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Non-Indigenous Animal Taxa on St Helena: Likely Effects on Endemic and Indigenous Invertebrates and Their Habitats and Possible Control Measures

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Non-Indigenous Animal Taxa on St Helena: Likely Effects on Endemic and Indigenous Invertebrates and Their Habitats and Possible Control Measures Laying the Foundations for Invertebrate Conservation on St Helena Darwin Initiative Project 19-029 Non-indigenous Animal Taxa on St Helena: likely effects on endemic and indigenous invertebrates and their habitats and possible control measures Roger S Key January 2014 St Helena Government Dr Roger S. Key, The Old Black Bull, Carthorpe, Bedale, North Yorkshire, DL8 2LD, United Kingdom (044)(0)1845 567292 mb 07751 440813 skype roger.key4 e-mail [email protected] very draft web-page https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/1148372/rogerkey_files/frame.htm Linked In profile http://www.linkedin.com/pub/dr-roger-key/41/827/29 photographs website http://flickr.com/photos/roger_key/ front cover picture Springbok Mantis Miomantis caffra rear cover picture Red-headed centipede Scolopendra morsitans - both South African pictures © Roger Key Contents Layout of data sheets Competing Species and Ones Likely Adversely to Affect the Habitat of Indigenous Species Predatory Species (including parasitoids) Detritivores, Carrion & Dung Feeders Invertebrates Earthworms Scorpion Landhoppers False Scorpions Woodlice Spiders Mites Mites Millipedes Centipedes Springtails Praying Mantis Detritivorous/mycophagous Beetles Earwigs Synanthropic Beetles Crickets Detritivorous/carrion feeding Flies Cockroaches Herbivore Dung Fauna Predatory Bugs Green lacewings Saproxylics Predatory Ground, Rove, ‘Scavenger’ (& Soldier) Beetles Termites Ladybirds Saproxylic weevils Predatory Flies Plant Feeders Ants Social/European Common Wasp Slugs and Snails Solitary Wasps Aphids & scale insects Parasitoid Wasps Plant Bugs & Hoppers Vertebrates Thrips Guppy Plant-feeding Beetles Grass Frog Moths & Butterflies Java Gecko Phytophagous Flies Birds Rabbits (and Goats) Others Mammals Ants Barkflies/Barklice Webspinner Summary Layout of data sheets Group Referred to English name – may be taxon - “Spiders” or combined with ecological role - “Plant feeding bugs and hoppers” Threat posed Desirability for control Likelihood of success Self explanatory – based on my best opinion from personal knowledge of the group and/or what I have been able to research on threats/effects/control measures elsewhere. Colour coded on ugency and possibility. Taxonomy higher than that listed below eg Insecta: Hymenoptera: Alien species Number of species, list of species, with family if not given above in ‘Taxonomy’ and sometimes brief note on ecology/pest status etc in larger lists. Related Endemic/Indigenous species number of reasonably closely related species which might need to be taken into account when any consideration is being given to biological control, most often with a list of the species. Ecology Notes on what I can find on the ecology of the species or group of species, mainly from web-searching. Possible effects on St Helena’s indigenous/endemic invertebrates Reasons why the species/group may be of concern in the conservation of the indigenous invertebrate fauna of St Helena. i Predatory Effects (including parasitoids) Whether or not the species or group may pose a threat to populations of the indigenous invertebrate fauna of St Helena through direct predation. This can be difficult to assess and the assessment has to be to some degree subjective. ii Competitive effects Even more difficult to asses. I have tried to indicate those endemic/indigenous species/groups which are most likely naturally to inhabit the microhabitat into which the alien specie invades. Proving a competitive effect is most difficult. iii Parasitic effects Invertebrate parasites/parasitoid on other invertebrates, where appropriate. iv Effects on invertebrate habitats Many species are likely to impact on indigenous invertebrates not directly, but by altering the habitat in some way, making it less or unsuitable for the indigenous species, either by destroying foodplants, altering the quality of them in some way (eg by changing vigour, inducing the production of stress chemicals, producing honeydew and encouraging sooty mould etc), or changing the hygrology or physical characteristics of detritus or dead wood by burrowing etc. v Pest effects for people Species that also make a nuisance of themselves to the people of St Helena. These are the ones where there are likely to be control measures already known about. Possibility of Control i Likelihood of safe physical/chemical control in wild populations & habitats Whether ort not direct destruction of individual alien invertebrates or the modification of their habitat or the use of chemical biocides may safely achieve control (or elimination) of the species or group of species. Based mainly on studies elsewhere or from what is known of the