Green Infrastructure for Public Libraries

Home , Brooklyn Public Library, Pratt Institute

Prioritization & Intentional Site Selection for Multiple Community Benefits.

Dylan Hammond Sustainable Environmental Systems Pratt Institute - 2017 Advisors: Prof. Jaime Stein & Alec Appelbaum

1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The following individuals have contributed greatly to the development of this capstone project and I would like to thank them for their continual support throughout the entire process.

Jaime Stein Head of Program, M.S. Sustainable Environmental Systems Programs for Sustainable Planning & Development Graduate School of Architecture Pratt Institute

Alec Appelbaum Assistant Professor Programs for Sustainable Planning & Development Graduate School of Architecture Pratt Institute

Alex Mikszewski PE, EMIT Energy Manager Capital Planning & Facilities Management Brooklyn Public Library

Also, special thanks to my colleagues in the Pratt Sustainable Envi- ronmental Systems program for their continual feedback and support.

Miguel Diaz Sulekha Gangopadhyay Adrienne Downey Manjusha Patnaik Catherine Yuhas Nikita Abdullah Dhwani Dave

Cover Photo Credit : MNLA - https://www.mnlandscape.com/uploads/300003/1478113324132/6_Brooklyn_Library-overview_planter-M-web-1400-xxx_q85.jpg 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….…3

Background…………………………………………………………………….6-9 DEP, DEC & CSOs Existing Conditions Opportunities

Client Profile…………………………………………………………………..…10 Brooklyn Public Library

Overview…………………………………………………………………..…11-14 Stakeholders GI Co-benefits

Case Studies……………………………………………………..………….16-21 Space To Grow, Chicago GISP, Detroit

BPL GI Priortization ...... ……………………………………………………..…22 Co-benefits & EJ indicators

Metrics & Monitoring ………………………………………………………….27 Existing Metrics

Recommendations …………………………………………………………...28 Effective Implementation Collaborative Community Design Process Continuous Engagement

Conclusion……………………………………………………………...... 29

References………………………………………………….…………....….30-31 Cover Photo Credit : MNLA - https://www.mnlandscape.com/uploads/300003/1478113324132/6_Brooklyn_Library-overview_planter-M-web-1400-xxx_q85.jpg 3 INTRODUCTION

As the New York City Department of Developing community-based green infra- Environmental Protection’s (DEP) Green Infra- structure plans, focused on the many addi- structure program expands into its 7th year of tional co-benefits and ecosystem services implementation, the driving force behind the of green infrastructure such as improved air program is still singular in its focus on stormwa- quality, urban heat reduction, and energy ef- ter mitigation. Like many other U.S. Cities, New ficiency could have a significant impact on York City utilizes a combined sewer system public health and sustainability within NYC. (CSS) that handles both sewage and stormwater simultaneously. The unfortunate result The understanding and leveraging of these of a CSS is that during heavy storm events the co-benefits and the ecosystem services of capacity of sewage treatment plants is over- green infrastructure is especially important wheled, leading to sewage overflows into lo- to one of Brooklyn’s oldest educational insti- cal waterways. tutions, the Brooklyn Public Library (BPL). The BPL system and it’s Energy Manager, Alex In NYC the need for reducing stormwater that Mikszewski are currently in the process of as- eventually combines with sewage to over- sessing branch locations for capital improve- flow into local waterways exists as a perpetu- ments and building maintenance upgrades ally critical issue. The mandate for stormwater which could potentially include green infra- reduction has historically been applied in a structure elements depending on the range top-down structure, with the singular priority of benefits. focus of mitigating combined sewer overflows (CSO). However it is unclear how much It is important for institutions, like the Brooklyn of a priority stormwater and combined sewer Public Library, to have the most comprehen- overflow (CSO) reduction is for the commu- sive information available when making crit- nities that are hosts for green infrastructure ical capital improvement decisions. The pur- projects. The information made available to pose of this capstone is to explore, in depth the public about the necessity of green in- ,the opportunities and resources that exist frastructure has not always been cohesive or to achieve a successful green infrastructure directly connected to benefits realized within program that is collaborative, community ori- local communities. ented and successful over the long term at achieving institutional and community goals. While green infrastructure can be an effec- THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS CAPS tive tool in mitigating combined sewer overflows, a problem that has plagued U.S. cities for decades, there is a growing need to leverage the effectiveness of green infrastructure in tackling the diverse environmental challenges facing the future of New York City. In- creasing pressure from anticipated climate change impacts on New York City and its inhabitants should play a more significant role in driving the way green infrastructure is pro- moted, measured and monitored .

4 THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS CAPSTONE PROJECT IS TO:

1. Provide a framework for the drivers of on-site green infrastructure, like BPL, to prioritize site selection that is open, transparent and based on maximizing co-benefits and providing necessary ecosystem services.

2. In using this framework, provide guidelines and examples for an inclusive, community engagement strategy for the implementation of green infrastructure at selected priority locations.

By effectively targeting branches through the lens of co-benefits and ecosystem services we can meet the energy goals of the client (BPL), the storm water goals of the city (DEP) and the environmental justice goals of the community.

