Cia-Cia Language: from the Era of Oral to the Era of Writing

HUMANIORA

VOLUME 24 NO.30ktober2012 Halaman 324-332

CIA-CIA LANGUAGE: FROM THE ERA OF ORAL TO THE ERA OF WRITING

Cho, Tae-Young*

ABSTRAK Tufisan ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan latar belakang penerimaan dan penggunaan Hangeul (sistem tufisan KDrea) di masyarakat penutur bahasa Cia-Cia sebagai sistem tufisan mereka yang dimulai pelaksanaannya pada bulan Jufi 2009. Peristiwa ini sangat mengagetkan, baik se/uruh masyarakat Indonesia maupun negara-negara tetangga karena aksara Latin sedang memegang peranan kuat dalam penggunaan aksara dise/uruh dunia peda zaman ini. Dari sisi yang lain, yakni aspek sejarah perkembangan aksara di dunia ini yang berjalan dalam proses peminjaman dan penyesuaian aksara secara berulang terus membuktikan bahwa suatusistem tufisan (selain Latin) juga dopat digunakan dalam masyarakat bahasa yang lain peda abad ke-21. Seperti sejumlah besar masyarakat bahasa minaritas, masyarakat bahasa Cia-Cia punbe/um pernah memilild sistem tufisan tersendiri sehingga bahasanya tidak pernah sekafi pun ditufiskan dengan aksara apapun. Penl/fisan Hangeul dalam bahasa Cia-Cia dimulai dengan maksud untukme/estarikan bahasa minaritas. Sesuai dengan maksud tersebut. jikakelangsungan hidup bahasa Cia-Cia akan dilanjutkan dengan stabil, Hangeul akan diingat sebagai salah satu sistem tufisan yang telah me/estarikan bahasa Cia-Cia dalam sejarah perkembangan aksara di dunia ini.

KIna /{unci: Bahasa Cia-Cia, bahasa minoritas, Hangeul, peminjaman aksara

ABSTRACT This paper aimed to describe the background of Cia-Cia language society's adoption and useof Hangeul (Korean alphabet) as its writing system that was begun in July 2009. The issue has caused Indonesian society and neighborhood countries curious, since Latinalphabet is world widely used as the most common writing system at present time. On the other side, the historical background of writing system's development which has been implemented sustainably through borrowing and adapting process proves that any writing system can also be u~ in other language society in the 21" century. Similar to that of the most of minority language societies, Cia-Cia language has not had its own writing system. The transcription of Hangeul in Cia-Cia language was begun to support the preservation of minority language. Concern to this issue, ifthe spoken language of Cia-Cia is stabilly continued, Hangeul willbe known as one of the writing systems Whichhas preserved Cia-Cia language in world's development of writing system history.