ecology of the species/group. ii Likelihood of safe biocontrol measures & precedence Mainly from biological control work undertajken elsewhere, including sometimes research I have found that does not seem so far to have led to use in the field. In some instances, I have indicated predatory or parasitoid species that are known to impinge on the taxa in question but which seem not to have been used as biocontrol agents for the species either on St Helena or at all, and are included as thought provokers… iii Possible dangers of biocontrol measures My own feeling as to the dangers inherent in possible biocontrol programmes for alien invertebrates in the context of St Helena, concentrating mainly on the risk to endemic & indigenous species. Other comments Additional References A good source of further information on biocontrol relevant to the UK Overseas Territories is :- Maczey, Norbert :Tanner, Rob & Shaw, Richard. 2012. Understanding and addressing the impact of invasive non-native species in the UK Overseas Territories in the South Atlantic: A review of the potential for biocontrol. DEFRA ref: CR 0492 . CABI ref: TR10086. CABI Bioscience, Egham. http://www.cabi.org/uploads/projectsdb/documents/9748/Project%20reference%20list.docx Presumably there are other publications resulting from this project, although I am not familiar with them. PREDATORY SPECIES (including parasitoids) Species or groups that may pose a threat to populations of the indigenous invertebrate fauna of St Helena through direct predation. This can be difficult to assess and the assessment has to be to some degree subjective. INVERTEBRATES Scorpion False Scorpions Spiders Mites Centipedes Praying Mantis Earwigs Crickets Cockroaches Predatory Bugs Green lacewings Predatory Ground, Rove, ‘Scavenger’ (& Soldier) Beetles Ladybirds Predatory Flies Ants Social/European Common Wasp Solitary Wasps Parasitoid Wasps VERTEBRATES Guppy Grass Frog Java Gecko Birds Mammals Non-indigenous Animal Taxa on St Helena – Likely Effects on Indigenous Invertebrates & Their Habitats and Possible Control Measures Scorpion Threat posed HIGH Desirability for control HIGH Likelihood of success unknown/possible Taxonomy Scorpiones: Buthidae: Alien species - 1 Isometrus maculatus Related Endemic/Indigenous species - 0 Ecology Mainly dry habitats with loose stones for cover. Predatory on ground-dwelling and lapidicolous invertebrates. Possible effects on St Helena’s indigenous/endemic invertebrates i Predatory Effects Effects could be significant on dry ground invertebrates v Pest effects for people Painful sting, though not dangerous. Possibility of Control i Likelihood of safe physical/chemical control in wild populations & habitats Unlikely ii Likelihood of safe biocontrol measures & precedence Scorpions may be killed by parasitic nematodes and mites and there are chloropid fly parasitoids of the eggs of (fairly) closely related whip scorpions. However there appears little or no literature on biological control of scorpions and this may require primary research, ideally in South Africa where the species originates. iii Possible dangers of biocontrol measures Probably low if any biocontrol agent is known that is specific to scorpions. Additional References http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/0022-0493- 98.5.1486?prevSearch=scorpion%2Bcontrol&searchHistoryKey=&queryHash=2145991d9345db699d6a3a0333fe71e7 Gary A. Polis (ed) 1990 The Biology of Scorpions. Stanford University Press – see chapter on parasites:- http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6OqeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA318&lpg=PA318&dq=insect+parasitoids+of+scorpion+eggs&source=bl&ots=ZSz- YnfvnV&sig=hp3K4Bg7aQjEz- zAaErgDcM6Lsk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=36LvUo6OEJCg7AaDroDgAw&ved=0CGwQ6AEwCw#v=onepage&q=insect%20parasitoids%20of%20scorpion%2 0eggs&f=false Non-indigenous Animal Taxa on St Helena – Likely Effects on Indigenous Invertebrates & Their Habitats and Possible Control Measures False Scorpions Threat posed ?Low Desirability for control Unclear Likelihood of success Low Taxonomy Arachnida: Pseudoscorpionida: Alien species - 3 Chthonius ischnocheles Chthoniidae Roncus lubricus Neobisiidae Withius piger Withiidae Related Endemic/Indigenous species – 5 Tyrannochthonius helenae Chthoniidae Hemisolinus helenae Garypinidae Scotowithius helenae Withiidae Sphallowithius excelsus Withiidae Sphallowithius inhonestus Withiidae Ecology Alien species on St Helena favour moist microhabitats, particularly soil, litter, dead wood, mosses etc. Predatory on very small invertebrates, especially mites and springtails. Possible effects on St Helena’s indigenous/endemic invertebrates i Predatory Effects Unknown, but may effect mite and springtail populations. ii Competitive effects Possibly with endemic species. Possibility of Control i Likelihood of safe physical/chemical control in wild populations & habitats Unlikely ii Likelihood of safe biocontrol measures & precedence Unknown
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