5 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

BACKGROUND municipalities in the U.S. has led to infrastruc- tures inability to process the large volumes The concept of Green Infrastructure of combined sewage that come with heavy (GI) has taken hold over the past decade rains. This problem is magnified with the in- as a valuable tool in urban planning for ad- crease and severity of rain storms from the dressing socio-economic, environmental and intensifying effects of climate change. storm-water issues (Mell, 2015). Green Infra- structure, as it is referred to in this proposal Green Infrastructure attempts to deal with the and as it is described by the literature, can issue of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) by be considered more specifically as: mitigating or infiltrating stormwater before it enters the sewer system, allowing for an overall reduction of CSO volume and a reduction “techniques that use soils and vegetation in the need for new expensive sewer infra- to infiltrate, evapotranspire, and/or recycle structure. stormwater runoff” (EPA, 2017). As green infrastructure has been implement- Green Infrastructure technology is generally ed, monitored and studied in municipalities considered a form of Low Impact Develop- across the US and Europe it has been wide- ment (LID), in opposition to more intensive in- ly accepted that, in addition to addressing frastructure development options such as the stormwater runoff issues, GI has the potential instillation of new sewage and stormwater in- to produce a myriad of co-benefits for the frastructure. residents of the cities in which it is implemented. These additional benefits include, but Municipalities across the United States are are not limited to, increased quality of life, re- faced with the growing problem of Com- duced urban heat island effect, improved air bined Sewer Overflows. This is a discharge quality, flood mitigation, promotion of social of stormwater combined with untreated interaction, increased property values and sewage into surrounding waterways during sales for commercial corridors and reduced heavy rain events. The regular use of com- energy costs (Meerow & Newell, 2017). bined sewer and stormwater infrastructure by

COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW (CSO)

Fig. 1 Diagram showing mechanisms of a combined sewer overflow (CSO) (American Rivers, ASLA , 2012)

NYC GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 2015 ANNUAL REPORT NYC Green Infrastructure 2014 Annual Report

Bill de Blasio Bill de Blasio Mayor Mayor Emily Lloyd Emily Lloyd Commissioner Commissioner 2014 Green Infrastructure Annual Report 1

Fig. 2 - GI Infrastructure Plan Fig. 3 - 2014 GI Annual Re- Fig. 4 - 2015 GI Annual Re- (DEP, 2010) port (DEP, 2014) port (DEP, 2015)

In light of these co-benefits supporting com- A unique aspect of the Consent Order be- munity health and environmental health, the tween DEC and DEP is that it allows for an concept of green infrastructure placement adaptive management approach, by setting has been reconsidered as an environmen- benchmarks for achieving specified reduc- tal justice (EJ) issue and selection criteria for tions in stormwater runoff, while leaving the where GI is implemented is beginning to con- strategy and technologies used for reaching sider the EJ concerns of local communities these goals up to the discretion of DEP (DEC, (Heckert, Et Al 2016). 2012).

The process of selecting specific Brooklyn In this way, as specific approaches and GI Public Library Branches to maximize the im- technologies are deployed, monitored and pact of these co-benefits for Brooklyn Com- measured, the DEP can shift and adopt new munities will be explored in detail later with strategies for stormwater reductions based the development of a multi-user mapping on the success or failure of implementation application for GI site prioritization. strategies previously used. If for some rea- son benchmarks are not achieved by the set time-line, the DEC allows for contingency NEW YORK CITY’S plans to be proposed by DEP that take best GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE PLAN practices into account to meet the benchmarks provided.

The New York City (NYC) Department The 2012 consent order modifications outline of Environmental Protection (DEP) embarked a requirement for DEP to implement Green upon an ambitions green infrastructure plan Infrastructure strategies, city-wide, that will in 2010, stemming from a Consent Order be- manage the equivalent of stormwater gen- tween the New York State Department of En- erated by one inch of precipitation on 10% of vironmental Conservation (DEC) and the NYC impervious surfaces in combined sewer ar- DEP. The consent order, modified in 2012, out- eas by the year 2030 (DEC, 2012). lined a mandate for the reduction of stormwater from impervious surface managed by green infrastructure and a timeline for the DEP to achieve this reduction.

7 EXISTING CONDITIONS

According to the most recent annual report released by the NYC DEP, there are cur- This overall 10% goal includes five-year rently 3,802 green infrastructure assets con- benchmark goals of 1.5% managed by 2015, structed in priority CSO tributary areas. This 4% managed by 2020, and 7% managed by amounts to approximately 0.6% of the total 2025. If at any point these milestones are not impervious acreage managed citywide met (as in the most recent case of the 2015 (DEP, 2016)z. deadline of 1.5%) then a detailed contingency plan for how the gap can be closed mov- While green infrastructure can take many ing forward must be submitted to the DEC. forms, There are four main intervention typologies emplyed by DEP in their Green In- The consent order also details requirements frastructure Plan for New York City. for submitting annual reports (Fig. 2-4) that outline how the prioritization and roll out of These four typologies are: green infrastructure projects is progressing and guidelines for developing equivalency rates (in terms of acres of impervious surface managed) that are equal to the designated milestones.

Figure 1: Consent Order Milestones

10% 9% Rain Gardens

d Initial 1.5% 8% Additional 2.5% Additional 3.0% anage 7% Final 3% 6% 10% Target

Area M 5% 4% 3%

Impervious 2% % 1% 0% 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Fig. 6 - 5-year increment milestones for DEP to achieve Bio-Swales stormwater management via green infrastructure. (DEP, 2015)

The most recent milestone of 1.5% control by 2015 was not achieved through the roll-out of green infrastructure that DEP implemented in the years leading up to 2015 and therefore, as per the stipulations of the consent order, a contingency plan was submitted in June of Permeable Pavers 2016.

The contingency plan outlines the existing conditions, detailing precisely where, what type and how many green infrastructure elements are needed to achieve compliance with the milestone not met. Green Roofs 8 The majority of the existing and planned The current prioritiization process for the DEP green infrastructure interventions from DEP is to identify the CSO tributary areas that are are Right-Of-Way Bioswales (ROWBS). These the heaviest contributors to local water pol- are also the only type of additional green in- lution and implement a higher percentage frastructure elements proposed in the recent of green infrastructure in these identified trib- contingency plan to cover the remaining utary areas (Figure 7 illustrates the current 0.9% of the 2015 1.5% milestone, method).

