Soil Survey of Gallatin County Area, Montana

How to Use This Soil Survey

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, you can locate the Section, Township, and Range by zooming in on the Index to Map Sheets, or you can go to the Web Soil Survey at (http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/).

Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. The Contents lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

See the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 2

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1995. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1996. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1996. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. It is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Gallatin County Conservation District. The most current official data are available through the NRCS Soil Data Mart website at http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all of its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice or TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: This view of the snow-covered Bridger Mountains contains both private and public lands. The foreground soils of Adel-Copenhaver complex and the drainageway soils of Bridger-Redlodge complex are on private land while the Yellowmule-Lonnibee, stony complex soils in the timber-covered foothills are on public land. The public land, including the Bridger Mountains, has been mapped in the “Soil Survey of Gallatin National Forest, Montana” (1996).

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available online from the Natural Resources Conservation Service at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov. 3

Contents

Part I 690E—Accola-Whitore, stony complex, cool, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 69 How To Use This Soil Survey ...... 1 Adel Series ...... 70 Index to Taxonomic Units ...... 17 614F—Adel loam, 15 to 60 percent slopes ...... 70 Index to Map Units ...... 19 314C—Adel loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 71 Summary of Tables ...... 31 314E—Adel loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes ...... 71 Foreword ...... 33 614D—Adel loam, cool, 4 to 15 percent How This Survey Was Made ...... 35 slopes ...... 71 General Nature of the Survey Area...... 36 814D—Adel-Copenhaver complex, 4 to 15 History...... 36 percent slopes ...... 72 Industry and Transportation ...... 37 814E—Adel-Copenhaver complex, 15 to 35 Physiography and Drainage...... 38 percent slopes ...... 72 Geologic History and Regional Geology ...... 38 414E—Adel-Libeg complex, 15 to 35 percent Geologic Units ...... 39 slopes ...... 73 Mineral Resources ...... 41 714E—Adel-Uinta loams, 8 to 35 percent Ground Water Resources ...... 42 slopes ...... 73 Seismic Activity ...... 42 Alder Series ...... 74 Climate...... 43 60C—Alder clay loam, 2 to 8 percent Formation and Classification of the Soils ...... 53 slopes ...... 74 Formation of the Soils ...... 53 360E—Alder, stony-Cabba complex, 15 to 45 Classification of the Soils ...... 54 percent slopes ...... 75 Soil Series and Detailed Map Units ...... 61 60D—Alder-Cabba complex, 8 to 25 percent Abor Series ...... 62 slopes ...... 75 721E—Abor-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 45 Alona Series ...... 76 percent slopes ...... 63 37B—Alona silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent Absarokee Series ...... 63 slopes ...... 77 869D—Absarokee-Tolbert complex, 4 to 15 Amesha Series ...... 77 percent slopes ...... 64 232C—Amesha cobbly loam, 2 to 8 percent 869E—Absarokee-Tolbert-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 78 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes...... 64 32B—Amesha loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 78 769D—Absarokee-Work-Tolbert complex, 32C—Amesha loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 78 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 65 32D—Amesha loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ..... 79 Absarook Series ...... 66 32E—Amesha-Trimad complex, 15 to 45 668D—Absarook-Farnuf-Tolbert complex, percent slopes ...... 79 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 66 32F—Amesha loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes ... 80 470D—Absarook-Tolbert complex, 4 to 15 Amsterdam Series ...... 80 percent slopes ...... 67 53B—Amsterdam silt loam, 0 to 4 percent Accola Series ...... 68 slopes ...... 81 790E—Accola-Whitore, stony complex, 15 to 45 53C—Amsterdam silt loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 69 slopes ...... 81 4

453B—Amsterdam-Quagle silt loams, 0 to 4 679F—Bangtail-Copenhaver complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 82 percent slopes ...... 96 453C—Amsterdam-Quagle silt loams, 4 to 8 679E—Bangtail-Copenhaver complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes ...... 82 percent slopes ...... 96 453D—Amsterdam-Brodyk silt loams, 8 to 15 879E—Bangtail-Copenhaver-Adel complex, percent slopes ...... 83 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 97 Anceney Series...... 83 979E—Bangtail-Doby-Redlodge complex, 155F—Anceney cobbly loam, 15 to 60 percent 4 to 45 percent slopes ...... 97 slopes ...... 84 693F—Bangtail-Timberlin complex, 35 to 60 255D—Anceney cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes, stony ...... 98 slopes ...... 84 494F—Bangtail-Timberlin complex, moist, 755F—Anceney-Trimad-Meagher complex, 15 to 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony ...... 98 60 percent slopes ...... 85 693E—Bangtail-Timberlin, stony complex, Arcette Series ...... 85 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 99 695E—Arcette extremely bouldery sandy loam, 494E—Bangtail-Timberlin, stony complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 86 moist 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 99 Attewan Series ...... 86 Barbarela Series ...... 100 33B—Attewan clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 782E—Barbarela-Poin, stony-Bavdark complex, slopes ...... 87 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 101 Bacbuster Series ...... 88 782D—Barbarela-Poin, stony-Bavdark complex, 315D—Bacbuster-Cabba complex, 4 to 15 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 101 percent slopes ...... 89 Bavdark Series ...... 102 260D—Bacbuster-Wilsall complex, 4 to 15 182E—Bavdark gravelly coarse sandy loam, percent slopes ...... 89 8 to 25 percent slopes, stony ...... 103 860D—Bacbuster-Wilsall-Castner complex, 282E—Bavdark loam, 8 to 25 percent 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 90 slopes ...... 103 860E—Bacbuster-Wilsall-Castner complex, 382E—Bavdark sandy loam, moist, 8 to 35 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 90 percent slopes ...... 103 Bandy Series ...... 91 582E—Bavdark, moist-Bavdark-Mooseflat 605A—Bandy-Bonebasin loams, 0 to 2 percent loams, 4 to 25 percent slopes ...... 104 slopes ...... 92 Beanlake Series...... 104 606A—Bandy-Riverwash-Bonebasin complex, 363E—Beanlake cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 92 slopes, stony ...... 105 Bangtail Series ...... 93 363D—Beanlake cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 479F—Bangtail clay loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony ...... 105 slopes ...... 94 163C—Beanlake gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent 679D—Bangtail-Adel loams, 4 to 25 percent slopes ...... 106 slopes ...... 94 163D—Beanlake gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent 579E—Bangtail-Adel, cool, loams, 8 to 25 slopes ...... 106 percent slopes ...... 95 63B—Beanlake loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ... 106 479E—Bangtail-Bridger complex, 15 to 45 463B—Beanlake silt loam, moderately wet, percent slopes ...... 95 1 to 4 percent slopes ...... 107 5

663B—Beanlake-Corbly complex, 0 to 4 percent 65B—Bigbear loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 121 slopes ...... 107 65C—Bigbear loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 121 Beaverell Series ...... 108 65D—Bigbear loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .... 122 241A—Beaverell cobbly loam, 0 to 2 percent 365D—Bigbear, stony-Storyhill, very stony slopes ...... 109 complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes...... 122 41A—Beaverell loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes .... 109 665E—Bigbear-Storyhill-Adel complex, 741A—Beaverell-Beavwan complex, 0 to 2 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 122 percent slopes ...... 109 Bigsandy Series ...... 123 341A—Beaverell-Beavwan loams, moderately 544A—Bigsandy-Slickspots complex, 0 to 2 wet, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 110 percent slopes ...... 124 Beaverton Series ...... 110 Billman Series ...... 124 249A—Beaverton cobbly clay loam, 0 to 2 660F—Billman, stony-Bangtail-Tolbert, stony percent slopes ...... 111 complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes...... 125 149B—Beaverton cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent 860F—Billman-Adel-Tolbert complex, 25 to 60 slopes ...... 111 percent slopes ...... 126 349C—Beaverton very cobbly loam, 2 to 6 760C—Billman-Wilsall clay loams, 2 to 8 percent slopes, very stony ...... 112 percent slopes ...... 126 Beavwan Series ...... 112 760E—Billman-Wilsall clay loams, 8 to 25 43A—Beavwan loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes .... 113 percent slopes ...... 127 443A—Beavwan loam, moderately wet, 0 to 2 960E—Billman-Wilsall-Tolbert complex, 8 to 45 percent slopes ...... 114 percent slopes ...... 127 Beehive Series ...... 114 Binna Series ...... 128 608B—Beehive-Mooseflat complex, 0 to 4 516A—Binna loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 129 percent slopes ...... 115 527A—Binna-Slickspots complex, moderately 608D—Beehive-Mooseflat complex, 4 to 8 wet, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 129 percent slopes ...... 115 Birney Series ...... 130 Beenom Series ...... 116 128D—Birney channery loam, 8 to 15 percent 988F—Beenom, stony, moist-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 130 complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes...... 117 28C—Birney loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 131 970D—Beenom loam, 4 to 15 percent Blackdog Series ...... 131 slopes ...... 117 50B—Blackdog silt loam, 0 to 4 percent 970F—Beenom, stony-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 132 15 to 60 percent slopes ...... 117 50C—Blackdog silt loam, 4 to 8 percent Bielenberg Series ...... 118 slopes ...... 132 454D—Bielenberg-Catgulch, very stony 50D—Blackdog silt loam, 8 to 15 percent complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes...... 119 slopes ...... 133 454E—Bielenberg-Catgulch, very stony- 450B—Blackdog-Quagle silt loams, 0 to 4 Breeton complex, 15 to 45 percent percent slopes ...... 133 slopes ...... 119 450C—Blackdog-Quagle silt loams, 4 to 8 Bigbear Series ...... 120 percent slopes ...... 133 65E—Bigbear clay loam, 15 to 35 percent 450D—Blackdog-Brodyk silt loams, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 121 percent slopes ...... 134 6

Blackmore Series...... 134 496D—Bridger-Ouselfal, very stony-Redlodge 350B—Blackmore silt loam, 0 to 4 percent complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes...... 149 slopes ...... 135 550E—Bridger-Redlodge complex, 4 to 25 350C—Blackmore silt loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 150 slopes ...... 136 Brocko Series ...... 150 350D—Blackmore silt loam, 8 to 15 percent 36B—Brocko silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 136 slopes ...... 151 Blacksheep Series ...... 136 36C—Brocko silt loam, 4 to 8 percent 811E—Blacksheep, moist-Kalsted-Scravo slopes ...... 151 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes...... 137 36D—Brocko silt loam, 8 to 15 percent 410E—Blacksheep-Chinook-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 151 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes...... 138 336C—Brocko-Clarkstone silt loams, 4 to 8 711E—Blacksheep-Kalsted-Scravo complex, percent slopes ...... 152 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 138 336D—Brocko-Clarkstone silt loams, 8 to 15 Blaincreek Series ...... 139 percent slopes ...... 152 439G—Blaincreek-Tolbert complex, 40 to 70 Brodyk Series ...... 153 percent slopes ...... 140 Burnel Series ...... 153 Blossberg Series ...... 140 12C—Burnel silty clay loam, 2 to 8 percent 542A—Blossberg loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 154 slopes ...... 141 212C—Burnel-Nythar complex, 2 to 8 percent Bobkitty Series ...... 141 slopes ...... 155 520B—Bobkitty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent Busby Series ...... 155 slopes ...... 143 27B—Busby loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes...... 156 500A—Bobkitty-Bonebasin complex, 0 to 2 727B—Busby-Birney complex, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 143 slopes ...... 156 Bonebasin Series ...... 143 727D—Busby-Birney complex, 4 to 15 percent Bowery Series...... 144 slopes ...... 157 14C—Bowery loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 145 Cabba Series ...... 157 Breeton Series ...... 145 315F—Cabba-Bacbuster complex, 15 to 60 362D—Breeton coarse sandy loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 158 percent slopes ...... 146 615F—Cabba-Castner complex, 15 to 60 Bridger Series ...... 146 percent slopes ...... 158 379E—Bridger cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 415D—Cabba-Reedwest complex, 4 to 15 slopes, stony ...... 147 percent slopes ...... 159 379D—Bridger cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 747E—Cabba-Reedwest-Anceney complex, slopes, stony ...... 148 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 159 79C—Bridger loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 148 Cabbart Series ...... 160 179E—Bridger loam, cool, 4 to 25 percent 810E—Cabbart, moist-Amesha-Trimad slopes ...... 148 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes...... 161 779E—Bridger-Libeg, stony complex, 8 to 25 710C—Cabbart-Amesha loams, 2 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 149 slopes ...... 161 7

710D—Cabbart-Amesha loams, 8 to 15 54D—Clasoil loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ..... 173 percent slopes ...... 162 Copenhaver Series ...... 173 710E—Cabbart-Amesha-Trimad complex, 178F—Copenhaver flaggy loam, 35 to 60 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 162 percent slopes ...... 174 Castner Series ...... 163 178E—Copenhaver-Rock outcrop complex, 670E—Castner, very stony-Quigley, very stony- 8 to 35 percent slopes ...... 174 Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 45 percent Corbly Series ...... 175 slopes ...... 164 259B—Corbly very gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 4 770F—Castner-Reedwest-Rock outcrop percent slopes ...... 175 complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes...... 164 359C—Corbly very gravelly sandy loam, 4 to 8 Catgulch Series ...... 165 percent slopes, stony ...... 176 487E—Catgulch, bouldery-Rock outcrop Cowood Series ...... 176 complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes...... 165 993E—Cowood channery loam, 15 to 45 654E—Catgulch, very stony-Bielenberg- percent slopes, very stony ...... 177 Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 45 percent Crago Series ...... 177 slopes ...... 166 930F—Crago, stony-Quigley-Rock outcrop 654G—Catgulch, very stony-Rock outcrop complex 25 to 60 percent slopes...... 178 complex, 55 to 75 percent slopes...... 166 430E—Crago-Beanlake complex, 15 to 35 787F—Catgulch, very stony-Spanpeak, stony- percent slopes ...... 178 Bavdark complex, 25 to 60 percent 734B—Crago-Musselshell complex, 0 to 4 slopes ...... 167 percent slopes ...... 179 Chinook Series ...... 167 734C—Crago-Musselshell complex, 4 to 8 38B—Chinook fine sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 179 slopes ...... 168 734D—Crago-Musselshell complex, 8 to 15 38E—Chinook fine sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 180 percent slopes ...... 168 730C—Crago-Pensore gravelly loams, 4 to 15 38C—Chinook fine sandy loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 180 slopes ...... 169 730E—Crago-Pensore-Rock outcrop complex, 38D—Chinook fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 181 slopes ...... 169 630E—Crago-Pensore-Rock outcrop complex, 438D—Chinook-Kalsted sandy loams, 8 to 15 15 to 45 percent slopes, very stony...... 181 percent slopes ...... 169 830E—Crago-Scravo complex, 15 to 45 Clarkstone Series ...... 170 percent slopes ...... 182 18B—Clarkstone silt loam, 0 to 4 percent Danaher Series ...... 182 slopes ...... 171 792E—Danaher, stony-Loberg, very stony 18C—Clarkstone silt loam, 4 to 8 percent complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes...... 183 slopes ...... 171 792D—Danaher, stony-Loberg, very stony Clasoil Series ...... 171 complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes...... 183 254B—Clasoil cobbly sandy loam, 2 to 6 Danvers Series ...... 184 percent slopes ...... 172 258D—Danvers cobbly clay loam, 8 to 15 54C—Clasoil loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 172 percent slopes ...... 185 8

58B—Danvers silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 512B—Enbar-Nythar loams, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 185 slopes ...... 196 58C—Danvers silty clay loam, 4 to 8 percent 523A—Enbar-Nythar loams, cool, 0 to 4 slopes ...... 186 percent slopes ...... 197 58D—Danvers silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent Fairway Series ...... 197 slopes ...... 186 511A—Fairway silt loam, 0 to 2 percent 458C—Danvers-Quagle complex, 4 to 8 slopes ...... 198 percent slopes ...... 186 524A—Fairway-Bonebasin complex, 0 to 2 458D—Danvers-Quagle complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 198 percent slopes ...... 187 505A—Fairway-Rivra complex, 0 to 2 percent DA—Denied access ...... 187 slopes ...... 199 Doby Series ...... 187 508A—Fairway-Threeriv-Rivra complex, 0 to 2 Doughty Series ...... 188 percent slopes ...... 199 272B—Doughty cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent Farnuf Series ...... 200 slopes ...... 189 768C—Farnuf-Absarokee complex, 4 to 8 272C—Doughty cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 201 slopes ...... 189 768D—Farnuf-Absarokee-Tolbert complex, 272D—Doughty cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 202 slopes ...... 190 668C—Farnuf-Absarook-Tolbert complex, 72C—Doughty loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ..... 190 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 202 72D—Doughty loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ... 190 Farside Series ...... 203 Durston Series ...... 191 354B—Farside loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ..... 204 858C—Durston cobbly clay loam, 4 to 8 354D—Farside loam, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 192 slopes ...... 204 858D—Durston cobbly clay loam, 8 to 15 Glendive Series ...... 204 percent slopes ...... 192 3A—Glendive sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent 658B—Durston silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 205 slopes ...... 192 3C—Glendive sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent 658C—Durston silty clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 205 slopes ...... 193 GP—Gravel pit ...... 206 658D—Durston silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent Greycliff Series ...... 206 slopes ...... 193 519A—Greycliff loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ... 207 Emyd Series ...... 193 528A—Greycliff-Lamoose silt loams, 0 to 2 Enbar Series ...... 194 percent slopes ...... 208 522A—Enbar clay loam, 0 to 2 percent 526A—Greycliff-Rivra-Threeriv complex, 0 to 2 slopes ...... 195 percent slopes ...... 208 509B—Enbar loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 195 525A—Greycliff-Toston-Threeriv complex, 512D—Enbar-Bowery-Nythar complex, 4 to 15 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 209 percent slopes ...... 196 Hanson Series ...... 209 9

81E—Hanson cobbly loam, 15 to 45 percent 290E—Jaegie loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes .. 222 slopes, stony ...... 210 90F—Jaegie loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes .... 222 481E—Hanson loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes .. 211 590E—Jaegie-Shadow, stony complex, 381E—Hanson, bouldery-Bridger complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 222 8 to 25 percent slopes ...... 211 890E—Jaegie-Shadow, stony complex, cool, 491E—Hanson-Whitore, stony complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 223 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 211 Kalsted Series...... 223 Havre Series ...... 212 135E—Kalsted gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 35 102A—Havre loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, percent slopes ...... 224 rare flooding ...... 212 35B—Kalsted sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent 2A—Havre loam, calcareous surface, 0 to 2 slopes ...... 224 percent slopes ...... 213 35C—Kalsted sandy loam, 4 to 8 percent Headwaters Series ...... 213 slopes ...... 225 220C—Headwaters cobbly loam, 2 to 8 percent 35D—Kalsted sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 214 slopes ...... 225 20C—Headwaters loam, 2 to 8 percent Kelstrup Series ...... 225 slopes ...... 214 31C—Kelstrup silt loam, 4 to 8 percent 20D—Headwaters loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 226 slopes ...... 215 31D—Kelstrup silt loam, 8 to 15 percent Hoppers Series ...... 215 slopes ...... 227 847F—Hoppers, stony-Tolbert, very stony- 431B—Kelstrup-Brocko silt loams, 0 to 4 Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 60 percent percent slopes ...... 227 slopes ...... 216 431C—Kelstrup-Brocko silt loams, 4 to 8 647E—Hoppers, stony-Tolbert, very stony- percent slopes ...... 227 Timberlin complex, 15 to 35 percent 431D—Kelstrup-Brocko silt loams, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 216 percent slopes ...... 228 647F—Hoppers, stony-Tolbert, very stony- Lamoose Series ...... 228 Timberlin complex, 35 to 60 percent 537A—Lamoose silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 217 slopes ...... 229 547E—Hoppers-Adel-Tolbert, very stony 541A—Lamoose-Rivra-Bonebasin complex, complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes...... 218 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 230 Hyalite Series...... 218 Lap Series...... 230 748A—Hyalite-Beaverton complex, 0 to 4 666F—Lap-Windham-Rock outcrop complex, percent slopes ...... 219 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 231 448A—Hyalite-Beaverton complex, moderately Libeg Series ...... 231 wet, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 220 280B—Libeg cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent Jaegie Series ...... 220 slopes ...... 232 190E—Jaegie gravelly coarse sandy loam, 380D—Libeg cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 8 to 35 percent slopes ...... 221 slopes, stony ...... 233 10

