American Pika

AMERICAN PIKA

Ochotona princeps

The American pika is estimated to be extremely vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s and the 2080s under both a low (RCP 4.5) and high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the American pika’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the American pika are discussed below. 2050s RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT GREATLY INCREASE THE PIKA’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: DEPENDENCE ON COOL OR COLD HABITATS The American pika is extremely sensitive to warm temperatures. Projected increases in air temperature are thus likely to negatively affect the American pika, which is dependent on cool temperatures.

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE PIKA’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: OCCURRENCE OF NATURAL BARRIERS Non-mountainous areas have been identified as natural dispersal barriers for the American pika.1 More than 50% of the pika’s current distribution in the Nooksack watershed is surrounded by low-elevation forest, which may serve as a dispersal barrier.2 Natural barriers may decrease the ability of the American pika to adjust its range, both attitudinally and latitudinally, in response to changing climate conditions.

LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming. FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE PIKA’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE:

LIMITED DISPERSAL ABILITIES The American pika has small home ranges (reported home ranges span 0.3 - 0.5 hectares), and are not long-distance migrants. The American pika’s poor dispersal ability decreases the likelihood that the species will be able to adjust its range to keep pace with shifting climate conditions. DEPENDENCE ON SNOW Extended snow cover (e.g., longer than two weeks) may increase the likelihood of pika occupancy within otherwise suitable habitat.3 Projected declines in winter snowpack4 may thus negatively affect American pika habitat. DEPENDENCE ON RARE LANDSCAPE FEATURES The American pika exclusively inhabits rocky talus slopes between the talus-meadow interface.5 Its association with a specific geologic feature is expected to limit the pika’s ability to adapt to habitat loss from climate change. LIMITED GENETIC DIVERSITY The American pika has been observed to have low levels of genetic diversity in populations at the northern end of its range. Species with low levels of genetic variation are expected to be less able to adapt to changing climatic conditions.

FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the American pika’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please IMAGE CREDIT reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// Front Page: American pika by Shanthanu cig.uw.edu; [email protected]). Bhardwaj, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Back Page: American pika by Robin Horn, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. CITATIONS [1] Meredith, S.J. 2002. The impact of habitat spatial structure on pika (Ochotona princeps) dispersal dynamics. M.S. thesis, University of Nevada, Reno. 62 pages. [2] Nooksack Tribal staff; personal communication. [3] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-month Finding on a Petition to List the American Pika as Threatened or Endangered. 75 FR 67925. Pg. 67925-67944. [4] Mauger, G.S., J.H. Casola, H.A. Morgan, R.L. Strauch, B. Jones, B. Curry, T.M. Busch Isaksen, L. Whitely Binder, M.B. Krosby, and A.K. Snover. 2015. State of Knowledge: Climate Change in Puget Sound. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle. [5] NatureServe Explorer. American pika (Ochotona princeps). BLACK-TAILED DEER

Odocoileus hemionus

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The black-tailed deer is estimated to be moderately vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low greenhouse gas scenario and extremely vulnerable by the 2050s under a high scenario. The black-tailed deer is estimated to be extremely vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low (RCP 4.5) and high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario (RCP 8.5). This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the black-tailed deer’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the black-tailed deer are discussed below.

2050s RCP 4.5 Moderately Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE DEER’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE DEER’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: OCCURRENCE OF NATURAL BARRIERS While black-tailed deer are good dispersers, rugged mountain terrain can act as barriers to movement.1 In addition, post-fire deadfall accumulation can impede dispersal.2 Natural barriers may decrease the ability of the black-tailed deer to adjust its range in response to changing climate conditions. OCCURRENCE OF MAN-MADE BARRIERS Fences are a major barrier to black-tailed deer movement in the western U.S.3 Urban, suburban, or rural housing developments can also obstruct black- tailed deer movement. These dispersal barriers may limit the black-tailed deer’s ability to adjust its range response to changing climate conditions.

SENSITIVITY TO DISEASE There are many bacterial diseases and parasites that negatively affect black- tailed deer, some of which may become more prevalent or severe under climate change. For example, increasing incidence of drought and warming temperatures may benefit biting gnat populations, which transmit blue tongue virus to mule deer. Sensitivity to pathogens may thus increase black- tailed deer’s vulnerability to climate change.

