HUBBLE DIAGRAM OF QUASARS Elisabeta Lusso University of Firenze, Physics & Astronomy Department Arcetri Observatory - INAF Collaborators: Guido Risaliti (UniFi), Emanuele Nardini, Susanna Bisogni, Marco Salvati, Martin Elvis, Francesca Civano, Francesco Salvestrini XMM-Newton 20th Anniversary Event ESAC, 10-11 December 2019 Elisabeta Lusso SNS Pisa HUBBLE DIAGRAM: THE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE ΩM=0.3 ΩΛ=0.7 Concordance model (ΛCDM constant dark energy) Distance Modulus Redshift ΩM=dark matter ΩΛ=dark energy HUBBLE DIAGRAM OF SUPERNOVAE: THE ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE Supernova Cosmology Project Perlmutter et al. 1999 Accelerating Decelerating ΩΛ HUBBLE DIAGRAM OF SUPERNOVAE: THE ACCELERATED EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE Supernova Cosmology Project Perlmutter et al. 1999 LIGHT FROM A BLACK HOLE: QUASAR Credit: NASA astrophysics-www.nasa.gov/goddard QUASARS AS STANDARD CANDLES X-rays from the corona Optical/Ultraviolet light from the accretion disc By using just two colours we can build a Hubble Diagram of quasars, for the first time, up to redshift ~5 Risaliti & Lusso (2015), Lusso & Risaliti (2016) Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272) ~1600 quasars 50 45 Excellent agreement with SNe @ z=0.3-1.4 45 40 Distance Modulus 40 740 supernovae Ia 35 35 z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272) ~1600 quasars 50 45 45 40 Distance Modulus Test cosmological models in a poorly explored40 redshift range 740 supernovae Ia 35 35 z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272) ~1600 quasars 50 45 45 40 Distance Modulus 40 740 supernovae Ia 35 35 z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272) ~1600 quasars 50 45 45 40 Distance Modulus 40 ~96% 3XMM DR7 catalogue 740 supernovae16 years of XMM-Ia Newton35 observations 35 (Feb 3, 2000 - 15 Dec, 2016) z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272) ~1600 quasars 50 45 18 quasars45 at z~3 40 XMM-Newton Large Programme Distance Modulus 40 740 supernovae Ia 35 35 z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift The z~3 XMM-Newton sample • XMM-Newton Large Programme in cycle 16 to observe 30 quasars at 3<z<3.3 for 1.13 Ms (equivalent to 13 days of observations) • LP specifically designed to fill the quasar Hubble diagram in a redshift range that is still unexplored by means of supernovae (z<2) • Highest redshift to obtain good-quality X-ray spectra with reasonable exposures for a significant number of quasars • Most luminous, intrinsically blue quasars by selection: highly homogeneous sample at a specific cosmic epoch 5 ° 1 J0303–00 (4æ) J0826+31 (3æ) J0835+21 (4æ) 10 ° 5 5 ° keV ° 10 2 10 ° cm 1 6 ° ° 6 10 6 ° ° 10 10 Counts s 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 4 ° 4 10 æ 5 æ æ 1 J0900+42 (5 ) J0901+35 (4 ) J0905+30 (4 ) ° ° ° 10 10 keV 5 2 ° ° 5 10 ° cm 10 1 ° 6 ° 6 10 ° 6 10 ° 10 Counts s 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ The z~3 XMM-Newton spectra 3 3 3 ° ° ° 5 ° 1 æ æ æ 1 J0942+04J0303–00 (4 ) J0947+14J0826+31 (4(3 ) J1014+43J0835+21 (4 ) 10 ° ° 5 5 5 5 5 ° ° keV ° ° ° keV 10 10 2 10 10 2 10 ° ° cm cm 1 1 6 6 ° ° ° ° 6 6 6 ° ° 10 6 10 ° ° 10 10 10 10 Counts s 7 Counts s ° 10 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 4 4 ° 5 ° ° 4 10 æ 5 æ æ 1 J1027+35 (4æ) J1111–15 (3æ) J1111+24 (4æ) 1 J0900+42 (5 ) J0901+35 (4 ) J0905+30 (4 ) 10 5 ° ° 10 ° ° ° 10 10 10 keV keV 5 2 5 2 ° ° ° ° 5 10 6 10 ° ° cm cm 10 10 1 1 6 ° ° ° 6 6 10 ° ° 6 10 ° 10 6 10 ° 7 10 ° Counts s Counts s 10 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 Energy (keV) æ Energy (keV) æ Energy (keV) æ 1 J0942+04 (4 ) J0947+14 (4 ) J1014+43 (4 ) ° 5 5 5 ° ° ° keV 10 10 10 2 Nardini, Lusso, et al. Astronomy & Astrophysics 2019, in press ° cm 1 6 ° ° 6 6 ° ° 10 10 10 7 Counts s ° 10 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 4 5 ° æ ° æ æ 1 J1027+35 (4 ) J1111–15 (3 ) J1111+24 (4 ) 10 5 10 ° ° 10 keV 5 2 ° ° 10 6 ° cm 10 1 6 ° ° 6 10 ° 10 7 ° Counts s 10 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 Energy (keV) Energy (keV) Energy (keV) 5 ° 1 J1143+34 (4æ) 10 J1148+23 (3æ) J1220+45 (3æ) ° keV 6 5 ° 2 ° ° 10 10 cm 1 6 ° ° 10 6 ° 7 10 ° 10 Counts s 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 4 ° 10 æ æ æ 1 J1225+48 (5 ) J1246+26 (4 ) J1246+11 (4 ) 5 ° ° 5 ° 10 10 keV 2 5 ° ° 10 cm 6 1 ° 6 ° 10 ° 10 6 ° 10 7 Counts s ° 10 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ The z~3 XMM-Newton spectra 3 3 3 ° ° ° 5 4 ° ° æ æ 10 æ 10 1 J1407+64 (4 ) J1426+60 (4 ) J1459+00 (3 ) ° 5 keV ° 2 5 10 ° ° 10 cm 6 ° 1 10 ° 6 ° 6 10 ° 10 Counts s 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 4 ° 5 æ 10 æ æ 1 J1532+37 (3 ) J1712+57 (4 ) J2234+00 (4 ) ° ° 10 5 keV ° 2 10 5 ° ° 10 cm 6 ° 1 10 ° 6 ° 10 6 ° 10 Counts s 7 ° 10 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 3 0.5 1 5 0 0 0 ¢ 3 3 3 ° ° ° 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 0.5 1 5 Energy (keV) Energy (keV) Energy (keV) Nardini, Lusso, et al. Astronomy & Astrophysics 2019, in press The z~3 XMM-Newton sample • XMM-Newton Large Programme in cycle 16 to observe 30 quasars at 3<z<3.3 for 1.13 Ms (equivalent to 13 days of observations) • LP specifically designed to fill the quasar Hubble diagram in a redshift range that is still unexplored by means of supernovae (z<2) • Highest redshift to obtain good-quality X-ray spectra with reasonable exposures for a significant number of quasars • Most luminous, intrinsically blue quasars by selection: highly homogeneous sample at a specific cosmic epoch Additional results: our XMM-Newton LP found ~30% of quasars to be unexpectedly X-ray weak (Nardini, Lusso, et al. Astronomy & Astrophysics 2019, in press) Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272) ~1600 quasars 50 45 45 40 Distance Modulus 40 740 supernovae Ia 35 35 z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272) ~1600 quasars 50 ΛCDM (z<1.4) 45 45 40 Distance Modulus 40 740 supernovae Ia 35 35 z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272) ~1600 quasars 50 ΛCDM (z<1.4) quasars+supernovae 45 All z 45 40 Distance Modulus 40 740 supernovae Ia 35 35 z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift Cosmology with quasars The new! Quasars Hubble Diagram Age of the Universe in billion years 13.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.2 Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nature Astro., 3-272) ~1600 quasars 50 ΛCDM (z<1.4) quasars+supernovae 45 All z 45 40 Deviation from the ΛCDM model Distance Modulus emerges40 at higher redshift, with a statistical significance of ~3σ-4σ 740 supernovae Ia 35 35 z<1.3 (Betoule+14) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 redshift Cosmology with quasars: ΛCDM crises? Risaliti & Lusso (2019, Nat.