Keywords: Cia-Cia language, minority language, Hangeul, borrowing writing

• Institutefor EastAsian Studies, Sogang University, South Korea

324 Cho, Tae- Young - Cia-Cia Language

INTRODUCTION People produce their own oral tradition in order Linguists estimate that there are 6,700 types to stay alive. Toward this process, borrowing of languages across the globe (Nettle & Romaine, writing can be taken in particular society. The 2000:21). Ifthe types of languages are compared adaptation then plays an important role based to 230 countries around the world, it can be on local culture and inhabitants. Generally, concluded that more than one country uses more neighbourhood nations will apply same writing in than one language. Most of countries across the several variations. It is due to the issue of globe are multilingual societies. Differ from type geographicrange and similar civilization among of language, Writing system can only be found in them. Therefore, the role of human being is small number than the spoken language.Writings significantly important as the utterer, the active that have been used in the world are noted about speaker.These whole processes are done by 28-30. It is simply described that one writing human being in order to record and preserve their system plays its role to several particular oral tradition by using foreign writing after languages. adaptation process. In European continent,NorthlSouthAmerica, Indonesiaiswidely-known as a countrywhich and other European collonialization, people use hasbeen usingdilferenttypes ofwritings(includes Latin alphabet as their writing system. In several nearly-extinct ones). These all writings are countries that are influenced by Islamic culture, borrowedfrom foreign civilization.Hardiatigroups they use Arabic writing system. In East Asian Indonesian writings into three main foreign countries such as Korea and Japan, Chinese civilization, they are Indian, Arabic, and Latin character is remain used eventhough the two (Hardiati, 2002:2-3). All writings have adapted countries have their own writing system. Such based on Indonesian local language and culture. circumstances can lead an understanding that Pallawa, Kawi, Sunda, Bali, Batak, Kerinci, there are still many languages do not have their Lontarak, Jawi, Pegon, Serang, and Wolio are own writing system in recording their spoken the result of borrowing-adapting process from languages. In other words, some nations may Indiaand Arabic writings, in order topreserve oral continue their civilizationwithout using one single tradition in Indonesia.The occurance of these writing system. writings can be seen as reflectionof a long history Gelb who conductedresearch on writing of writing development. However, in Indonesia system, the-so-called Grammatologyexplained alone there are a lot of ethnics which have not that Writing exists only in a civilization and a been in touch with the importance of writing and civilization cannot exist without writing its long-inhabitted history. (Gelb,1952:v, 222). Writing is tightly related to In the past thflle years, one ethnic in human civilization in all aspects of life. Based on Indonesiabegan to adapt and use foreign writing. Gelbs' idea, can we conclude a nation with no The circumstance has taken variety of attentions writing has already built its own civilization? This from scholars and linguists of neighborhood question is rarely taken seriously, however the countries. However, the history of writing occurance of writing in a language society is fully development remains conducted. The writer will related to its own civilization.The issue can be introduce the background of receiVing and exploredfrom history-of-wriling pointof view.Most implementing Hangeul (Korean writing) into Cia of linguists agreed that the historyof writing based Cia language society in Indonesia. This article on borrowing and adapting process done aims at (1) observing the history of writing system continually among nations. During the process, development in Indonesia through new writing is more developedbothgenealogicallyand perspective, which is related to the adaptation of typologically. new writing outside India, Arab, and Latin, (2) Every society desires to descend and reinvestigating the existence of worlds' history of preserve itsown oraltraditionas a partof cultures. writingdevelopment,and (3) buildingunderstand-

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ingtoward thehistory ofBulan Island inthecurrent Unlike otherethnic groups in Indonesia, Cia situation, duetotheimplementation of Hangeul. Cia has neverexperiences using of any writing system. Theutterer have not beenintouch with CIA-eIA LANGUAGE SOCIETY any particular writing such as Walia, Lontarak, 'Bhinneka Tunggallka' (Unity inDiversity) as or Seranq, which have been used by Indonesian national slogan declares diversity of neighborhood ethnic groups, Buginese and ethnic, religion, language, and other cultural Makasarese ofButon. However, Cia-Gia still has aspect that are all unite in Indonesia (KBBI, its own oral tradition, expreeses in its spoken 1988:112). Taking a lookofthisslogan, Indonesia language without any particular writing. Cia-Cia has variety and huge numbers of ethnics with language society isoneofthepartsof Indonesia their own language and culture. Based on SIL whoisactively utterIndonesian language written data, Indonesia has731 existing languages (SIL, in Latin alphabet. Hence, they symbolize their 2001:1). This number of language can be also spoken language in Latin. concluded as the number of ethnics across From the minority point of view, Cia-Cia Indonesian archipelago. society doesnothaveonesinglewriting system Among different ethnic groups, Cia-Cia whose thatcan represent theexact sound oftheirspoken namederived fromtheword'cia (meaning no)'in language intowritten text. Therefore, theynever Cia-Cia language and its dialects situated in record anyoftheiroraltradition inwritten text. In Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi (Hamzah thisterribly circumstance, Cia-Gia society needs Lajura creates the name 'Cia-Cia', Mustafa, to struggle in preserving their nearly-extinct 1991:7).Cia-Cia is oneofthelanguages spoken language. Cia-Gia spoken language is notactively in Buton Island, outsideneighbor languages are uttered by their own young generation. On the Walia, Muna and Liabuku.Cia-Cia is using by 2007 National Symposium of Indonesian 79,000 peopleliving in Southern of Buton Island Language, JusufKalla mentioned forthepast20 asshows below (Based onSILdata in2005 year, years oftime, 30%ofIndonesian locallanguage there are 79,000 Cia-Cia language native shave fallen to extinction (Tamim, 2010:27 speakers). Buton Island, Cia-Gia language utterer requoted by Chun Tai-Hyun, 2010b:182).The canbefoundin Batuata Island, Binongko Island number pottentially increases in the upcoming and Moromaho Island as the native homes. future, specifically languages without their own Makassar, Kendari, even Maluku arealsosome writing systems. home for minority Cia-Cia people.