SENSITIVITY TO COMPETITION Black-tailed deer habitat use may be indirectly affected by other wildlife species that may benefit from climate change. For example, black-tailed deer habitat selection has been shown to be strongly influenced by avoidance of areas inhabited by elk. Elk can eat a greater variety of forage than black- tailed deer, which may give elk a competitive advantage under climate change.

FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the black-tailed deer’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please IMAGE CREDIT reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// Front Page: Black-tailed deer by Andrew cig.uw.edu; [email protected]). DuBois, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Back Page: Black-tailed deer by USFWS Pacific Region, used under CC BY-NC-ND Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. 2.0 CITATIONS [1] Climate Change Sensitivity Database. Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus). [2] Innes, R. J. 2013. Odocoileus hemionus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/mammal/odhe/ all.html [2017, November 12]. [3] Wakeling, B.F., J.W. Gagnon, D.D. Olson, D.W. Lutz, T.W. Keegan, J.M. Shannon, A. Holland, A. Lindbloom, and C. Schroeder. 2015. Mule Deer and Movement Barriers. Mule Deer Working Group, Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, U.S.A. GREAT BLUE HERON

Ardea herodias

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The great blue heron is estimated to be moderately vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and highly vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The heron is estimated to be highly vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low and high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the great blue heron’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the great blue heron are discussed below.

2050s RCP 4.5 Moderately Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Highly Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Highly Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Highly Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE HERON’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

CHANGES IN STREAMFLOW AND WATER AVAILABILITY The great blue heron inhabits coastal lowlands, wetlands, marshes, wet meadows, vernal pools, stream channels (natural, irrigation, and drainage channels), and springs.1, 2 Each of these habitats may be affected by projected increases in winter flood risk and declines in summer low flows. The great blue heron is also expected to be negatively affected if wetlands dry out in summer months, diminishing its prey base.1 FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the great blue heron’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington.

CITATIONS [1] Nooksack Tribal staff; personal communication. [2] Climate Change Sensitivity Database. Great blue heron (Ardea herodias).

IMAGE CREDIT Front Page: Great blue heron by Christa R., used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Back Page: Great blue heron by NOAA Fisheries West Coast, used under CC BY-NC- ND 2.0 MOUNTAIN GOAT

Oreamnos americanus

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The mountain goat is estimated to be extremely vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s and the 2080s under both a low (RCP 4.5) and high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the mountain goat’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the mountain goat are discussed below.

2050s RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT GREATLY INCREASE THE GOAT’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: DEPENDENCE ON COOL OR COLD HABITATS The mountain goat is adapted to cold alpine and subalpine habitats, which are sensitive to climate change.

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE GOAT’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED GENETIC DIVERSITY Low genetic variation has been observed in mountain goat populations inhabiting the Cascade Range in Washington.1 Species with low levels of genetic variation are expected to be less able to adapt to changing climate conditions than populations with average to high levels of genetic diversity.

FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE GOAT’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: OCCURRENCE OF NATURAL BARRIERS The mountain goat is a capable disperser but very high and very low elevations as well as bodies of water serve as barriers to movement.2 Natural barriers may decrease the ability of the mountain goat to adjust its range in response to changing climate conditions. OCCURRENCE OF MAN-MADE BARRIERS While highways, urban areas, and agricultural fields have been identified as anthropogenic barriers to mountain goat dispersal,2 such barriers are rare in and near mountain goat habitat within the Nooksack watershed. Additionally, the majority of mountain goat habitat in the Nooksack watershed is designated as wilderness, and is therefore unlikely to see future road and/or trail construction.3 However, even at low densities, the presence of such barriers may limit the ability of the mountain goat to adjust its range in response to changing climate conditions. LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming. changes in temperature. DEPENDENCE ON RARE LANDSCAPE FEATURES The mountain goat inhabits open subalpine and alpine areas with close proximity to escape terrain (e.g., steep, rocky ledges and cliffs).1 Because mountain goats are associated with steep rocky outcroppings and cliffs, they are less likely to be able to adapt to habitat loss from climate change, compared to species that are not dependent on uncommon geologic features.

FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the mountain goat’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// IMAGE CREDIT cig.uw.edu; [email protected]). Front Page: Mountain goat by Tjflex2, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Back Page: Mountain goat by Richard Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. Deakins, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

CITATIONS [1] Innes, Robin J. 2011. Oreamnos americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, November 12]. [2] Shirk, A. J. 2009. Mountain goat genetic structure, molecular diversity, and gene flow in the Cascade Range, Washington. M.S. Thesis, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA. [3] ClimateWashington Wildlife Habitat Connectivity Working Group. 2010. Washington Connected Landscapes Project: Statewide Analysis. Washington Departments of Fish and Wildlife, and Transportation, Olympia, WA. www.waconnected.org. [4] Nooksack Tribal staff; personal communication. MOUNTAIN LION

Puma concolor

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The mountain lion is estimated to be less vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and moderately vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The mountain lion is estimated to be moderately vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low and high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the mountain lion’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the mountain lion are discussed below.

2050s RCP 4.5 Less Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Moderately Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Moderately Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Moderately Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE MOUNTAIN LION’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming. changes in temperature.

FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE MOUNTAIN LION’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: OCCURRENCE OF MAN-MADE BARRIERS Major highways as well as urban, agricultural, and industrial areas have all been identified as anthropogenic barriers to mountain lion dispersal.1 These barriers may limit the ability of the mountain lion to adjust its range in response to changing climate conditions. FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the mountain lion’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington.

CITATIONS [1] Climate Change Sensitivity Database. Mountain lion (Puma concolor).

IMAGE CREDIT Front Page: Mountain lion by Tjflex2, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Back Page: Mountain lion by Tambako, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 TRUMPETER SWAN

Cygnus buccinators

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The trumpeter swan is estimated to be highly vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and extremely vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The trumpeter swan is estimated to be extremely vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low and high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the trumpeter swan’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the trumpeter swan are discussed below.

2050s RCP 4.5 Highly Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE SWAN’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

CHANGES IN STREAMFLOW AND WATER AVAILABILITY Juvenile swan survival is tightly linked with stable water levels at nesting sites.1 Projected increases in winter flood risk in western Washington2 may negatively affect nesting habitat and fledgling survival. FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the trumpeter swan’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington.

CITATIONS [1] Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). [2] Mauger, G.S., J.H. Casola, H.A. Morgan, R.L. Strauch, B. Jones, B. Curry, T.M. Busch Isaksen, L. Whitely Binder, M.B. Krosby, and A.K. Snover. 2015. State of Knowledge: Climate Change in Puget Sound. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle.

IMAGE CREDIT Front Page: Trumpeter swan by Michael Janke, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Back Page: Trumpeter swan by USFWS, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 ELK

Cervus canadensis

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The elk is estimated to be highly vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and extremely vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The elk is estimated to be extremely vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low and high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the elk’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the elk are discussed below.

2050s RCP 4.5 Highly Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE ELK’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

OCCURRENCE OF MAN-MADE BARRIERS Human disturbances, including road construction and logging, can serve as anthropogenic barriers to elk dispersal.1 A significant percentage of elk habitat in the Nooksack watershed is located in active forest areas.2 These barriers may limit the ability of the elk to adjust its range in response to changing climate conditions. FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the elk’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https://cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington.

CITATIONS [1] Innes, Robin J. 2011. Cervus elaphus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, November 12]. [2] Nooksack Tribal staff; personal communication.

IMAGE CREDIT Front Page: Elk by Andrew E. Russell, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Back Page: Elk by Tupulak, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 BLACK BEAR

Cervus canadensis

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The black bear is estimated to be moderately vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and extremely vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The black bear is estimated to be extremely vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low and high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the black bear’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the black bear are discussed below.

2050s RCP 4.5 Moderately Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE BLACK BEAR’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

OCCURRENCE OF MAN-MADE BARRIERS Highways, roads, and urban areas have been identified as anthropogenic barriers to black bear dispersal.1,2 Human population growth and expanded development will likely increase the number of anthropogenic barriers encountered by black bears. These barriers may limit the ability of the black bear to adjust its range in response to changing climate conditions. FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE BLACK BEAR’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE:

OCCURRENCE OF NATURAL BARRIERS While black bears are capable dispersers, dry low-elevation habitat types and rivers may act as natural barriers to bear dispersal.1 Natural barriers may decrease the ability of the black bear to adjust its range in response to changing climate conditions.

FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the black bear’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https://cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington.

