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Phenophase Primer for Plants

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Phenophase Primer for Plants Phenophase Primer for Plants Understanding Plant Phenophases for Nature’s Notebook USA-NPN Education & Engagement Series 2016-002 October 2016 DRAFT A project of the USA-NPN Phenophase Primer for Plants Understanding Plant Phenophases for Nature’s Notebook USA-NPN Education & Engagement Series 2016-002 October 2016 Suggested citation: USA-NPN National Coordinating Offi ce. 2016. USA National Phenology Network Phenophase Primer. USA-NPN Education and Engagement Series 2016-0X1. www.usanpn.org. Although this publication is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this publication; this primarily refers to all of the photos/images provided for illustrative reference. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 THE PHENOPHASES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Angiosperms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Conifers ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 THE PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Angiosperms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Conifers ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 UNDERSTANDING ABUNDANCE & INTENSITY OBSERVATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 41 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Angiosperms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Conifers ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 INTRODUCTION 1 2 Each organism cycles through a sequence of life stages that, generally, that they have chosen to observe. Many phenological phase questions brings them through germination, immature phases, mature phases, and are straight-forward and easy to determine, but some are not. And that reproduction. Depending on their life strategy, they may only complete might be because of the experience of the participant or it might be due one cycle if their species has a typical “annual”, “biennial”, or monocarpic to the complexity of the plant. Plants, like all organisms, can have complex pattern, or they may complete tens to hundreds of cycles, one per year, if strategies and anatomy that are hard to read, and thus, make accurate their species has a typical “perennial” pattern. observations diffi cult. The Phenophase Primer was generated as a tool to enable participants to become more familiar with the observations they Within this life pattern, we have identifi ed distinct phases (phenological are asked to report on—and their complexities. Ultimately, the goal is to phases) of life stages that can be tracked and archived to help us under- make more accurate and dependable observations—so that managers stand the organism; in this case, a plant. We can place the sequence of and scientists, and you, can make better management decisions for those these phases within the context of environmental data and other types of plants. Good observations might support choices such as what species to information to further understand the plant’s relationship to its environ- plant in a garden in your region so that it fl owers continuously, or what ment and other organisms. Some of these other factors might be the local plants a manager might provide for animal visitors during stressful times of or regional climate and weather events or how animals interact with a the year. plant and how their own phenological phases are infl uenced as a result of interactions. The Phenophase Primer is organized into 3 sections At the USA National Phenology Network, when using Nature’s Notebook Section 1: The Phenophases as a guide to track a plant’s phenophases, an observer/participant will be asked to answer yes- or no-type questions, count-category observations Section 2: The Plant Functional Types and percentage-category observations that report the activity of a plant Section 3: Understanding Abundance & Intensity Observations 5 PHENOPHASE PRIMER FOR PLANTS INTRODUCTION 3 4 5 6 Section 1: The Phenophases leaves, percentage of canopy full, etc.). Each of these observations is explained, and some methods offered for how you, as an observer, might Section 1 covers all of the various phenophases that an observer might think about when taking these measurements so that data is recorded ac- be asked to record data for when observing the many Nature’s Notebook curately. plant species, along with supplemental information that might help an observer to identify the pre- and post-phenophase cues. Thus, this Phenophase Primer has been developed as a tool for better understanding the phenophase defi nitions and protocols developed for Section 2: The Plant Functional Groups quality assurance and quality control of the National Phenology Database. Section 2 covers the different plant functional groups (deciduous plants, It should be used as a companion guide to the Botany Primer, the fi rst evergreen plants, drought-deciduous plants, cactus, conifer, etc.) and primer in our series, which carefully details botanical information to assist the series of phenophases an observer is asked to cycle through for each in identifi cation of the parts of a plant highlighted in Nature’s Notebook. functional group. Each plant functional group highlights several differ- ent species that display different and/or complex attributes or phases that make observations more challenging within the functional group. Section 3: Understanding Abundance & Intensity Observations Section 3 covers making and recording the observations that measure abundance and intensity (e.g. numbers of fl owers open and percentage of open fl owers, numbers of leaves unfolded and percentage of unfolded 6 PHENOPHASE PRIMER FOR PLANTS INTRODUCTION Suggested citation: USA-NPN National Coordinating Offi ce. 2016. USA National Phenology Network THE PHENOPHASES Phenophase Primer: Section 1—Draft version. USA- NPN Education and Engagement Series 2016-002. www.usanpn.org. Although this publication is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this publication; this primarily refers to all of the images provided for illustrative reference. 7 PHENOPHASE PRIMER FOR PLANTS THE PHENOPHASES CONTENTS The Phenophases INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Angiosperms AN OVERVIEW OF VEGETATIVE (LEAF) PHENOPHASES .............................................................................................................................................................. 16 How are they related to one another? ...................................................................................................................................................................................
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