In their recent 2016 annual report, DEP ac- This prioritization process is singularly focused knowledges the need to expand the va- on mitigating stormwater, which is under- riety and siting of green infrastructure im- standable given the mandate handed down plementation methods used to achieve the by DEC. However the opportunity to multiply next milestone of 4% managed area by 2020 the benefits for building operators and pri- (DEP,2016). vate property owners and the need to provide much needed ecosystem services to communities calls for a more integrated prioritization approach.

Fig. 7 - DEP Priority CSO Tributary Areas, showing current and planned areas prioritized for green infrastructure development based on contributions to CSOs (DEP, 2016).

9 CLIENT OVERVIEW

The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) system, established in 1892, currently operates 60 branches throughout the borough of Brook- lyn. The library system serves over 8.5 million visitors annually and in 2016 offered over sev- enty-five thousand program sessions to over a million program attendees (BranchStat, 2017). BPL operates on an annual budget of approximately 163 million dollars, supported DeKalb Branch Library - Example of a Carnegie library. by the City of New York (NYC), New York State (NYS) and various contributors (Johnson and Gravante Jr., 2016).

The buildings that house the catalogues, programs and dedicated library staff total approximately 1 million square feet and are a mix of old and new construction. They range in design style and construction from ornate, “Carnegie” style buildings constructed in the early 20th century to plain, no-frills “Lindsay Sunset Park Branch Library - Example of a Lindsay- Box Boxes” constructed during the 1960’s (About library. Brooklyn Public Library, 2017). The many as- sorted styles and ages of buildings make up an evenly distributed library branch network This offers a unique opportunity to address that currently functions as one of the nation’s the most pressing issues facing the city and its largest library systems. However, considering inhabitants. Issues such as climate resilience, all of these diverse resources, the library faces community health and systematic combined an increasing challenge of capital improve- sewer overflows can all be addressed through ments and retrofits with such a large asset the incorporation of green infrastructure in base, a cost of close to 300 million dollars in branch re-design efforts. improvements needed. BPL has already engaged in two such proj- While the need for retrofits and upgrades ects, the Green Point Environmental Educa- might be considered a liability for the library tion Center and the new Sunset Park Library system and its facilities managers, it can also which are currently in the design & construc- be seen, through a different lens, as an op- tion phase. These projects show a willingness portunity . on the behalf of BPL to initiate a collaborative design process with organizational and Public Libraries are one of the few pieces of community partners. However, this process city infrastructure where interaction with the will need to be adapted for the inclusion of built environment is both encouraged and green infrastructure elements selected for flourishing. Libraries are resource centers for their specif ecosystem services and commu- millions of New Yorkers and the physical, built nity co-benefits. infrastructure plays an influential role in the ways in which community members receive their information. 10 Fig. 8 - BPL Branch Locations ((Johnson, 2015)

11 STAKEHOLDERS

The stakeholder groups can be divided into The stakeholders involved in the de- two categories: velopment of this project are primarily the client, Brooklyn Public Library, and communities surrounding priority target branches. Agency Community These groups are the immediate beneficia- Stakeholders Stakeholders ries of the outcomes of green infrastructure installed at libraries. They will be the facilita- tors and participants in a community-based DEP Branch Librarians design process, and will subsequently hold BPL Neighborhood the responsibility for ongoing programming DDC Residents and for long-term maintenance and moni- DOB Library Patrons toring. There are subgroups of stakeholders EPA NYEJA within these two that consist of the actors at CBO’s a hyper-local level such as branch librarians Public Advocates and neighborhood residents who frequently utilize branch services.

Secondarily we have the overarching organizations that are concerned with the input and outcomes of green infrastructure proj- Agency stakeholders should be identified ear- ects at public institutions and community ly and involved in forming a coalition that will hubs like the Brooklyn Public Library branch- be an integral part of the prioritization and site es. The NYC DEP has a stake in seeing green selection process. This coalition will also be re- infrastructure developed on library property sponsible for identifying funding sources for because of their mandate from the New York green infrastructure projects at Libraries. State DEC to achieve infiltration of the first 1” of rain events over 10% of the impervious sur- The community stakeholders will need to be face area of NYC. The New York State Depart- engaged during the planning process in order ment of Environmental Conservation (DEC), to become partners in long term maintenance while somewhat removed, has a combined and monitoring of green infrastructure proj- stake in seeing successful green infrastructure ects. This initial outreach should happen direct- implemented at the municipal building level ly after a branch has been selected and local to see their benchmarks met by DEP. community based organizations have been identified and invited to contribute. Finally, the implementers of new infrastructure such as DDC, DOB, and DEP will have a The graphic on the next page outlines the dif- stake in the financial and temporal scale of all ferent stages of developing a green infrastruc- new green infrastructure planned for Library ture plan for BPL and the stakeholders that Branches. They will need to be included in all could potentially be involved at each step of master-plan and long term planning meetings the planning process. A mix of agency and in order to provide expertise on feasibility and community stakeholders are represented at appropriate time scales. each stage. Community members without organizational affiliation have simple iconic representation. 12 Branch Librarians Neighborhood Residents Library Patrons NYEJA CBO’s Public Advocates D ing e d sig n n u F Coalition

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13 The Green Point Environmental Education Center was funded partially using a grant from the Green Point Community Environmental Fund along with funds from the NYS Education Dept. and BPL capital improvement funds.

The New Sunset Park Library was planned and developed collaboratively with a community partner (Fifth Avenue Committee) and a participatory design process that involved stakeholder visioning meetings to incorporate user priorities.

