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Illicium Griffithii Hook. F. & Thoms.-A Potential Source of Natural Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources Vol. 4(2), June 2013, pp. 131-137 Illicium griffithii Hook. f. & Thoms.-A potential source of natural off-farm income to the rural people of Arunachal Himalaya, India ∗ Ashish Paul1 , Janmoni Kalita2, Mohamed Latif Khan2 and Om Prakash Tripathi2 1Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh – 791 112, Arunachal Pradesh, India 2Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed University), Nirjuli –791 109, Arunachal Pradesh Received 30 March 2012; Accepted 9 March 2013 In the high altitude region of Arunachal Himalaya, hilly and undulating terrains have resulted into low agricultural crops production although majority of the local residents are highly dependent on the agriculture for their subsistence. Moreover, sources of income are scarce and peoples mainly depend on forest and forest products. Therefore, wild plant and animal species form an important component of livelihood of rural people in many parts. Illicium griffithii Hook.f. & Thoms. one of the significant aromatic and medicinal tree species occurring in subtropical to temperate forest of Arunachal Himalaya. However, the species is growing in selected forest patches to a few locations. Dried seed pods are economically valuable having good market potential for spices and pharmaceutical purposes. Fruit is considered to be carminative, aromatic stimulant, stomachic and galactagogue. It is used as medicine to cure abdominal pain, cough, dyspepsia, food poisoning, vomiting, toothache and sinusitis. It is also used as an antifungal agent and food preservative. Owing to its high demand, local inhabitants harvest large quantity of fruits every year. Collected seeds are sold in local market at the rate from 120 to 150/kg which mainly depends on the market demand. Fruits may also be a potential source of shikimic acid for the production of Tami flu (oseltamivir), an active drug against avian influenza or bird flu. Further investigations on its chemical aspects are required to meet the needs of shikimic acid for the country as well as global market. This is an important source of natural off-farm income to the rural people of the West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh where the present study was undertaken. Keeping economic values in consideration, I. griffithii has the tremendous potential to reduce the poverty and will also provide employment opportunity to the rural inhabitants through bio-prospecting of the species which will contribute towards the socio-economic development of the rural people of Arunachal Himalaya. Keywords: Economy, Illicium griffithii, Off-farm income, Rural people, West Kameng, Anise trees. IPC code; Int. cl. (2011.01)−A61K 36/00 Introduction Arunachal Pradesh is the largest state among the Forests are the storehouse of biological diversity north eastern Himalayan region, known for its and provide immense value to life and wealth of glittering landscape with rich biodiversity and human beings. It plays an important role in ecosystem endemism. The state is the store house of natural functioning and services and contribute substantially resources because of its unique location at the to the economic development. It provides natural junction of biogeographic realms which enriches its resources like fuel, food, fodder, medicines, timber, biodiversity by harbouring biological elements from industrial forest products, wildlife habitats, animal both the Palearctic and Indomalayan realms1 and products, commercial products, etc. Owing to contributes to the 50% of the flowering plant species immense variety of climatic, edaphic, topographic of India2. It has a significant role in biological, ethical conditions resulted wide range of ecosystems and and cultural diversity of the country. The state has habitats such as forests, grasslands, wetlands, costal 26 major tribes and over 110 sub-tribes3 having and marine ecosystems, deserts which successively unique culture and ethics who mainly depend on contribute to enormous biological diversity. natural resources. About 34% of the total geographical area of the state is under temperate _________ forests4 which harbours a variety of aromatic, *Correspondent author: medicinal, ethnobotanical, economic and E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +91-9862035885 commercially important plants like Abies spp., 132 INDIAN J NAT PROD RESOUR, JUNE 2013 Aconitum spp., Bambusa spp., Berberis wallichiana Phylogenetic point of view, the Illicium species have DC., Bergenia sp., Coptis teeta Wall., Dipterocarpus vast biological importance as it exhibits the gradual spp., Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, Gymnocladus transition of the spiral perianth from sepaloid to assamicus U N Kanjilal, Illicium griffithii, Panax petaloid