380E—Libeg cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 352C—Martinsdale clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, stony ...... 233 slopes ...... 244 380F—Libeg very cobbly loam, 35 to 60 252D—Martinsdale cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 233 percent slopes ...... 245 480E—Libeg, stony-Copenhaver complex, 52B—Martinsdale loam, 0 to 4 percent 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 234 slopes ...... 245 580E—Libeg, very stony-Copenhaver, 52E—Martinsdale loam, 15 to 35 percent extremely stony-Adel complex, 15 to 45 slopes ...... 245 percent slopes ...... 234 52C—Martinsdale loam, 4 to 8 percent Loberg Series ...... 235 slopes ...... 246 696E—Loberg very flaggy loam, 15 to 35 52D—Martinsdale loam, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes, very stony ...... 236 slopes ...... 246 396F—Loberg very flaggy loam, 35 to 60 852D—Martinsdale-Cabba complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony ...... 236 percent slopes ...... 247 96E—Loberg very flaggy loam, cool, 15 to 35 652E—Martinsdale-Shawmut complex, percent slopes, very stony ...... 236 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony...... 247 396E—Loberg, very stony-Danaher, stony 652D—Martinsdale-Shawmut complex, complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes...... 237 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony ...... 248 796E—Loberg, very stony-Yellowmule complex, Mccabe Series ...... 248 8 to 35 percent slopes ...... 237 Meadowcreek Series ...... 249 596E—Loberg, very stony-Yellowmule, stony- 510B—Meadowcreek loam, 0 to 4 percent Redlodge complex, 4 to 35 percent slopes ...... 250 slopes ...... 238 504A—Meadowcreek silty clay loam, 0 to 2 Lonniebee Series ...... 238 percent slopes ...... 250 593E—Lonniebee-Cowood complex, 15 to 35 503A—Meadowcreek, slightly saline-Rivra percent slopes ...... 239 complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes...... 251 593F—Lonniebee-Cowood complex, 35 to 60 513A—Meadowcreek-Bonebasin complex, percent slopes ...... 240 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 251 794G—Lonniebee-Cowood complex, warm, 603A—Meadowcreek-Rivra complex, 0 to 2 40 to 70 percent slopes ...... 240 percent slopes ...... 252 M-W—Miscellaneous water ...... 241 Meagher Series ...... 252 Marias Series ...... 241 257B—Meagher cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent 19C—Marias silty clay, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 253 slopes ...... 242 257C—Meagher cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent Martab Series ...... 242 slopes ...... 253 92E—Martab loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes ... 243 57C—Meagher loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes .... 254 892F—Martab-Bangtail complex, 25 to 60 57D—Meagher loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .. 254 percent slopes, stony ...... 243 752E—Meagher-Shawmut-Bowery complex, Martinsdale Series ...... 244 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 254 11

Mooseflat Series ...... 255 723C—Patouza-Abor complex, 2 to 8 percent Musselshell Series ...... 256 slopes ...... 270 225C—Musselshell cobbly loam, 2 to 8 percent Pensore Series ...... 270 slopes ...... 257 716E—Pensore-Brocko-Rock outcrop complex, 225D—Musselshell cobbly loam, 8 to 15 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 271 percent slopes ...... 257 816E—Pensore-Rock outcrop complex, 25B—Musselshell loam, 0 to 4 percent 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 272 slopes ...... 257 816D—Pensore-Rock outcrop complex, 325E—Musselshell very cobbly loam, 15 to 35 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 272 percent slopes, very stony ...... 258 816G—Pensore-Rock outcrop complex, 425E—Musselshell-Pensore, stony complex, 45 to 70 percent slopes ...... 272 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 258 Philipsburg Series ...... 273 Nesda Series ...... 259 82E—Philipsburg loam, 8 to 25 percent 207B—Nesda loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ...... 259 slopes ...... 274 Newtman Series ...... 260 482C—Philipsburg-Libeg complex, 4 to 8 557A—Newtman mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes ...... 274 slopes ...... 260 Poin Series ...... 274 558C—Newtman-Amsterdam complex, 2 to 8 Quagle Series ...... 275 percent slopes ...... 261 51B—Quagle silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes . 276 Norbert Series ...... 261 451C—Quagle-Brodyk silt loams, 4 to 8 715F—Norbert-Bacbuster complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes ...... 276 percent slopes ...... 262 451D—Quagle-Brodyk silt loams, 8 to 15 Nuley Series ...... 262 percent slopes ...... 277 45C—Nuley clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes .. 263 451E—Quagle-Brodyk silt loams, 15 to 45 45D—Nuley clay loam, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 277 slopes ...... 264 Quigley Series ...... 278 745E—Nuley-Rentsac-Rock outcrop complex, 71C—Quigley loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 278 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 264 71D—Quigley loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .... 279 Nythar Series ...... 265 452B—Quigley-Beanlake complex, 0 to 4 Ouselfal Series ...... 265 percent slopes ...... 279 496E—Ouselfal, very stony-Bridger-Redlodge 452E—Quigley-Beanlake loams, 15 to 45 complex, 4 to 45 percent slopes...... 266 percent slopes ...... 280 592F—Ouselfal, very stony-Yellowmule 452C—Quigley-Beanlake loams, 4 to 8 complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes...... 267 percent slopes ...... 280 492F—Ouselfal-Yellowmule complex, 35 to 60 452D—Quigley-Beanlake loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 267 percent slopes ...... 281 Paddy Series ...... 268 Raynesford Series ...... 281 Patouza Series ...... 269 681E—Raynesford, stony-Hanson, very stony 23B—Patouza clay, 0 to 6 percent slopes ...... 270 complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes...... 282 12

Redchief Series ...... 283 387G—Rochester, very stony-Rock outcrop 284D—Redchief cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent complex, 35 to 70 percent slopes...... 296 slopes, stony ...... 284 Rocko Series ...... 296 284E—Redchief cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 393E—Rocko cobbly loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes, stony ...... 284 slopes, stony ...... 297 Redlodge Series ...... 284 894F—Rocko, stony-Copenhaver, extremely Reedwest Series...... 285 stony complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes .... 298 447E—Reedwest-Adel-Castner complex, Roy Series ...... 298 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 286 267E—Roy cobbly clay loam, 15 to 60 689F—Reedwest-Cabba complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 299 percent slopes ...... 286 560—Rubble land-Rock outcrop complex ...... 300 947E—Reedwest-Cabba-Bowery complex, Ryell Series...... 300 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 287 4A—Ryell silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 301 347F—Reedwest-Cabba-Castner complex, 304A—Ryell-Rivra-Fairway complex, 0 to 2 25 to 60 percent slopes ...... 288 percent slopes ...... 301 Rentsac Series ...... 288 SLF—Sanitary landfill ...... 301 412E—Rentsac-Amesha complex, 8 to 25 Sappington Series ...... 302 percent slopes ...... 289 226D—Sappington cobbly loam, 4 to 15 712D—Rentsac-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 303 percent slopes ...... 289 26C—Sappington loam, 4 to 8 percent 712E—Rentsac-Rock outcrop complex, slopes ...... 303 15 to 60 percent slopes ...... 290 Sawicki Series ...... 303 Reycreek Series ...... 290 261B—Sawicki cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent 518A—Reycreek loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 304 slopes ...... 291 361C—Sawicki cobbly loam, 2 to 8 percent 521A—Reycreek-Toston-Slickspots complex, slopes, very stony ...... 305 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 291 261C—Sawicki cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent Rivra Series ...... 292 slopes ...... 305 201A—Rivra cobbly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent 361D—Sawicki cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 292 slopes, very stony ...... 305 401A—Rivra, moist-Ryell-Bonebasin, 0 to 2 461D—Sawicki cobbly loam, 8 to 25 percent percent slopes ...... 293 slopes, bouldery ...... 306 801A—Rivra-Emyd-Greycliff complex, 0 to 2 661E—Sawicki cobbly loam, moist, 8 to 25 percent slopes, protected ...... 293 percent slopes, very stony ...... 306 701A—Rivra-Mccabe-Bonebasin complex, 761E—Sawicki, stony-Catgulch, very stony 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 294 complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 306 301A—Rivra-Ryell-Bonebasin complex, 0 to 2 761F—Sawicki-Catgulch complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 295 percent slopes, very stony ...... 307 Rochester Series ...... 295 Saypo Series ...... 307 13

506A—Saypo silt loam, 0 to 2 percent 778F—Spanpeak-Bavdark coarse sandy slopes ...... 308 loams, 25 to 50 percent slopes ...... 322 517A—Saypo silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, Stemple Series ...... 323 drained ...... 308 293E—Stemple cobbly sandy loam, 15 to 35 515A—Saypo-Tetonview complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, stony ...... 324 percent slopes, hummocky ...... 309 293F—Stemple cobbly sandy loam, 35 to 60 Scravo Series...... 309 percent slopes, stony ...... 324 Shadow Series...... 310 493F—Stemple very cobbly loam, 25 to 60 395F—Shadow very cobbly coarse sandy percent slopes, stony ...... 325 loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony...... 311 Storyhill Series ...... 325 295F—Shadow very cobbly coarse sandy 365E—Storyhill, very stony-Bigbear, loam, moist, 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony-Adel complex, 15 to 45 percent stony ...... 311 slopes ...... 326 995G—Shadow, bouldery-Rubble land 665D—Storyhill-Bigbear complex, 4 to 15 complex, 40 to 70 percent slopes...... 312 percent slopes ...... 326 495F—Shadow, stony-Cowood, very stony Straw Series ...... 327 complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes...... 312 64B—Straw loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 328 495G—Shadow, stony-Cowood, very stony 364B—Straw silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent complex, 60 to 75 percent slopes...... 312 slopes ...... 328 Shawmut Series ...... 313 Sudworth Series ...... 328 355D—Shawmut cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 307A—Sudworth silty clay loam, 0 to 2 slopes, stony ...... 314 percent slopes ...... 329 639E—Shawmut-Tolbert complex, 15 to 45 407A—Sudworth-Nesda loams, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes, very stony ...... 315 slopes ...... 330 Shurley Series ...... 315 Tamaneen Series ...... 330 729E—Shurley-Rentsac-Rock outcrop 158B—Tamaneen clay loam, 0 to 4 percent complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes...... 316 slopes ...... 331 Sicklesteets Series ...... 317 358B—Tamaneen cobbly clay loam, 0 to 4 Soapcreek Series ...... 318 percent slopes ...... 332 514A—Soapcreek silty clay loam, 0 to 2 Tanna Series ...... 332 percent slopes ...... 319 40C—Tanna clay loam, 4 to 8 percent 507A—Soapcreek-Bonebasin complex, 0 to 2 slopes ...... 333 percent slopes ...... 319 740D—Tanna-Udecide complex, 8 to 15 Sourdough Series ...... 320 percent slopes ...... 333 357B—Sourdough loam, 0 to 4 percent 740E—Tanna-Udecide complex, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 321 percent slopes ...... 334 Spanpeak Series ...... 321 Tetonview Series ...... 334 278F—Spanpeak coarse sandy loam, 35 to 60 538A—Tetonview silt loam, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes ...... 322 slopes ...... 335 14

539A—Tetonview silt loam, 0 to 2 percent 439E—Tolbert-Blaincreek-Adel complex, slopes, drained ...... 335 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 347 540A—Tetonview-Newtman complex, 0 to 2 Tolex Series ...... 348 percent slopes ...... 336 812E—Tolex very channery coarse sandy Threeriv Series ...... 336 loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 348 556A—Threeriv-Bonebasin loams, 0 to 2 812G—Tolex very channery coarse sandy percent slopes ...... 337 loam, 45 to 70 percent slopes ...... 348 559A—Threeriv-Bonebasin loams, 0 to 2 912E—Tolex very channery coarse sandy percent slopes, irrigation induced loam, moist, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 349 wetness ...... 338 912G—Tolex very channery coarse sandy 561A—Threeriv-Greycliff complex, 0 to 2 loam, moist, 45 to 70 percent slopes ...... 349 percent slopes ...... 338 Toston Series ...... 349 Tiban Series...... 339 502A—Toston loam, 0 to 2 percent 680F—Tiban cobbly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 351 slopes, stony ...... 340 Trimad Series ...... 351 678E—Tiban, stony-Bridger complex, 4 to 25 242B—Trimad cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 340 slopes ...... 352 461G—Tiban-Adel complex, 40 to 70 percent 242C—Trimad cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 340 slopes ...... 352 478E—Tiban-Castner channery loams, 242D—Trimad cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 341 slopes ...... 353 478G—Tiban-Castner channery loams, 242E—Trimad cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 45 to 70 percent slopes ...... 341 slopes ...... 353 Timberlin Series ...... 342 742F—Trimad cobbly loam, moist, 35 to 60 694F—Timberlin-Copenhaver complex, percent slopes ...... 353 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 343 42B—Trimad loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 354 Tolbert Series ...... 343 442B—Trimad loam, calcareous surface, 0 to 4 339E—Tolbert cobbly loam, 8 to 35 percent percent slopes ...... 354 slopes, very stony ...... 344 Turner Series ...... 354 739E—Tolbert, stony-Rock outcrop complex, 57B—Turner loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 355 15 to 60 percent slopes ...... 344 457A—Turner loam, moderately wet, 0 to 2 739D—Tolbert, stony-Rock outcrop complex, percent slopes ...... 356 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 345 Udecide Series ...... 356 239E—Tolbert, stony-Rock outcrop complex, 24C—Udecide silt loam, 4 to 8 percent 8 to 45 percent slopes ...... 345 slopes ...... 357 870D—Tolbert-Absarook-Rock outcrop 724C—Udecide-Cabbart complex, 4 to 8 complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes...... 345 percent slopes ...... 357 870E—Tolbert-Absarook-Rock outcrop 724D—Udecide-Cabbart complex, 8 to 15 complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes...... 346 percent slopes ...... 358 439D—Tolbert-Blaincreek complex, 2 to 15 724E—Udecide-Cabbart complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 346 percent slopes ...... 358 15

Uinta Series ...... 359 266B—Windham cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent 490E—Uinta-Paddy complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 371 slopes ...... 360 266D—Windham cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 390E—Uinta-Paddy complex, cool, 15 to 45 slopes ...... 371 percent slopes ...... 360 366D—Windham cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent UL—Urban land ...... 361 slopes, stony ...... 371 Varney Series ...... 361 366E—Windham cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 44B—Varney clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, stony ...... 372 slopes ...... 362 466E—Windham cobbly loam, 15 to 45 percent 44C—Varney clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, stony ...... 372 slopes ...... 362 166C—Windham gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent 244B—Varney cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 372 slopes ...... 362 166D—Windham gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent 44D—Varney sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 373 slopes ...... 363 866E—Windham, stony-Hanson-Lap, stony Vision Series ...... 363 complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes...... 373 388E—Vision cobbly loam, 15 to 45 percent 666E—Windham, stony-Lap, very stony slopes, very stony ...... 364 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes...... 374 839F—Vision, very stony-Tolbert, very stony- 766E—Windham, stony-Lap, very stony- Rubble land complex, 35 to 60 percent Hanson complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 364 slopes ...... 374 W—Water ...... 365 966E—Windham, stony-Rock outcrop complex, Whitecow Series ...... 365 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 375 86F—Whitecow cobbly loam, 35 to 60 percent Work Series ...... 375 slopes, stony ...... 366 46C—Work clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ... 376 786F—Whitecow, stony-Lap, very stony- 46D—Work clay loam, 8 to 15 percent Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 376 slopes ...... 366 346E—Work cobbly sandy clay loam, 15 to 35 Whitore Series ...... 366 percent slopes, stony ...... 377 291G—Whitore cobbly clay loam, 40 to 70 146D—Work gravelly clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, stony ...... 367 percent slopes ...... 377 91F—Whitore gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent Yellowmule Series ...... 377 slopes, stony ...... 368 294F—Yellowmule-Lonniebee complex, 991F—Whitore-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony ...... 379 35 to 70 percent slopes ...... 368 294E—Yellowmule-Lonniebee, stony complex, 691E—Whitore-Sicklesteets complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 379 15 to 40 percent slopes, stony ...... 368 294D—Yellowmule-Lonniebee, stony- 691F—Whitore-Sicklesteets complex, Redlodge complex, 4 to 15 percent 40 to 60 percent slopes, stony ...... 369 slopes ...... 380 Wilsall Series ...... 369 492E—Yellowmule-Ouselfal complex, 8 to 25 Windham Series ...... 370 percent slopes ...... 380 16

592E—Yellowmule-Ouselfal, very stony Similarity Index ...... 174 complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes...... 381 Rangeland Management ...... 174 Zade Series ...... 381 Understory Management ...... 175 283G—Zade loam, 45 to 70 percent slopes .... 382 Forest Land ...... 353 283E—Zade-Adel complex, 15 to 45 percent Woodland Ordination System ...... 354 slopes ...... 382 Forest Land Management and Productivity ..... 356 483F—Zade-Timberlin, stony complex, Main Forest Access Road Limitations and 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 383 Hazards ...... 356 References ...... 385 Recreation...... 389 Glossary ...... 387 Wildlife Habitat ...... 445 Elements of Wildlife Habitat ...... 445 Kinds of Wildlife Habitat ...... 445 Part II Wildlife of the Gallatin County Area ...... 446 Engineering ...... 449 How To Use This Soil Survey ...... 1 Building Site Development ...... 449 Detailed Soil Map Unit Legend ...... 4 Sanitary Facilities ...... 450 Summary of Tables ...... 14 Waste Management ...... 451 Agronomy ...... 29 Construction Materials ...... 452 Cropland Limitations and Hazards ...... 29 Water Management ...... 453 Crop Yield Estimates...... 30 Soil Properties ...... 679 Land Capability Classification...... 31 Engineering Index Properties ...... 679 Prime Farmland and Other Important Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 680 Farmland ...... 32 Water Features ...... 682 Erosion Factors ...... 33 Soil Features ...... 683 Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings ...... 33 References ...... 1027 Range ...... 173 Glossary ...... 1029