(Top) https://www.bklynlibrary.org/locations/greenpoint/reconstruct14 (Bottom)https://uh8yh30l48rpize52xh0q1o6i-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Exterior-2.jpg LIBRARY GI DESIGN: BUILDING ON EXISTING MODELS committee was formed and input on project details was collected via multiple community Developing a sense of community invest- input meetings (The New Greenpoint Library, ment in capital improvement projects is not 2017). an overnight process and it is best not to start from scratch. The ability to leverage existing In the case the Sunset Park Library, the community organizations that exist in specif- process was a little more in involved as the ic neighborhoods is key to the success of the leading partner was a community based projects being proposed. organization, Fifth Avenue Committee, with a history of community organizing that facil- BPL already has many neighborhood itated a number of planning meetings with partners and it will be imperative to identi- the community. Below is a summary sheet fy those partners early in the selection and detailing the outcomes of those meetings. planning process and to leverage their net- works of community members when holding THE NEW SUNSET planning meetings or visioning sessions. PARK LIBRARY Central themes that emerged from the Sunset Park Community Engagement The two visual examples on the left represent the Sunset Park Library redesign and the Greenpoint Library and Environmental Education Center. Both projects have proven, to some degree, that the BPL system can INTRODUCTION Brooklyn Public Library in collaboration with Hester Street and Grain Collective is gathering engage in a community-based planning pro- feedback from Sunset Park residents, organizations, policymakers, service providers, and other stakeholders on the New Sunset Park Library project. Engagement has focused on both the design cess around new major capital improvement of the new space and the programming within Sunset Park’s new library. projects. These projects are still in the design PROCESS Since January 2017, Hester Street, Grain Collective and During the summer, several focus groups were the Library have hosted 2 large scale public work- organized to ensure that population groups not and construction phase however we can shops (in multiple languages), 13 meetings with stake- present during the large workshops could also holders, informal patron conversations along major engage. Sunset Park stakeholders (CBOs, service gather some key factors for success when it corridors in Sunset Park, and collected about 200 sur- providers, and elected officials) provided helpful veys at the branch from library patrons and staff. Addi- insights about their constituents’ needs and tionally, there are four focus groups planned between considered how the new bigger and better library comes to establishing and carrying out com- July and August. During the month of August, display could play a part in providing needed boards featuring outcomes and feedback from these neighborhood resources. sessions will be on display throughout neighbor- munity input sessions for library projects. The hood. Residents will be able to read and Conversations about the new library’s space and provide comments on the displayed information. programming were largely joyful and engaging. Residents of varied ages and backgrounds main take-aways from both of these projects During two public workshops in April and June, about provided input about the types of spaces, 100 participants (plus about 25 children) gave their programs and services they rely on, and the are that: opinion on challenges in the current branch, and program expansions they would like to see in the shared their perspective on the design of space and new library. They also provided ideas about programs, and overall culture of their new library. facilities and operations, universal needs, and the 1. A CBO partner with a network that is tied to About 200 library patrons responded to surveys about overall culture of the library. their current and new library in English, Chinese, and the immediate geographic area surrounding Spanish. (Sunset Park Library: Fact Sheet, 2016) the specific site or project is a valuable partner in connecting to and gathering feedback The missing component within BPL’s ex- from the community. isting community planning process is the in- 2. Engaging community stakeholders ear- corporation of information surrounding the ly through multiple planning and visioning multiple co-benefits and ecosystems services meetings can be a valuable tool to foster provided by green infrastructure. The promo- long-term engagement. tion of green infrastructure at branch libraries should not only demonstrate how green The Green Point Environmental Education infrastructure can provide multiple benefits, Center is the product of a grant from on top of stormwater mitigation, like urban the Green Point Community Environmental heat, air quality, flood resilience and social Fund, a granting agency managed by the health improvements but also how sites can NYSDEC to distribute settlement funds from be selected to have the most impact in areas the Exxon-Mobil Green Point oil spill. As part where these types of ecosystem services are of the grant process a community advisory not currently being provided. 15 CO-BENEFITS ously understood and resiliency measures for both reducing the causes and the impacts of The importance of identifying the climate change should be explored (Mazria, co-benefits of green infrastructure for Brook- 2015). lyn communities and the city as a whole is underscored by the mounting pressure of cli- It is also a reality that NYC buildings contribute mate change and it’s effects on urban pop- disproportionate amounts of carbon emis- ulations. In order to combat the future nega- sions (approximately 71%) and consume the tive impacts of climate change it is imperative majority of the city’s electricity budget (ap- that we both acknowledge and leverage all proximately 94%) (Mazria, 2015). of the tools at our disposal. Again, this apparent vulnerability can be ob- In a recent co-benefits study, analyzing the served, from the perspective of the Brooklyn economic benefits of green infrastructure in Public Library, as an opportunity. The BPL sys- Lancaster, Pennsylvania the point was made tem, with it’s vast building stock, immense us- that: ership and extensive programming, is poised to be a leader and innovator as they begin to “Green infrastructure’s overall value as a mu- incorporate green infrastructure in their capi- nicipal or private investment depends in part tal improvement and retrofit plans. on the additional benefits it provides beyond stormwater, and thus upon a community’s While a focus on energy and carbon emis- ability to model and measure these benefits sions reductions is important for businesses (EPA, 2014).” and building managers there are a number of subsequent environmental concerns that As the effects of global climate change are community advocates raise at the city-wide understood and dense urban centers like level. These concerns should be incorporated New York City begin to feel the negative im- into a BPL GI plan in order to meet the needs pacts, the need for city programs focused on of all stakeholders. climate mitigation tactics will continue to in- crease. It is estimated that sea levels in New The New York Environmental Justice Alliance York City are set to rise 0.9-1.6 feet by 2050 has lobbied for the inclusion of Environmen- and additional 2-4 feet by the year 2100. It tal Justice priorities in the progressive sustain- was also reported recently that New York City ability measures being adopted by the city in is the American city most at risk from eco- response to climate change. NYEJA explicitly nomic damages from future flooding. focuses on a set of six environmental justice Climate driven events, like Superstorm Sandy indicators highlighting environmental health in 2012, have proven that there are far more concerns that disproportionately effect dis- climate vulnerabilities in New York than previ- advantaged and under-resourced communities (Fig 9). It is these indicators that will be used to inform the prioritization model for GI Fig 9. NYEJA - “State of Emergency” Climate Justice Priorities (Bautista, 2017) at BPL branches.