CITATIONS [1] I Washington Wildlife Habitat Connectivity Working Group. 2010. Washington Connected Landscapes Project: Statewide Analysis. Washington Departments of Fish and Wildlife, and Transportation, Olympia, WA. www.waconnected.org. [2] Ulev, Elena. 2007. Ursus americanus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/mammal/uram/ all.html [2017, November 12].

IMAGE CREDIT Front Page: Black bear by Jitze Couperus, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Back Page: Black bear approaching by Eric Kilby, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 BUFFLEHEAD

Bucephala albeola

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The bufflehead is estimated to be moderately vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and extremely vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The bufflehead is estimated to be extremely vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low and high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the bufflehead’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the bufflehead are discussed below.

2050s RCP 4.5 Moderately Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE BUFFLEHEAD’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

DEPENDENCE ON OTHER SPECIES FOR HABITAT The bufflehead nests exclusively in tree cavities constructed by the northern flicker, and less frequently by the pileated woodpecker.1 Species that rely on a small number of species for habitat or nesting sites are likely to be more vulnerable to climate change than species that have more generalized habitat requirements. FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE BUFFLEHEAD’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE:

SEA LEVEL RISE Washington is part of the bufflehead’s winter range, which consists primarily of saltwater areas (beaches, estuaries, and harbors).1 Bufflehead within the Nooksack watershed are thus likely to be affected by sea level rise CHANGES IN STREAMFLOW AND WATER AVAILABILITY The bufflehead is dependent on small permanent ponds in the breeding range.1 These habitats may be sensitive to projected increases winter flood risk and declining summer low-flows.2

FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the bufflehead’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https://cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington.

CITATIONS [1] Gauthier, Gilles. 2014. Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola), version 2.0. In: The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. https:// doi.org/10.2173/bna.67 [2] Mauger, G.S., J.H. Casola, H.A. Morgan, R.L. Strauch, B. Jones, B. Curry, T.M. Busch Isaksen, L. Whitely Binder, M.B. Krosby, and A.K. Snover. 2015. State of Knowledge: Climate Change in IMAGE CREDIT Puget Sound. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle. Front Page: Bufflehead duck by Rennett Stowe, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Back Page: Bufflehead by K Schneider, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 ALASKA CEDAR

Callitropsis nootkatensis

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The Alaska cedar is estimated to be extremely vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s and the 2080s under both a low (RCP 4.5) and high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the Alaska cedar’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the Alaska cedar are discussed below. 2050s RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE ALASKA CEDAR’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming. DEPENDENCE ON SNOW Alaska cedar, also referred to as yellow-cedar, has experienced wide spread decline in Alaska and British Columbia. This widespread decline has not been linked with a biotic fungi, nematode, insect, or virus; and is therefore thought to be associated with an abiotic process. Specifically, declining snowpack is thought to expose the roots of the Alaska cedar to freezing damage during the winter months. Therefore, declining snowpack may negatively affect Alaska cedar.1

FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE ALASKA CEDAR’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: OCCURRENCE OF MAN-MADE BARRIERS The region north of the Nooksack watershed is largely bordered by developed agricultural land, which may limit to ability of the Alaska cedar to disperse into cool forests north of the Nooksack watershed. LIMITED DISPERSAL ABILITIES Direct information on seed dispersal distance is not available for the Alaska cedar. However, it is noted that Alaska cedar seeds are heavier than Port- Orford-cedar seeds and are therefore unlikely to be dispersed more than 120 meters from the source.2 The relatively poor dispersal abilities of Alaska cedar seeds decreases the likelihood that the species will be able to move and keep pace with shifting climate conditions. DEPENDENCE ON COOL OR COLD HABITATS The Alaska cedar is restricted to relatively cool/cold regions within Washington’s Cascade Range. The species is found between 600 - 2,300 m.3 This dependence on cool, higher elevation habitats increases the species vulnerability to climate change, as these areas are thought to be more prone to habitat loss or reduction with warming temperatures. CHANGES IN STREAMFLOW AND WATER AVAILABILITY The Alaska cedar is known to grow on bog and semi-bog.2 Projected increases in temperatures and declines in summer precipitation4 may reduce moisture availability in these habitats, potentially reducing the habitat suitability of some areas for the Alaska cedar. FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the Alaska cedar’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington.