ISLAND BUTDN SOUTH EAST SULAWESi w4-.N KABAENA 5 ,_ WANGIWANGI • .. ,. '.KALEOUPA

" TOMIA • Society of aa-CI. LIonpaq;e ~.. BIIlfONGKO Sp••k., ~. -----10 MOROMAHO

Figure 1. Society of Cia-Cia Language Speaker

326 Cho, Tae- Young - Cia-Cia Language

FROMHANGEULTO CIAoClA WRITING latesl... This Hangeul can properly symbolize variety sounds of animals and nature If a new writing system occurs, then it must (Translated bywrilerfrom KangShin-Hang, Kim be influenced by the existing ones. All writing Ju-Won, Shin Sang-Soon & Lee Sang-Oak, systems are developed and are influenced from 2008: 91, 113-114). the existingto the current one. Indeed,the system of writing can develop genealogically and ItexplainsHangeulas an intentionallycreated typhologically. The history of writing system alphabet by King Sejong the Great in order to development is an established theory for all symbolize phonemic-based writing system, also linguists.However, Hangeul, Korean writing is not to overcome Korean struggling and difficulties in yet included in the history. Hangeul is derived communicating in daily life. Several linguists of from two words 'han' and 'geul'. The word 'han' Grammatologyfield agreed that Hangeul is the means nation or Korea, while 'geul' refers to only scientificallywritingsystem in the world which word, alphabet, and script. Therefore, Hangeul is intentionally created. Fisher declared that means the alphabet of Korea, or Korean writing Koreanwritingsystemis nottaken fromborrowing system. Hangeul is known as the one and only adapting process as other writing systems had writing system that is intentionally created by experienced. It is,on the contrary,an intentionally human (King Sejong the Great). King Sejong the created writingsystemcontaining clear purposes. (1397~1450) th Great was the 4 King of Joseon Another linguist, Sampson examines Hangeul as dinasty (1392-1897), Korea. King Sejong was not one of the highest achievements in human only famous as a King, but also a scholar in civilization (Fischer,2010: 256 requoted by Chun different field of knowledges. In his reign, Korea Tai-Hyun, 2010:189). has no own writing system and was influenced The introduction of Hangeul into Cia-cia by Chinese character. Korean people struggled language society was firstly doing by a Korean in communicating their ideas into words and linguist Chun Tai-Hyun.As a professor in Malay writing, since Chinese alphabet could not fully Indonesian language at Hankuk University of symbolize Korean phonic system. Therefore, Foreign Studies (HUFS), he has dedicated his King Sejong the Great created Hangeul along time in conducting researches toward Indonesian with several language experts in 1443.Three language along with several its local languages. years after,exactiy in 1446,King Sejongthe Great Since 1980s, he had been visiting Eastern announced Hangeul as the official writing of Indonesia.Asan Indonesian language expert, he Joseon dinasty. Further information about is fully corcem and aware with several ethnic Hangeul background can be referred on (Kang groups who do not have their own writings. In Shin-Hang, Kim Ju-Won, Shin Sang-Soon & Lee 2005, an InternationalSymposium of Indonesian Sang-Oak, 2008). Manuscripts held in Bau-Bau, Chun Tai-Hyun Hunminjeongeum (means 'the right sounds focused his concern to some ethnic groups in to teach illiterate people') that includes the Bau-Bau, Buton Island. teaching of Hangeul and itshistoricalbackground, Three years after, in May 2008, Chun Tai King Sejong the Great declared, Hyun officially introduced circumstances and problems faced by several ethnic groups in Korean language,the phonic system is far Indonesia, particularly in Buton Island to different to Chinese. Therefore, Korean has Hunminjeongeum Society, a community of beenstrunggling to communicate theirideasin Chinese character. The creation of the 28 experts, scholars, and scientist in Korea who are alphabets aims at overcoming Koreanpeople coilducting important researches of writing difficultiesin learning and writingin conducting systems across the globe. They agreed to start a daily activities... Hangeul is easy to learn in a project of implementing Hangeul in Bau-Bau, day for the quick learner, or ten days at the Buton Island.