Urban Heat Food System Renewable Air Quality & Coastal Community Island Resiliency Energy & Low-Emission Resiliency Engagement Energy Resiliency Zones 16 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

In order to effectively leverage green In regards to the ecosystem service value infrastructure technology it is necessary to provided by different green infrastructure ty- first understand the value of green infrastruc- pologies outlined earlier, the difficult calcu- ture in terms of providing important ecosys- lations and estimations have recently been tem services. published in a study completed by the EPA on the economic benefits of green infrastruc- While we understand implicitly the addition- ture for the city of Lancaster, PA (American al value of green infrastructure beyond a sin- Rivers and CNT, 2010). In this study, research- gular benefit of stormwater capture to other, ers quantified the dollar value of the bene- co-benefits like reduced urban heat and en- fits provided for the city of Lancaster from a ergy demands it will be increasingly import- number of green infrastructure interventions. ant to explicitly value those benefits in terms Below, (Fig. 10) is a graphic representation of of the services that they provide to human their process. beneficiaries. Fig 10. The estimation and subsequent calculation of ecosystem services can be an extremely difficult task but one that is increasingly making its way into the planning processes of American cities like NYC (Hansen et al.,2015). Many important decisions made in regards It is important to understand that the ecosys- to infrastructure are influenced by cost-ben- tem services provided by green infrastructure efit analyses and often the valuable services hold a specific economic value for our city. provided by natural ecological features are unaccounted for due to the underlying dif- While not as comprehensive, the DEP’s eco- ficulty to produce an accurate valuation of system services chart below stands as a ref- their impacts. erence for prioritization based on desired outcome. This chart will provide additional reference for the future prioritization model Fig 11. DEP Ecosystem Services Chart (DEP, 2016) for GI at BPL branches.

17 18 https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/EC_uBRWZXs06iH_dPEMvuSwy8ZE=/0x0:5760x3840/1200x800/filters:focal(2420x1460:3340x2380)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/56524371/ Windsor_Terrace_Roof_2a.0.jpg CASE STUDIES

In order to apply the most appropriate strategies for realizing the potential co-benefits of green infrastructure and to implement an inclusive planning process for community participation in green infrastructure projects we must first reflect on existing strategies in an attempt to understand best practices .

To this end, a number of case studies were selected to highlight successful projects and their implementation strategies in other dense urban centers in the Midwest that have undertak- en a strategy of comprehensive Green Infrastructure plans.

The first case study from Chicago was selected for its successful strategies surrounding organizational partnership with city agencies as well as robust community engagement strategies that lead to the development of green infrastructure at school playgrounds.

Additionally a case study from Detroit was selected to highlight the value of dynamic prioritization and site selection strategies. This specific project also highlights the importance of aan approach that identifies specific co-benefits of green infrastructure when approaching site selection.

The review of these various projects and their applicability in urban settings with similar storm water and green infrastructure plans as New York City will help to inform how we develop our own specific GI prioritization process and utilize our public institutions like BPL to drive community engagement.

19 SPACE TO GROW Chicago, IL Through an extensive collaboration with Chicago Public Schools (CPS), the City of Chicago Department of Water Management Chicago, like New York City, has com- (CDWM) and the Metropolitan Water Recla- bined sewer infrastructure prone to flooding mation District of Greater Chicago (MWRD,) from rain events leading to sewer overflows- the Space to Grow campaign has been into local waterways. The city has been im- able to effectively transform what were once plementing green infrastructure slowly over bleak and barren playgrounds of vast con- the past decade and in 2014 released their crete and blacktop into vibrant productive Green Stormwater Infrastructure Plan to de- playscapes that operate as green infrastruc- tail how they will continue to address the ture for the city’s overwhelmed sewer system. need for reducing stormwater run-off while simoultaneously addressing other pressing The most unique aspect of the Space to issues like climate resilience and community Grow program however, is their commitment health (Emmanuel, 2014) . to a community based planning process and their understanding of successful long-term Chigago’s 2014 plan is unique in that it engagement strategies. Part of the method outlines the many co-benefits of green infra- for successful implementation of green in- structure in the introduction and continually frastructure on CPS playgrounds is the early references ways in which these benefits may incorporation of community stakeholders, be realized through different green infra- from school teachers to parents to neighbors, structure implementation strategies like the which foster a sense of community ownership one the Space to Grow employs in Chicago in Space to Grow Projects . schoolyards. This process is guided using a well-de- The Space to Grow program is a Chi- signed “school manual” (Fig.12) that outlines cago based partnership between two or- and explains in detail the steps of the com- ganizations, Healthy Schools Campaign and munity engagement process. Allowing for Openlands to implement green infrastruc- easier implementation by school staff and ture improvements on Chicago schoolyards. administrators (Space to Grow - School Man- These two organizations share a mission to ual Interactive, 2016). improve Chicago schools, however they approach the goal from slightly different angles (Adelmann and Davis, 2016).

