An Assessment of Political Fair Representation in Ankara Metropolitan Municipal Council
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
AN ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL FAIR REPRESENTATION IN ANKARA METROPOLITAN MUNICIPAL COUNCIL A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY CAN EMRE MEMİŞ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN POLCY PLANNING AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS OCTOBER 2020 Approval of the thesis: AN ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL FAIR REPRESENTATION IN ANKARA METROPOLITAN MUNICIPAL COUNCIL submitted by CAN EMRE MEMİŞ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Urban Policy Planning and Local Governments, the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Dean Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. H. Tarık ŞENGÜL Head of Department Department of Urban Policy Planning and Local Governments Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nilay YAVUZ Supervisor Department of Political Science and Public Administration Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kemal BAYIRBAĞ (Head of the Examining Committee) Middle East Technical University Department of Political Science and Public Administration Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nilay YAVUZ (Supervisor) Middle East Technical University Department of Political Science and Public Administration Prof. Dr. Savaş Zafer ŞAHİN Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University Department of Land Registry and Cadastre PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Can Emre MEMİŞ Signature iii ABSTRACT AN ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL FAIR REPRESENTATION IN ANKARA METROPOLITAN MUNICIPAL COUNCIL MEMİŞ, Can Emre M.S., The Department of Urban Policy Planning and Local Governments Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nilay YAVUZ October 2020, 219 pages In representative democracies, representation in the councils formed as a result of elections is one of the indispensible elements. In municipal councils, which are the closest administrative units to the public, different opinions should be represented in parallel with the election results as much as possible. Therefore, political fair representation is an important issue in representation. This thesis examines the degree of political fair representation in Ankara Metropolitan Municipal Council by analyzing several local elections that took place between 1963-2019. As a result of this examination, historically, how proportional this council’s political representation is; what affects the degree of political fair representation, and how it can be improved are evaluated. In this context, the study also analyzes the legal developments related to local governments in Ankara and their effects on the election results. Furthermore, the elections of the Ankara Provincial General Council from 1963 to 1984 are also examined in terms of over / under- representation. In addition, comparisons are made with the political fair representation in the local councils in London, Paris, and Berlin. It was concluded iv that Ankara Metropolitan Municipal Council had deficiencies in terms of political fair representation, and recommendations were made. Keywords: Political Fair Representation, Ankara Metropolitan Municipal Council, Local Governments, Local Elections, Local Democracy v ÖZ ANKARA BÜYÜKŞEHİR BELEDİYE MECLİSİ’NDE TEMSİLDE SİYASİ ADALET DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ MEMİŞ, Can Emre Yüksek Lisans, Kentsel Politika Planlaması ve Yerel Yönetimler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Nilay YAVUZ Ekim 2020, 219 sayfa Temsili demokrasilerde, seçimler sonucunda oluşan meclislerde temsil en önemli hususlardan birisidir. Özellikle halka en yakın idari birimler olan belediye meclislerinde farklı düşünceler olabildiğince seçim sonuçlarıyla paralel temsil edilmelidir. Bundan dolayı temsilde siyasi adalet önemli bir noktadır. Bu tez, 1963-2019 yılları arasında yapılan yerel seçimleri analiz ederek Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye Meclisi'ndeki temsilde siyasi adaleti incelemektedir. Çalışma kapsamında, tarihsel olarak bu meclisteki temsilde siyasi adaletin ne kadar orantılı olduğu, bu seviyeyi nelerin etkilediği ve temsilde siyasi adaletin nasıl geliştirilebileceği değerlendirilmektedir. Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye Meclisi ile ilgili yasal gelişmeler ve bunların seçim sonuçlarına etkisi de bu bağlamda analiz edilmektedir. Bunun yanında Ankara İl Genel Meclisi’nin 1963’ten 1984’e kadar olan seçimleri de eksik / aşkın temsil açısından incelenmektedir. Ayrıca, Londra, Paris ve Berlin'deki yerel meclislerdeki temsilde siyasi adalet ile karşılaştırmalar yapılmaktadır. Tüm bu incelemeler sonucunda Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye vi Meclisi’nin temsilde siyasi adalet bakımından eksiklerinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmış ve geliştirilmesi üzerine önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Temsilde Adalet, Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye Meclisi, Yerel Yönetimler, Yerel Seçim, Yerel Demokrasi vii DEDICATION To my family viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my gratitude and appreciation to my advisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nilay Yavuz, for her guidance, insight, and full comments throughout the research. She has contributed to this thesis greatly with her valuable suggestions throughout the study. I would like to thank the members of the examining committee, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kemal Bayırbağ and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Savaş Zafer Şahin for their suggestions and comments. I offer my thanks to former Governor Enver SALİHOĞLU, Halil MEMİŞ -Head of MİARGEM-, and Dr. Fuat UZUN -Ankara Metropolitan Municipality Deputy Secretary General- for guiding me and helping me get information and to Niyazi KARABULUT, Melike GÖNDER and İsmail Deniz DEMİRKAN for their academic and technical supports throughout the research. I would also like to thank my dear friends for their supports, and encouragement during the process of creation of this thesis. Finally, I want to thank my dear family for their love, support, and patience. Thanks to you, I came to these stages. And as a result, I was able to write this thesis. I am sure that I will go to better roads with your supports. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ......................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... iiv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................ vi DEDICATION ...................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ xiv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... xix CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background and Aims of the Study ............................................................... 1 1.2 Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 4 1.3 Methods of the Study ..................................................................................... 4 1.4 Organization of The Study ............................................................................. 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 8 2.1 Democracy ...................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Local Democracy ........................................................................................... 9 2.3 Election and Election Systems ..................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Plurality/Majority System ..................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Proportional Representation System ..................................................... 13 2.4 Representation, Principle of Fair Representation and Stability of Government ........................................................................................................ 16 x 2.5 Indices to Measure Proportionality of Election and Fairness of Representation .................................................................................................... 20 2.6 Summary and Conculusion .......................................................................... 23 3. A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN TURKEY WITH RESPECT TO RELATED LAWS AND LOCAL ELECTION RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 24 3.1 Background on Local Governments and Local Elections in Turkey ........... 25 3.2 Historical and Structural Changes in Local Governments in Turkey and Reflections on Local Elections ........................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Single Party Era Until 1946 .................................................................. 30 3.2.2 1946-1960: Multiparty Years ...............................................................