Issued 2002 17

Index to Taxonomic Units

Abor Series ...... 62 Brodyk Series ...... 153 Absarokee Series ...... 63 Burnel Series...... 153 Absarook Series ...... 66 Busby Series ...... 155 Accola Series ...... 68 Cabba Series ...... 157 Adel Series ...... 70 Cabbart Series ...... 160 Alder Series ...... 74 Castner Series ...... 163 Alona Series ...... 76 Catgulch Series ...... 165 Amesha Series ...... 77 Chinook Series ...... 167 Amsterdam Series...... 80 Clarkstone Series ...... 170 Anceney Series ...... 83 Clasoil Series ...... 171 Arcette Series ...... 85 Copenhaver Series ...... 173 Attewan Series ...... 86 Corbly Series...... 175 Bacbuster Series ...... 88 Cowood Series ...... 176 Bandy Series ...... 91 Crago Series ...... 177 Bangtail Series ...... 93 Danaher Series ...... 182 Barbarela Series ...... 100 Danvers Series...... 184 Bavdark Series ...... 102 Doby Series ...... 187 Beanlake Series ...... 104 Doughty Series...... 188 Beaverell Series ...... 108 Durston Series ...... 191 Beaverton Series ...... 110 Emyd Series ...... 193 Beavwan Series ...... 112 Enbar Series ...... 194 Beehive Series ...... 114 Fairway Series ...... 197 Beenom Series...... 116 Farnuf Series...... 200 Bielenberg Series ...... 118 Farside Series ...... 203 Bigbear Series...... 120 Glendive Series ...... 204 Bigsandy Series ...... 123 Greycliff Series ...... 206 Billman Series ...... 124 Hanson Series...... 209 Binna Series ...... 128 Havre Series ...... 212 Birney Series ...... 130 Headwaters Series ...... 213 Blackdog Series ...... 131 Hoppers Series ...... 215 Blackmore Series ...... 134 Hyalite Series ...... 218 Blacksheep Series ...... 136 Jaegie Series ...... 220 Blaincreek Series ...... 139 Kalsted Series ...... 223 Blossberg Series ...... 140 Kelstrup Series ...... 225 Bobkitty Series ...... 141 Lamoose Series ...... 228 Bonebasin Series ...... 143 Lap Series ...... 230 Bowery Series ...... 144 Libeg Series ...... 231 Breeton Series ...... 145 Loberg Series ...... 235 Bridger Series ...... 146 Lonniebee Series ...... 238 Brocko Series ...... 150 Marias Series ...... 241 18

Martab Series ...... 242 Scravo Series ...... 309 Martinsdale Series ...... 244 Shadow Series ...... 310 Mccabe Series ...... 248 Shawmut Series ...... 313 Meadowcreek Series ...... 249 Shurley Series ...... 315 Meagher Series ...... 252 Sicklesteets Series ...... 317 Mooseflat Series ...... 255 Soapcreek Series ...... 318 Musselshell Series ...... 256 Sourdough Series ...... 320 Nesda Series...... 259 Spanpeak Series ...... 321 Newtman Series ...... 260 Stemple Series ...... 323 Norbert Series ...... 261 Storyhill Series ...... 325 Nuley Series ...... 262 Straw Series ...... 327 Nythar Series ...... 265 Sudworth Series ...... 328 Ouselfal Series ...... 265 Tamaneen Series ...... 330 Paddy Series ...... 268 Tanna Series ...... 332 Patouza Series ...... 269 Tetonview Series ...... 334 Pensore Series...... 270 Threeriv Series ...... 336 Philipsburg Series ...... 273 Tiban Series ...... 339 Poin Series ...... 274 Timberlin Series ...... 342 Quagle Series ...... 275 Tolbert Series ...... 343 Quigley Series ...... 278 Tolex Series ...... 348 Raynesford Series ...... 281 Toston Series ...... 349 Redchief Series ...... 283 Trimad Series ...... 351 Redlodge Series ...... 284 Turner Series ...... 354 Reedwest Series ...... 285 Udecide Series ...... 356 Rentsac Series ...... 288 Uinta Series...... 359 Reycreek Series ...... 290 Varney Series ...... 361 Rivra Series ...... 292 Vision Series ...... 363 Rochester Series...... 295 Whitecow Series ...... 365 Rocko Series ...... 296 Whitore Series...... 366 Roy Series ...... 298 Wilsall Series...... 369 Ryell Series ...... 300 Windham Series ...... 370 Sappington Series ...... 302 Work Series ...... 375 Sawicki Series ...... 303 Yellowmule Series ...... 377 Saypo Series ...... 307 Zade Series ...... 381 19

Index to Map Units

2A—Havre loam, calcareous surface, 0 to 2 33B—Attewan clay loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 213 slopes ...... 87 3A—Glendive sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent 35B—Kalsted sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 205 slopes ...... 224 3C—Glendive sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent 35C—Kalsted sandy loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 205 slopes ...... 225 4A—Ryell silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 301 35D—Kalsted sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent 12C—Burnel silty clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 225 slopes ...... 154 36B—Brocko silt loam, 0 to 4 percent 14C—Bowery loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 145 slopes ...... 151 18B—Clarkstone silt loam, 0 to 4 percent 36C—Brocko silt loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 171 slopes ...... 151 18C—Clarkstone silt loam, 4 to 8 percent 36D—Brocko silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 171 slopes ...... 151 19C—Marias silty clay, 4 to 8 percent 37B—Alona silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 242 slopes ...... 77 20C—Headwaters loam, 2 to 8 percent 38B—Chinook fine sandy loam, 0 to 4 slopes ...... 214 percent slopes ...... 168 20D—Headwaters loam, 8 to 15 percent 38C—Chinook fine sandy loam, 4 to 8 slopes ...... 215 percent slopes ...... 169 23B—Patouza clay, 0 to 6 percent slopes ...... 270 38D—Chinook fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 24C—Udecide silt loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 169 slopes ...... 357 38E—Chinook fine sandy loam, 15 to 35 25B—Musselshell loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 168 slopes ...... 257 40C—Tanna clay loam, 4 to 8 percent 26C—Sappington loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 333 slopes ...... 303 41A—Beaverell loam, 0 to 2 percent 27B—Busby loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 156 slopes ...... 109 28C—Birney loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 131 42B—Trimad loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 354 31C—Kelstrup silt loam, 4 to 8 percent 43A—Beavwan loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 226 slopes ...... 113 31D—Kelstrup silt loam, 8 to 15 percent 44B—Varney clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 227 slopes ...... 362 32B—Amesha loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 78 44C—Varney clay loam, 4 to 8 percent 32C—Amesha loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 78 slopes ...... 362 32D—Amesha loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ..... 79 44D—Varney sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 32E—Amesha-Trimad complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 363 percent slopes ...... 79 45C—Nuley clay loam, 4 to 8 percent 32F—Amesha loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes .... 80 slopes ...... 263 20

45D—Nuley clay loam, 8 to 15 percent 63B—Beanlake loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 264 slopes ...... 106 46C—Work clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes .. 376 64B—Straw loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 328 46D—Work clay loam, 8 to 15 percent 65B—Bigbear loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 121 slopes ...... 376 65C—Bigbear loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 121 50B—Blackdog silt loam, 0 to 4 percent 65D—Bigbear loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 132 slopes ...... 122 50C—Blackdog silt loam, 4 to 8 percent 65E—Bigbear clay loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 132 slopes ...... 121 50D—Blackdog silt loam, 8 to 15 percent 71C—Quigley loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 278 slopes ...... 133 71D—Quigley loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .... 279 51B—Quagle silt loam, 0 to 4 percent 72C—Doughty loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ..... 190 slopes ...... 276 72D—Doughty loam, 8 to 15 percent 52B—Martinsdale loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 190 slopes ...... 245 79C—Bridger loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 148 52C—Martinsdale loam, 4 to 8 percent 81E—Hanson cobbly loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 246 slopes, stony ...... 210 52D—Martinsdale loam, 8 to 15 percent 82E—Philipsburg loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes ...... 246 slopes ...... 274 52E—Martinsdale loam, 15 to 35 percent 86F—Whitecow cobbly loam, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 245 percent slopes, stony ...... 366 53B—Amsterdam silt loam, 0 to 4 percent 90F—Jaegie loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes .... 222 slopes ...... 81 91F—Whitore gravelly loam, 35 to 60 53C—Amsterdam silt loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes, stony ...... 368 slopes ...... 81 92E—Martab loam, 15 to 45 percent 54C—Clasoil loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 172 slopes ...... 243 54D—Clasoil loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ..... 173 96E—Loberg very flaggy loam, cool, 560—Rubble land-Rock outcrop complex ...... 300 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony ...... 236 57B—Turner loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 355 102A—Havre loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 57C—Meagher loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes .... 254 rare flooding ...... 212 57D—Meagher loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes .. 254 128D—Birney channery loam, 8 to 15 58B—Danvers silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 130 slopes ...... 185 135E—Kalsted gravelly sandy loam, 58C—Danvers silty clay loam, 4 to 8 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 224 slopes ...... 186 146D—Work gravelly clay loam, 8 to 15 58D—Danvers silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 377 percent slopes ...... 186 149B—Beaverton cobbly loam, 0 to 4 60C—Alder clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes .... 74 percent slopes ...... 111 60D—Alder-Cabba complex, 8 to 25 percent 155F—Anceney cobbly loam, 15 to 60 slopes ...... 75 percent slopes ...... 84 21

158B—Tamaneen clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 242B—Trimad cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 331 slopes ...... 352 163C—Beanlake gravelly loam, 4 to 8 242C—Trimad cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 106 slopes ...... 352 163D—Beanlake gravelly loam, 8 to 15 242D—Trimad cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 106 slopes ...... 353 166C—Windham gravelly loam, 4 to 8 242E—Trimad cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent percent slopes ...... 372 slopes ...... 353 166D—Windham gravelly loam, 8 to 15 244B—Varney cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 373 slopes ...... 362 178E—Copenhaver-Rock outcrop complex, 249A—Beaverton cobbly clay loam, 0 to 2 8 to 35 percent slopes ...... 174 percent slopes ...... 111 178F—Copenhaver flaggy loam, 35 to 60 252D—Martinsdale cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 174 percent slopes ...... 245 179E—Bridger loam, cool, 4 to 25 percent 254B—Clasoil cobbly sandy loam, 2 to 6 slopes ...... 148 percent slopes ...... 172 182E—Bavdark gravelly coarse sandy loam, 255D—Anceney cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 8 to 25 percent slopes, stony ...... 103 slopes ...... 84 190E—Jaegie gravelly coarse sandy loam, 257B—Meagher cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent 8 to 35 percent slopes ...... 221 slopes ...... 253 201A—Rivra cobbly sandy loam, 2 to 6 257C—Meagher cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 292 slopes ...... 253 207B—Nesda loam, 2 to 6 percent 258D—Danvers cobbly clay loam, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 259 percent slopes ...... 185 212C—Burnel-Nythar complex, 2 to 8 259B—Corbly very gravelly sandy loam, percent slopes ...... 155 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 175 220C—Headwaters cobbly loam, 2 to 8 260D—Bacbuster-Wilsall complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 214 percent slopes ...... 89 225C—Musselshell cobbly loam, 2 to 8 261B—Sawicki cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 257 slopes ...... 304 225D—Musselshell cobbly loam, 8 to 15 261C—Sawicki cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent percent slopes ...... 257 slopes ...... 305 226D—Sappington cobbly loam, 4 to 15 266B—Windham cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 303 slopes ...... 371 232C—Amesha cobbly loam, 2 to 8 percent 266D—Windham cobbly loam, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 78 percent slopes ...... 371 239E—Tolbert, stony-Rock outcrop complex, 267E—Roy cobbly clay loam, 15 to 60 8 to 45 percent slopes ...... 345 percent slopes ...... 299 241A—Beaverell cobbly loam, 0 to 2 percent 272B—Doughty cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 109 slopes ...... 189 22

272C—Doughty cobbly loam, 4 to 8 percent 314C—Adel loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 71 slopes ...... 189 314E—Adel loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes ...... 71 272D—Doughty cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 315D—Bacbuster-Cabba complex, 4 to 15 slopes ...... 190 percent slopes ...... 89 278F—Spanpeak coarse sandy loam, 315F—Cabba-Bacbuster complex, 15 to 60 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 322 percent slopes ...... 158 280B—Libeg cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent 325E—Musselshell very cobbly loam, slopes ...... 232 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony ...... 258 282E—Bavdark loam, 8 to 25 percent 336C—Brocko-Clarkstone silt loams, 4 to 8 slopes ...... 103 percent slopes ...... 152 283E—Zade-Adel complex, 15 to 45 percent 336D—Brocko-Clarkstone silt loams, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 382 percent slopes ...... 152 283G—Zade loam, 45 to 70 percent slopes .... 382 339E—Tolbert cobbly loam, 8 to 35 percent 284D—Redchief cobbly loam, 8 to 15 slopes, very stony ...... 344 percent slopes, stony ...... 284 341A—Beaverell-Beavwan loams, 284E—Redchief cobbly loam, 15 to 35 moderately wet, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 110 percent slopes, stony ...... 284 346E—Work cobbly sandy clay loam, 290E—Jaegie loam, 15 to 35 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes, stony ...... 377 slopes ...... 222 347F—Reedwest-Cabba-Castner complex, 291G—Whitore cobbly clay loam, 40 to 70 25 to 60 percent slopes ...... 288 percent slopes, stony ...... 367 349C—Beaverton very cobbly loam, 2 to 6 293E—Stemple cobbly sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony...... 112 percent slopes, stony ...... 324 350B—Blackmore silt loam, 0 to 4 percent 293F—Stemple cobbly sandy loam, 35 to 60 slopes ...... 135 percent slopes, stony ...... 324 350C—Blackmore silt loam, 4 to 8 percent 294D—Yellowmule-Lonniebee, stony-Redlodge slopes ...... 136 complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 380 350D—Blackmore silt loam, 8 to 15 percent 294E—Yellowmule-Lonniebee, stony slopes ...... 136 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 379 352C—Martinsdale clay loam, 4 to 8 percent 294F—Yellowmule-Lonniebee complex, slopes ...... 244 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony ...... 379 354B—Farside loam, 2 to 6 percent 295F—Shadow very cobbly coarse sandy slopes ...... 204 loam, moist, 35 to 60 percent slopes, 354D—Farside loam, 8 to 15 percent stony...... 311 slopes ...... 204 301A—Rivra-Ryell-Bonebasin complex, 355D—Shawmut cobbly loam, 8 to 15 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 295 percent slopes, stony ...... 314 304A—Ryell-Rivra-Fairway complex, 0 to 2 357B—Sourdough loam, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 301 slopes ...... 321 307A—Sudworth silty clay loam, 0 to 2 358B—Tamaneen cobbly clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 329 percent slopes ...... 332 23

359C—Corbly very gravelly sandy loam, 388E—Vision cobbly loam, 15 to 45 percent 4 to 8 percent slopes, stony ...... 176 slopes, very stony ...... 364 360E—Alder, stony-Cabba complex, 15 to 45 390E—Uinta-Paddy complex, cool, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 75 percent slopes ...... 360 361C—Sawicki cobbly loam, 2 to 8 percent 393E—Rocko cobbly loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes, very stony ...... 305 slopes, stony ...... 297 361D—Sawicki cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 395F—Shadow very cobbly coarse sandy slopes, very stony ...... 305 loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony ...... 311 362D—Breeton coarse sandy loam, 4 to 15 396E—Loberg, very stony-Danaher, stony percent slopes ...... 146 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 237 363D—Beanlake cobbly loam, 8 to 15 396F—Loberg very flaggy loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony ...... 105 percent slopes, very stony...... 236 363E—Beanlake cobbly loam, 15 to 35 401A—Rivra, moist-Ryell-Bonebasin, 0 to 2 percent slopes, stony ...... 105 percent slopes ...... 293 364B—Straw silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 407A—Sudworth-Nesda loams, 0 to 2 slopes ...... 328 percent slopes ...... 330 365D—Bigbear, stony-Storyhill, very stony 410E—Blacksheep-Chinook-Rock outcrop complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 122 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 138 365E—Storyhill, very stony-Bigbear, stony- 412E—Rentsac-Amesha complex, 8 to 25 Adel complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ..... 326 percent slopes ...... 289 366D—Windham cobbly loam, 8 to 15 414E—Adel-Libeg complex, 15 to 35 percent percent slopes, stony ...... 371 slopes ...... 73 366E—Windham cobbly loam, 15 to 35 415D—Cabba-Reedwest complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes, stony ...... 372 percent slopes ...... 159 379D—Bridger cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 425E—Musselshell-Pensore, stony complex, slopes, stony ...... 148 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 258 379E—Bridger cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 430E—Crago-Beanlake complex, 15 to 35 slopes, stony ...... 147 percent slopes ...... 178 380D—Libeg cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent 431B—Kelstrup-Brocko silt loams, 0 to 4 slopes, stony ...... 233 percent slopes ...... 227 380E—Libeg cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent 431C—Kelstrup-Brocko silt loams, 4 to 8 slopes, stony ...... 233 percent slopes ...... 227 380F—Libeg very cobbly loam, 35 to 60 431D—Kelstrup-Brocko silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony ...... 233 percent slopes ...... 228 381E—Hanson, bouldery-Bridger complex, 438D—Chinook-Kalsted sandy loams, 8 to 25 percent slopes ...... 211 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 169 382E—Bavdark sandy loam, moist, 8 to 35 439D—Tolbert-Blaincreek complex, 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 103 percent slopes ...... 346 387G—Rochester, very stony-Rock outcrop 439E—Tolbert-Blaincreek-Adel complex, complex, 35 to 70 percent slopes ...... 296 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 347 24

439G—Blaincreek-Tolbert complex, 40 to 70 454E—Bielenberg-Catgulch, very stony- percent slopes ...... 140 Breeton complex, 15 to 45 percent 442B—Trimad loam, calcareous surface, slopes ...... 119 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 354 457A—Turner loam, moderately wet, 0 to 2 443A—Beavwan loam, moderately wet, percent slopes ...... 356 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 114 458C—Danvers-Quagle complex, 4 to 8 447E—Reedwest-Adel-Castner complex, percent slopes ...... 186 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 286 458D—Danvers-Quagle complex, 8 to 15 448A—Hyalite-Beaverton complex, percent slopes ...... 187 moderately wet, 0 to 2 percent 461D—Sawicki cobbly loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes ...... 220 slopes, bouldery ...... 306 450B—Blackdog-Quagle silt loams, 0 to 4 461G—Tiban-Adel complex, 40 to 70 percent percent slopes ...... 133 slopes ...... 340 450C—Blackdog-Quagle silt loams, 4 to 8 463B—Beanlake silt loam, moderately wet, percent slopes ...... 133 1 to 4 percent slopes ...... 107 450D—Blackdog-Brodyk silt loams, 8 to 15 466E—Windham cobbly loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 134 percent slopes, stony ...... 372 451C—Quagle-Brodyk silt loams, 4 to 8 470D—Absarook-Tolbert complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 276 percent slopes ...... 67 451D—Quagle-Brodyk silt loams, 8 to 15 478E—Tiban-Castner channery loams, percent slopes ...... 277 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 341 451E—Quagle-Brodyk silt loams, 15 to 45 478G—Tiban-Castner channery loams, percent slopes ...... 277 45 to 70 percent slopes ...... 341 452B—Quigley-Beanlake complex, 0 to 4 479E—Bangtail-Bridger complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 279 percent slopes ...... 95 452C—Quigley-Beanlake loams, 4 to 8 479F—Bangtail clay loam, 35 to 60 percent percent slopes ...... 280 slopes ...... 94 452D—Quigley-Beanlake loams, 8 to 15 480E—Libeg, stony-Copenhaver complex, percent slopes ...... 281 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 234 452E—Quigley-Beanlake loams, 15 to 45 481E—Hanson loam, 8 to 25 percent percent slopes ...... 280 slopes ...... 211 453B—Amsterdam-Quagle silt loams, 0 to 4 482C—Philipsburg-Libeg complex, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 82 percent slopes ...... 274 453C—Amsterdam-Quagle silt loams, 4 to 8 483F—Zade-Timberlin, stony complex, percent slopes ...... 82 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 383 453D—Amsterdam-Brodyk silt loams, 8 to 15 487E—Catgulch, bouldery-Rock outcrop percent slopes ...... 83 complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes ...... 165 454D—Bielenberg-Catgulch, very stony 490E—Uinta-Paddy complex, 15 to 45 complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 119 percent slopes ...... 360 25

