acid Conclusion of I. verum (Chinese star anise) fruits to control this Now-a-days, because of growing economy, rural deadly virus infection. people are increasingly reliance in cash income which The word Shikimic was derived from the Japanese in turn makes dependence on forest and forest ‘Shikimi’ and Shikimic acid was first isolated from products. Therefore, these forest and forest products Japanese plant Illicium anisatum L. by Eijkman in put forward in value addition to local economy and early 1885(Ref. 23). Shikimic acid usually identified as used to meet the increasing needs of the country as its anionic form shikimate, a significant biochemical well as global market. For instance in many remote intermediate in plants and microorganisms24. It is the areas, an eco-friendly traditional hand made paper is forerunner for aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, made by Monpa people from the bark of Daphne tryptophan and tyrosine and other compounds such as papyracea for their day to day expenditure43. alkaloids, phenolics and phenyl propanoids25. On the Therefore, State forest Department and other other hand, all the Illicium species have sesquiterpene voluntary organizations should encourage local lactone compounds26-32 having a large and diverse inhabitants for cultivation of I. griffithii and other group of biologically active plant chemicals. Shikimic economic, medicinal plant species like Aconitum spp., acid is the essential raw material for production of Coptis teeta, Panax spp., Podophyllum spp., Rubia Tami flu (oseltamivir), the most active agent against cordifolia, Swertia chirayita, Taxus wallichiana, bird flu33 and the only drug caused by the H5N1 Valeriana jatamansi, etc. which have high economic virus34-35. It has been widely used in both importance. Furthermore, set up of processing 136 INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2013

unit/plant may be initiated in the area as most of the 7 Keng H, Illiciaceae, In: The families and genera of vascular dried fruits of I. griffithii are traded from the West plants-II. Flowering plants: Dicotyledons, Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, edited by K Kubitzki, Kameng district of the state which will motivate the JG Rohwer & V Bittrich (Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, New people for domestication and large scale cultivation York), 1993, 344-347. for the further income generation and this in turn will 8 Lin Q, Systematics and evolution of the family Illiciaceae, help in conserving the species. Moreover, Ph.D. Thesis, Forestry College, South China Agricultural Government, Non Governmental Organization should University, Guangzhou, China (in Chinese), 1997. 9 Saunders RMK, Systematics of the genus Illicium L. provide subsidy and promote for large scale (Illiciaceae) in Malesia, Bot J Linn Soc, 1995, 117(4), 333-352. cultivation. As for example, earlier Kiwi [Actinidia 10 Law Yuwu, Illiciaceae, in Flora Reipublicae Popularis deliciosa (A.Chev.) C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson] Sinicae, edited by Law Yuwu, 1996, 30(1), 198-231. was cultivated only in West Kameng district but 11 Kundu SR, A synopsis on distribution and endemism of Magnoliaceae s.I. in Indian Subcontinent, Thaiszia J Bot, presently people are cultivating it in other parts of the 2009, 19(1-2), 47-60. state like Ziro valley of Lower Subansiri distict, 12 Mukhia PK, Management guidelines for Illicium griffithii for although it is an exotic species. Similar effort should community forests of Bhutan, Participatory Forest also be initiated for I. griffithii for the upliftment of Management Project Report 32, Social Forestry Division, economy of the local inhabitants. Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Thimpu, Bhutan, 2006, 23 pp.

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