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458762 1 En Bookfrontmatter 1..48 Regional Geology Reviews Series Editors Roland Oberhänsli, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany Maarten J. de Wit, AEON-ESSRI, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa François M. Roure, Rueil-Malmaison, France The Geology of series seeks to systematically present the geology of each country, region and continent on Earth. Each book aims to provide the reader with the state-of-the-art understanding of a regions geology with subsequent updated editions appearing every 5 to 10 years and accompanied by an online “must read” reference list, which will be updated each year. The books should form the basis of understanding that students, researchers and professional geologists require when beginning investigations in a particular area and are encouraged to include as much information as possible such as: Maps and Cross-sections, Past and current models, Geophysical investigations, Geochemical Datasets, Economic Geology, Geotourism (Geoparks etc), Geo-environmental/ecological concerns, etc. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8643 Dimitrios I. Papanikolaou The Geology of Greece 123 Dimitrios I. Papanikolaou Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens, Greece ISSN 2364-6438 ISSN 2364-6446 (electronic) Regional Geology Reviews ISBN 978-3-030-60730-2 ISBN 978-3-030-60731-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60731-9 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface The Geology of Greece was my major teaching responsibility and research focus for about 40 years in the Department of Geology at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. My first book regarding the Geology of Greece published in 1986 (Eptalofos Publ. Co., Athens, 240 p., in greek) was focused in assisting the students of Geology to refine the basic aspects about the geology of Greece, incorporating the «theoretical» part together with the description of the geological formations and the overall geodynamic and paleogeographic evolution. It should be noted that the Geology of Greece is a complex and rather challenging task, incorporating a Late Paleozoic—Early Cenozoic orogenic history of a Tethyan segment and an active subduction and orogenic arc in the Eastern Mediterranean. My second book in 2015 (Patakis Publ. Co., Athens, 443 p., in greek) was revised and extended, aiming also in assisting all the geoscientists to learn about the more recent developments of geology and their implications in the geological structure of Greece. Thus, topics related to the tectono-stratigraphic terranes, seismic tomography, geodetic measurements (GPS), extensional detachments and thermo-chronometry were also included. Additionally, a long list of refer- ences was included, aiming to cite the publications that documented and demonstrated a variety of new data and interpretations regarding the geology of Greece and to assist readers in retrieving original data. Some more recent publications and review papers were also cited, in order to provide a more updated literature on several critical thematic issues. Representative geological maps for almost every tectonic unit of the Hellenides have been selected, modified and included in the description of the units. This publication is, in fact, the second edition of the 2015 book, published in english with important new topics, such as the separate new chapter on Neotectonics. Thus, the creation of the Aegean plate at the southern border of the Eurasian plate during Miocene, the distinction of the Northern and Southern Hellenides, the description of the extensional detachments, the mantle flow dynamics in the Mediterranean, the paleomagnetic rotations and the description of the submarine and active volcanoes were included as separate subchapters. Additionally, an updated list of cited references up to September 2019 was included. The evolution of ideas from the «geosyncline period» of the 1960s to the «plate tectonics period» of the 1970s and the «tectono-stratigraphic terranes period» of the 1980s and 1990s has been presented in several parts of the book, either regarding the general geological knowledge or the specialized applications in the geology of Greece. Another goal was to shed light on old publications in order to incorporate old novel papers published in greek or other foreign languages that formulated the general aspects of the geological evolution of Greece. Unfortunately, these papers are not usually accessible in the present-day Internet searching facilities and risk to be ignored by the younger scientists, who do not follow the «classical» library setting. This is more accentuated for the papers published in greek, which are often considered as grey literature. Scientific discussions, exchange of ideas and thematic collaborations with a plethora of colleagues from Greece and abroad throughout my research activities helped me understand the state of the art on several scientific issues. Especially, during the 20 years working in IGCP projects and particularly as Project Leader of IGCP no 276 «Paleozoic Geodynamic domains and their Alpidic evolution in the Tethys» (1987–1997) I had the opportunity to travel to a large number of highly important geological sites along the Tethyan belt and to collaborate v vi Preface with specialists from many countries. Thus, I benefited from discussions and collaboration with: B. C. Burchfiel, L. Royden and B. Reilinger from MIT (Boston), B. C. Blake (California), J. Rodgers (Yale), H. Masson, A. Baud, A. Escher, A. Steck and G. Stampfli (Lausanne), V. Dietrich (Zurich), J. Aubouin, M. Bonneau and L. Jolivet (Paris), C. Fourquin and H. Bergougnan, (Reims), T. Druitt (Clermont–Ferrand), D. Richter and K. Reicherter (Aachen), J. Makris and Ch. Huebscher (Hamburg), V. Jacobshagen (Berlin), St. Duerr (Frankfurt), B. Stoeckhert (Bonn), G. Roberts and C. Tzedakis (London), A. Robertson (Edinburgh), F. Sassi (Padova), I. Finetti (Trieste), G. Bonardi (Napoli), W. Cavazza (Bolo- nia), C. Sengor, Y. Yilmaz, A. Okay, T. Taymaz and N. Ocakoglu (Istanbul), E. Demirtasli, E. Bozkurt and C. Goncuoglu (Ankara), D. Kozhoukharov, E. Kozhukharova, I. Zagorcev, I. Haidoutov and Z. Ivanov (Sofia), S. Karamata and M. Dimitrievic, (Belgrade), R. Stojanov (Skopje), S. Kovacs and E. Marton (Budapest), F. Ebner (Graz), K. Petrakakis (Wien), J. Vojar and E. Vojarova (Bratislava), S. Adamia (Tbilisi), A. Saadalach (Algers), M. Julivert (Barcelona) and N. Morner (Stockholm). In Greece, I benefited from discussions and collaboration with my supervisor Ilias Mari- olakos and my old colleagues and friends Christos Sideris, Nikos Skarpelis, Spyros Lekkas, Victor Sabot, George Kalpakis, George Migiros, Evangelos Lagios and Taxiarchis Papadopoulos. Several old students of mine have been my close collaborators and friends such as Efthymis Lekkas, Stelios Lozios, Vangelis Logos, Ioannis Fountoulis, Maria Trianta- phyllou, Paraskevi Nomikou, Stephanos Kilias, Emmanuel Vassilakis, Kostis Soukis, Michalis Diakakis and Leonidas Gouliotis. Several younger students are my new collaborators who have also contributed to the translation of the greek text, the preparation and reproduction— modification of the numerous figures of my book, such as Elina Kapourani, Stavros Bir- bilopoulos, Dimitra Boundi, Danae Lambridou and Spyros Mavroulis. Finally, I want to express my love and gratitude to my wife Virginia and my children and colleagues Ioannis and Maria, who have supported me during all these years of my wandering around the geology of Greece. Especially Ioannis has devoted several months in reviewing and editing the final english text and the new topics that were inserted up to the last minute. I cannot forget my early research period in the 1970s when my father Ioannis joined me in the field, taking notes of my numerous measurements of structural data and became an amateur geologist. Athens, Greece Dimitrios I. Papanikolaou April 2021 Contents 1 Greece Within the Alpine Orogenic System .......................... 1 1.1 The Alpine Orogenic System ................................. 1 1.2 Greece Within the Tethyan Orogenic System ...................... 3 References ...................................................
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