491E—Hanson-Whitore, stony complex, 511A—Fairway silt loam, 0 to 2 percent 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 211 slopes ...... 198 492E—Yellowmule-Ouselfal complex, 8 to 25 512B—Enbar-Nythar loams, 0 to 4 percent percent slopes ...... 380 slopes ...... 196 492F—Ouselfal-Yellowmule complex, 35 to 60 512D—Enbar-Bowery-Nythar complex, percent slopes ...... 267 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 196 493F—Stemple very cobbly loam, 25 to 60 513A—Meadowcreek-Bonebasin complex, percent slopes, stony ...... 325 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 251 494E—Bangtail-Timberlin, stony complex, 514A—Soapcreek silty clay loam, 0 to 2 moist 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 99 percent slopes ...... 319 494F—Bangtail-Timberlin complex, moist, 515A—Saypo-Tetonview complex, 0 to 2 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony ...... 98 percent slopes, hummocky ...... 309 495F—Shadow, stony-Cowood, very stony 516A—Binna loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 129 complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 312 517A—Saypo silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 495G—Shadow, stony-Cowood, very stony drained ...... 308 complex, 60 to 75 percent slopes ...... 312 518A—Reycreek loam, 0 to 2 percent 496D—Bridger-Ouselfal, very stony-Redlodge slopes ...... 291 complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 149 519A—Greycliff loam, 0 to 2 percent 496E—Ouselfal, very stony-Bridger-Redlodge slopes ...... 207 complex, 4 to 45 percent slopes ...... 266 520B—Bobkitty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 500A—Bobkitty-Bonebasin complex, 0 to 2 slopes ...... 143 percent slopes ...... 143 521A—Reycreek-Toston-Slickspots complex, 502A—Toston loam, 0 to 2 percent 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 291 slopes ...... 351 522A—Enbar clay loam, 0 to 2 percent 503A—Meadowcreek, slightly saline-Rivra slopes ...... 195 complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 251 523A—Enbar-Nythar loams, cool, 0 to 4 504A—Meadowcreek silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 197 percent slopes ...... 250 524A—Fairway-Bonebasin complex, 0 to 2 505A—Fairway-Rivra complex, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes ...... 198 slopes ...... 199 525A—Greycliff-Toston-Threeriv complex, 506A—Saypo silt loam, 0 to 2 percent 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 209 slopes ...... 308 526A—Greycliff-Rivra-Threeriv complex, 507A—Soapcreek-Bonebasin complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 208 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 319 527A—Binna-Slickspots complex, 508A—Fairway-Threeriv-Rivra complex, moderately wet, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 129 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 199 528A—Greycliff-Lamoose silt loams, 0 to 2 509B—Enbar loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes ...... 195 percent slopes ...... 208 510B—Meadowcreek loam, 0 to 4 percent 537A—Lamoose silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 250 slopes ...... 229 26

538A—Tetonview silt loam, 0 to 2 percent 593E—Lonniebee-Cowood complex, 15 to 35 slopes ...... 335 percent slopes ...... 239 539A—Tetonview silt loam, 0 to 2 percent 593F—Lonniebee-Cowood complex, 35 to 60 slopes, drained ...... 335 percent slopes ...... 240 540A—Tetonview-Newtman complex, 0 to 2 596E—Loberg, very stony-Yellowmule, percent slopes ...... 336 stony-Redlodge complex, 4 to 35 percent 541A—Lamoose-Rivra-Bonebasin complex, slopes ...... 238 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 230 603A—Meadowcreek-Rivra complex, 0 to 2 542A—Blossberg loam, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes ...... 252 slopes ...... 141 605A—Bandy-Bonebasin loams, 0 to 2 544A—Bigsandy-Slickspots complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 92 percent slopes ...... 124 606A—Bandy-Riverwash-Bonebasin 547E—Hoppers-Adel-Tolbert, very stony complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 92 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 218 608B—Beehive-Mooseflat complex, 0 to 4 550E—Bridger-Redlodge complex, 4 to 25 percent slopes ...... 115 percent slopes ...... 150 608D—Beehive-Mooseflat complex, 4 to 8 556A—Threeriv-Bonebasin loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 115 percent slopes ...... 337 614D—Adel loam, cool, 4 to 15 percent 557A—Newtman mucky peat, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 71 slopes ...... 260 614F—Adel loam, 15 to 60 percent slopes ...... 70 558C—Newtman-Amsterdam complex, 2 to 8 615F—Cabba-Castner complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes ...... 261 percent slopes ...... 158 559A—Threeriv-Bonebasin loams, 0 to 2 630E—Crago-Pensore-Rock outcrop percent slopes, irrigation induced complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, wetness ...... 338 very stony ...... 181 561A—Threeriv-Greycliff complex, 0 to 2 639E—Shawmut-Tolbert complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 338 percent slopes, very stony...... 315 579E—Bangtail-Adel, cool, loams, 8 to 25 647E—Hoppers, stony-Tolbert, very stony- percent slopes ...... 95 Timberlin complex, 15 to 35 percent 580E—Libeg, very stony-Copenhaver, slopes ...... 216 extremely stony-Adel complex, 15 to 45 647F—Hoppers, stony-Tolbert, very stony- percent slopes ...... 234 Timberlin complex, 35 to 60 percent 582E—Bavdark, moist-Bavdark-Mooseflat slopes ...... 217 loams, 4 to 25 percent slopes ...... 104 652D—Martinsdale-Shawmut complex, 590E—Jaegie-Shadow, stony complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony...... 248 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 222 652E—Martinsdale-Shawmut complex, 592E—Yellowmule-Ouselfal, very stony 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony ...... 247 complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes ...... 381 654E—Catgulch, very stony-Bielenberg- 592F—Ouselfal, very stony-Yellowmule Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 45 percent complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 267 slopes ...... 166 27

654G—Catgulch, very stony-Rock outcrop 689F—Reedwest-Cabba complex, 35 to 60 complex, 55 to 75 percent slopes ...... 166 percent slopes ...... 286 658B—Durston silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent 690E—Accola-Whitore, stony complex, cool, slopes ...... 192 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 69 658C—Durston silty clay loam, 4 to 8 percent 691E—Whitore-Sicklesteets complex, slopes ...... 193 15 to 40 percent slopes, stony ...... 368 658D—Durston silty clay loam, 8 to 15 691F—Whitore-Sicklesteets complex, percent slopes ...... 193 40 to 60 percent slopes, stony ...... 369 660F—Billman, stony-Bangtail-Tolbert, stony 693E—Bangtail-Timberlin, stony complex, complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes ...... 125 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 99 661E—Sawicki cobbly loam, moist, 8 to 25 693F—Bangtail-Timberlin complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes, very stony...... 306 percent slopes, stony ...... 98 663B—Beanlake-Corbly complex, 0 to 4 694F—Timberlin-Copenhaver complex, percent slopes ...... 107 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 343 665D—Storyhill-Bigbear complex, 4 to 15 695E—Arcette extremely bouldery sandy percent slopes ...... 326 loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 86 665E—Bigbear-Storyhill-Adel complex, 696E—Loberg very flaggy loam, 15 to 35 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 122 percent slopes, very stony...... 236 666E—Windham, stony-Lap, very stony 701A—Rivra-Mccabe-Bonebasin complex, complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 374 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 294 666F—Lap-Windham-Rock outcrop complex, 710C—Cabbart-Amesha loams, 2 to 8 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 231 percent slopes ...... 161 668C—Farnuf-Absarook-Tolbert complex, 710D—Cabbart-Amesha loams, 8 to 15 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 202 percent slopes ...... 162 668D—Absarook-Farnuf-Tolbert complex, 710E—Cabbart-Amesha-Trimad complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 66 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 162 670E—Castner, very stony-Quigley, very 711E—Blacksheep-Kalsted-Scravo complex, stony-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 45 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 138 percent slopes ...... 164 712D—Rentsac-Rock outcrop complex, 678E—Tiban, stony-Bridger complex, 4 to 25 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 289 percent slopes ...... 340 712E—Rentsac-Rock outcrop complex, 679D—Bangtail-Adel loams, 4 to 25 percent 15 to 60 percent slopes ...... 290 slopes ...... 94 714E—Adel-Uinta loams, 8 to 35 percent 679E—Bangtail-Copenhaver complex, 8 to 25 slopes ...... 73 percent slopes ...... 96 715F—Norbert-Bacbuster complex, 15 to 60 679F—Bangtail-Copenhaver complex, percent slopes ...... 262 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 96 716E—Pensore-Brocko-Rock outcrop 680F—Tiban cobbly loam, 35 to 60 percent complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 271 slopes, stony ...... 340 721E—Abor-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 45 681E—Raynesford, stony-Hanson, very percent slopes ...... 63 stony complex, 8 to 25 percent 723C—Patouza-Abor complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 282 slopes ...... 270 28

724C—Udecide-Cabbart complex, 4 to 8 752E—Meagher-Shawmut-Bowery complex, percent slopes ...... 357 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 254 724D—Udecide-Cabbart complex, 8 to 15 755F—Anceney-Trimad-Meagher complex, percent slopes ...... 358 15 to 60 percent slopes ...... 85 724E—Udecide-Cabbart complex, 15 to 45 760C—Billman-Wilsall clay loams, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 358 percent slopes ...... 126 727B—Busby-Birney complex, 0 to 4 percent 760E—Billman-Wilsall clay loams, 8 to 25 slopes ...... 156 percent slopes ...... 127 727D—Busby-Birney complex, 4 to 15 761E—Sawicki, stony-Catgulch, very percent slopes ...... 157 stony complex, 15 to 35 percent 729E—Shurley-Rentsac-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 306 complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes ...... 316 761F—Sawicki-Catgulch complex, 35 to 60 730C—Crago-Pensore gravelly loams, 4 to 15 percent slopes, very stony...... 307 percent slopes ...... 180 766E—Windham, stony-Lap, very stony- 730E—Crago-Pensore-Rock outcrop Hanson complex, 15 to 45 percent complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 181 slopes ...... 374 734B—Crago-Musselshell complex, 0 to 4 768C—Farnuf-Absarokee complex, 4 to 8 percent slopes ...... 179 percent slopes ...... 201 734C—Crago-Musselshell complex, 4 to 8 768D—Farnuf-Absarokee-Tolbert complex, percent slopes ...... 179 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 202 734D—Crago-Musselshell complex, 8 to 15 769D—Absarokee-Work-Tolbert complex, percent slopes ...... 180 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 65 739D—Tolbert, stony-Rock outcrop complex, 770F—Castner-Reedwest-Rock outcrop 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 345 complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes ...... 164 739E—Tolbert, stony-Rock outcrop complex, 778F—Spanpeak-Bavdark coarse sandy 15 to 60 percent slopes ...... 344 loams, 25 to 50 percent slopes ...... 322 740D—Tanna-Udecide complex, 8 to 15 779E—Bridger-Libeg, stony complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes ...... 333 percent slopes ...... 149 740E—Tanna-Udecide complex, 15 to 35 782D—Barbarela-Poin, stony-Bavdark percent slopes ...... 334 complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 101 741A—Beaverell-Beavwan complex, 0 to 2 782E—Barbarela-Poin, stony-Bavdark percent slopes ...... 109 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 101 742F—Trimad cobbly loam, moist, 35 to 60 786F—Whitecow, stony-Lap, very stony- percent slopes ...... 353 Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 60 percent 745E—Nuley-Rentsac-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 366 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 264 787F—Catgulch, very stony-Spanpeak, 747E—Cabba-Reedwest-Anceney complex, stony-Bavdark complex, 25 to 60 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 159 percent slopes ...... 167 748A—Hyalite-Beaverton complex, 0 to 4 790E—Accola-Whitore, stony complex, percent slopes ...... 219 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 69 29

792D—Danaher, stony-Loberg, very stony 858D—Durston cobbly clay loam, 8 to 15 complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 183 percent slopes ...... 192 792E—Danaher, stony-Loberg, very stony 860D—Bacbuster-Wilsall-Castner complex, complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 183 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 90 794G—Lonniebee-Cowood complex, warm, 860E—Bacbuster-Wilsall-Castner complex, 40 to 70 percent slopes ...... 240 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 90 796E—Loberg, very stony-Yellowmule 860F—Billman-Adel-Tolbert complex, complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes ...... 237 25 to 60 percent slopes ...... 126 801A—Rivra-Emyd-Greycliff complex, 0 to 2 866E—Windham, stony-Hanson-Lap, stony percent slopes, protected ...... 293 complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes ...... 373 810E—Cabbart, moist-Amesha-Trimad 869D—Absarokee-Tolbert complex, 4 to 15 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 161 percent slopes ...... 64 811E—Blacksheep, moist-Kalsted-Scravo 869E—Absarokee-Tolbert-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 137 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 64 812E—Tolex very channery coarse sandy 870D—Tolbert-Absarook-Rock outcrop loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 348 complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 345 812G—Tolex very channery coarse sandy 870E—Tolbert-Absarook-Rock outcrop loam, 45 to 70 percent slopes ...... 348 complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 346 814D—Adel-Copenhaver complex, 4 to 15 879E—Bangtail-Copenhaver-Adel complex, percent slopes ...... 72 15 to 35 percent slopes ...... 97 814E—Adel-Copenhaver complex, 15 to 35 890E—Jaegie-Shadow, stony complex, cool, percent slopes ...... 72 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 223 816D—Pensore-Rock outcrop complex, 892F—Martab-Bangtail complex, 25 to 60 4 to 15 percent slopes ...... 272 percent slopes, stony ...... 243 816E—Pensore-Rock outcrop complex, 894F—Rocko, stony-Copenhaver, extremely 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 272 stony complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes .... 298 816G—Pensore-Rock outcrop complex, 912E—Tolex very channery coarse sandy 45 to 70 percent slopes ...... 272 loam, moist, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 349 830E—Crago-Scravo complex, 15 to 45 912G—Tolex very channery coarse sandy percent slopes ...... 182 loam, moist, 45 to 70 percent slopes ...... 349 839F—Vision, very stony-Tolbert, very 930F—Crago, stony-Quigley-Rock outcrop stony-Rubble land complex, 35 to 60 complex 25 to 60 percent slopes...... 178 percent slopes ...... 364 947E—Reedwest-Cabba-Bowery complex, 847F—Hoppers, stony-Tolbert, very stony- 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 287 Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 60 percent 960E—Billman-Wilsall-Tolbert complex, slopes ...... 216 8 to 45 percent slopes ...... 127 852D—Martinsdale-Cabba complex, 8 to 15 966E—Windham, stony-Rock outcrop percent slopes ...... 247 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes ...... 375 858C—Durston cobbly clay loam, 4 to 8 970D—Beenom loam, 4 to 15 percent percent slopes ...... 192 slopes ...... 117 30

970F—Beenom, stony-Rock outcrop 991F—Whitore-Rock outcrop complex, complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes ...... 117 35 to 70 percent slopes ...... 368 979E—Bangtail-Doby-Redlodge complex, 993E—Cowood channery loam, 15 to 45 4 to 45 percent slopes ...... 97 percent slopes, very stony...... 177 988F—Beenom, stony, moist-Rock outcrop 995G—Shadow, bouldery-Rubble land complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes ...... 117 complex, 40 to 70 percent slopes ...... 312 31

Summary of Tables

Temperature and precipitation ...... 44

Freeze dates in spring and fall ...... 47

Growing season ...... 50

For tables with the most current data, please visit the Soil Data Mart at http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/. 33

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at local offices of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Dave White State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service 35

Soil Survey of Gallatin County Area, Montana

Fieldwork by Jay W. Brooker, Bradley J. Duncan, Thomas J. Keck, George A. Rolfes, and Z. Reed Simms, Natural Resources Conservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station

How This Survey Was Made change. To construct an accurate map, however, soil scientists must determine the boundaries between This survey was made to provide information the soils. They can observe only a limited number of about the soils and miscellaneous areas in the soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, survey area. This information includes a description supplemented by an understanding of the soil- of the soils and miscellaneous areas and their vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to location and a discussion of their suitability, verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to limitations, and management for specified uses. Soil determine the boundaries. scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, kinds of crops and native plants; and the kinds of texture, size, and shape of soil aggregates; kind and bedrock. They dug many holes to study the soil amount of rock fragments; distribution of plant roots; profile, which is the sequence of natural layers, or reaction; and other features that enable them to horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey surface down into the unconsolidated material in area and determining their properties, soil scientists which the soil formed. The unconsolidated material is assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units). devoid of roots and other living organisms and has Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic not been changed by other biological activity. class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification vegetation of the survey area. Each kind of soil and used in the United States, is based mainly on the miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind and character of soil properties and the kind of landform or with a segment of the landform. arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the By observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in soil scientists classified and named the soils in the the survey area and relating their position to specific survey area, they compared the individual soils with segments of the landform, soil scientists develop a similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other concept, or model, of how the soils were formed. areas so that they could confirm data and assemble During mapping, this model enables soil scientists to additional data based on experience and research. predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the While a soil survey is in progress, samples of kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific some of the soils in the area generally are collected location on the landscape. for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil Individual soils on the landscape commonly merge scientists interpret data from these analyses and into one another as their characteristics gradually tests as well as field-observed characteristics and 36 Soil Survey

soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested through observation of the soils in different uses and under different levels of management. Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, and some new interpretations are developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled from other sources, such as research information, production records, and field experience of specialists. For example, data for crop yields under high levels of management are modeled and validated with farm records and field or plot information on the same kinds of soil. Predictions about soil behavior are based not only Figure 1.—Location of Gallatin County Area, Montana on soil properties but also on such variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are This soil survey updates the “Soil Survey of the predictable over long periods, but they are not Gallatin Valley Area, Montana” (DeYoung and Smith, predictable from year to year. For example, soil 1931). The present survey provides additional scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of information and has larger maps, which show the accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table soils in greater detail. within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date. History After soil scientists located and identified the Much of the material used in this section is courtesy of the significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, Gallatin County Historical Society. they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs and identified each as a specific map The native people who lived in the region referred unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, to much of the area of modern-day Gallatin County roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating as the “Valley of Flowers.” It was a productive hunting boundaries accurately. ground, and the tribes who shared its resources Descriptions, names, and delineations of the soils treated it as neutral communal territory. The county in this survey area may not fully agree with those of contained many species of wildlife and plants the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences result important to the existence and lifestyle of Native from a better knowledge of soils, modifications in American tribes, such as the Bannock, Blackfeet, series concepts, or variations in the intensity of Crow, Flathead, Nez Perce, Shoshone, and Sioux. mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey In the late 18th century, European trappers in areas. search of beaver and other fur resources were probably the first to arrive in what later would become General Nature of the Survey Area Gallatin County. The Lewis and Clark Expedition reached the Gallatin County Area is located in southwestern headwaters of the Missouri River near the town of Montana (fig. 1). The survey area is located in Major present-day Three Forks on July 21, 1805. They Land Resource Areas 43 and 44 and consists of named the three rivers that form the Missouri River Gallatin County and a small portion of southeastern for presidents, Thomas Jefferson and James Broadwater County. Bozeman, the county seat, is Madison, and for then-Secretary of the Treasury, located in the north-central part of the county. The Albert Gallatin. In 1810, explorers from the Missouri survey area includes 879,100 acres or approximately Fur Company established a trading post at the 1,374 square miles. National forest areas within Missouri River headwaters. No lasting settlement Gallatin County were not included in this survey. occurred, and the post was abandoned after a short The Gallatin County Area is part of the Missouri time. For the next several decades, trappers, fur River drainage system. Most of Gallatin County traders, and other explorers continued to visit the drains directly into the Missouri River through the area sporadically, until the discovery of gold in Alder Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson rivers. The area Gulch near what is known today as Virginia City in consists of about 14 major geologic formations. Madison County. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 37