structure (found in Nymphaea)11. spp., Picrorrhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth., Pinus Among the different reported species, I. griffithii spp., Podophylum spp., Quercus spp., Rhododendron Hook.f. & Thoms. distributed sporadically in Bhutan, spp., Rheum australe D. Don, Rubia cordifolia L., Hong Kong, India and Vietnam12. It is an important Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem.) Karst., Taxus economic evergreen tree distributed between 1700 to wallichiana Zucc., Terminalia spp., etc. The local 3000 m ASL in subtropical and temperate forest of inhabitants of Arunachal Himalaya are mainly Arunachal Himalaya. Illicium species is growing wild dependent on forests and forest products for daily uses in different localities of subtropical and temperate like food, fodder, timber, fuel and medicine. Forests broad leaved forest of Lower Dibang Valley, Lower also play a significant role in social, cultural and Subansiri, Tawang, West Kameng and West Siang traditional aspects of rural people. There are many of districts of the state. However, this species is found in such species, while potential of it yet to be recognized. selected forest patches in particular pockets in West Among them I. griffithii is one of the medicinal and Kameng district due to geographical location and aromatic tree species occurring in high altitude of microclimatic condition of the district unlike other Arunachal Himalaya having good commercial value parts of the state. Conversely, it is not widely for spice and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, not distributed like other plant species. In the present only to conserve those species which we have already survey, we have recorded large trees with girth and gathered the information but those have yet to be height more than 140 cm and 30 m, respectively, identified and described their economic potential. growing in patches in temperate broad leaved forests, mixed forests and forest margins. Characteristics and Illicium species The word Illicium was derived from the Latin word values of the species are described in Table 1. It ‘Illicere’ meaning an attractant, presence of tempting flowers during January to April and fruiting by the perfume/aromatic oils. In 17595, the famous Dutch end of April, while fruit matures from September botanist Carl Linnaeus described and published in his onwards. Fruit is star shaped with 11-13 glowing boat shaped seed pods/carpels with incurved short beak work in ‘Systema Naturae’ in which the genus 12 Illicium appeared in plant literature for the first time. and may vary upto 13-14 carpels (Plate 1). During that period only one species Illicium anisatum L. I. griffithii associate with broad leaved trees like Acer was known in the world. Illicium L. or star anise, the spp., Castanopsis spp., Cinnamomum sp., Cornus only genus of the family Illciaceae, is an evergreen capitata Wall. ex Roxb., Cotoneaster sp., Daphne shrub or tree distributed in East and South East Asia papyracea Wall., Eurya acuminate DC., Juglans (37 species), South Eastern North America, Mexico regia L., Litsea spp., Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude, and West Indies (5 species)6-8. The genus is growing Magnolia sp., Michelia sp., Persea sp., Prunus well in subtropical evergreen forests and extends into cerasoides D. Don, Quercus griffithii Hook. f. & north temperate deciduous forests and tropical Thoms., Rhododendron arizelum Balf. f. & Forrest, montane forests. However, distribution of the genus Rhododendron garnde Wight, Rhododendron falconeri Illicium has been divided into two geographical ssp. eximium, Rhododendron kenderickii Nutt., regions, viz. (i) Southeastern Asia: Japan, southern Rhododendron mechukae A. A. Mao & A. Paul, China, northeastern India to Sumatra, northern Rhododendron sp. etc. and also with other conifer Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, the Indo-China species like Abies spp., Pinus wallichiana A. B. Peninsula and the northern Philippines and Jackson, Taxus wallichiana Zucc., etc. It has been (ii) Southeastern America and the Caribbean islands: observed that the species has good regeneration but from the southeastern United States and eastern the establishments of seedling to sapling stages are Mexico, Cuba to Haiti6. Maximum concentrations of poor in nature. the species have been reported from northern I. griffithii is popularly known as Lissi while Myanmar and southern China where 35 species have locally called as Munsheng (Monpa dialect) in West been illustrated9. About 27 species have been reported Kameng and Tawang district. At the same time from China, out of which 18 are endemic to China10. as Dirang and Senge Monpa people of West Kameng PAUL et al: ILLICIUM GRIFFITHII: A SOURCE OF INCOME FOR RURAL PEOPLE OF ARUNACHAL HIMALAYA 133 Table 1Characteristics, density-distribution
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