The Healthy Schools Campaign is focused on improving health and wellness through better school food options and improved physical education opportunities. Openlands has a slightly different mission of connecting students to nature and protect- ing natural areas and open space in Chica- go. The Space to Grow program serves both missions as well as addressing the need for enhanced storm water controls in the Chica- School manual go metropolitan area. Fig. 12 - Space to Grow school manual (Space to Grow - School Manual Interactive, 2016)..

20 The general structure of the collaborative design process and long term community BEST PRACTICES/ LESSONS LEARNED engagement is broken down into three separate steps as follows:

The take-aways from this case study SCHOOLYARD PLANNING & DESIGN are a combination of strategies for partnership/coalition structure at the organizational This initial phase of the green school- level as well as tools for empowering com- yard project involves developing a planning munities to take ownership of their individual team made up of parents, teachers and projects. community members to schedule three design planning meetings for which addi- The partnership developed by space tional participants like teachers, administra- to grow between a city department like Chi- tors, parents and neighbors are all recruited cago Public schools and two dedicated local to develop the vision and specifics of the Non-Profit organizations is the cornerstone to schoolyard design. the successful roll-out of this community engaged green infrastructure program. This type of mulit-operator coalition is a perfect expample for how BPL should structure the initial foundation of its GI prrogram for library branches. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT & EVENTS Additionally, the detailed community The second phase of green school- engagement process and “school manual” yard development involves a groundbreak- deployed by Space to Grow provides an ex- ing celebration, schoolyard planting days, a tremely useful framework from which to build ribbon cutting ceremony and the develop- a similar structure for the Brooklyn Public Li- ment of ongoing annual events like celebra- brary to utilize in the roll out of their green in- tions and gardening days. frastructure interventions at selected branches.

One thing that remains unclear from this case study is the process by which schools in Chicago are chosen for a green schoolyard.

WORKSHOPS & SUPPORT In the following case study the issue of how best to prioritize site selection to maximize the The final phase of Space to Grow’s impact of green infrastructure will be evalu- community engagement around green ated. schoolyards focuses on creating a culture of wellness through workshops in stormwater education, garden planning and management and outdoor learning.

Through all of these engagement steps the goal is to foster community investment and ownership that leads to long-term maintenance (Space to Grow - School Man- ual, 2016). 21

The foundational principle for this ap- GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE proach is the understanding that: SPATIAL PLANNING (GISP) MODEL “Green infrastructure’s utility as a resilience Detroit, MI strategy goes beyond its ability to abate stormwater, for fundamental to green infrastructure’s appeal is its multi-functionality.” One of the key components of a success- (Meerow & Newell, 2017) . ful green infrastructure plan is deciding the most effective way to implement green in- The model incorporates five, common- frastructure to best achieve program goals. ly cited ecosystem service benefits of green In most cases, where urban stormwater infrastructure as their criterion indicators for infrastructure is being upgraded with green the GISP model. infrastructure, the primary goal is to reduce combined sewer overflows and the prioritiza- These are: tion method is to place interventions within the sewer drainage areas that are the main 1) Improved air quality contributors to overflow events. 2) Urban heat island mitigation; 3) Improved communities & This is the case with the implementa- reduced social vulnerability tion strategy of DEP in New York City as well 4) Greater access to green space as that of DWSD in Detroit. The majority of 5) Increased landscape connectivity. funding, at the city and state level, for green infrastructure comes from the mandate to reduce combined sewer overflows, and Maps were constructed to model the therefore it is logical that implementation pri- five ecosystem service indicators as well as a oritization would fall along these lines. There sixth map showing stormwater management are however, as we have examined, many criterion. co-benefits to green infrastructure implementation and it may be useful to consider Figure 13 shows the six varying overlay these ecosystem services and co-benefits maps used for developing the co-benefit in tandem with stormwater concern when special model. A stakeholder meeting was designating neighborhoods and community then held in order to give weights to the six districts in which to install green infrastruc- benefits via a survey distributed to govern- ture. ment agencies, local and national nonprof- its, and community development organiza- The Green Infrastructure Spatial Plan- tions. Stakeholders were selected based on ning (GISP) model, developed by Sara Mee- their expertise in green infrastructure as well row and Joshua Newell at the University of as urban development issues in Detroit. Michigan is designed to pair the ecosystem services provided by green infrastructure After all input was received and the with an overlay index or indicator criterion separate prioritization overlays had been and assigns a weight to each via stakehold- weighted a final, comprehensive prioritiza- er input. This process produces a GIS model tion map was developed (Fig 14). This final that allows for mapping priority areas for map also included a visual representation green infrastructure implementation based of all existing green infrastructure projects on, not only stormwater priorities, but a currently developed in order to show where multitude of co-benefit or ecosystem service disparities in site selection could be identi- benefits as well. fied. 22

Fig. 13 - Shows the six overlay maps highlighting community districts lacking in specific ecosystem services (Meerow & Newell, 2017)

Fig. 14 - Shows the final composite overlay map in- cluding current GI sites in Detroit (Meerow & Newell, 2017)

BEST PRACTICES/ LESSONS LEARNED

The primary lesson learned from this case study is that there are many underrep- resented factors in selecting sites for green infrastructure interventions,

The transition from individual GIS layer files and a static compilation map to an interactive online web application means that the research done by this team can be accessed by the entire community and used to inform the decision making process moving forward. This is an extremely useful tool and the fact that it is made freely available further reinforces the concept that green infrastructure planning should be an inclusive and equal-access process.

The tactics and tools used by the Detroit team in developing their Green Infrastructure Spatial Planning model will be adapted to develop a similar spatial planning tool for the Brooklyn Public Library to identify neighborhoods and ultimately branch locations that are in the most need of green infrastructure development.