In 1863, John Bozeman, an explorer and Montana State University) was founded as a land- entrepreneur from Georgia, established a northern grant institution in Bozeman. The first classes, held in spur, soon known as the Bozeman Trail, off the the fall of 1893, had eight students in attendance. Oregon Trail. During the three years that the Such an event was indicative of the county’s Bozeman Trail was open, thousands of miners permanent transition to a stable and economically passed over it on their way to the gold fields. A viable area. section of the trail traveled west through the area that would later become Gallatin County. Industry and Transportation In 1864, John Bozeman, W. J. Beall, and Daniel Rouse were responsible for developing a small According to the 2000 census, the current trading settlement in Gallatin County. This settlement population of Gallatin County is 67,831 persons was a means of supplying the large influx of miners residing in a land area covering 1,620,787 acres. Out passing through the county on their way to the gold of those acres, 614,357 are federally owned, fields. This site was approximately 35 miles from the including U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Missouri River headwaters toward the eastern side of Management lands. Private lands in the county total the county, located in a fertile valley near the point 991,902 acres, with about one-third of those acres where the Bozeman Trail left the mountains. After used for rangeland. Another 200,000 acres consist of experiencing failure in the gold fields, many former irrigated and nonirrigated cropland with mainly small gold-seekers returned to the productive lands of this grains, alfalfa, and potatoes under cultivation. The valley to take up farming and ranching. In 1864, remaining acres consist of forest land, hayland, and pioneer Nelson Story drove the first cattle herds to pasture as well as urban and built-up areas. the area from Texas, and agriculture in the county The economy of Gallatin County has historically continued to expand. been agriculturally based, with over 66-million dollars In February 1865, the first territorial legislature of in combined receipts from crops and livestock in Montana created Gallatin County. Gallatin City, a 1993. Extractive industries, such as logging and small settlement founded near the Missouri River mining, continue to be significant as well. The headwaters, was initially declared the county seat. county’s economy has depended heavily on tourism In 1867, in accordance with the Treaty of Fort since the early 1900s, when the railroad began Laramie, the Bozeman Trail was closed, and the promoting Yellowstone National Park as a tourist original trading settlement began to take on a more destination. Recreational opportunities, including permanent character. During the same year, the angling, backpacking, backcountry skiing, downhill population had grown sufficiently enough for the town skiing, hiking, hunting, rafting, and snowmobiling, to be declared the new county seat; it was named draw millions of tourist dollars into Gallatin County “Bozeman.” Gallatin City, the old county seat, was every year. Montana State University and its later abandoned. associated personnel, students, and activities, along In 1867, Fort Ellis was established a few miles to with sectors of the state and federal government, also the east of Bozeman in response to the conflicts with play a major role in the local economy. Development Native American tribes in the region over continuing and population growth has occurred at a steady pace settler infringement on native lands. The fort also within the county in recent years. Although most of served as a base for exploration of the area that the employment areas, such as retail trade, would become Yellowstone National Park. Fort Ellis, manufacturing, and the service industry, have shown along with its associated personnel, provided an significant growth, farming and extractive industries additional market for local agricultural products, have shown a slight decrease. fostering further economic growth within the county. Two major highways currently serve the Gallatin The county’s population growth remained relatively County Area. U.S. Interstate 90 travels east and west slow until 1883, the year it was linked to the rest of through Gallatin County and connects the county with the country by the Northern Pacific Railway. Bozeman both coasts. Interstate 90 follows approximately the was incorporated as a city at this time, and the same route through the county as taken by the old county began slow but steady population and Bozeman Trail. The main rail-line through the county economic growth. The major industries were farming, also parallels this same route. U.S Highway 191 runs ranching, mining, and logging. Other major towns in south nearly to the Idaho border where it connects the county, such as Belgrade, Manhattan, and Three with U.S. Highways 287 and 20, which branch into Forks, were subsequently incorporated along the rail- Idaho, Yellowstone National Park, and north into line. Montana Agricultural College (later renamed Madison County. Numerous paved state highways 38 Soil Survey

and secondary roads also serve the survey area. included in this soil survey consist mostly of high, Gallatin Field, located 9 miles west of Bozeman, is a mountainous terrain and the Hebgen Lake and West major airport for southwestern Montana, providing Yellowstone areas. Nearly all U.S. Forest Service both major and commuter airline services. lands, including portions of the Lee Metcalf Wilderness, and large parcels of private timber Physiography and Drainage company lands were not included in this survey but are included in the published soil survey of Gallatin The soil survey area lies near the southern border National Forest. of the Northern Rocky Mountain physiographic The Missouri River and its tributaries drain the soil province and at the junction of four tectonic survey area. The West Gallatin River drains the provinces. The Continental Divide forms the southern southern portion of the survey area, joining the East boundary of Gallatin County. Gallatin River at Manhattan. The Madison and Gallatin County contains portions of five mountain Jefferson rivers drain the western part of the survey ranges: the Bridger Range, which trends north-south area and converge with the Gallatin River north of the across the northeastern portion of the county; the town of Three Forks to form the Missouri River. Gallatin Range, which runs north-south and forms Bridger Creek drains the southern end of the Bridger the eastern boundary of the county; the Madison Range and joins the East Gallatin River near Range, which also trends north-south and forms the Bozeman. The East Gallatin River drains the western southwestern boundary of the county; the Horseshoe side of the Bridger Range. The Shields River on the Hills, which trend northeast-southwest on the eastern side and Sixteenmile Creek to the north drain northern end of the county; and the southern end of the Bridger Range. In the southern end of the survey the Big Belt Mountains, which run along the northern area, the West Fork and Spanish Creek join the West boundary of the survey area in southern Broadwater Gallatin before flowing out into the broad Gallatin County. Valley. A large, open intermountain valley, surrounded by rugged, mountainous terrain characterizes the Geologic History and Regional Geology county. The Gallatin, Madison, Yellowstone, and Missouri river systems drain the mountains. The The geologic record of Gallatin County began Bridger Range has high relief, with extensive alluvial approximately 2.5 billion years ago in the early fans and minor glacial features. The Gallatin and Precambrian, or Archean, Eon with the intense Madison ranges also have high relief, with glacially metamorphism of existing sedimentary and igneous sculpted valleys and narrow river canyons. The rocks. This “basement complex” consists mainly of Horseshoe Hills have relatively low relief. hard, coarse-grained amphibolite gneiss. These rocks Roughly half of the county is included in the survey are found in both the Gallatin and Madison ranges area, which extends from the West Fork and in the southern end of the Bridger Range. of the West Gallatin River north to Three Forks In late Precambrian time, during the Proterozoic and includes Spanish Creek Basin and the foothills Eon, a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks known along the western side of the Gallatin Range. To the as the Belt Supergroup were deposited in western north, the survey area takes in the western and Montana in basins bounded by normal faults. These eastern sides of the Bridger Range, the Gallatin sediments consist primarily of siltstone, sandstone, and northern Madison valleys, the Horseshoe Hills, and some limestone. Locally, rocks from the LaHood and the southern end of the Big Belt Mountains. Formation were deposited as blocks of Archean Elevations in the survey area range from a low of basement rock were uplifted and eroded. 3,960 feet (1,207 m) above sea level near Clarkston Since late Precambrian time, rising and falling to a high of approximately 8,760 feet (2,670 m) at inland seas have inundated the survey area. During the head of Beaver Creek in the southwestern part this time, varieties of sedimentary rocks were of the survey area. The peaks in the Bridger deposited in both marine and terrestrial Mountains range from 8,900 feet (2,713 m) to 9,650 environments. Rocks of the Belt Supergroup were feet (2,941 m) above sea level. Mount Chisolm and subsequently buried and subjected to low-grade Mount Bole in the Gallatin Range within Gallatin metamorphism. Nearly all of the geologic time scale County each rise to an elevation of 10,333 feet is represented in Gallatin County except portions of (3,150 m). The highest peak in Gallatin County is the early Paleozoic Era. Mount Wilson in the Spanish Peaks Wilderness Area The prominent structural features visible today with an elevation of 10,700 feet (3,261 m). Areas not began forming approximately 65 million years ago in Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 39

the Early Tertiary Period. Intense folding and faulting Geologic Units occurred as the result of crustal collisions to the west. Rocks of the Belt Supergroup were faulted and The sequence of rocks exposed in the survey area moved to the east where they are presently exposed is summarized below, listed in order of decreasing in portions of northern Gallatin County. Continued age. Rock units are classified as formations based on structural activity uplifted and folded older rocks to lithology and stratigraphic position, and they may be form the ancestral Rocky Mountains. Regional subdivided into members or combined into groups or extension during the mid-Eocene caused down supergroups. Systems are the rocks deposited during dropping of the Three Forks Basin and the relative a particular geologic period. In many cases, outcrop uplift of the Bridger Range. Erosion of these newly areas for individual formations are small and difficult formed mountains produced sediment that was to differentiate in the field. Typical soils are listed deposited in tectonic basins from late in the Tertiary where there are sufficient exposures of a particular Period to the present. formation to characterize the soils. The Tertiary Period was also a time of intense volcanic activity associated with the Boulder Batholith Precambrian Age—4.5 billion to 570 million years to the west and the Absaroka-Gallatin Volcanic Field before present (mybp) to the east. Volcanic sediments are found in much of the Tertiary valley fill deposits in the Gallatin Valley. The oldest rocks in Gallatin County belong to the The upper elevations of the Gallatin Range are basement complex of Archean, or early Precambrian composed mainly of Tertiary-age volcanic rocks from (3.8 to 2.5 bybp), which contains amphibolite gneiss, the Absaroka-Gallatin field. mica schist, and pegmatite of varying composition. In the Belgrade area, thick deposits of alluvium These rocks are exposed in the Spanish Peaks, the accumulated as the Three Forks Basin continued to southwestern end of the Bridger Range, and parts of subside. Concurrently, alluvial fans formed along the the Madison River Valley. Typical soils derived from Bridger and Gallatin ranges, and the hills in the Camp these metamorphic rocks include the Barbarela, Creek area southeast of Belgrade were eroded and Bielenberg, Breeton, Jaegie, Nuley, Poin, Rentsac, terraced. In late Pleistocene time, these alluvial fans Rochester, and Shurley series. were dissected and new fans, including portions of The Proterozoic, or late Precambrian (2.5 by the “Bozeman Fan” south of Bozeman, were to 570 mybp) Belt Supergroup, which contains deposited. Alluvium continued to accumulate in the argillite, quartzite, limestone, and dolomite, follows Belgrade basin to a depth of 400 to 600 feet (120 to the Archean. These sediments often show well- 180 m). preserved features such as ripple marks and mud The Pleistocene was also a time of intense glacial cracks. The Belt Supergroup crops out in the Big Belt activity, which affected most of the mountainous Mountains, the southern Horseshoe Hills, and the areas in Gallatin County. Evidence of two separate northern end of the Bridger Range. Soils derived from events, named the Bull Lake and Pinedale these rocks are the Blaincreek, Tolbert, Tolex, and glaciations, can be identified in this part of Montana. Uinta series. Bull Lake glaciation is estimated to have occurred The mid-Proterozoic LaHood Formation, found in between 250,000 and 130,000 years ago. Pinedale the Bridger Range and the Horseshoe Hills, consists glaciation was active from 70,000 to 12,000 years of sandstone and conglomerate shed from older, ago, with major peaks at 30,000 and 15,000 years basement complex gneiss and schists. before present. During these episodes, alpine Representative soils formed in this formation include glaciers surrounded the high peaks, eroding U- the Catgulch and Sawicki series. shaped valleys and depositing linear moraines and glacial outwash at lower elevations. Deposits of Early to Late Paleozoic Era—570 to 300 mybp glacial till and outwash mantle the floors of many of the mountain valleys and are especially well During the time from the Cambrian to the early preserved along Fairy Creek in the Bridger Range Pennsylvanian periods, which occurred between 570 and in the Spanish Creek Basin. Periglacial and 300 million years ago, oscillating seas invading processes (significant frost action) are ongoing in the from the west covered most of Montana with beach high mountains today; however, there are no true sands and thick marine deposits. glaciers. There are snowfields at high elevations in The rocks of the Cambrian Period (570 to 505 most of the ranges and active rock glaciers in the mybp) have been divided into the following: Flathead Madison Range. (sandstone and shale), Wolsey (shale), Meagher 40 Soil Survey

(limestone), Park (shale), Pilgrim (limestone), and (shale), Frontier (shale), and Cody (shale) formations. Snowy Range (limestone and shale) formations. The These shales are often involved in landslides. Typical carbonate rocks form resistant ridges, most notably soils on the Kootenai Formation include the Cowood, the crest of the Bridger Range. The less-resistant Loberg, Tolbert, and Vision series. Soils formed in the shales form swales between carbonate rock outcrops. Colorado Group include the Bacbuster, Bangtail, Most Ordovician-age (505 to 438 mybp) sediments Cabba, Castner, Ouselfal, Reedwest, Tolbert, Wilsall, have been eroded, and Silurian-age (438 to 408 and Yellowmule series. mybp) rocks were apparently never deposited here. Rocks from the Devonian Period (408 to 360 Late Mesozoic Era (Upper Cretaceous Period)— mybp) have been divided into the Maywood 100 to 65 mybp (dolomite), Jefferson (limestone), Three Forks Most of Montana was again covered by oscillating (dolomite), and Sappington (siltstone) formations. seas that advanced to the west and deposited thick Mississippian-age (360 to 320 mybp) rocks consist of sequences of shale. The Montana Group, which the Lodgepole and Mission Canyon limestones, includes the Telegraph Creek (shale) and Eagle which are combined into the Madison Group, and the (shale and sandstone) formations, represents the lower Amsden (shale) Formation. Typical soils Late Mesozoic Era. The upper Cretaceous Livingston mapped in limestone include the Crago, Hanson, Group includes the Cokedale (andesitic siltstone and Lap, Musselshell, Pensore, Whitecow, Whitore, and bentonite), Miner Creek (andesitic siltstone and Windham series. The Accola, Hanson, Tiban, and sandstone), and Billman Creek (shale and siltstone) Whitore series are often associated with the Amsden formations. These shales and sandstones are also Formation. involved in landslide deposits, especially in the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic Eras—300 to Bozeman area. Soils formed in these sediments 100 mybp include the Bangtail, Billman, Burnel, Wilsall, and Yellowmule series. During this time, oscillating seas were largely restricted to southern Montana. These seas were Early Cenozoic Era—65 to 37 mybp closer to landmasses than earlier Paleozoic seas and received more river-transported sediment. Both The Early Cenozoic was a time of intense marine and nonmarine shale, sandstone, and minor structural activity that included the formation of the limestone were deposited. As the seas retreated, Rocky Mountains. There was extensive volcanism at shales and sandstones were deposited on coastal this time, which affected the Rocky Mountains and flood plains and in freshwater lakes. some of the plains mountains as well. As the Rocks of the upper Pennsylvanian Period (300 to mountains rose and the Late-Cretaceous seas 286 mybp) include the Amsden (shale) and Quadrant withdrew, they deposited an eastward-thinning wedge (sandstone) formations. The Quadrant Formation is a of sandstone with some clayey shale along the prominent ridge-former in some areas. Soils formed coastline. on the Quadrant Formation include the Castner, The Tertiary Period (66 to 1.6 mybp) has been Cowood, Danaher, Loberg, Rocko, Stemple, Tolbert, subdivided into five epochs. The earliest, the and Vision series. Paleocene Epoch (66 to 58 mybp), is represented by The Permian Period (286 to 245 mybp) is the Hoppers Formation (sandstone) of the upper represented by the Phosphoria Formation, which Livingston Group and the Fort Union Formation consists of dolomite, limestone, and phosphatic (conglomerate, sandstone, and siltstone). Soils shale. mapped in the Hoppers and Fort Union formations The Jurassic System (208 to 144 mybp) has been include the Copenhaver, Hoppers, and Timberlin divided into the Sawtooth (shale), Rierdon series. (calcareous shale and limestone), Swift (sandstone), The Paleocene Epoch was followed by the Eocene and Morrison (siltstone and shale) formations. Typical Epoch (58 to 37 mybp), which is locally represented soils on the Morrison Formation are the Accola, by the Absaroka-Gallatin Volcanic Field. These thick Hanson, and Whitore series. andesite lavas, flow breccias, and terrestrial Rocks from the lower Cretaceous Period (144 to sediments cover much of the Gallatin Range but are 100 mybp) include the Kootenai Formation outside of the soil survey area. Deposition of these (conglomerate and sandstone) and the Colorado sediments and volcanic rocks continued throughout Group. The Colorado Group has been subdivided into the Tertiary Period and into the Holocene Period. the Thermopolis (shale), Muddy (sandstone), Albino Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 41