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Based on meeting result to implement successfully completed thelanguage program at Hangeul into one of ethnic groups in Bau-Bau, SNU and was finished Cia-Cia school book Hunminjeongeum society sentanofficial letter to written in Hangeul witha phonetic professor Lee the Mayor of Bau-Bau offering on building up Ho-Young andhisdoctoral student Hwang Hyo cooperation in culture and education through Sung. Hangeul. Theofferwastaken warmingly bythe Cia-Cia school bookwritten in Hangeul was Mayorandwascontinued byChun Tai-Hyun as published on July 16"'2009. The introduction of Hunminjeongeum society member to Bau-Bau. Hangeul wasofficially begun atelementary school InJuly2008, Hunminjeongeum society andBau Karya Baru, Sorawolio, Bau-Bau on July Bau local government signed MoU in creating 22""2009. It was the firststep of Cia-Cia writing mutual understanding in culture and education. creation using Hangeul. The implementation of At thetime, the Mayor Amirul Tamim suggested Hangeul intoCia-Cia language society becomes Cia-Cia language as one of the main local hottopicin Korea,lndonesia, and othercountries. languages around Bau-Bau, which washappen It became headlines in New York Times, Wall ed to not have its own writing system. Another Street Journal, Voice ofAmerica and NHK. In meeting washeld inSorawolio, oneof regencies December 2009, Hunminjeongeum Society and inBau-Bau where Cia-Cia nalive people live. The Mayorof Seoul invited Mayorof Bau-Bau along meeting resulted to anagreement of implement withseveral Bau-Bau local government officials ingHangeul as Cia-Cia writing system. to cometo Seoul.Both Mayorof Bau-Bau and InDecember onthesame year, twoCia-Cia elementary school teachers were invited toKorea Korea agreed to sign Letter of Intent (Lol)to in orderto followa language program at Seoul cooperatethe two cities in cultureand educat National University(SNU). However, oneofthem ion. Government of Seoul. in celebrating the could notfullyattend thelanguage program after first launching of Cia-Cia school book written several weeks in Korea, dueto lackof ability in in Hangeul, provided one stand exhibition adapting to Korean society. Abidin, an English named'Storyroomof King Sejong the Great'in teacher for elementary school in Bau-Bau was Seoul.

Figure2. MoU signing and meeting with Cia-Cia Ethnic Leader in Sorawolio (LeeHo-Young, 2010)

328 Cho, Tae-Young - Cia-Cia Language

Figure3. SchoolBookof Cia-Cialanguage and stand exhibitionof Cia-Ciain Seoul (http://WNW.cunurenomicsblog.seoul.go.kr/1146)

One year after, International Congress of The occurance of grapheme variation in Local Languages in South East Sulawesi was borrowing-adapting writing process is seen as held in Bau-Bau on July 18-20, 2010, attended identity symbol of the recipient. In Cia-Cia by linguists and language experts across the writing, grapheme variation also occurs based globe. Hangeul implementation in Cia-Cia on Cia-Cia phonic system. However, it is language society was also presented and was important to consider that these variations are becoming hot issue during the Congress. It was not only occurring in Hangeul, but also in Cia one year of Hangeul implementation. Cia writing. We can conclude that grapheme variation is an identity symbol ofCia-Cia writing THE USING OF CIA-CIA WRITING AND ITS in writing its own spoken language, not Korean. FUTURE Therefore, Cia-Gia writing has qualification in As described above, worlds' historyof writing playing its role as a writing system in systemdevelopmentcontainsborrowing-adapting symbolizing Cia-Cia spoken language. process that is done continuesly among nations. In the past centuries, Humboldt declared Latin alphabet, for instance, is used in almost all Indonesian acceptance ability to foreign western countries with several variations and civilization as follow. is derived from Phoenician writing. Such Among nations across the globe, it is difficult phenomenon is not only happened in European to finda nation likeIndonesia thathastheability continent, but also in otherareas. Countries that of acceptance toward foreign civilization as have experienced Islamic civilization will have whole package, but at the same time remain Arabic as their writing along with its grapheme keeping their own tradition...... Javanese variation to local languages. These grapheme language that had beenstronglyinfluenced by variation are different to one another, but are all Indiancivilization, never in history changedits culture to Sanskrit. However, Javanese derived from Arabic writing. In addition, Indian challenge it self to adapt Sanskrit to its own writing also had used by several ethnic groups in language frame. (Translation bywriterfromShin Indonesia such as Kawi, Batak, Lontarak, etc, Ik-Seong, 1985: 31-53). which all have been adapting to local spoken languages.

