Training Linux Debugging
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FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy
Kernel Crypto API Cryptographic Module version 1.0 FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Version 1.3 Last update: 2020-03-02 Prepared by: atsec information security corporation 9130 Jollyville Road, Suite 260 Austin, TX 78759 www.atsec.com © 2020 Canonical Ltd. / atsec information security This document can be reproduced and distributed only whole and intact, including this copyright notice. Kernel Crypto API Cryptographic Module FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Table of Contents 1. Cryptographic Module Specification ..................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Module Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Modes of Operation ................................................................................................................................. 9 2. Cryptographic Module Ports and Interfaces ........................................................................................ 10 3. Roles, Services and Authentication ..................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Roles .......................................................................................................................................................11 3.2. Services ...................................................................................................................................................11 -
Oracle® Linux 7 Monitoring and Tuning the System
Oracle® Linux 7 Monitoring and Tuning the System F32306-03 October 2020 Oracle Legal Notices Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, then the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs (including any operating system, integrated software, any programs embedded, installed or activated on delivered hardware, and modifications of such programs) and Oracle computer documentation or other Oracle data delivered to or accessed by U.S. Government end users are "commercial computer software" or "commercial computer software documentation" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, reproduction, duplication, release, display, disclosure, modification, preparation of derivative works, and/or adaptation of i) Oracle programs (including any operating system, integrated software, any programs embedded, installed or activated on delivered hardware, and modifications of such programs), ii) Oracle computer documentation and/or iii) other Oracle data, is subject to the rights and limitations specified in the license contained in the applicable contract. -
Operating System Engineering, Lecture 3
6.828 2012 Lecture 3: O/S Organization plan: O/S organization processes isolation topic: overall o/s design what should the main components be? what should the interfaces look like? why have an o/s at all? why not just a library? then apps are free to use it, or not -- flexible some tiny O/Ss for embedded processors work this way key requirement: support multiple activities multiplexing isolation interaction helpful approach: abstract services rather than raw hardware file system, not raw disk TCP, not raw ethernet processes, not raw CPU/memory abstractions often ease multiplexing and interaction and more convenient and portable note: i'm going to focus on mainstream designs (xv6, Linux, &c) for *every* aspect, someone has done it a different way! example: exokernel and VMM does *not* abstract anything! xv6 has only a few abstractions / services processes (cpu, mem) I/O (file descriptors) file system i'm going to focus on xv6 processes today a process is a running program it has its own memory, share of CPU, FDs, parent, children, &c it uses system calls to interact outside itself to get at kernel services xv6 basic design here very traditional (UNIX/Linux/&c) xv6 user/kernel organization h/w, kernel, user kernel is a big program services: process, FS, net low-level: devices, VM all of kernel runs w/ full hardware privilege (very convenient) system calls switch between user and kernel 1 good: easy for sub-systems to cooperate (e.g. paging and file system) bad: interactions => complex, bugs are easy, no isolation within o/s called "monolithic"; -
Dm-X: Protecting Volume-Level Integrity for Cloud Volumes and Local
