Hubble Diagram of Quasars

HUBBLE DIAGRAM OF QUASARS

Elisabeta Lusso University of Firenze, Physics & Astronomy Department Arcetri Observatory - INAF

Collaborators: Guido Risaliti (UniFi), Emanuele Nardini, Susanna Bisogni, Marco Salvati, Martin Elvis, Francesca Civano, Francesco Salvestrini

XMM-Newton 20th Anniversary Event ESAC, 10-11 December 2019

Elisabeta Lusso SNS Pisa HUBBLE DIAGRAM: THE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE

ΩM=0.3 ΩΛ=0.7

Concordance model (ΛCDM constant dark energy) Distance Modulus Redshift

ΩM=dark matter

ΩΛ=dark energy HUBBLE DIAGRAM OF SUPERNOVAE: THE ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE Supernova Cosmology Project

Perlmutter et al. 1999

Accelerating

Decelerating ΩΛ HUBBLE DIAGRAM OF SUPERNOVAE: THE ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE Supernova Cosmology Project

Perlmutter et al. 1999 LIGHT FROM A BLACK HOLE: QUASAR

Credit: NASA astrophysics-www.nasa.gov/goddard QUASARS AS STANDARD CANDLES X-rays from the corona

Optical/Ultraviolet light from the accretion disc By using just two colours we can build a Hubble Diagram of quasars, for the ﬁrst time, up to redshift ~5 Risaliti & Lusso (2015), Lusso & Risaliti (2016) Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272) ~1600 quasars

45 Excellent agreement with SNe @ z=0.3-1.4

40 Distance Modulus 40

740 supernovae Ia 35 35 z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272) ~1600 quasars

40 Distance Modulus Test cosmological models in a poorly explored40 redshift range

40 Distance Modulus 40

40 Distance Modulus 40 ~96% 3XMM DR7 catalogue

740 supernovae16 years of XMM-Ia Newton35 observations 35 (Feb 3, 2000 - 15 Dec, 2016) z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272) ~1600 quasars

18 quasars45 at z~3

40 XMM-Newton Large Programme Distance Modulus 40

740 supernovae Ia 35 35 z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift The z~3 XMM-Newton sample

• XMM-Newton Large Programme in cycle 16 to observe 30 quasars at 3

3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 4 ° 4 10

æ 5 æ æ

1 J0900+42 (5 ) J0901+35 (4 ) J0905+30 (4 ) ° ° ° 10 10 keV 5 2 ° ° 5 10 ° cm 10 1 ° 6 ° 6 10 ° 6 10 ° 10 Counts s

3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0

¢ The z~3 XMM-Newton spectra 3 3 3 ° ° ° 5 °

1 æ æ æ

1 J0942+04J0303–00 (4 ) J0947+14J0826+31 (4(3 ) J1014+43J0835+21 (4 ) 10 ° ° 5 5 5 5 5 ° ° keV ° ° ° keV 10 10 2 10 10 2 10 ° ° cm cm 1 1 6 6 ° ° ° ° 6 6 6 ° ° 10 6 10 ° ° 10 10 10 10 Counts s 7 Counts s ° 10 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 4 4 ° 5 ° ° 4 10

æ 5 æ æ

1 J1027+35 (4æ) J1111–15 (3æ) J1111+24 (4æ)

1 J0900+42 (5 ) J0901+35 (4 ) J0905+30 (4 ) 10 5 ° ° 10 ° ° ° 10 10 10 keV keV 5 2 5 2 ° ° ° ° 5 10 6 10 ° ° cm cm 10 10 1 1 6 ° ° ° 6 6 10 ° ° 6 10 ° 10 6 10 ° 7 10 ° Counts s Counts s 10

3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 Energy (keV) æ Energy (keV) æ Energy (keV) æ

1 J0942+04 (4 ) J0947+14 (4 ) J1014+43 (4 ) ° 5 5 5 ° ° ° keV 10 10 10 2 Nardini, Lusso, et al. Astronomy & Astrophysics 2019, in press ° cm 1 6 ° ° 6 6 ° ° 10 10 10 7 Counts s ° 10 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 4 5 °

æ ° æ æ

1 J1027+35 (4 ) J1111–15 (3 ) J1111+24 (4 ) 10 5 10 ° ° 10 keV 5 2 ° ° 10 6 ° cm 10 1 6 ° ° 6 10 ° 10 7 ° Counts s 10

3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 Energy (keV) Energy (keV) Energy (keV) 5 ° 1 J1143+34 (4æ) 10 J1148+23 (3æ) J1220+45 (3æ) ° keV 6 5 ° 2 ° ° 10 10 cm 1 6 ° ° 10 6 ° 7 10 ° 10 Counts s

