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AFRO-ASIAN RELATIONS in KENYA a SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY of KISUMU DISTRICT, NYANZA PROVINCE Gordon Omenya

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AFRO-ASIAN RELATIONS in KENYA a SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY of KISUMU DISTRICT, NYANZA PROVINCE Gordon Omenya Nairobi IFRA Mambo! Travaux de Recherche sur l'Afrique de l'Est AFRO-ASIAN RELATIONS IN KENYA A SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY OF KISUMU DISTRICT, NYANZA PROVINCE Gordon Omenya Volume XI n° 5 - 2013 Since the establishment of populations of Indian or Asian origin in Kenya, the history of Afro-Asians relationships has been shaped by changes in the economic and political context. However, due to the specific position and status occupied by most Asians in comparison to the majority of Africans since colonial rule, segregation and tensions expressed in racial terms have been significant features of such relationships. The case on the city of Kisumu, in Nyanza region, illustrates this argument about identity formation and race rela- tions against the backdrop of the social, political and economic history in Nyanza region. The Foundation of Kisumu and Early Asian Settlements railway were given an option to stay or go back to The town of Kisumu was founded in 1893 when India. A number of them decided to remain and settle the chief engineer of the railway under construction in Kenya. Nevertheless, the first official formal Indian settlement was established in 1905 at Kibos within and a railway surveyor agreed to make it the 3 Western terminus. It was named Port Florence after Kisumu District. Molliner argues that migration is the engineer’s wife. A food depot was established often a very disruptive experience that generates then telegraph lines, roads and other means of a sense of insecurity, resulting from uprooting and communication built in order to connect the new marginality. In their adaptive strategies, immigrants port with other settlements1. As the Uganda railways redefine their self perceptions and their collective steadily approached Lake Victoria, C.W Hobley, a identities. The representations and relationships thus British administrator (locally nicknamed Obilo), generated are highly unstable, as they depend on was ordered to move from Mumias to establish the complex interactions between the global, regional, new headquarters for Nyanza Province. In 1900, he national and even local contexts. appointed Odera Ulalo, chief of several Luo pinje Early Forms of Afro-Asian Relations (multilineal territories) and, together with Hobley, The colonial administration’s encouragement of established a new administrative station, which 2 trade was undertaken within a broad economic later developed into the Kisumu town of today . policy framework which assigned the different races Indian immigration into Kisumu was facilitated in Kenya and fractions of merchant capital with by the construction of the Kenya-Uganda railway specific roles. Occupying the highest rank on the which was completed in 1901. After its completion, commercial ladder were European importers and indentured Indian labourers contracted to build the exporters. Asians occupied a middle position while 1 Obudho, R.A., (1976). Periodic Markets Urbanisation and Regional Planning: Africans formed the lowest chain in the marketing A Case Study from Western Kenya, London: Greenwood Press. 3 Molliner, M (2007)" Freres ennemis? Relations Between Panjab Sikhs 2 Ogot B.A., (2003). My Footprints on The Sands of Time: An Autobiography, and Muslims in the Diaspora", South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Kisumu: Anyange Press limited. Journal, 1. IFRA Laikipia Road, P.O. Box 58480-00200 Nairobi, Kenya Tel : 254 20 43 43 446 - Fax : 254 20 43 43 052 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ifra-nairobi.net Mambo! 2013 nº5 -Afro-Asian relations in Kenya-Gordon Omenya system. The colonial government 1920s. The Kavirondo Chamber of also employed indirect and direct Commerce, an all-African economic compulsion to ‘encourage’ trade. pressure group representing the For instance, in addition to raising Luo and Luhya African traders, revenue, the imposition of the hut passed several resolutions in the tax early in 1902 was also intended 1930s seeking restrictions on the to induce Africans to grow and sell activities of Asian traders. The surplus produce if they were to be Chamber even suggested separate able to meet their tax obligation4. trading centres for Asians and In such situations, Africans were Africans; it also condemned the compelled to engage in exchange Local African Council’s unpopular of goods within Kisumu, and other practice of allocating plots to parts of Nyanza province with the Indians in the newly established Asians so as to raise money to pay trading centres against the interest for their tax. of African traders9. Other avenues As early as 1902, Jamal Hasham of economic