23 F

A PRIORITIZATION MODEL FOR BPL

GOAL:

“Develop a selection process for BPL Green Renewable Infrastructure Projects prioritizing both storm Energy & Energy Resiliency water as well as documented co-benefits from Green infrastructure.”

An important first step in the integration

https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Environment/NYC- of green infrastructure projects at Brooklyn CAS-Air-Pollution-Rasters/q68s-8qxv/data Air Quality & Public Libraries is to prioritize which branch- Low-Emission Fig 15. Air Quality (PM Zones es can most effectively leverage green infrastructure to address the maximum number of stakeholder values as possible.

The BPL system has over 58 Libraries and choosing the most critical branches for green infrastructure retrofits is a process based on their own institutional priorities such as energy and maintenance needs and should also Urban Heat reflect the specific social and environmental Island

http://a816-dohbesp.nyc.gov/IndicatorPublic/ justice issues relevant to local communities. VisualizationData.aspx?id=2191,719b87,107,Map,- Score,2010 Fig 16.Urban Heat Vulnerability Index The tool developed here for this pur- pose takes into account the overlay technique developed by the Detroit Green In- frastructure Spatial Planning model and the types of ecosystem services and co-benefits specific to NYC community green infrastruc- ood System ture identified in previous sections. Resiliency

The series of maps on the right show the overlays for each co-benefit criterion chosen, along with the corresponding envi- https://svi.cdc.gov/SVIDataToolsDownload.html ronmental justice indicator(s) from the NYC- Coastal Fig 17. Social Vulnerability Index Resiliency EJA climate action plan. Data was obtained from NYC Open Data portal and using GIS mapping software was categorized, and a color or color ramp was applied at 50% transparency. The legends for each map show the categorical rankings and as each map is overlapped, the areas with darker shading show higher need for ecosystem services. Community Engagement

https://svi.cdc.gov/SVIDataToolsDownload.html 24 Fig. 18 Parks Access

The multi-variate approach to prioritizing green infrastructure at Brooklyn Public The resulting tool, featured below (Fig. Libraries allows some flexibility for library ad- 19), is an interactive web mapping applica- ministrators as well as community members tion that provides descriptions of each envi- to select any number of indicators and layers ronmental justice indicator and allows users that are most important in terms ssues most to toggle on and off layers as well as select effecting the neighborhood or branch. branches or specific attributes within a layer to see how a given neighborhood is affect- In addition to CSO tributary areas the ed. environmental justice indicators for this selection tool include Air Quality measured by The recommendation is that this web PM 2.5 concentrations, Urban Heat Index by application be employed primarily by the community district, Social Vulnerability Index coalition formed to drive the process of green by census tract and Parks Access represent- infrastructure programming at BPL branches. ed by an overlay of areas that are above a The tool can then be shared with community quarter mile walking distance to a park. groups and stakeholders during the first planning meetings to highlight a shared interest These indicators were chosen for iden- in dynamic problem solving and community tifying adverse environmental conditions investment. which have the potential to be mitigated by the implementation of different green infrastructure typologies. In previous sections it was evidenced that the co-benefits of green infrastructure can provide valuable ecosystem services. With this overlay technique we can visualize where, in Brooklyn, those services are most needed.

Fig 19. https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=5b38b81c488145758d16a60e07ddd262#

25 Potential partners for the initial organization- GI COMMUNITY al coalition could include the New York City Environmental Justice Alliance, the New York City Soil and Water Conservation District, the ENGAGEMENT Trust for Public Land, or Green City Force to name a few. One or more of these organiza- Utilizing best practices, developed tions can help to add a catalyzing force of from the Space To Grow case study example, community activism and existing organiza- and implementing a site selection process tional infrastructure to allow for a strong foun- using the best information available from the dational underpinning the GI plan at BPL. GI prioritization tool, a robust community engagement strategy can be created around After the initial formation of an organization- the development of green infrastructure at al coalition and the selection of BPL priority BPL branches, branches using the prioritization mapping tool, key community stakeholders should be Once selected using the Library GI prioritiza- identified at the selected branches and in tion process, library branches should be deliv- their surrounding communities. The stakehold- ered a “library green infrastructure planning ers within the library will be easier to identify manual” that provides a framework for the and will mostly consist of branch librarians, process of green infrastructure design and staff and highly engaged library patrons. The construction set to take place at that specific stakeholders from the surrounding communi- branch. This manual, like that of the Space to ty will need be identified either through the Grow program’s for Chicago schools, should efforts of a coalition partner, a branch stake- include sections dedicated to Library-specif- holder or by utilizing data made available ic constituents and resources. through the stewardship mapping tools like STEWMAP from the USDA Forest Service’s Ur- The formation of a coalition of stakeholders at ban Field Station. the outset will help to encourage a planning process that is both transparent and inclusive Once identified, community stakeholders of the most diverse range of stakeholder val- should be invited to the first initial informa- ues available. tion/planning meeting for branch GI and a

GREEN CITY FORCE + NYCHA: A LONG TERM ENGAGEMENT

Green City Force (GCF) is a collaboration between Americorps, NYCHA and Community Based Organizations to provide jobs training and workforce development in the Green Economy for young NYCHA residents. A team of CGF corps members have successfully built and maintained four large urban farms on NYCHA property. (ABOUT - Green City Force, 2017) 26 community planning team should be established to carry out subsequent planning steps Next Steps: outlined by the Library GI planning manual.