Mid-Late Cenozoic Era (37 mybp to present) found in the Gallatin Canyon were formed in lakes, possibly created by ice dams or landslides during By the end of Eocene time, the ancestral Rocky both glacial periods. Soils formed in glacial till and Mountains had largely been leveled by erosion. outwash include the Bridger, Libeg, Loberg, and Tensional block faulting followed this leveling. Stemple series. Tensional block faulting uplifted mountains and down Toward the end of the Pleistocene, a drier climate dropped valleys, forming the present-day topography prevailed and much of the glacial outwash was of Montana. Faulting intermittently blocked drainages reworked and deposited as loess. This loess mantles in the valleys, producing thick deposits of soft much of the valley today in deposits of varying sediments. Ongoing volcanic activity resulted in large thickness. interbeds of volcanic ash within the valley fill The Holocene Epoch has been typified by incision sediments. into Pleistocene mountain front deposits, with some The late Tertiary Period consists of the Oligocene flood plain deposition in the basins. Colluvium has (37 to 24 mybp), Miocene (24 to 5.3 mybp), and also been deposited on steep mountain slopes Pliocene (5.3 to 1.6 mybp) epochs. During the throughout the Holocene. This process of erosion and Oligocene and Miocene, the Bozeman Group of deposition continues today. sedimentary formations was deposited in the Many of the important agricultural soils in the intermountain valleys. The Bozeman Group consists Gallatin Valley are formed in calcareous loess. Soils of the Renova Formation and the overlying Sixmile formed in loess include the Amsterdam, Bigbear, Creek Formation. The Renova Formation consists of Blackdog, Brocko, Danvers, Kelstrup, and Quagle a thick sequence of fine-grained, low energy, fluvial series. Some soils formed in recent alluvium are the sediments that include freshwater limestone, Attewan, Beaverell, Beaverton, Beavwan, Chinook, mudstone, siltstone, and some conglomerate. The Hyalite, Kalsted, and Turner series. late Miocene Sixmile Creek Formation is composed of fine- to coarse-grained, volcaniclastic, fluvial sandstone, and conglomerate. The change in Mineral Resources sediment texture from the Renova Formation to the Sixmile Creek Formation shows a change from low- Early in its history, Gallatin County had short energy depositional environments in the Oligocene to periods of intense mining activity. At present, there is higher energy depositional environments in the late very little active mining of minerals in the survey area. Miocene. Typical soils associated with these deposits Production of cement from limestone quarried at are the Amesha, Cabba, Cabbart, Headwaters, and Trident, along the Missouri River, is the largest mining Udecide series. operation in the survey area. As of 1992, the mine The Huckleberry Ridge Tuff Volcanics, deposited employed 100 people with an annual payroll of 3- during the late Pliocene, form resistant plateaus that million dollars. overlie shales and sandstones along the West Fork of Placer mining for gold occurred sporadically in the the West Gallatin River. These areas are prone to Gallatin Canyon from 1900 to 1945, mainly in Taylor slumping and landslides, especially around springs Creek (locally known as Taylor’s Fork) and the West and seeps. Soils found in these volcanics include the Fork of the Gallatin River. In 1916, the Gallatin River Arcette, Cowood, Lonniebee, and Ouselfal series. Canyon was surveyed as possible dredge ground. The Quaternary Period is divided into the The reports were optimistic and declared it another Pleistocene (1.8 my to 10,000 years before present) Alder Gulch. The area, however, never yielded gold and the Holocene (10,000 years to present) epochs. ore to meet these expectations. Local volcanism and the deposition of extensive The northern end of the Madison Range, including gravel outwash, which now form gravel terraces, parts of the Gallatin Canyon, contains deposits of characterized the early Quaternary Period. Soils asbestos, corundum, and kyanite. Some asbestos found in gravel terraces include the Amesha, Anceny, mining took place at the Karst Mine near Asbestos Trimad, and Windham series. Creek, a tributary of the West Gallatin River, during Extensive glaciation took place during several the early to mid-1900s. Discovered in 1903 by Pete intervals within the Pleistocene Epoch. Glacial Karst, the mine yielded 1,800 tons of ore by 1938. deposits from the Bull Lake and older periods of Additional prospects, located on Table Mountain, glaciation consist of poorly sorted and highly were apparently never worked. weathered till and outwash. Glacial deposits from the Hard-rock mining and exploration has been very more recent Pinedale glacial period consist of less limited in Gallatin County. Lead-zinc prospects are weathered till and outwash. Lacustrine sediments found in Hyalite Canyon and in the northern part of 42 Soil Survey

the Bridger Range along Pass Creek and Johnson very deep water wells and may experience problems Creek. The September Morn, a lead-silver mine in the with water availability as development continues. Pass Creek area, produced 37 tons of ore from 1939 Recharge of these aquifers is primarily by to 1940 but has since been abandoned. infiltration from stream and irrigation water and also Seams of coal found in Cretaceous sediments by precipitation and snowmelt. Extensive diversion have been mined in the Bozeman Pass area in both and transport of surface water has created large Gallatin and Park counties. The mining area was areas in the valley where depth to ground water is divided into Trail Creek Field and the Cokedale, less than 10 feet (3 m) from the surface. Alluvial fans Timberline, Meadowcreek, and Chestnut districts. thinning above impermeable layers or where streams The Timberline District opened in 1883 and and drains intersect the water table are areas where produced 300 tons per day until 1895. Most of ground water is discharged at the surface. Ground the mines were abandoned by the early 1900s. water discharge at the surface commonly occurs to Generally, the deposits are high-grade bituminous the north and west of Belgrade and along the distal coal that were processed locally and used to supply edge of the Bozeman Fan at the 5,080-foot contour. the Northern Pacific Railway and the Washoe Coal Considerable development of home sites has and Copper Company with steam engine fuel. Ruins taken place recently on the Bozeman Fan. This of the coke ovens and mine workings are still visible formation consists of a thick sequence of gravel, today south of Interstate 90 along the Bozeman Pass. cobbles, and sand over a relatively impermeable The Belgrade area contains an abundance of sand layer of Tertiary sediments. Over much of the fan, and gravel deposits, which are used for aggregate in ground water is less than 10 feet and may be as the construction industry. Hard rock quarry sites shallow as 3 to 5 feet below the surface. The potential located throughout the county produce rock for for contamination from domestic septic systems is building materials, railroad ballast, and riprap for high in this area, especially in older shallow wells. stream erosion control. Soils formed in flood plain areas or having high water tables include the Enbar, Fairway, Lamoose, Ground Water Resources Meadowcreek, Rivra, Ryell, and Tetonview series. Well use, current to December, 1993, for Gallatin Most of the water for irrigation and domestic use County is summarized below. This information was in the Gallatin Valley comes from surface water provided by the Montana Ground Water Information sources. These sources are available during the Center in Butte, Montana. Often wells have multiple growing season for a limited time, depending on uses and are listed under both domestic and the duration and amount of precipitation. The city stockwater supplies, so the total appears to be less of Bozeman relies on treated surface water for than the sum of the uses. domestic use and for irrigation of parks and university grounds. Treatment of surface water is expensive and TOTAL WELLS ...... 7,363 the supply is often insufficient to Domestic ...... 6,140 meet the demand during dry periods. This situation Stockwater ...... 1,118 has generated interest in further development of Irrigation ...... 372 ground water for both municipal and agricultural Commercial ...... 112 uses. Monitoring ...... 98 The principal aquifer systems are composed of Public Water Supply ...... 83 Quaternary sediments that overlie older Tertiary Industrial ...... 64 deposits. Two of the more important aquifers are the Other ...... 32 Bozeman Fan and the Belgrade basin. The Bozeman Institutional ...... 24 Fan is apparently a true alluvial fan only near its Fire Protection ...... 7 source above the 5,080-foot (1,550-m) contour line. Research ...... 2 Below this line, the toe of the fan is probably an older Abandoned ...... 1 surface eroded into Tertiary basin-fill (Custer, 1991). Tertiary-age sediments typically have lower yields but Seismic Activity are a very important source of ground water for home sites along the western slope of the Bridger Range, Gallatin County is located within the northern the Gallatin Front, Sourdough Ridge, Gooch Hill, and Rocky Mountain Seismic Belt, which trends the Camp Creek Hills. These areas have limited and northwestward through western Montana. This belt is Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 43

characterized by shallow seismicity, earthquake the county receive less snow, and temperatures are swarms, and normal fault scarps with evidence of milder than the higher elevation foothills and recent movement. Areas of current seismic activity mountains surrounding Bozeman. Subzero cold include Hebgen Lake, Three Forks, and the waves are common in the winter, and these periods Clarkstone Valley. Hebgen Lake is the most may last for several days. seismically active zone in the lower 48 states outside The “Temperature and Precipitation” table gives of California. The 1959 earthquake at Hebgen Lake data on temperature and precipitation for Gallatin rated 7.5 on the Richter Scale, which resulted in the County. The “Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall” table death of several nearby campers and created Quake gives probable dates of the first and last freezing Lake in Madison County. In 1929, there was a 6.8 periods in the spring and fall. The “Growing Season” Richter-magnitude earthquake centered in the table provides data on the length of the growing Clarkston Valley, north of Logan. This earthquake season. damaged buildings in Logan and Three Forks and as Differences in the amount of precipitation are far away as White Sulphur Springs. The area within considerable within Gallatin County. The wettest 10 km of Three Forks has consistently produced areas are located in the mountains, foothills, and high quakes over the last decade in the 3.5 to 3.9 range valleys near Bozeman where total snowfall may (Michael Stickney, personal communication). This range from 50 to over 200 inches per year. Rain ongoing seismic activity implies that Basin-and- usually falls in the spring and early summer months. Range type extensional forces are still at work in Hail is observed occasionally during summer rain southwestern Montana. squalls and thunderstorms. Although the average annual precipitation is low Climate enough to classify most of the area as semi-arid, it is important to note that about 70 percent of the annual Summertime in Gallatin County is generally total precipitation normally falls during the April to pleasant, with cool nights; moderately warm, sunny September growing season. It is for this reason that days; and slight to moderate breezes. Most rainfall is Gallatin County is one of the most productive small- in the form of showers or thunderstorms and usually grain growing regions of Montana. The combination occurs in the late spring or early summer months. of ideal temperatures during the growing season, Most summers pass with the highest temperatures long hours of summer sunshine, and 7 to 10 inches failing to reach 100 degrees, and an average year of precipitation from May through September make will have only 15 days with maximums of 90 degrees the climate favorable for dryland farming. Heavy fog or higher. Weather stations at Belgrade Airport, seldom occurs and is limited to about one or two Montana State University, and the Arthur Post days per month, lasting only a small part of the day. Research Farm show freezing does not occur in July, Although the area does receive slight to moderate rarely in mid-June or August, and more often in May average wind speeds, strong or extremely strong and September. However, on rare occasions frost winds of over 70 mph are not commonly observed. may occur in low-lying areas at any time of the year. Normal visibility is excellent. The severity of winter weather varies widely within the county. Low elevation areas in the western part of 44 Soil Survey

Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1961-1995 at Belgrade Airport, MT; Bozeman 12 NE, MT; Bozeman 6 W Experiment Farm, MT; Bozeman Montana State University (MSU), MT; Hebgen Dam, MT; and West Yellowstone, MT.) ______| | | Temperature (Degrees F) | Precipitation (Inches) ______|______|______| | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 Years in 10 | Average | |2 years in 10| Average | | Average | Average | | Will Have— | Number | | Will Have— | Number | Average Month | Daily | Daily | Average | | | of | Average | | | of Days | Total | Maximum | Minimum | | Maximum | Minimum | Growing | | Less | More | With | Snowfall | | | | Temperature | Temperature | Degree | | Than | Than | 0.10 or | | | | | More Than | Less Than | Days* | | | | More | ______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______| | | | | | | | | | | BELGRADE | | | | | | | | | | | AIRPORT: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 29.3 | 6.4 | 17.9 | 54 | -34 | 2 | 0.61 | 0.25 | 0.92 | 1 | 7.4 February----| 35.8 | 13.2 | 24.5 | 59 | -27 | 6 | 0.48 | 0.22 | 0.70 | 1 | 4.7 March------| 43.1 | 19.7 | 31.4 | 69 | -16 | 30 | 1.06 | 0.57 | 1.49 | 3 | 8.4 April------| 54.4 | 28.9 | 41.6 | 80 | 8 | 126 | 1.35 | 0.72 | 1.92 | 4 | 6.3 May------| 64.4 | 37.4 | 50.9 | 86 | 22 | 346 | 2.44 | 1.53 | 3.25 | 6 | 2.3 June------| 74.0 | 44.5 | 59.3 | 94 | 31 | 576 | 2.49 | 1.24 | 3.57 | 6 | 0.1 July------| 83.9 | 49.2 | 66.6 | 98 | 35 | 823 | 1.22 | 0.38 | 1.91 | 3 | 0.0 August------| 82.8 | 47.9 | 65.3 | 99 | 33 | 786 | 1.23 | 0.61 | 1.76 | 3 | 0.0 September---| 70.1 | 38.8 | 54.5 | 92 | 22 | 440 | 1.46 | 0.62 | 2.26 | 4 | 0.5 October-----| 58.2 | 29.3 | 43.8 | 82 | 8 | 177 | 1.19 | 0.49 | 1.78 | 3 | 2.2 November----| 41.0 | 17.9 | 29.4 | 66 | -16 | 25 | 0.83 | 0.44 | 1.17 | 3 | 5.8 December----| 31.0 | 8.1 | 19.6 | 56 | -30 | 5 | 0.57 | 0.28 | 0.81 | 2 | 6.7 | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | Average---| 55.7 | 28.4 | 42.1 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Extreme---| 103.0 | -46.0 | ——— | 101 | -38 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Total-----| ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | 3,343 | 14.93 |12.00 |17.22 | 39 | 44.3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BOZEMAN | | | | | | | | | | | 12 NE: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 32.3 | 8.2 | 20.3 | 54 | -34 | 3 | 2.66 | 1.60 | 3.61 | 7 | 38.1 February----| 36.4 | 11.2 | 23.8 | 56 | -31 | 4 | 1.92 | 1.16 | 2.61 | 6 | 28.0 March------| 40.9 | 15.0 | 27.9 | 62 | -22 | 9 | 2.63 | 1.62 | 3.55 | 7 | 38.1 April------| 48.6 | 22.9 | 35.7 | 71 | -3 | 42 | 3.47 | 2.23 | 4.59 | 9 | 30.7 May------| 58.1 | 30.4 | 44.3 | 78 | 13 | 168 | 4.46 | 3.26 | 5.57 | 10 | 11.6 June------| 66.8 | 36.7 | 51.7 | 84 | 24 | 355 | 4.41 | 2.79 | 5.87 | 9 | 1.4 July------| 75.0 | 39.7 | 57.3 | 88 | 28 | 536 | 2.27 | 0.91 | 3.42 | 5 | 0.1 August------| 74.8 | 38.2 | 56.5 | 89 | 27 | 511 | 2.47 | 1.18 | 3.59 | 5 | 0.3 September---| 64.0 | 32.0 | 48.0 | 84 | 13 | 262 | 3.05 | 1.14 | 4.63 | 6 | 3.7 October-----| 54.0 | 25.9 | 40.0 | 75 | -1 | 106 | 2.77 | 1.38 | 3.99 | 6 | 13.2 November----| 39.6 | 16.7 | 28.1 | 62 | -16 | 12 | 2.77 | 1.75 | 3.69 | 7 | 28.2 December----| 32.9 | 9.2 | 21.1 | 54 | -30 | 4 | 2.38 | 1.45 | 3.22 | 8 | 34.8 | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | Average---| 51.9 | 23.8 | 37.9 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Extreme---| 95.0 | -47.0 | ——— | 90 | -40 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Total-----| ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | 2,013 | 35.26 |30.31 |39.88 | 85 | 228.2 | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 45

Temperature and Precipitation--Continued ______| | | Temperature (Degrees F) | Precipitation (Inches) ______|______|______| | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 Years in 10 | Average | |2 years in 10| Average | | Average | Average | | Will Have— | Number | | Will Have— | Number | Average Month | Daily | Daily | Average | | | of | Average | | | of Days | Total | Maximum | Minimum | | Maximum | Minimum | Growing | | Less | More | With | Snowfall | | | | Temperature | Temperature | Degree | | Than | Than | 0.10 or | | | | | More Than | Less Than | Days* | | | | More | ______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______| | | | | | | | | | | BOZEMAN 6 W | | | | | | | | | | | EXPERIMENT | | | | | | | | | | | FARM: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 32.8 | 11.6 | 22.2 | 55 | -26 | 5 | 0.56 | 0.29 | 0.80 | 1 | 9.8 February----| 38.0 | 16.3 | 27.2 | 58 | -21 | 9 | 0.48 | 0.23 | 0.72 | 1 | 7.2 March------| 45.3 | 22.4 | 33.8 | 67 | -9 | 39 | 1.13 | 0.66 | 1.54 | 3 | 12.8 April------| 55.0 | 29.7 | 42.4 | 78 | 7 | 146 | 1.63 | 0.95 | 2.25 | 5 | 9.6 May------| 64.6 | 37.6 | 51.1 | 84 | 22 | 353 | 2.77 | 1.76 | 3.69 | 7 | 1.7 June------| 73.3 | 44.2 | 58.7 | 91 | 31 | 563 | 2.74 | 1.54 | 3.81 | 7 | 0.2 July------| 80.9 | 48.6 | 64.7 | 93 | 35 | 768 | 1.57 | 0.68 | 2.32 | 4 | 0.0 August------| 80.9 | 47.3 | 64.1 | 94 | 34 | 748 | 1.35 | 0.73 | 1.91 | 3 | 0.1 September---| 70.4 | 39.6 | 55.0 | 90 | 22 | 455 | 1.64 | 0.65 | 2.47 | 4 | 0.5 October-----| 58.0 | 31.1 | 44.6 | 79 | 7 | 200 | 1.46 | 0.79 | 2.06 | 4 | 4.3 November----| 41.7 | 20.6 | 31.1 | 66 | -13 | 31 | 0.92 | 0.52 | 1.27 | 3 | 9.3 December----| 33.6 | 12.4 | 23.0 | 57 | -22 | 8 | 0.58 | 0.28 | 0.84 | 1 | 9.6 | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | Average---| 56.2 | 30.1 | 43.2 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Extreme---| 100.0 | -39.0 | ——— | 95 | -31 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Total-----| ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | 3,324 | 16.85 |14.63 |18.87 | 43 | 64.9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BOZEMAN MSU:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 33.1 | 13.3 | 23.2 | 55 | -21 | 5 | 0.86 | 0.45 | 1.23 | 2 | 13.3 February----| 38.5 | 18.3 | 28.4 | 58 | -16 | 10 | 0.64 | 0.31 | 0.93 | 2 | 9.8 March------| 44.8 | 23.2 | 34.0 | 67 | -6 | 43 | 1.42 | 0.83 | 1.94 | 4 | 17.4 April------| 54.8 | 30.9 | 42.8 | 77 | 11 | 155 | 2.01 | 1.27 | 2.67 | 5 | 14.1 May------| 64.3 | 39.3 | 51.8 | 83 | 24 | 375 | 3.17 | 2.08 | 4.16 | 7 | 4.6 June------| 73.4 | 46.4 | 59.9 | 91 | 32 | 598 | 2.94 | 1.65 | 4.08 | 7 | 0.3 July------| 81.9 | 51.9 | 66.9 | 94 | 38 | 834 | 1.52 | 0.66 | 2.26 | 4 | 0.0 August------| 81.3 | 50.5 | 65.9 | 94 | 36 | 802 | 1.50 | 0.78 | 2.13 | 4 | 0.1 September---| 70.0 | 41.6 | 55.8 | 89 | 23 | 481 | 1.88 | 0.70 | 2.86 | 4 | 1.2 October-----| 59.1 | 33.2 | 46.2 | 80 | 11 | 239 | 1.65 | 0.85 | 2.35 | 4 | 5.6 November----| 42.3 | 22.7 | 32.5 | 65 | -7 | 37 | 1.20 | 0.65 | 1.68 | 3 | 12.1 December----| 34.2 | 14.9 | 24.6 | 56 | -19 | 8 | 0.73 | 0.40 | 1.02 | 2 | 11.9 | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | Average---| 56.5 | 32.2 | 44.3 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Extreme---| 99.0 | -32.0 | ——— | 95 | -26 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Total-----| ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | 3,586 | 19.51 |16.80 |21.91 | 48 | 90.4 | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 46 Soil Survey