3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 4 °

10 æ æ æ

1 J1225+48 (5 ) J1246+26 (4 ) J1246+11 (4 ) 5 ° ° 5 ° 10 10 keV 2 5 ° ° 10 cm 6 1 ° 6 ° 10 ° 10 6 ° 10 7 Counts s ° 10 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ The z~3 XMM-Newton spectra 3 3 3 ° ° ° 5 4 ° °

æ æ 10 æ 10

1 J1407+64 (4 ) J1426+60 (4 ) J1459+00 (3 ) ° 5 keV ° 2 5 10 ° ° 10 cm 6 ° 1 10 ° 6 ° 6 10 ° 10 Counts s

3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 4 ° 5

æ 10 æ æ

1 J1532+37 (3 ) J1712+57 (4 ) J2234+00 (4 ) ° ° 10 5 keV ° 2 10 5 ° ° 10 cm 6 ° 1 10 ° 6 ° 10 6 ° 10 Counts s 7 ° 10 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 Energy (keV) Energy (keV) Energy (keV)

Nardini, Lusso, et al. Astronomy & Astrophysics 2019, in press The z~3 XMM-Newton sample

• XMM-Newton Large Programme in cycle 16 to observe 30 quasars at 3

40 Distance Modulus 40

50 ΛCDM (z<1.4)

40 Distance Modulus 40

50 ΛCDM (z<1.4)

quasars+supernovae 45 All z

40 Distance Modulus 40

50 ΛCDM (z<1.4)

quasars+supernovae 45 All z

40 Deviation from the ΛCDM model Distance Modulus emerges40 at higher redshift, with a statistical signiﬁcance of ~3σ-4σ 740 supernovae Ia 35 35 z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift Cosmology with quasars: ΛCDM crises?

Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nat. As., 3-272)

SNe+CMB/BAO/WL+quasars 3σ 2σ ΛCDM

growing ΛCDM dark energy Distance Modulus CMB+BAO+WL Redshift

Data suggest: dark energy density increasing with time (i.e. the Universe is accelerating faster than in the past) Cosmology with quasars: ΛCDM crises?

Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nat. As., 3-272) SNe+CMB/BAO/WL+quasars This result may suggest 3σ a profound change in 2σ our understanding of the Universe, if ΛCDM conﬁrmed with larger/ independent data, especially at high CMB+BAO+WL redshift

Data suggest: dark energy density increasing with time (i.e. the Universe is accelerating faster than in the past) Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272)

50 ~1600 quasars

45Increase data quality and statistics at z>4 40 Distance Modulus 40

740 supernovae Ia 35 35 z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift The quasar Hubble Diagram in the next decade with XMM-Newton: the high redshift

Risaliti & Lusso 2015 New pointed observations (800 QSOs) 47.8 0.4 ΛCDM of z~4 quasars alone will 47.6 New sample ( 1600 QSOs) 47.4 Best fit ) 0.3 ª have a 4σ tension with DM L 47.2 D ΛCDM model! NEW 47.0 Now (log 0.2 46.8 ¢ New z 4 QSOs ª 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 z X-ray Normal 0.1 z 3 QSOs 50 ª 0.75 Type Ia SNe ∞ 0.50 0.1 0.3 1.0 5.0 z 45

4.5 0.75 45 Ø

∞ 4.0

0.50 Distance Modulus 40 3.5 40 0.50 4.5

± 35

Ø 0.25 35 4.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 3.50.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0.50 z z

± 0.25

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 z The 20th years old XMM-Newton

XMM-Newton lifted off at 15:32 CET on 10 December 1999 on an Ariane 5 from the spaceport at Kourou (French Guiana)

Eight data releases: 3XMM-DR8 contains ~6500 observations, >630,000HAPPY clean 20 detectionsTH BIRTHDAY AND A DECADE MORE —> ~2,500 quasars (0

Risaliti & Lusso 2015 (800 QSOs) 47.8 0.4 ΛCDM 47.6 New sample ( 1600 QSOs) 47.4 Best fit ) 0.3 ª DM L 47.2

D NEW 47.0 Now (log 0.2 46.8

Pointed observations of high redshift quasars¢ are New z 4 QSOs ª 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 z X-ray Normal 0.1 z 3 QSOs 50 ª 0.75 Type Ia SNe

necessary to better sample the Hubble Diagram:∞ 0.50 0.1 0.3 1.0 5.0 z 45

4.5 0.75 45 Ø

XMM-Newton is, at present, the only X-ray ∞ 4.0

0.50 Distance Modulus 40 3.5 40 0.50 4.5

± 35

observatory up to the job Ø 0.25 35 4.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 3.50.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0.50 z z

± 0.25

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 This is the XMM-Newton legacy: but morez will come