As the development of a BPL Green Infra- structure plan for branches unfolds it will be 1.Identify and reach out to a handful increasingly important to develop, in tan- of borough-wide, NGOs with commu- dem, a plan for the maintenance of library GI nity advocacy backgrounds to begin via long term engagement strategies. Once a balanced coalition that can drive a again we can learn by finding existing exam- Library Green Infrastructure develop- ples of successful programs to provide best ment plan. practices for long term engagement. This time the best example is located within the geographic boundary of NYC. 2. Using the Green Infrastructure Pri- oritization tool online, identify a list of The Green City Force (GCF) program is a shin- Brooklyn Public Library branches that ing example of a successful jobs-training and are of the highest priority for Green In- community based green infrastructure pro- frastructure interventions. gram developed through a partnership with the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) and a federal jobs program, Americorps. 3. Develop a “Library Green Infra- Through this partnership a number of urban structure planning manual”. to be farms have been established on NYCHA prop- delivered to branches shortly after erties throughout New York City and are all selection, containing instructional staffed and maintained by Green City Force guidelines for community planning youth workers. The youth workers themselves and participation. are all NYCHA residents and benefit from an six or ten month paid position tending to the urban farms, harvesting and distributing pro- 4. Integrate the Library GI plan into duce to community members all while learn- existing programming and services ing valuable professional skills. available through the BPL system. De- velop new educational and job-train- This type of program, one which engages city ing programs around new Green In- youth through employment while simultane- frastructure in order to foster long-term ously maintaining a network of green infra- engagement and ensure continual structure (urban farms), is exactly the type of maintenance of GI interventions. model to be replicated for the BPL Green In- frastructure program. It is highly recommended that the staff at GCF be invited to contribute their expertise to the development of any 5. Integrate Library Green Infrastruc- long-term Green Infrastructure maintenance ture data collection and monitoring strategies for the BPL system. into the existing BPL, BranchStat data management tool for long-term tracking and reporting of metrics used to evaluate Green Infrastructure, co-benefits and usership.

27 METRICS/ MONITORING

Traditionally the only metrics used for The Brooklyn Public Library states in its monitoring green infrastructure performance mission that it is an institution dedicated to the has been those employed by DEP and their fair and equal distribution of access to knowl- internal performance monitoring strategies. edge and resources (Johnson and Gravante These strategies, while well developed, focus Jr., 2016). This is exemplified by the institution’s mostly on the ability of the city-wide green transparency when it comes to the annual infrastructure technologies to capture and in- publication of details on system-wide financ- filtrate stormwater in order to reduce the vol- es, usership data and master plans. Addition- ume of CSOs. ally, as neighborhood centers of community learning, activity and educational resources, Moving forward into the next 5 year the library plays a large role in connecting milestone for the Green Infrastructure Plan, community members to valuable resources DEP has taken steps to incorporate co-ben- outside of the BPL system. It is just this strength efits tracking and monitoring in addition to in sharing access to resources and informa- stormwater retention and CSO mitigation tion that will aid BPL in the collection, tracking (DEP, 2016). and ultimate sharing of data related to any new Green Infrastructure developed on BPL The agency has already begun to de- property. velop a co-benefits valuation tool for particular green infrastructure elements, how- The tools for this type of data collection ever much more information is needed to and monitoring are already being employed understand just how particular interventions by BPL through the use of its BranchSTAT data produce specific co-benefits. The collection collection and visualization tool (Fig 20). The of data and ongoing monitoring is an area integration of data collected around Green where the implementation of Green Infra- Infrastructure could potentially be seamlessly structure at libraries can play a significant integrated into the multitude of other metrics role. currently being assessed.

Fig. 20 Shows the BPL Branch Stat system for tracking library user data. This tool can be modified to incorporate user data surrounding newly installed branch green infrastructure data.

28 CONCLUSION

As part of a growing effort by both DEP Finally, with the goal of a Green Infra- and the City of New York to achieve their structure plan for BPL that is sustainable, a goals of storm water reduction as mandated strategy for long term engagement and con- by the state, public institutions like the Brook- tinual maintenance should be established. lyn Public Library system are now incorpo- This can take many forms, however the rec- rating green infrastructure into their capital ommendation is that it take into account the improvement plans. The design and construc- many co-benefits and ecosystem services of tion of green infrastructure at public libraries green infrastructure such as education and creates an opportunity for public interaction, green jobs in order to produce a truly sustain- education and multiple community benefits, able model. only if the infrastructure is created with these purposes in mind. In an effort to develop new best practices and have data available for publishing Using best practices identified here valuable interim reports on the progress of a through careful exploration of relevant case GI plan for BPL it is also recommended that studies, it is recommended that BPL utilize a data collection and monitoring be integrat- coalition partnership to create a program for ed into the current data collection programs installing green infrastructure at public librar- employed by BPL. In this way, an eventual ies. Through collaboration with one or more calculation of economic benefits can be non-governmental organizations that have produced to defend either continuation or missions similar to BPL’s, focused on educa- further expansion of GI at BPL or other public tion, sustainability and equity there is a higher institutions. chance of that the final product is inclusive of environmental justice concerns and the con- The processes of careful selection, cerns of local community members. community inclusive planning and continual monitoring of green infrastructure projects at Additionally it is recommended that libraries can allow for many of the potential the subsequent coalition utilize a compre- social and environmental benefits of green hensive prioritization approach, like the one infrastructure to be realized and incorporat- provided in this capstone, that takes into ac- ed into the planning process for future devel- count the ecosystem services provided by opment of the BPL system’s branches. green infrastructure and the environmental justice needs of Brooklyn communities in order to identify priority branches for the roll- out of green infrastructure projects.

Once selected, it will be imperative that the branches chosen develop a planning process inclusive of all local stakeholders and driven by a planning team made up of those particular constituents. This process can be guided by a standard “Library Green Infrastructure Planning Manual” but should be implemented by community actors as much as possible.

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