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Figure4. Streetboardwrittenin Cia-Ciawritingin Sorawolio. Bau-Bau

Itdescribes notonlythesituation ofJavanese (Chun Tai-Hyun, 2010a: 1).When writervisited society in accepting Indian civilization, but also Bugi I in October 2010, the children were alllanguage societies inIndonesia toward foreign studying Cia-Cia language. They looked very civilization. Therefore, several writing inIndonesia excited in learning theirmotherlanguage using such as Pallawa, Kawi, Sunda, Bali, Batak, Cia-Cia writing. Such circumstance is far Kerinci, Lontarak, and Jawi, Pagon, Sarang, Wolio different than fact in Buginese-Makasarese can be said as creative creation in order to language society in South Sulawesi, where preserve and to pass down their language and children starting to forgot reading and writing culture, though allisderived fromwriting system Lontarak writing. offoreign civilization (Chun Tai-Hyun, 1996: 358). Concerning brightfuture of Cia-Cia young Cia-Gia writing thatisderived fromHangeul is a generation, Korean Rural Development creative creation based on language system of Administration is currently running a project of Cia-Cia. It hasgrapheme variation to symbolize agricultural technic andadvanced rice field toOa Cia-Cia language, notKorean. Cia society. Theagricultural technic will behelpful Currently, streetboards in Sorawolio areall to produce high quality rice, as majority of Cia written intwo different alphabets, Latin andCia Ciaadults arefarmers. The book of agricultural Cia. Forotherethnic groups whovisitthisplace, technic andadvanced ricefield waspublished in they will easily recogni;ze Cia-Cia writing by three different languages; Indonesian, Cia-Gia looking atthestreetboard. language, and English using twowritings; Latin Differfrom children of other ethnic groups, andCia-Cia. Thebookwas processed byChun Cia-Cia has the ability to read and write their Tai-Hyun andagriculture expert RyuHae-Yeong Writing. InBau-Bau, there areclasses ofGia-Cia under leaded of Korean Rural Development ~~.rl9 atthree different elementary schools; Karya Administration. Thebook will name thefirst written :,,' 'JBugi I and Bugi II totaling 187 students inCia-Cia writing. Cho, Tae-Young - Cia-Cia Language

Figure 5. Class of Cia-Cia local language in Cia-Cia writing at elementary school Bugi I

CONCLUSION Indonesia which are having their own writing Oneyearof implementing Cia-Gia writing that system, some are productively recorded oral is derived from Hangeul, Korean writing, tradition intowriting. Cia-Cia language society has controversy occurred among society inIndonesia the samechancein advance. andothercountries. Question such'Why Korean For the past few years, linguists focus their writing?" The motivation to write down Cia-Cia concern on a tenrible phenomenon of language spoken languge into its own writing system is extinction that happended rapidly. Nettle and aiming torecord andpreserve theiroraltraditions. Romaine have reminded that almosthalfof total As research conducted in the beginning of the languages acrossthe globewillextinctinthe21st projectresulting Hangeul isproperly symbolizing century (Nettle & Romaine, 2000:21). Cia-Cia Cia-Cia phenicsystem compare to otherexisting language isbelieved to havethesamephenome writing. non.Therefore, the usingof Hangeul to preserve In Buginese-Makasarese society, South Cia-Gia spoken language willcreate the-so-called Sulawesi, therewasanagreement in pasttimes 'Cia-Cia writing system as one of the part of among kingdoms to keep their relation strong, writings in Indonesia, andfurthermore, across the "...whoeverfound better way, he promises to tell globe. (the better way) to other Kings", (Sewang, 2005:112). TwoKorean linguists, ChunTai-Hyun REFERENCES and Lee Ho-Young after conducting their Chun Tai-Hyun. 1996. Bahasa Indonesia (in Aksara research, have suggested Hangeul as a better Dunia).Seoul: SeoulArts Center. way to be implemented as Cia-Cia writing to ---. 2010a. "Laporan Mengenai Bantuan yang record and preserve theirspoken language. Mendesak untuk Pengajaran Aksara dan Bahasa In the upcomingfuture, the implementation Korea di Kota Bau-bau".Jakarta:Personal Report to ofCia-Cia writing isfully depending ontheiractive the Korean EmbassyinJakarta. ---'-, 2010b. "Language Policy in Indonesia: utterer. However, a fascinating way to avoidthe Relatingto the Issueof Cia-Cia Tribe's Adoption of extinction of Cia-Cia spoken language hasfound the Korean Alphabet as Its Writing System". in byusing Hangeul in preserving and recording its Joumal of the International Network for Korean language and local culture. Among societies in Language and Culture Vol 7/n02,

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