IMAGE CREDIT CITATIONS Front Page: Alaska cedar by Megan Hansen, [1] Schaberg, P.G., P.E. Hennon, D.V. D’Amore, G.J. Hawley. 2008. Influence of simulated snow used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 cover on the cold tolerance and freezing injury of yellow-cedar seedlings. Global Change Back Page: Alaska cedar by Brew Brooks, Biology, 14:1-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01577.x used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 [2] Forest Service. Alaska Cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) Summary. https://www.na.fs.fed. us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/chamaecyparis/nootkatensis.htm [3] Griffith, R.S. 1992. Callitropsis nootkatensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/calnoo/all. html [2017, November 12]. [4] Mauger, G.S., J.H. Casola, H.A. Morgan, R.L. Strauch, B. Jones, B. Curry, T.M. Busch Isaksen, L. Whitely Binder, M.B. Krosby, and A.K. Snover. 2015. State of Knowledge: Climate Change in Puget Sound. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle. NORTHERN PINTAIL

Anas acuta

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The northern pintail is estimated to be less vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and moderately vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the northern pintail’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the northern pintail are discussed below.

2050s RCP 4.5 Less Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Moderately Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Moderately Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Moderately Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE PINTAIL’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: CHANGES IN STREAMFLOW AND WATER AVAILABILITY The northern pintail is dependent on small, shallow, semi-permanent wetlands and marshes.1 These semi- permanent habitats may be susceptible to declining summer precipitation and increased risk of summer low flows.2 These changes may increase the likelihood of premature drying of these wetlands and marshes, which would negatively affect the northern pintail.

FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE PINTAIL’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming. FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the northern pintail’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. CITATIONS [1] MClark, Robert G., Joseph P. Fleskes, Karla L. Guyn, David A. Haukos, Jane E. Austin and Michael R. Miller. 2014. Northern Pintail (Anas acuta), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. [2] Mauger, G.S., J.H. Casola, H.A. Morgan, R.L. Strauch, B. Jones, B. Curry, T.M. Busch Isaksen, L. Whitely Binder, M.B. Krosby, and A.K. Snover. 2015. State of Knowledge: Climate Change in Puget Sound. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle.

IMAGE CREDIT Front Page: Northern pintail by Smudge 9000, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Back Page: Northern pintail by Barry Badcock, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 SOOTY GROUSE

Dendragapus fuliginosus

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The sooty grouse is estimated to be less vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and moderately vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The grouse is estimated to be moderately vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low and high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the sooty grouse’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the sooty grouse are discussed below.

2050s RCP 4.5 Less Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Moderately Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Moderately Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Moderately Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE GROUSE’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE GROUSE’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: OCCURRENCE OF MAN-MADE BARRIERS Roads, urban areas, industrial areas, agricultural lands, and logging roads have all been identified as anthropogenic barriers to sooty grouse dispersal.1,2 The sooty grouse may have difficulty flying over many of these barriers due to its limited dispersal abilities. These barriers may thus slightly decrease the ability of the sooty grouse to adjust its range in response to changing climate conditions. FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the sooty grouse’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

IMAGE CREDIT Front Page: Sooty grouse by Joe, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Back Page: Sooty grouse by J. Maughn, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 WESTERN REDCEDAR

Thuja plicata

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The western redcedar is estimated to be highly vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and extremely vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The western redcedar is estimated to be extremely vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low and high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the western redcedar’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the western redcedar are discussed below.

2050s RCP 4.5 Highly Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE WESTERN REDCEDAR’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

LIMITED GENETIC DIVERSITY The western redcedar has one of the lowest levels of genetic diversity among conifers.1 Species with low levels of genetic diversity are expected to be less able to adapt to changing climate conditions. FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE WESTERN REDCEDAR’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE:

LIMITED DISPERSAL ABILITIES Western redcedar seeds are wind dispersed. However, the seed’s small wings limit its dispersal distance to ~120 meters.1 The relatively poor dispersal abilities of the western redcedar may decrease its ability to adjust its range in response to changing climate conditions. SENSITIVITY TO PATHOGENS The western redcedar is susceptible to numerous insects, pathogens, and pests. It is challenging to make generalizations of the responses of diseases and pests to climate change because the responses will largely be species specific. Some diseases/pests may become more widespread while others may not. For example, western redcedar is susceptible to armellaria root disease. If climate change results in a warmer and drier climate armellaria impact is projected to increase. Conversely, if climate change results in a warmer and wetter climate, the impact of armellaria is projected to remain the same.2

FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the western redcedar’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. CITATIONS IMAGE CREDIT [1] Front Page: Western redcedar by Eric Hunt, Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Thuja plicata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/thupli/all. Back Page: Western redcedar by html [2017, November 12]. brewbooks, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 [2] Sturrock, R.N., S.J. Frankel, A.V Brown, P.E. Hennon, J.T. Kliejunas, K.J. Lewis, J.J. Worrall, A.J. Woods. 2011. Climate change and forest diseases. Plant Pathology, 60:133-149. BOG CRANBERRY

Vaccinium oxycoccos

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The bog cranberry is estimated to be moderately vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and highly vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The bog cranberry is estimated to be highly vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low scenario and extremely vulnerable under a high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the bog cranberry’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the bog cranberry are discussed below. 2050s RCP 4.5 Moderately Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Highly Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Highly Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE BOG CRANBERRY’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE BOG CRANBERRY’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: OCCURRENCE OF MAN-MADE BARRIERS The region north of the Nooksack watershed is largely bordered by developed agricultural land, which may limit to ability of the bog cranberry to adjust its range in response to changing climate conditions. CHANGES IN STREAMFLOW AND WATER AVAILABILITY The bog cranberry grows in bogs and fens occurring in wet coastal and boreal forests. These sites are poorly drained with a high-water table. In these areas, the ground is saturated for most of the year.1 Rising temperatures and projected declines in summer precipitation and summer streamflows may dry out these bog and fen sites, negatively affecting bog cranberry. DEPENDENCE ON RARE LANDSCAPE FEATURES The bog cranberry is restricted to acidic conditions, thriving in soils with pH between 2.9-4.7.1 Species that are dependent on uncommon geologic features are less likely to be able to adapt to climate change.

FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the bog cranberry’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. CITATIONS [1] Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Vaccinium oxycoccos. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, November 5].

IMAGE CREDIT Front Page: Vaccinium oxycoccus by B. Lezius, used under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 Back Page: Bog cranberry by Wplynn, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 ALASKA BLUEBERRY

Vaccinium alaskaense

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The Alaska blueberry is estimated to be moderately vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and highly vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The Alaska blueberry is estimated to be highly vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low scenario and extremely vulnerable under a high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the Alaska blueberry’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the Alaska blueberry are discussed below. 2050s RCP 4.5 Moderately Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Highly Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Highly Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE ALASKA BLUEBERRY’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE ALASKA BLUEBERRY’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: OCCURRENCE OF MAN-MADE BARRIERS The region north of the Nooksack watershed is largely bordered by developed agricultural land, which may limit to ability of the Alaska blueberry to adjust its range in response to changing climate conditions. DEPENDENCE ON POLLINATORS Alaska blueberry flowers are pollinated by bumble bees. Common bumble bee species in western Washington include the black-tailed bumble bee, yellow bumble bee, fuzzy horned bumble bee, and the yellow faced bumble bee. Species that are reliant on a limited number of pollinators are potentially more vulnerable to environmental changes resulting from climate change. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The Alaska blueberry is able to reproduce both vegetatively and via seed production. Vegetative reproduction has been noted to be of particular importance to western Vaccinium species.1 Species that rely on vegetative reproduction are assumed to have lower levels of genetic variation and therefore, may be more vulnerable to changing climate conditions.

FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the Alaska blueberry’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. CITATIONS [1] Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Vaccinium alaskensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, November 12].

IMAGE CREDIT Front Page: Blueberries by Dave Brenner, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Back Page: Blueberry by Dave Brenner, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 BROADLEAF CATTAIL

Typha latifolia

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The broadleaf cattail is estimated to be moderately vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and extremely vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The broadleaf cattail is estimated to be extremely vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low and high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the broadleaf cattail’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the broadleaf cattail are discussed below. 2050s RCP 4.5 Moderately Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE BROADLEAF CATTAIL’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE BROADLEAF CATTAIL’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED GENETIC DIVERSITY Genetic variation in the broadleaf cattail has been reported as “extremely low.” It is hypothesized that self- pollination and clonal growth are the primary drivers of these low levels of genetic variation.1 Species with low levels of genetic diversity are expected to be less able to adapt to changing climate conditions. FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the broadleaf cattail’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. CITATIONS [1] Gucker, C. L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, November 12].