contestations were an Asian trader nicknamed bwana Time clock©Omenya also realized through the Bondo Thrift Association and the Luo Thrift mzuri (good man) by the locals in business enterprises as contractors, 5 and Trading Company formed by Kisumu, dealt in marekani cotton outfitters, builders and mechanics. and coloured cotton textiles known Oginga Odinga alongside other The activities of the Indian people in 1945. Yet even though as kitenge and kanga, originally commercial population witnessed imported from Holland and a the Luo Thrift Trading Corporation a steady expansion during this was a rival and counter corporation popular wear for the great majority 8 period . With their skills in various to the Asians’ dominance in trade of African women. The importation fields, Asian artisans imparted and distribution of the fabrics in the Nyanza area, the directors of to Africans invaluable vocational the company still sought help from were also to be the work of Asian skills in making furniture, repairing traders6. Between 1910 and 1920, the Asians in terms of construction bicycle, printing magazines and materials for the building of AFRIKA Kisumu was a major axis where books, stocking shops, crafting goods imported from outside HOUSE. They also went ahead and leather shoes and handbags and leased Ramogi House to Asians10. British East African raw materials teaching so many other income- gathered from African periodic generating occupations. Through In spite of trade conflict between rural markets, all destined for such trainings, there emerged a Asians and Africans, a tall Town Nyanza Province and Eastern permanent skilled class of African Clock (saa maduong) was built by 7 Uganda, could be taxed . Afro- artisans, mechanics and technicians the sons of Kassim Lakha along Asian relations in Kisumu district within the region and especially in the main Oginga Odinga street in were not centered on trade in cloth Kisumu. In commerce, the activities Kisumu. This clock was unveiled and food items alone. Many of the of the Kavirondo Taxpayers Welfare by the then Governor H.E. Sir skilled immigrants such as Rehmat Association (KTWA), the first African Robert Brooke Pophan in memory Khan, Hayer Bishan Singh and Abdul political organization in Nyanza in of Kassim Lakha on 19 August Kassam were to launch a variety of the 1920s stimulated co-operative 1938. This monument is evidence 4 Ndege, P., (1992). ‘Internal Trade in Kenya self-help schemes, particularly in of the extent to which the Asians 1895-1963’ in Ochieng W., and Maxon R., grain milling by waterpower thus were entrenched in Kisumu. For (ed) An Economic History of Kenya, Nairobi: instance, both Asians and Africans East African Educational Publishers. competing with the Asians. 5 Salvadori, C., (1996). We Came in Dhows Vol attended separate schools due 1-3, Nairobi : Paperchase Limited. However, conflicts of interest to the colonial segregation policy 6 Seidenberg, A. (1996) Mercantile Adventures: between established Asian which affected Afro-Asian social The World of East African Asians 1750-1985, businesses and those of new African 11 New Delhi: New Age International (P) integration . Zoning of residential Limited Publishers. entrepreneurs also arose in the 9 Memon, P., (1976), "Colonial Marketing, 7 KNA, PC/NZA/1/4 Annual Report and Urban Development in the African 1908/9 Anyumba, G. (1995) Kisumu 8 Omenya, G. (2010) The Relations Between Asian Reserves," Journal of Eastern Africa Research Town: History of The Built Form, Planning and and African Communities of Kenya’ Nyanza and Development.Vol 6,2. Environment 1890- 1990. Ph.D. Thesis, Moi Province 1901-2002, M.A Thesis, Kenyatta 10 KNA/PC/NZA/3/1/404 1955-51 University. University 11 Omenya (2010),op.cit. 2 Mambo! 2013 nº5 -Afro-Asian relations in Kenya-Gordon Omenya avenues through which Africans Ondiek and Bashir Ud–Deen (an wanted to take over political and Asian) were re-elected as Mayor economic power. Widespread and Deputy Mayor respectively for resentment against Asian traders a second term of office15. In the intensified around the middle of following year 1963, Jamal Amir was 1948 by what was felt by Africans re-elected Member of Parliament to be serious malpractices. for Kisumu Town. Were Olodhe, a The pre-independence period Luo by ethnicity was his interpreter also saw the move of Asians living in situations where he could not articulate issues properly in Dholuo in the rural areas to Kisumu to 16 seek education after attending during his campaigns . Last, the lower primary schools in the rural issue of separate and segregated areas. The Kisumu Asian Housing school system was sustained into Committee was also put in place the independence era before the around this period to cater for the African government came up with housing interests and needs of the the policy of integration in public 17 Asians who were posted to Kisumu schools . to work for the government12. Afro-Asian Interactions in the
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