dm-x: Protecting Volume-level Integrity for Cloud Volumes and Local Block Devices Anrin Chakraborti Bhushan Jain Jan Kasiak Stony Brook University Stony Brook University & Stony Brook University UNC, Chapel Hill Tao Zhang Donald Porter Radu Sion Stony Brook University & Stony Brook University & Stony Brook University UNC, Chapel Hill UNC, Chapel Hill ABSTRACT on Amazon’s Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) [2] (which provides The verified boot feature in recent Android devices, which strong security guarantees through network isolation) store deploys dm-verity, has been overwhelmingly successful in elim- data on untrusted storage devices residing in the public cloud. inating the extremely popular Android smart phone rooting For example, Amazon VPC file systems, object stores, and movement [25]. Unfortunately, dm-verity integrity guarantees databases reside on virtual block devices in the Amazon are read-only and do not extend to writable volumes. Elastic Block Storage (EBS). This paper introduces a new device mapper, dm-x, that This allows numerous attack vectors for a malicious cloud efficiently (fast) and reliably (metadata journaling) assures provider/untrusted software running on the server. For in- volume-level integrity for entire, writable volumes. In a direct stance, to ensure SEC-mandated assurances of end-to-end disk setup, dm-x overheads are around 6-35% over ext4 on the integrity, banks need to guarantee that the external cloud raw volume while offering additional integrity guarantees. For storage service is unable to remove log entries documenting cloud storage (Amazon EBS), dm-x overheads are negligible. financial transactions. Yet, without integrity of the storage device, a malicious cloud storage service could remove logs of a coordinated attack. -
The Design of a Pascal Compiler Mohamed Sharaf, Devaun Mcfarland, Aspen Olmsted Part I
The Design of A Pascal Compiler Mohamed Sharaf, Devaun McFarland, Aspen Olmsted Part I Mohamed Sharaf Introduction The Compiler is for the programming language PASCAL. The design decisions Concern the layout of program and data, syntax analyzer. The compiler is written in its own language. The compiler is intended for the CDC 6000 computer family. CDC 6000 is a family of mainframe computer manufactured by Control Data Corporation in the 1960s. It consisted of CDC 6400, CDC 6500, CDC 6600 and CDC 6700 computers, which all were extremely rapid and efficient for their time. It had a distributed architecture and was a reduced instruction set (RISC) machine many years before such a term was invented. Pascal Language Imperative Computer Programming Language, developed in 1971 by Niklaus Wirth. The primary unit in Pascal is the procedure. Each procedure is represented by a data segment and the program/code segment. The two segments are disjoint. Compiling Programs: Basic View Machine Pascal languag program Pascal e compile program filename . inpu r gp output a.out p t c Representation of Data Compute all the addresses at compile time to optimize certain index calculation. Entire variables always are assigned at least one full PSU “Physical Storage Unit” i.e CDC6000 has ‘wordlength’ of 60 bits. Scalar types Array types the first term is computed by the compiler w=a+(i-l)*s Record types: reside only within one PSU if it is represented as packed. If it is not packed its size will be the size of the largest possible variant. Data types … Powerset types The set operations of PASCAL are realized by the conventional bit-parallel logical instructions ‘and ‘ for intersection, ‘or’ for union File types The data transfer between the main store buffer and the secondary store is performed by a Peripheral Processor (PP). -
Chapter 3. Booting Operating Systems
Chapter 3. Booting Operating Systems Abstract: Chapter 3 provides a complete coverage on operating systems booting. It explains the booting principle and the booting sequence of various kinds of bootable devices. These include booting from floppy disk, hard disk, CDROM and USB drives. Instead of writing a customized booter to boot up only MTX, it shows how to develop booter programs to boot up real operating systems, such as Linux, from a variety of bootable devices. In particular, it shows how to boot up generic Linux bzImage kernels with initial ramdisk support. It is shown that the hard disk and CDROM booters developed in this book are comparable to GRUB and isolinux in performance. In addition, it demonstrates the booter programs by sample systems. 3.1. Booting Booting, which is short for bootstrap, refers to the process of loading an operating system image into computer memory and starting up the operating system. As such, it is the first step to run an operating system. Despite its importance and widespread interests among computer users, the subject of booting is rarely discussed in operating system books. Information on booting are usually scattered and, in most cases, incomplete. A systematic treatment of the booting process has been lacking. The purpose of this chapter is to try to fill this void. In this chapter, we shall discuss the booting principle and show how to write booter programs to boot up real operating systems. As one might expect, the booting process is highly machine dependent. To be more specific, we shall only consider the booting process of Intel x86 based PCs. -
Latest X64dbg Version Supports Non-English Languges Through a Generic Algorithm That May Or May Not Work Well in Your Language
