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China Environment Series 8 COMMENTARY The Third Wave of China’s Grassroots Environmental Movement: Regional Youth Environmental Organizations By Wu Haoliang (Translated by Yan Baohua) hinese and international scholars and jour- people and are affiliated with SEAs, they represent a nalists have become increasingly inter- very new organizational model for grassroots activ- Cested in writing about China’s expanding ism in China. environmental movement, particularly focusing on registered and unregistered nongovernmen- THE ROOTS OF RYEOS tal organizations (NGOs). China’s NGOs have become more visible in recent years in their work The university students who joined the huge to influence environmental policymaking, pushing wave of SEAs in the 1990s were very enthusiastic for stricter enforcement of environmental impact about carrying out environmental awareness rais- assessments, and increasing the public’s awareness ing projects both on and off campus. Their pas- of pollution and threats to biodiversity. In its first sion helped make SEAs an important player in issue, the China Environment Series began focusing strengthening China’s environmental movement. on China’s fledgling NGOs, and in issue five high- RYEOs sprouted at around the beginning of the lighted what had been a relatively unknown second new century, when the explosion of SEAs slowed wave of green groups, namely the rapid growth down (growing from 2 in 1985 to nearly 200 by of student environmental associations (SEAs) at 2000). One intrinsic weakness of these univer- universities across China.1 This commentary calls sity green groups is the yearly personnel change attention to the third wave of China’s environmen- as students graduate (Lu, 2003). Thus, the lack of tal NGO movement—the development of regional a stable management and fundraising team inside youth environmental organizations (RYEOs, diqux- the group has meant SEAs are constantly losing ing qingnian huanbao zuzhi). My years of work as an institutional memory and more seriously, facing activist in one of the first RYEOs—Green Stone in difficulties in obtaining regular funding. Jiangsu Province—gives me a unique perspective on In the 1990s—before the emergence of RYEOs— discussing the emergence and potential of RYEOs a few student associations were formed to serve as and how they reflect some important trends within platforms for SEAs to communicate and exchange the NGO movement in China. information nationwide. Most notable were Green In the 1990s, after the government extended Student Forum (Beijing) and GreenSOS (Sichuan). political space to allow for NGO development, the Although they provided valuable support and early green groups were established by professionals inspiration to the development of the student (e.g., history professor Liang Congjie who founded environmental movement, the long-distance from Friends of Nature and sociologist Liao Xiaoyi who the growing number of individual student groups established Global Village Beijing). Since 2000, needing their support posed challenges to the effi- young people have begun creating NGOs, often ciency of their work. Thus, in 2000, perceptive stu- after participating in SEAs at universities—Han dents around the country began setting up RYEOs Haisha and Green-Web are perhaps the most well- to provide support and services to university student known NGOs created by recent university gradu- groups within a certain locality (e.g., city, province, ates. While RYEOs have been set up by young or region), rather than nationally. WoodroW Wilson international Center for Scholars 105 Some of the early RYEOs were Shanghai Green documents (e.g., project plans and reports of Student Forum, Green Ark in Tianjin, and Student individual SEAs), which could easy to be lost Environmental Front in Xi’an. While they started during the yearly personnel changes. out as nonprofit organizations that specialized in providing support to college students and youth Information Materials and Fundraising Support groups, many RYEOs have expanded their work to Most SEAs lack office space and therefore have run their own environmental projects that involve no storage for books, videos, and other supplies. the general public, as well as students. Within a time RYEOs therefore have become important meet- span of 6 years, about 20 RYEOs have developed in ing places for nearby SEAs and over the years have almost every province in China. accrued large book and video collections that SEA members can borrow for their work. CAPACITY BUILDING ROLE OF RYEOS Many RYEOs are better in fundraising than individual student groups, which often lack the expe- Since RYEOs began to operate in 2000, they have rience and English skills to complete grant applica- helped support the growth of SEAs by: (1) dis- tions. While some foundations have been interested seminating information, (2) providing training and in supporting China’s student environmental move- information exchange services to individual groups, ment, they view working with so many small SEAs (3) organizing joint activities among SEAs, and (4) too time-consuming and energy intensive. Therefore, becoming regranting organizations. foundations find it easier to award big grants to RYEOs, who regrant small funds to student groups. Information Dissemination and Training Some of the major foundations supporting China’s • Capacity building for student group leaders: RYEOs student groups through RYEOs include Global make use of their experienced staff and outside Greengrants Fund, Pacific Environment, Siemenpuu experts to provide training opportunities for SEA Foundation, Asia Foundation, Conservation leaders. These training sessions not only equip International, Wildlife Conservation Society, Ford SEA leaders with knowledge in organizational Motor Company, and Green Stone Fund.2 management and project implementation, but also provide an opportunity to communicate and Projects and Activities Support establish good relationships with people from Years of work with SEAs have given RYEO staff the other SEAs. insights to provide guidance and critique the activi- ties student groups undertake. Sometimes RYEOs • Forums, salons and lectures: RYEOs often even organize large-scale projects or campaigns and invite people from various student groups to encourage the student groups within their regions come together to share their information and to participate. Besides providing SEAS with proj- experiences at salons, informal discussion forums, ect ideas, these activities also serve as a training and lectures. opportunity, for SEA leaders and key members learn the necessary skills for running a project. For • Integrated website and bulletin board system: example: RYEOs generally have more advanced techni- cal capacities to construct and maintain websites • For five years Green Stone, together with vol- than most SEA groups. SEAs often use a section unteers from local SEAs have carried out a number on a RYEO website to post activity information of activities aimed at protecting the rare Chinese and carry out bulletin board chats with members swallowtail butterfly. and other SEAs. • For World Water Day in 2003, Xi’an Green • Disseminating and maintaining information: Camp gathered its staff and more than 100 SEA RYEOs often gather and disseminate volunteers to hold an exhibition and numerous information valuable to student group education activities in a park in Xi’an. development on grants and training activi- ties, as well as maintain contact information • In 2004, Green Anhui initiated its long-term on individual student groups in the region. project to save the Huai River, one of the most They also sometimes store important SEA polluted Chinese rivers, by organizing survey and 106 China environment series 2006 propaganda teams whose members were chosen from local SEAs. • In February 2006, Green Camel Bell began to BOX 1. draft the first green map of Lanzhou city with a Geographical volunteer team comprised of local SEAs. (Editor’s Note: See feature box on this RYEO in this issue) Distribution of RYEOs also coordinate activities among student China’s REYOs groups. For example: NOrtHEASTERN CHINA • In 2004, Guangxi College Students Green Union Green Longjiang (Heilongjiang) completed a campaign against disposable chop- Jilin College Environmental Protection Union sticks by uniting ten SEAs together, resulting in (a.k.a. Green Jilin) cafeterias in each university banning their use. Jilin Youth Environment Organization • In 2005, with the support of Wildlife Conservation NOrtHERN CHINA Society, Green Jilin Union coordinated eight Green Student Forum (Beijing) SEAs from seven different universities to carry Tianjin College Environmental Protection Union out a three-month propaganda campaign pushing Green Henan for the protection of tigers in northeast China. Shandong College Students Environmental Protection Union • At end of 2005, Green Henan called upon Shanxi College Students Green Camp students in Zhengzhou universities to replace paper New Year’s greeting cards with gifts of CENTRAL CHINA fruit. More than 4,000 fruit deliveries were sent Wuhan Green Fund (Hubei) out with the joint efforts of the SEAs. Hunan College Green Union UNEVEN GROWTH IN RYEOS EASTERN CHINA Green Anhui RYEOs can be found in almost every province in Green Stone (Jiangsu) China, however, some only focus on urban areas, Shanghai College Student Green Forum while others coordinate their assistance to SEAs (or Zhejiang College Student Green Forum carry out their own projects) across several different provinces. Although
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