Sejarah Peradaban Islam

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Sejarah Peradaban Islam SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002, tentang Hak Cipta PASAL 2 (1) Hak Cipta merupakan hak eksklusif bagi Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak Cipta untuk mengumumkan atau memperbanyak ciptaannya, yang limbul secara otomatis setelah suatu ciptaan dilahirkan tanpa mengurangi pembatasan menurut perundang-undangan yang berlaku. PASAL 72 (1) Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak melakukan perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 2 ayat (1) atau Pasal 49 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) dipidana penjara masing-masing paling singkat 1 (satu) bulan dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp 1.000.000.00 (Satu Juta Rupiah), atau paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp5.000.000.000,00 (Lima Miliar Rupiah). (2) Barang siapa dengan sengaja menyiarkan, memamerkan, mengedarkan, atau menjual kepada umum suatu Ciptaan atau barang hasil pelanggaran Hak Cipta atau Hak Terkait sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp 500.000.000.00 (lima ratus juta rupiah). DR. H. SYAMRUDDIN NASUTION, M.Ag. SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM Yayasan Pusaka Riau 2013 SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM ISBN:979-9339-27-4 Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang Cetakan Pertama, Nopember 2007 Cetakan Kedua, Nopember 2010 Cetakan Ketiga, Nopember 2013 Penyusun: Dr. H. Syamruddin Nasution. M.Ag. Perwajahan/Cover: Katon Penerbit: Yayasan Pusaka Riau Anggota IKAPI Kotak Pos 1351 Pekanbaru - Riau Telp/Fax. 27511 Dicetak pada Percetakan Pusaka Riau Isi diluar tanggungjawab Percetakan KATA SAMBUTAN REKTOR UIN SULTAN SYARIF KASIM RIAU Sebuah Perguruan Tinggi Islam yang ingin maju dan dikenal oleh masyarakat secara luas baik secara lokal, Nasional maupun Internasional, jika Perguruan Tinggi tersebut melakukan berbagai kajian-kajian ke Islaman. Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) maupun Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (STAIN), kedua lembaga tersebut bertugas menyiapkan peserta didik menjadi anggota masyarakat yang memiliki kemampuan Akademik, yang dapat menyumbangkan dan menerapkan ilmu pengetahuan dan ilmu-ilmu agama secara integral. Karakteristik bidang kajan di UIN dan STAIN terletak pada berbagai macam kajian ilmu-ilmu pengetahuan khususnya kajian Sejarah Peradaban Islam, diharapkan UIN dan STAIN akan menjadi Perguruan Tinggi yang lebih berperan di tengah-tengah kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia yang multicultural, baik agama, sosial dan budaya. Buku yang berjudul “ Sejarah Perdaban Islam” yang ditulis oleh saudara Drs.H.Syamruddin Nasution. M.A. ini sangat berharga dan diharapkan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan akademis, terutama dalam kajian Sejarah Peradaban Islam. Buku yang berbicara tentang sejarah Islam dan Peradabannya secara jujur sudah cukup banyak, namun buku ini disusun berdasarkan tuntutan kurikulum dalam bidang studi Sejarah Peradaban Islam, sehingga perlu kiranya segera diterbitkan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan akademik. Syamruddin Nasution | SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM • v Semoga buku ini berguna bagi para pembaca dan sekaligus dapat memenuhi kebutuhan akademik, khususnya bagi mahasiswa yang mengambil bidang studi Sejarah Peradaban Islam. Pekanbaru, Nopember 2007 Rektor, Prof. Dr. H. M. Nazir Karim Nip. 150 197 819 vi • Syamruddin Nasution | SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur dengan setulus-tulusnya dipersembahkan kehadirat Allah Swt. yang telah mengutus Rasul pilihan-Nya, Nabi Muhammad Saw. Membawa agama Islam yang dapat mengantarkan manusia kepada kehidupan bahagia di dunia dan akhirat. Agama yang disampaikan oleh Allah Swt. kepada manusia melalui Rasul-Nya Nabi Muhammad Saw., kini telah berusia lima belas abad yang tersebar luas dalam berbagai kawasan yaitu kawasan pengaruh kebudayaan Arab (Timur Tengah, Afrika Utara dan Spanyol Islam), kawasan pengaruh kebudayaan Persia (Islam dan Negara-Negara Islam di Asia Tenggara), kawasan pengaruh kebudayaan Turki, kawasan pengaruh kebudayaan India Islam, kawasan Asia Tenggara dan kawasan Afrika Selatan dan Afrika Tengah. Tentu saja menjadi suatu keharusan bagi umat Islam, khususnya mahasiswa UIN, IAIN dan STAIN untuk mengetahui Sejarah Perdaban Islam di berbagai kawasan tersebut di atas, namun karena luasnya kawasan tersebut, maka tidak mungkin disajikan sekaligus dalam buku sederhana ini. Oleh karena itu, agar pembahasannya lebih terpokus akan dibatasi pada kawasan Arab, meliputi Timur Tengah, Afrika Utara dan Spanyol Islam dengan pendekatan priodesasi yaitu pada masa periode Klasik. Sedangkan dalam periode Pertengahan dan periode Modern membutuhkan buku tersendiri. Demikian juga membahas sejarah Islam di kawasan lainnya. Syamruddin Nasution | SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM • vii Buku ini ditulis dalam rangka memenuhi bahan perkuliahan bagi para mahasiswa UIN, IAIN dan STAIN yang berada di bawah naungan Departemen