x64dbg Documentation Release 0.1 x64dbg Jul 05, 2021 Contents 1 Suggested reads 1 1.1 What is x64dbg?.............................................1 1.2 Introduction...............................................1 1.3 GUI manual............................................... 15 1.4 Commands................................................ 31 1.5 Developers................................................ 125 1.6 Licenses................................................. 261 2 Indices and tables 277 i ii CHAPTER 1 Suggested reads If you came here because someone told you to read the manual, start by reading all sections of the introduction. Contents: 1.1 What is x64dbg? This is a x64/x32 debugger that is currently in active development. The debugger (currently) has three parts: • DBG • GUI • Bridge DBG is the debugging part of the debugger. It handles debugging (using TitanEngine) and will provide data for the GUI. GUI is the graphical part of the debugger. It is built on top of Qt and it provides the user interaction. Bridge is the communication library for the DBG and GUI part (and maybe in the future more parts). The bridge can be used to work on new features, without having to update the code of the other parts. 1.2 Introduction This section explains the basics of x64dbg. Make sure to fully read this! Contents: 1 x64dbg Documentation, Release 0.1 1.2.1 Features This program is currently under active development. It supports many basic and advanced features to ease debugging on Windows. Basic features • Full-featured debugging of DLL and EXE files (TitanEngine Community Edition) • 32-bit and 64-bit Windows support from Windows XP to Windows 10 • Built-in assembler (XEDParse/Keystone/asmjit) • Fast disassembler (Zydis) • C-like expression parser • Logging • Notes • Memory map view • Modules and symbols view • Source code view • Thread view • Content-sensitive register view • Call stack view • SEH view • Handles, privileges and TCP connections enumeration. -
Entry Point Specification
EMV® Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems Book B Entry Point Specification Version 2.6 July 2016 © 2016 EMVCo, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduction, distribution and other use of this document is permitted only pursuant to the applicable agreement between the user and EMVCo found at www.emvco.com. EMV® is a registered trademark or trademark of EMVCo, LLC in the United States and other countries. EMV Contactless Book B Entry Point Specification version 2.6 Legal Notice The EMV® Specifications are provided “AS IS” without warranties of any kind, and EMVCo neither assumes nor accepts any liability for any errors or omissions contained in these Specifications. EMVCO DISCLAIMS ALL REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT, AS TO THESE SPECIFICATIONS. EMVCo makes no representations or warranties with respect to intellectual property rights of any third parties in or in relation to the Specifications. EMVCo undertakes no responsibility to determine whether any implementation of the EMV® Specifications may violate, infringe, or otherwise exercise the patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret, know-how, or other intellectual property rights of third parties, and thus any person who implements any part of the EMV® Specifications should consult an intellectual property attorney before any such implementation. Without limiting the foregoing, the Specifications may provide for the use of public key encryption and other technology, which may be the subject matter of patents in several countries. Any party seeking to implement these Specifications is solely responsible for determining whether its activities require a license to any such technology, including for patents on public key encryption technology. -
The Xen Port of Kexec / Kdump a Short Introduction and Status Report
The Xen Port of Kexec / Kdump A short introduction and status report Magnus Damm Simon Horman VA Linux Systems Japan K.K. www.valinux.co.jp/en/ Xen Summit, September 2006 Magnus Damm ([email protected]) Kexec / Kdump Xen Summit, September 2006 1 / 17 Outline Introduction to Kexec What is Kexec? Kexec Examples Kexec Overview Introduction to Kdump What is Kdump? Kdump Kernels The Crash Utility Xen Porting Effort Kexec under Xen Kdump under Xen The Dumpread Tool Partial Dumps Current Status Magnus Damm ([email protected]) Kexec / Kdump Xen Summit, September 2006 2 / 17 Introduction to Kexec Outline Introduction to Kexec What is Kexec? Kexec Examples Kexec Overview Introduction to Kdump What is Kdump? Kdump Kernels The Crash Utility Xen Porting Effort Kexec under Xen Kdump under Xen The Dumpread Tool Partial Dumps Current Status Magnus Damm ([email protected]) Kexec / Kdump Xen Summit, September 2006 3 / 17 Kexec allows you to reboot from Linux into any kernel. as long as the new kernel doesn’t depend on the BIOS for setup. Introduction to Kexec What is Kexec? What is Kexec? “kexec is a system call that implements the ability to shutdown your current kernel, and to start another kernel. It is like a reboot but it is indepedent of the system firmware...” Configuration help text in Linux-2.6.17 Magnus Damm ([email protected]) Kexec / Kdump Xen Summit, September 2006 4 / 17 . as long as the new kernel doesn’t depend on the BIOS for setup. Introduction to Kexec What is Kexec? What is Kexec? “kexec is a system call that implements the ability to shutdown your current kernel, and to start another kernel. -