Temperature and Precipitation--Continued ______| | | Temperature (Degrees F) | Precipitation (Inches) ______|______|______| | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 Years in 10 | Average | |2 years in 10| Average | | Average | Average | | Will Have— | Number | | Will Have— | Number | Average Month | Daily | Daily | Average | | | of | Average | | | of Days | Total | Maximum | Minimum | | Maximum | Minimum | Growing | | Less | More | With | Snowfall | | | | Temperature | Temperature | Degree | | Than | Than | 0.10 or | | | | | More Than | Less Than | Days* | | | | More | ______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______| | | | | | | | | | | HEBGEN DAM: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 21.4 | 1.9 | 11.6 | 39 | -37 | 0 | 3.20 | 1.88 | 4.39 | 11 | 46.3 February----| 28.0 | 5.1 | 16.5 | 44 | -32 | 0 | 2.43 | 1.47 | 3.29 | 8 | 34.1 March------| 36.5 | 11.7 | 24.1 | 53 | -25 | 0 | 2.64 | 1.25 | 3.83 | 8 | 31.0 April------| 46.5 | 22.2 | 34.4 | 67 | -3 | 29 | 1.98 | 0.85 | 2.93 | 5 | 11.4 May------| 59.1 | 31.5 | 45.3 | 78 | 15 | 188 | 2.72 | 1.86 | 3.51 | 7 | 3.0 June------| 68.7 | 38.6 | 53.6 | 85 | 27 | 403 | 3.31 | 1.91 | 4.55 | 8 | 0.5 July------| 78.0 | 43.5 | 60.7 | 89 | 32 | 627 | 1.94 | 1.08 | 2.70 | 5 | 0.0 August------| 77.0 | 42.4 | 59.7 | 88 | 31 | 595 | 1.92 | 0.73 | 2.92 | 5 | 0.0 September---| 66.4 | 35.4 | 50.9 | 83 | 15 | 326 | 2.01 | 0.80 | 3.14 | 5 | 0.4 October-----| 52.2 | 27.7 | 39.9 | 72 | 7 | 92 | 1.71 | 0.58 | 2.63 | 4 | 5.0 November----| 33.2 | 17.4 | 25.3 | 54 | -10 | 2 | 2.77 | 1.64 | 3.77 | 8 | 29.9 December----| 22.2 | 4.4 | 13.3 | 40 | -30 | 0 | 3.32 | 1.91 | 4.57 | 10 | 48.2 | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | Average---| 49.1 | 23.5 | 36.3 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Extreme---| 92.0 | -45.0 | ——— | 89 | -39 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Total-----| ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | 2,263 | 29.94 |25.00 |34.32 | 84 | 209.8 | | | | | | | | | | | WEST | | | | | | | | | | | YELLOWSTONE:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 23.8 | 0.7 | 12.2 | 41 | -43 | 0 | 2.13 | 0.96 | 3.14 | 7 | 32.1 February----| 30.6 | 3.9 | 17.2 | 47 | -36 | 0 | 1.66 | 0.92 | 2.31 | 5 | 25.3 March------| 37.7 | 10.6 | 24.1 | 56 | -26 | 1 | 1.69 | 0.85 | 2.42 | 5 | 22.1 April------| 46.3 | 20.4 | 33.3 | 68 | -6 | 20 | 1.68 | 0.85 | 2.40 | 5 | 12.9 May------| 58.5 | 29.5 | 44.0 | 80 | 13 | 165 | 2.04 | 1.32 | 2.69 | 6 | 3.3 June------| 68.4 | 36.7 | 52.5 | 87 | 24 | 380 | 2.45 | 1.45 | 3.34 | 7 | 0.3 July------| 78.0 | 41.0 | 59.5 | 90 | 28 | 606 | 1.75 | 0.88 | 2.51 | 5 | 0.0 August------| 76.4 | 38.9 | 57.7 | 90 | 25 | 547 | 1.51 | 0.53 | 2.32 | 4 | 0.0 September---| 65.2 | 30.5 | 47.8 | 84 | 12 | 256 | 1.70 | 0.54 | 2.64 | 4 | 0.8 October-----| 51.6 | 22.4 | 37.0 | 73 | -2 | 54 | 1.41 | 0.53 | 2.22 | 3 | 7.8 November----| 33.5 | 12.0 | 22.7 | 55 | -24 | 1 | 2.10 | 0.98 | 3.07 | 6 | 27.1 December----| 23.6 | 1.5 | 12.6 | 41 | -38 | 0 | 2.37 | 1.10 | 3.45 | 7 | 35.2 | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | Average---| 49.5 | 20.7 | 35.1 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Extreme---| 96.0 | -60.0 | ——— | 92 | -47 | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— Total-----| ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | ——— | 2,031 | 22.47 |16.94 |25.56 | 64 | 166.8 ______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by addig the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth i minimal for the principal crops in the area (Threshold: 40.0 degrees F). Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 47

Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1961-1995 at Belgrade Airport, MT; Bozeman 12 NE, MT; Bozeman 6 W Experiment Farm, MT; Bozeman Montana State University (MSU), MT; Hebgen Dam, MT; and West Yellowstone, MT.) ______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24 degrees F | 28 degrees F | 32 degrees F | or lower | or lower | or lower ______|______|______|______| | | BELGRADE AIRPORT: | | | | | | Last freezing temperature | | | in spring: January-July | | | | | | 1 year in 10 later than-----| May 16 | May 24 | June 27 | | | 2 years in 10 later than----| May 10 | May 19 | June 19 | | | 5 years in 10 later than----| April 29 | May 9 | June 3 | | | | | | First freezing temperature | | | in fall: August-December | | | | | | 1 year in 10 earlier than---| September 16 | September 5 | August 28 | | | 2 years in 10 earlier than--| September 22 | September 11 | September 2 | | | 5 years in 10 earlier than--| October 3 | September 21 | September 12 | | | | | | BOZEMAN 12 NE: | | | | | | Last freezing temperature | | | in spring: January-July | | | | | | 1 year in 10 later than-----| June 4 | July 9 | July 31 | | | 2 years in 10 later than----| May 29 | July 1 | July 25 | | | 5 years in 10 later than----| May 18 | June 17 | July 13 | | | | | | First freezing temperature | | | in fall: August-December | | | | | | 1 year in 10 earlier than---| September 3 | August 16 | July 31 | | | 2 years in 10 earlier than--| September 7 | August 23 | August 6 | | | 5 years in 10 earlier than--| September 17 | September 3 | August 15 | | | 48 Soil Survey

Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall--Continued ______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24 degrees F | 28 degrees F | 32 degrees F | or lower | or lower | or lower ______|______|______|______| | | BOZEMAN 6 W EXPERIMENT FARM:| | | | | | Last freezing temperature | | | in spring: January-July | | | | | | 1 year in 10 later than-----| May 9 | May 24 | June 24 | | | 2 years in 10 later than----| May 5 | May 18 | June 17 | | | 5 years in 10 later than----| April 26 | May 7 | June 4 | | | | | | First freezing temperature | | | in fall: August-December | | | | | | 1 year in 10 earlier than---| September 16 | September 7 | August 31 | | | 2 years in 10 earlier than--| September 22 | September 12 | September 4 | | | 5 years in 10 earlier than--| October 4 | September 22 | September 12 | | | | | | BOZEMAN MSU: | | | | | | Last freezing temperature | | | in spring: January-July | | | | | | 1 year in 10 later than-----| May 10 | May 18 | June 12 | | | 2 years in 10 later than----| May 4 | May 13 | June 6 | | | 5 years in 10 later than----| April 24 | May 4 | May 25 | | | | | | First freezing temperature | | | in fall: August-December | | | | | | 1 year in 10 earlier than---| September 26 | September 13 | September 1 | | | 2 years in 10 earlier than--| October 1 | September 19 | September 7 | | | 5 years in 10 earlier than--| October 12 | October 1 | September 17 | | | Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 49

Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall--Continued ______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24 degrees F | 28 degrees F | 32 degrees F | or lower | or lower | or lower ______|______|______|______| | | HEBGEN DAM: | | | | | | Last freezing temperature | | | in spring: January-July | | | | | | 1 year in 10 later than-----| May 27 | June 17 | July 4 | | | 2 years in 10 later than----| May 21 | June 10 | June 29 | | | 5 years in 10 later than----| May 11 | May 29 | June 20 | | | | | | First freezing temperature | | | in fall: August-December | | | | | | 1 year in 10 earlier than---| September 12 | September 3 | August 13 | | | 2 years in 10 earlier than--| September 17 | September 7 | August 19 | | | 5 years in 10 earlier than--| September 28 | September 15 | September 1 | | | | | | WEST YELLOWSTONE: | | | | | | Last freezing temperature | | | in spring: January-July | | | | | | 1 year in 10 later than-----| June 12 | July 11 | July 22 | | | 2 years in 10 later than----| June 6 | July 4 | July 16 | | | 5 years in 10 later than----| May 25 | June 20 | July 6 | | | | | | First freezing temperature | | | in fall: August-December | | | | | | 1 year in 10 earlier than---| August 30 | August 13 | August 2 | | | 2 years in 10 earlier than--| September 4 | August 18 | August 8 | | | 5 years in 10 earlier than--| September 12 | August 28 | August 18 ______|______|______|______50 Soil Survey

Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1961-1995 at Belgrade Airport, MT; Bozeman 12 NE, MT; Bozeman 6 W Experiment Farm, MT; Bozeman Montana State University (MSU), MT; Hebgen Dam, MT; and West Yellowstone, MT) ______| | Daily Minimum Temperature |______Probability | | | | Higher than | Higher than | Higher than | 24 degrees F | 28 degrees F | 32 degrees F ______|______|______|______| Days | Days | Days | | | BELGRADE AIRPORT: | | | | | | 9 years in 10------| 131 | 111 | 69 | | | 8 years in 10------| 140 | 119 | 80 | | | 5 years in 10------| 157 | 134 | 100 | | | 2 years in 10------| 173 | 149 | 120 | | | 1 year in 10------| 182 | 157 | 130 | | | | | | BOZEMAN 12 NE: | | | | | | 9 years in 10------| 98 | 45 | 5 | | | 8 years in 10------| 106 | 56 | 15 | | | 5 years in 10------| 121 | 77 | 32 | | | 2 years in 10------| 135 | 99 | 50 | | | 1 year in 10------| 143 | 110 | 59 | | | | | | BOZEMAN 6 W | | | EXPERIMENT FARM: | | | | | | 9 years in 10------| 134 | 113 | 78 | | | 8 years in 10------| 143 | 122 | 86 | | | 5 years in 10------| 160 | 137 | 99 | | | 2 years in 10------| 177 | 153 | 113 | | | 1 year in 10------| 186 | 161 | 120 | | | Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 51

Growing Season--Continued ______| | Daily Minimum Temperature |______Probability | | | | Higher than | Higher than | Higher than | 24 degrees F | 28 degrees F | 32 degrees F ______|______|______|______| Days | Days | Days | | | BOZEMAN MSU: | | | | | | 9 years in 10------| 146 | 125 | 88 | | | 8 years in 10------| 154 | 133 | 97 | | | 5 years in 10------| 171 | 149 | 114 | | | 2 years in 10------| 187 | 165 | 132 | | | 1 year in 10------| 196 | 174 | 141 | | | | | | HEBGEN DAM: | | | | | | 9 years in 10------| 114 | 86 | 48 | | | 8 years in 10------| 123 | 93 | 56 | | | 5 years in 10------| 139 | 107 | 72 | | | 2 years in 10------| 156 | 121 | 88 | | | 1 year in 10------| 164 | 129 | 96 | | | | | | WEST YELLOWSTONE: | | | | | | 9 years in 10------| 88 | 44 | 18 | | | 8 years in 10------| 95 | 52 | 26 | | | 5 years in 10------| 110 | 69 | 42 | | | 2 years in 10------| 125 | 85 | 57 | | | 1 year in 10------| 133 | 94 | 65 ______|______|______|______

53

Formation and Classification of the Soils

This section relates the soils in the survey area to and are dark colored. Soils that have warm the major factors of soil formation and describes the temperatures and low precipitation generally contain system of soil classification. The “Classification of less organic matter and are light colored. the Soils” table at the end of this section shows the In the west-central part of the survey area, the classification and extent of the soils in this survey average annual precipitation ranges from 10 to 14 area. inches within elevations of approximately 3,900 to 4,800 feet. Precipitation from 15 to 19 inches occurs Formation of the Soils in other parts of the county where elevations are 4,700 to 6,000 feet, and 20 to 30 inches of Soil is a natural, three-dimensional body on the precipitation occurs above 6,000 feet. The average earth’s surface. Soil has properties that result from annual temperature ranges from 32 to 45 degrees. the integrated effect of climate and living matter The lower temperatures are in areas above 6,000 acting on earthy parent material, as conditioned by feet, and the higher temperatures are in areas below relief over a period of time. this elevation. Although there are many different soils, each soil is the result of the interaction of the same five Living Organisms factors. These factors are the physical and chemical composition of the parent material, the effect of Living organisms are active in the formation of climate on the parent material, the kinds of plants soils. Plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms and organisms living in the soil, the relief of the land, affect gains or losses in organic matter, plant and the length of time it took for the soil to form. nutrients in the soil, and changes in porosity and Within short distances, the combination of these structure. factors varies, and, consequently, the soils that form Roots, rodents, and insects penetrate the soil and differ in fertility, productivity, and physical and alter its structure. Microorganisms, chemicals in the chemical characteristics. In the following paragraphs, soil, and insects change leaves, roots, and entire the factors of soil formation are discussed as they plants that remain in the surface layer to humus. relate to the soils in the Gallatin County Area. Fungi and algae also contribute to the decomposition of bedrock. Animals increase porosity by burrowing Climate through the soil and leaving open channels for the movement of water and air. Common rodents in the Temperature and precipitation mainly determine survey area are badgers, ground squirrels, mice, climate, an active force in the formation of soils. In rabbits, and voles. the Gallatin County Area, winters are cold; springs Vegetation in the survey area consists mainly of are cool and moist; and summers are hot and dry. short grasses, mid grasses, and shrubs on the Soils form in rocks that have been broken into rangeland and Douglas-fir, Engelmann spruce, suitable materials by erosion and alternate freezing lodgepole pine, and subalpine fir with shrub and thawing. Chemical reactions, such as solution understories in the forests. and hydration, further break down this weathered material. Topography Precipitation and temperature affect the kind and amount of vegetation that grows on the soil. Topography, or relief, is determined by glaciation Vegetation decays to produce organic matter in the and mountain formation and by the age and soil. Soils that have cool temperatures and high resistance of geologic formations to erosion by wind precipitation generally contain more organic matter and water. Topography influences soil development 54 Soil Survey

through its effect on drainage and runoff. Topography Time in this survey area can be distinctively separated into mountains and intermountain valleys. The mountains Change taking place in soils over a long period of rise 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the valleys and are time is called soil genesis. As a result of these moderately steep to very steep with numerous changes, distinct horizons, or layers, develop in the drainageways. The intermontane valleys are nearly soils. The length of time that parent materials have level to gently sloping with occasional areas of steep been in place and exposed to climate and living hills. organisms is generally reflected in the degree to The topography of the Gallatin County Area closely which the soil profile has developed. The kind and affects the local climate. The amount of precipitation arrangement of layers are called the soil morphology. and air temperatures can have wide variations within These layers are described in terms of color, texture, short distances. structure, consistence, thickness, permeability, and In the mountains, generally, steepness and shape chemistry. of slope affect depth to bedrock, amount of rock Soils are classified according to their approximate fragments, and number and distinctness of soil age, from young to mature. Age, or maturity, of a soil horizons. Soils on steep convex slopes generally is generally indicated by the thickness and have a greater amount of rock fragments, are distinctness of subsurface horizons, content of shallower to bedrock, and have fewer and less organic matter and clay, depth to which soluble distinct soil horizons. Examples of this general material is leached, and form and distribution of principle are the Cowood soils on very steep slopes calcium carbonate and gypsum in the soil. and the Danaher soils that are moderately sloping. Young soils show very little profile development. In the valleys, the number and distinctness of soil Ryell sandy loam, a soil of the Entisol order, is an horizons generally decrease as slope increases. example of a young soil. It is on a flood plain adjacent Examples of this general principle are the Anceny to a flowing stream. The soil contains little organic soils that are steep and very steep and the Blackdog matter to form an A horizon; it has little clay soils that are nearly level to strongly sloping. accumulation and little translocation of carbonates within the profile. Parent Material The Turner soil formed in parent material that is similar to that of the Ryell sandy loam but is much Soils have formed in a number of parent materials older. These soils formed in alluvium on uplands. in the Gallatin County Area. Most of the soils in the They contain enough organic matter to have a dark- valleys formed in mixed alluvium or loess. The colored A horizon, a distinct clay accumulation in a mountains and bedrock-controlled hills may have Bt horizon, and nearly all of the carbonates have soils formed in one of the following parent materials: been leached to a depth of about 12 inches. limestone, gneiss and schist, quartzite, argillite, Many of the sloping and steep, shallow, and very sandstone, shale, or igneous volcanics. shallow soils appear to have been in the process of A single parent material under the influence of formation for about as long as some of the more varying precipitation amounts exhibits marked developed, less sloping soils. However, erosion has changes in soil development. Generally silty soils removed the soil as fast as it formed. In this case, that formed in loess, such as Blackmore and Brocko the effect of time has been offset by the effect of soils, are examples of this principle. Other examples relief. are generally loamy and high in rock fragment- content soils that formed in limestone, such as Crago Classification of the Soils and Hanson. Generally sandy soils formed in gneiss and schist, such as Barbarela and Nuley soils, and The system of soil classification used by the generally clayey soils are found in shale, such as National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories Bangtail and Tanna soils. (Soil Survey Staff, 1998 and 1999). Beginning with Many of the soils in the survey area have the broadest, these categories are the order, accumulated lime from the parent material. The suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and series. presence, depth, and amount of lime vary with parent Classification is based on soil properties observed in materials and amount of precipitation in the specific the field or inferred from those observations or from area. laboratory measurements. The table, “Classification Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 55

of the Soils,” shows the classification of the soils in orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have the survey area. The categories are defined in the some properties that are not representative of the following paragraphs. great group but do not indicate transitions to any ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The other taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- one or more adjectives preceding the name of the forming processes and the degree of soil formation. great group. The adjective Typic identifies the Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An subgroup that typifies the great group. An example is example is Mollisol, from mollis, meaning soft. Typic Argiustolls. SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders FAMILY. Families are established within a primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical genesis and are important to plant growth or properties and other characteristics that affect properties that reflect the most important variables management. Generally, the properties are those of within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a horizons below plow depth where there is much suborder indicates the order. An example is Ustoll biological activity. Among the properties and (Ust, meaning burnt, plus oll, from Mollisol). characteristics considered are particle-size class, GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into mineralogy class, cation exchange activity class, great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, soil temperature regime, soil depth, and reaction arrangement, and degree of development of class. A family name consists of the name of a pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each properties. An example is fine-silty, mixed, great group is identified by the name of a suborder superactive Argiustolls. and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. SERIES. The series consists of soils within a An example is Argiustoll (Argi, meaning having an family that have similar horizons in their profile. The argillic horizon or clay accumulation, plus ustoll, the horizons are similar in color, texture, structure, suborder of the Mollisols that have a dry climate). reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic composition, and arrangement in the profile. The subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or texture of the surface layer or of the substratum can extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central differ within a series. An example is the Blackdog concept of the great group; it is not necessarily the series. The Blackdog series is a fine-silty, mixed, most extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other superactive, frigid Typic Argiustoll. 61