Agama, dapat juga menjadi bahan bacaan bagi peminat studi ke-Islaman. Jelasnya, buku ini disusun berdasarkan silabus UIN, IAIN dan STAIN. Dalam kurikulum Nasional IAIN Tahun 1997, malahan sampai sekarang Tahun 2007, Sejarah Peradaban Islam termasuk salah satu komponen Mata Kuliah Umum (MKU) dengan bobot 3 SKS yang wajib diikuti oleh seluruh mahasiswa UIN, IAIN dan STAIN pada semua Fakultas dan Jurusan, maka kehadiran buku ini diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu bahan rujukan bagi para dosen dan mahasiswa. Namun demikian, sangat disadari bahwa buku ini masih jauh dari sempurna, baik dari segi isi, metode penulisan maupun analisisnya. Untuk itu, saran dan kritik dari para pembaca disambut dengan senang hati guna penyempurnaan buku berikutnya. Wa Allah a’lam bi al-shawab. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb. Pekanbaru, September 2007 Penulis, Syamruddin Nasution viii • Syamruddin Nasution | SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM KATA PENGANTAR Edisi II Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim Buku ini terbit pertama kali pada bulan Oktober 2007 dan telah mendapat sambutan baik dari para pembaca untuk dicetak ulang, tetapi karena penulis mengikuti kuliah program doktor falsafah di University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia belum sempat tersusun perbaikan atau penyempurnaannya. Setelah penulis selesai kuliah dan mengkaji lebih lanjut isi buku ini dan dengan memperhatikan saran-saran yang disampaikan termasuk dari para mahasiswa, penulis merasa perlu melakukan perbaikan dan tambahan pada garis besarnya dalam dua hal, yaitu: (1) ejaan dan kesalahan penulisan, (2) tambahan materi mengenai Spanyol Islam. Dengan perbaikan, tambahan dan penyempurnaan tersebut diharapkan buku ini akan lebih berbobot dan bermamfa’at bagi para pembaca budiman. Amien! Wa Allah a’lam bi al-shawab. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb. Pekanbaru, Nopember 2010 Penulis, Syamruddin Nasution Syamruddin Nasution | SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM • ix KATA PENGANTAR Edisi III Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim Buku yang terbit pada edisi ketiga ini secara prinsip tidak ada perubahan dari yang terbit pada edisi kedua tahun 2010, kecuali ada tambahan materi; Daulah Fatimiyah dan Daulah Mamalik di Mesir, Perang Salib, Daulah Turki Usmani di Turki, Daulah Safawiyah Persia dan Daulah Mughal di India. Oleh karena itu, ditambah dengan Periode Pertengahan. Dengan penambahan dan penyempurnaan tersebut diharapkan buku ini akan lebih berbobot dan bermamfa’at bagi para pembaca budiman. Amien! Wa Allah a’lam bi al-shawab. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb. Pekanbaru, Nopember 2013 Penulis, Syamruddin Nasution x • Syamruddin Nasution | SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM DAFTAR ISI KATA SAMBUTAN REKTOR UIN SULTAN SYARIF KASIM RIAU ........................................... v KATA PENGANTAR............................................................. vii KATA PENGANTAR (Edisi II) ............................................. ix KATA PENGANTAR (Edisi III) ............................................. x DAFTAR ISI.............................................................................. xi BAB I: PENDAHULUAN ................................................... 1 1. Pengertian Sejarah.............................................. 1 2. Pengertian Kebudayaan .................................... 2 3. Pengertian Peradaban........................................ 3 4. Makna Islam ....................................................... 3 5. Periode Sejarah Peradaban Islam .................... 5 BAB II: SEJARAH BANGSA ARAB SEBELUM ISLAM .................................................. 9 1. Geografi Simenanjung Arabia .......................... 9 2. Asal Usul Bangsa Arab.................................... 10 3. Flora ................................................................... 12 4. Fauna.................................................................. 12 Syamruddin Nasution | SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM • xi 5. Watak Bangsa Arab .......................................... 12 6. Agama dan Kepercayaan ................................ 15 7. Politik dan Pemerintahan ............................... 17 8. Ekonomi ............................................................ 23 9. Sosial Budaya .................................................... 26 BAB III: SEJARAH HIDUP NABI MUHAMMAD S.A.W. ............................. 28 I. Periode Mekah .................................................. 28 1. Sebelum Diangkat Menjadi Rasul ........... 28 2. Diangkat Menjadi Rasul ........................... 33 3. Tahap-tahap Dakwah ................................ 34 4. Tantangan Kaum Quraisy ........................ 36 5. Abu Thalib dan Khadijah Wafat.............. 38 6. Tahun Duka Cita dan Isra’ Mi’raj ............ 39 II. Periode Madinah .............................................. 41 7. Hijrah ke Yatsrib ........................................ 41 8. Membangun Masyarakat Islam ..............
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