IMAGE CREDIT Front Page: Cattails by LongtiudeLatitude, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Back Page: Cattail by WI DNR, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 EVERGREEN HUCKLEBERRY

Vaccinium ovatum

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The evergreen huckleberry is estimated to be moderately vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and extremely vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The evergreen huckleberry is estimated to be extremely vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under both a low and high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the evergreen huckleberry’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the evergreen huckleberry are discussed below. 2050s RCP 4.5 Moderately Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Extremely Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE EVERGREEN HUCKLEBERRY’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE EVERGREEN HUCKLEBERRY’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: OCCURRENCE OF MAN-MADE BARRIERS The region north of the Nooksack watershed is largely bordered by developed agricultural land, which may limit the ability of the evergreen huckleberry to adjust its range in response to changing climate conditions. DEPENDENCE ON RARE LANDSCAPE FEATURES The evergreen huckleberry is restricted to acidic conditions, thriving in soils with pH between 4.3-5.2.1 Association with a specific geologic feature is expected to limit the evergreen huckleberry’s ability to adapt to climate change. DEPENDENCE ON POLLINATORS Evergreen huckleberry flowers are pollinated by long-tongued bees (i.e., bumble bees).1 Common bumble bee species in western Washington include the black-tailed bumble bee, yellow bumble bee, fuzzy horned bumble bee, and the yellow faced bumble bee. Species that are reliant on a limited number of pollinators are potentially more vulnerable to environmental changes resulting from climate change. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The evergreen huckleberry is able to reproduce vegetatively and also via seed production. Vegetative reproduction has been noted of particular importance to western Vaccinium species.1 Species that primarily reproduce vegetatively are assumed to have lower levels of genetic variation and therefore may be more vulnerable to changing climate conditions.

FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the evergreen huckleberry’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. IMAGE CREDIT Front Page: Vaccinium ovatum by James CITATIONS Gaither, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 [1] Tirmenstein, D. 1990. Vaccinium ovatum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Back Page: Vaccinium ovatum by John Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ Rusk, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 BEAKED HAZELNUT

Corylus cornuta

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

The beaked hazelnut is estimated to be moderately vulnerable to climate change by the 2050s under a low (RCP 4.5) greenhouse gas scenario and highly vulnerable by the 2050s under a high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas scenario. The beaked hazelnut is estimated to be highly vulnerable to climate change by the 2080s under a low greenhouse gas scenario and extremely vulnerable under high greenhouse gas scenario. This ranking reflects both projected future changes in climate as well as the beaked hazelnut’s estimated sensitivity to climate change. Key climate sensitivities for the beaked hazelnut are discussed below. 2050s RCP 4.5 Moderately Vulnerable RCP 8.5 Highly Vulnerable RCP 4.5 Highly Vulnerable 2080s RCP 8.5 Extremely Vulnerable

SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE BEAKED HAZELNUT’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: LIMITED EXPOSURE TO PAST VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE This factor measures the range of average seasonal temperatures (the difference between the highest average monthly maximum temperature and lowest average monthly minimum temperature) observed for a species’ distribution within the assessment area in recent historical times (1970-1999). Species that have experienced a narrower range of historical temperatures are expected to be more sensitive to future warming.

FACTORS THAT SOMEWHAT INCREASE THE BEAKED HAZELNUT’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: DEPENDENCE ON DISTURBANCE EVENTS While many disturbance events – including fire, insects, and disease – may increase the frequency of hazelnut presence, flooding has been shown to negatively affect the beaked hazelnut.1 Projected increases in winter flood risk may thus negatively affect beaked hazelnut habitat. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM While the beaked hazelnut is capable of both sexual and vegetative reproduction, vegetative means of reproduction are more common.1 Species that primarily reproduce vegetatively are assumed to have lower levels of genetic variation and therefore may be more vulnerable to changing climatic conditions.

FOR MORE INFORMATION This fact sheet is a product of the Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. For more information on the beaked hazelnut’s sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change or to find out more about the overall assessment results please reference the report or contact the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group (https:// cig.uw.edu; [email protected]).

Morgan, H., and M. Krosby. 2017. Nooksack Indian Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. CITATIONS [1] Fryer, Janet L. 2007. Corylus cornuta. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2017, November 12].

IMAGE CREDIT Front Page: Vaccinium ovatum by James Gaither, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Back Page: Vaccinium ovatum by John Rusk, used under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0