The Linux 2.4 Kernel's Startup Procedure
The Linux 2.4 Kernel’s Startup Procedure William Gatliff 1. Overview This paper describes the Linux 2.4 kernel’s startup process, from the moment the kernel gets control of the host hardware until the kernel is ready to run user processes. Along the way, it covers the programming environment Linux expects at boot time, how peripherals are initialized, and how Linux knows what to do next. 2. The Big Picture Figure 1 is a function call diagram that describes the kernel’s startup procedure. As it shows, kernel initialization proceeds through a number of distinct phases, starting with basic hardware initialization and ending with the kernel’s launching of /bin/init and other user programs. The dashed line in the figure shows that init() is invoked as a kernel thread, not as a function call. Figure 1. The kernel’s startup procedure. Figure 2 is a flowchart that provides an even more generalized picture of the boot process, starting with the bootloader extracting and running the kernel image, and ending with running user programs. Figure 2. The kernel’s startup procedure, in less detail. The following sections describe each of these function calls, including examples taken from the Hitachi SH7750/Sega Dreamcast version of the kernel. 3. In The Beginning... The Linux boot process begins with the kernel’s _stext function, located in arch/<host>/kernel/head.S. This function is called _start in some versions. Interrupts are disabled at this point, and only minimal memory accesses may be possible depending on the capabilities of the host hardware. -
Kdump, a Kexec-Based Kernel Crash Dumping Mechanism
Kdump, A Kexec-based Kernel Crash Dumping Mechanism Vivek Goyal Eric W. Biederman Hariprasad Nellitheertha IBM Linux NetworkX IBM [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract important consideration for the success of a so- lution has been the reliability and ease of use. Kdump is a crash dumping solution that pro- Kdump is a kexec based kernel crash dump- vides a very reliable dump generation and cap- ing mechanism, which is being perceived as turing mechanism [01]. It is simple, easy to a reliable crash dumping solution for Linux R . configure and provides a great deal of flexibility This paper begins with brief description of what in terms of dump device selection, dump saving kexec is and what it can do in general case, and mechanism, and plugging-in filtering mecha- then details how kexec has been modified to nism. boot a new kernel even in a system crash event. The idea of kdump has been around for Kexec enables booting into a new kernel while quite some time now, and initial patches for preserving the memory contents in a crash sce- kdump implementation were posted to the nario, and kdump uses this feature to capture Linux kernel mailing list last year [03]. Since the kernel crash dump. Physical memory lay- then, kdump has undergone significant design out and processor state are encoded in ELF core changes to ensure improved reliability, en- format, and these headers are stored in a re- hanced ease of use and cleaner interfaces. This served section of memory. Upon a crash, new paper starts with an overview of the kdump de- kernel boots up from reserved memory and pro- sign and development history. -
Linux Kernal II 9.1 Architecture
Page 1 of 7 Linux Kernal II 9.1 Architecture: The Linux kernel is a Unix-like operating system kernel used by a variety of operating systems based on it, which are usually in the form of Linux distributions. The Linux kernel is a prominent example of free and open source software. Programming language The Linux kernel is written in the version of the C programming language supported by GCC (which has introduced a number of extensions and changes to standard C), together with a number of short sections of code written in the assembly language (in GCC's "AT&T-style" syntax) of the target architecture. Because of the extensions to C it supports, GCC was for a long time the only compiler capable of correctly building the Linux kernel. Compiler compatibility GCC is the default compiler for the Linux kernel source. In 2004, Intel claimed to have modified the kernel so that its C compiler also was capable of compiling it. There was another such reported success in 2009 with a modified 2.6.22 version of the kernel. Since 2010, effort has been underway to build the Linux kernel with Clang, an alternative compiler for the C language; as of 12 April 2014, the official kernel could almost be compiled by Clang. The project dedicated to this effort is named LLVMLinxu after the LLVM compiler infrastructure upon which Clang is built. LLVMLinux does not aim to fork either the Linux kernel or the LLVM, therefore it is a meta-project composed of patches that are eventually submitted to the upstream projects.