Soil Series and Detailed Map Units

In this section, arranged in alphabetical order, each may or may not be mentioned in a particular map unit soil series recognized in the survey area is described. description. Other minor components, however, have Each description is followed by the detailed soil map properties and behavioral characteristics divergent units associated with the series. enough to affect use or to require different Characteristics of the soil and the material in which management. These are called contrasting, or it formed are identified for each soil series. A pedon, a dissimilar, components. They generally are in small small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of areas and could not be mapped separately because of the series in the survey area is described. The the scale used. Some small areas of strongly detailed description of each soil horizon follows contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” (Soil Survey by a special symbol on the maps. The contrasting Division Staff, 1993). Many of the technical terms used components are mentioned in the map unit in the descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (Soil descriptions. A few areas of minor components may Survey Staff, 1999). Unless otherwise stated, colors in not have been observed, and, consequently, they are the descriptions are for dry soil. Following the pedon not mentioned in the descriptions, especially where description is the range of important characteristics of the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to the soils in the series. make enough observations to identify all of the soils The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps and miscellaneous areas on the landscape. in this survey represent the soils or miscellaneous The presence of minor components in a map unit in areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the this section, along with the maps, can be used to data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure determine the suitability and potential of a unit for taxonomic classes but rather to separate the specific uses. They also can be used to plan the landscape into landforms or landform segments that management needed for those uses. have similar use and management requirements. The A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an delineation of such segments on the map provides area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or sufficient information for the development of resource miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, named according to the taxonomic classification of the however, onsite investigation is needed to define and dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class, there are locate the soils and miscellaneous areas. precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name On the landscape, however, the soils are natural in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes phenomena, and they have the characteristic general facts about the unit and gives the principal variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of hazards and limitations to be considered in planning some observed properties may extend beyond the for specific uses. limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the without including areas of other taxonomic classes. surface layer, all of the soils of a series have major Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and and arrangement. some minor components that belong to taxonomic Soils of one series can differ in texture of the classes other than those of the major soils. surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of Most minor soils have properties similar to those of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus On the basis of such differences, a soil series is they do not affect use and management. These are divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on called noncontrasting, or similar, components. They the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The 62 Soil Survey

name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature 5 percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; slightly that affects use or management. For example, very alkaline; clear smooth boundary. stony loam is a phase of the Sawicki series. Bss—3 to 12 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silty clay, Some map units are made up of two or more major light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) moist; moderate soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are medium prismatic structure parting to strong complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups. medium subangular blocky; hard, firm, very sticky, This survey includes complexes. They consist of and very plastic; many very fine and fine roots; two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an few slickensides; slightly effervescent; moderately intricate pattern or in such small areas that they alkaline; clear smooth boundary. cannot be shown separately on the maps. The pattern Bky—12 to 25 inches; light gray (5Y 7/2) silty clay, and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are pale olive (5Y 6/3) moist; moderate medium somewhat similar in all areas. Amsterdam-Quagle silt subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, very loams, 0 to 4 percent slopes, is an example. sticky, and very plastic; few very fine roots; This survey includes miscellaneous areas. They common fine masses of lime and gypsum; have little or no soil material and support little or no strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example. wavy boundary. The table, “Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Cr—25 to 60 inches; semiconsolidated siltstone and Soils,” in Part II of the manuscript gives the acreage shale. and proportionate extent of each map unit. Other Range in Characteristics tables (see “Summary of Tables”) give properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities, and Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F potentials for many uses. The “Glossary” defines Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches many of the terms used in describing the soils or Depth to the Bky horizon: 10 to 18 inches miscellaneous areas. Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Note: These soils have cracks extending to over 50 cm deep and 1 to 5 cm wide. Abor Series A horizon Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 (chromas of 1 derived from Permeability: Very slow parent material) Landform: Hills Clay content: 35 to 40 percent Parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent— sedimentary beds 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent Slope range: 2 to 45 percent pebbles Elevation range: 4,150 to 5,300 feet Reaction: pH 7.4 to 9.0 Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Bss horizon Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Aridic Leptic Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 Haplusterts Texture: Silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay Clay content: 35 to 60 percent Typical Pedon Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Abor cobbly clay loam in an area of Abor-Rock outcrop Reaction: pH 7.4 to 9.0 complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an area of Bky horizon rangeland, 2,000 feet north and 600 feet east of the Hue: 2.5Y, 5Y, 10YR, or 2.5YR southwest corner of sec. 12, T. 1 N., R. 1 E. Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist A—0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) cobbly Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; weak Texture: Silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay medium granular structure; hard, firm, moderately Clay content: 35 to 60 percent sticky, and moderately plastic; many very fine and Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to fine and few medium roots; 15 percent cobbles and 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 63

Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 8 Landform: Sedimentary plains and hills Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale Gypsum content: 1 to 5 percent residuum Reaction: pH 7.4 to 9.0 Slope range: 4 to 45 percent Elevation range: 4,650 to 6,150 feet Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 721E—Abor-Rock outcrop complex, Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F 15 to 45 percent slopes Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days

Setting Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Typic Argiustolls Landform: • Abor—Hills Typical Pedon • Rock outcrop—Hills Slope: 15 to 45 percent Absarokee clay loam in an area of Farnuf-Absarokee Elevation: 4,150 to 4,500 feet complex, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of hayland, Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches 400 feet south and 950 feet west of the northeast Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days corner of sec. 21, T. 3 N., R. 4 E. Composition Ap—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate Major Components medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, Abor and similar soils: 55 percent slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Rock outcrop: 35 percent and fine roots; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Minor Components smooth boundary. Patouza clay: 0 to 5 percent Bt—5 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay, dark Soils less than 20 inches to shale: 0 to 5 percent grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium Major Component Description subangular blocky; hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine Abor roots; common fine pores; 5 percent pebbles; Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam neutral; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Bk—17 to 25 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Drainage class: Well drained clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey moderate medium subangular blocky structure; sedimentary beds slightly hard, firm, moderately sticky, and Native plant cover type: Rangeland moderately plastic; few very fine roots; many fine Flooding: None pores; common fine masses of lime; strongly Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Rock outcrop R—25 inches; interbedded hard shale and sandstone. Definition: Exposures of clayey sedimentary bedrock. Range in Characteristics A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Management Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 12 inches For management information about this map unit, Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth to the Bk horizon: 12 to 30 inches

Absarokee Series Ap horizon Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 2 or 3 Permeability: Moderately slow Clay content: 27 to 35 percent 64 Soil Survey

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Major Component Description 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles or channers Absarokee Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Bt horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist shale residuum Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Clay loam, clay, or silty clay loam Flooding: None Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles or Tolbert channers Surface layer texture: Channery loam Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Bk horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5, 6, or 7 moist shale residuum Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Clay content: 30 to 40 percent Flooding: None Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles or channers A typical description with range in characteristics is Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Management

869D—Absarokee-Tolbert complex, For management information about this map unit, 4 to 15 percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

Setting 869E—Absarokee-Tolbert-Rock outcrop Landform: complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes • Absarokee—Hills • Tolbert—Hills Setting Slope: Landform: • Absarokee—4 to 15 percent • Absarokee—Hills • Tolbert—4 to 15 percent • Tolbert—Hills Elevation: 5,200 to 6,100 feet • Rock outcrop—Hills Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Slope: Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days • Absarokee—15 to 45 percent Composition • Tolbert—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,950 to 6,150 feet Major Components Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Absarokee and similar soils: 60 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Tolbert and similar soils: 25 percent Composition Minor Components Soils less than 10 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to Major Components 8 percent Absarokee and similar soils: 60 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Tolbert and similar soils: 25 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Rock outcrop: 10 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 65

Minor Components Composition Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Major Component Description Absarokee and similar soils: 45 percent Work and similar soils: 35 percent Absarokee Tolbert and similar soils: 10 percent Surface layer texture: Clay loam Minor Components Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Soils less than 10 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and 3 percent shale residuum Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Major Component Description Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Absarokee Tolbert Surface layer texture: Clay loam Surface layer texture: Channery loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches

Rock outcrop Work Definition: Exposures of sandstone bedrock. Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) A typical description with range in characteristics is Drainage class: Well drained included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Management Flooding: None For management information about this map unit, Available water capacity: Mainly 8.2 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Tolbert 769D—Absarokee-Work-Tolbert complex, Surface layer texture: Channery loam 4 to 15 percent slopes Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Setting shale residuum Landform: Native plant cover type: Rangeland • Absarokee—Hills Flooding: None • Work—Hills Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches • Tolbert—Hills Slope: A typical description with range in characteristics is • Absarokee—4 to 15 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Work—4 to 15 percent • Tolbert—4 to 15 percent Management Elevation: 4,950 to 6,100 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 66 Soil Survey

Absarook Series masses of lime; violently effervescent moderately alkaline; abrupt clear boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) R—32 inches; hard sandstone. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Range in Characteristics Landform: Sedimentary plains and hills Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F residuum Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Slope range: 2 to 35 percent Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Elevation range: 4,400 to 6,500 feet Depth to the Bt horizon: 4 to 6 inches Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 12 to 25 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days A horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist frigid Typic Argiustolls Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Typical Pedon Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent Absarook loam, in an area of Absarook-Tolbert pebbles complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 rangeland, 2,200 feet south and 600 feet east of the Bt horizons northwest corner of sec. 23, T. 4 N., R. 5 E. Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, Clay content: 25 to 35 percent very friable, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent many very fine and fine roots and common pebbles medium roots; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 smooth boundary. Bk horizon Bt1—5 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy clay Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist medium prismatic structure parting to strong fine Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky, Texture (less than 2 mm): Sandy loam, loam, or and slightly plastic; many very fine, common fine, clay loam and few medium roots; common distinct clay films Clay content: 15 to 30 percent on faces of peds; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent—0 to gradual smooth boundary. 5 percent cobbles; 10 to 30 percent channers Bt2—14 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent sandy clay loam; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common 668D—Absarook-Farnuf-Tolbert complex, very fine and few fine roots; common distinct clay 4 to 15 percent slopes films on faces of peds; 10 percent pebbles; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. Setting Bk—20 to 32 inches; light gray (10YR 6/1) channery sandy loam, gray (10YR 5/1) moist; weak fine Landform: subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, • Absarook—Hills slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very • Farnuf—Hills fine roots; 30 percent channers; common fine • Tolbert—Hills Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 67

Slope: Management • Absarook—4 to 15 percent For management information about this map unit, • Farnuf—4 to 15 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Tolbert—4 to 15 percent Elevation: 5,250 to 6,050 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 470D—Absarook-Tolbert complex, Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 4 to 15 percent slopes Composition Setting Major Components Absarook and similar soils: 40 percent Landform: Farnuf and similar soils: 35 percent • Absarook—Hills Tolbert and similar soils: 10 percent • Tolbert—Hills Slope: Minor Components • Absarook—4 to 15 percent Absarokee clay loam: 0 to 8 percent • Tolbert—4 to 15 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 4,700 to 6,200 feet Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Major Component Description Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Absarook Composition Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Major Components Drainage class: Well drained Absarook and similar soils: 60 percent Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Tolbert and similar soils: 25 percent shale residuum Minor Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Farnuf loam: 0 to 8 percent Flooding: None Castner very flaggy loam: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Farnuf Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Absarook Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Tolbert Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Channery loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Tolbert Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Surface layer texture: Channery loam shale residuum Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland A typical description with range in characteristics is Flooding: None included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches 68 Soil Survey

A typical description with range in characteristics is Bk1—18 to 29 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) included, in alphabetical order, in this section. very gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure; soft, Management very friable, moderately sticky, and moderately For management information about this map unit, plastic; few fine and medium roots; common see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 15 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; common fine seams of lime; violently effervescent; Accola Series slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Bk2—29 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) extremely cobbly loam, light yellowish brown Drainage class: Well drained (10YR 6/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Permeability: Moderate structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and Landform: Mountains slightly plastic; few fine roots; 30 percent cobbles Parent material: Limestone colluvium and 35 percent pebbles; disseminated lime; Slope range: 15 to 45 percent common fine masses of lime; common distinct Elevation range: 4,950 to 7,600 feet lime coatings on underside of rock fragments; Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches violently effervescent; slightly alkaline. Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Range in Characteristics Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Ustic Argicryolls Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Typical Pedon Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 13 inches Depth to the skeletal Bk horizon: 12 to 22 inches Accola loam, in an area of Accola-Whitore, stony complex, cool, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an area of A horizon forest land, 1,100 feet south and 400 feet east of the Value: 4 or 5 dry northwest corner of sec. 4, T. 5 N., R. 4 E. Chroma: 1 or 2 Oi—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed forest litter. Clay content: 18 to 27 percent A—1 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine pebbles platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Bt horizons roots and few medium roots; 5 percent pebbles; Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Bt1—4 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, dark Texture: Clay loam or loam brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium Clay content: 25 to 35 percent subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent—0 to moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles common very fine and fine roots; common distinct Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.8 clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy Bk horizons boundary. Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Bt2—8 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Texture: Loam or clay loam 4/4) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Clay content: 18 to 30 percent structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent— and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine 15 to 30 percent cobbles; 20 to 40 percent roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds pebbles and lining pores; 5 percent cobbles and 10 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 69

790E—Accola-Whitore, stony complex, 690E—Accola-Whitore, stony complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes cool, 15 to 45 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Accola—Mountains • Accola—Mountains • Whitore—Mountains • Whitore—Mountains Slope: Slope: • Accola—15 to 45 percent • Accola—15 to 45 percent • Whitore—15 to 45 percent • Whitore—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 6,250 to 7,600 feet Elevation: 4,950 to 7,300 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Accola and similar soils: 60 percent Accola and similar soils: 60 percent Whitore and similar soils: 30 percent Whitore and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Minor Components Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Soils less than 20 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to Soils less than 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 4 percent 3 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Accola Accola Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.0 inches Whitore Whitore Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 70 Soil Survey

Adel Series A horizons Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Value: 2, 3, or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Permeability: Moderate Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Landform: Drainageways, hills, and mountains Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Elevation range: 4,400 to 7,300 feet Bw horizon Annual precipitation: 17 to 24 inches Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Texture (less than 2 mm): Loam or clay loam Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Pachic Haplocryolls Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Typical Pedon 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 25 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Adel loam, cool, 4 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of forest land, 2,300 feet south and 50 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 16, T. 5 N., R. 5 E. 614F—Adel loam, 15 to 60 percent slopes A1—0 to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate medium Setting granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, Landform: Mountains slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Slope: 15 to 60 percent and fine roots; slightly acid; gradual wavy Elevation: 4,750 to 6,500 feet boundary. Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches A2—8 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days 3/2) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate medium granular structure parting to Composition weak medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Major Components many very fine and fine roots; neutral; gradual Adel and similar soils: 85 percent wavy boundary. A3—14 to 22 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, Minor Components very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak Rocko stony loam: 0 to 5 percent medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Soils with slopes less than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Zade loam: 0 to 5 percent common very fine and fine roots; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Major Component Description Bw—22 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Surface layer texture: Loam subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Drainage class: Well drained fine roots; neutral. Dominant parent material: Colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Range in Characteristics Flooding: None Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Available water capacity: Mainly 10.8 inches Summer soil temperature: 52 to 59 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Mollic epipedon thickness: 16 to 60 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 71

Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Adel and similar soils: 90 percent Minor Components 314C—Adel loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes Libeg stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Bridger loam: 0 to 2 percent Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 2 percent Setting Soils with a water table at 4 to 6 feet: 0 to 1 percent Landform: Drainageways Major Component Description Slope: 2 to 8 percent Elevation: 5,000 to 6,700 feet Surface layer texture: Loam Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Major Components Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches Adel and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Libeg stony loam: 0 to 8 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent Management Water table at 4 to 6 feet: 0 to 2 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 614D—Adel loam, cool, Drainage class: Well drained 4 to 15 percent slopes Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Setting Flooding: None Landform: Drainageways Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches Slope: 4 to 15 percent Elevation: 5,000 to 6,550 feet A typical description with range in characteristics is Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Adel and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 314E—Adel loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes Libeg loam: 0 to 5 percent Redlodge silty clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Setting Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Hills Major Component Description Slope: 8 to 25 percent Elevation: 4,500 to 7,300 feet Surface layer texture: Loam Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Drainage class: Well drained 72 Soil Survey

Dominant parent material: Alluvium Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Forest land Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 10.8 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 814E—Adel-Copenhaver complex, 814D—Adel-Copenhaver complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes 4 to 15 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: • Adel—Hills Landform: • Copenhaver—Hills • Adel—Hills Slope: • Copenhaver—Hills • Adel—15 to 35 percent Slope: • Copenhaver—15 to 35 percent • Adel—4 to 15 percent Elevation: 5,600 to 6,300 feet • Copenhaver—4 to 15 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Elevation: 5,400 to 6,300 feet Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Adel and similar soils: 70 percent Major Components Copenhaver and similar soils: 20 percent Adel and similar soils: 60 percent Copenhaver and similar soils: 25 percent Minor Components Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 3 percent Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 8 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Adel Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Adel Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches Copenhaver Surface layer texture: Channery loam Copenhaver Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Surface layer texture: Channery loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Drainage class: Well drained shale residuum Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Native plant cover type: Rangeland shale residuum Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 73

A typical description with range in characteristics is Management included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 714E—Adel-Uinta loams, 8 to 35 percent slopes

414E—Adel-Libeg complex, Setting 15 to 35 percent slopes Landform: • Adel—Mountains Setting • Uinta—Mountains Landform: Slope: • Adel—Hills • Adel—8 to 35 percent • Libeg—Hills • Uinta—8 to 35 percent Slope: Elevation: 5,550 to 6,700 feet • Adel—15 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches • Libeg—15 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Elevation: 5,100 to 6,900 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Major Components Adel and similar soils: 60 percent Composition Uinta and similar soils: 25 percent Minor Components Major Components Danaher stony loam: 0 to 10 percent Adel and similar soils: 50 percent Stemple stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Libeg and similar soils: 35 percent Major Component Description Minor Components Copenhaver flaggy loam: 0 to 10 percent Adel Libeg stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Adel Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 10.8 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Uinta Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Libeg shale residuum Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland A typical description with range in characteristics is Flooding: None included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Management A typical description with range in characteristics is For management information about this map unit, included, in alphabetical order, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 74 Soil Survey

Alder Series Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 15 to 30 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Ap horizon Drainage class: Well drained Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Permeability: Slow Clay content: 35 to 40 percent Landform: Sedimentary plains, hills, and escarpments Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 5 Parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey percent stones; 0 to 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 sedimentary beds percent pebbles Slope range: 2 to 45 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Elevation range: 4,800 to 6,400 feet Annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Bt horizon Annual air temperature: 37 to 41 degrees F Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive, frigid Texture: Clay or silty clay Typic Argiustolls Clay content: 40 to 60 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Typical Pedon percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Alder cobbly clay loam, in an area of Alder-Cabba Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes, in an area of Bk horizon cropland, 2,200 feet north and 1,700 feet west of the Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y southeast corner of sec. 12, T. 3 S., R. 3 E. Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) cobbly clay Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium Texture: Silty clay loam, clay, or sandy clay subangular blocky structure parting to strong fine Clay content: 30 to 50 percent granular; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 and moderately plastic; common very fine and few percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles fine roots; 10 percent cobbles and 10 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Bt—7 to 21 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very 60C—Alder clay loam, hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately 2 to 8 percent slopes plastic; common very fine and few fine roots; many distinct clay films on faces of peds and Setting lining pores; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent Landform: Sedimentary plains pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Slope: 2 to 8 percent Bk—21 to 31 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) sandy Elevation: 5,150 to 5,850 feet clay, olive (5Y 5/3) moist; moderate medium and Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard, Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine and fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and Composition 5 percent pebbles; common medium masses of Major Components lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Alder and similar soils: 90 percent clear smooth boundary. Cr—31 to 60 inches; variegated, weathered, Minor Components semiconsolidated, tertiary sedimentary beds; fine Cabba clay loam: 0 to 5 percent threads of lime; neutral. Alder cobbly clay loam: 0 to 3 percent Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 2 percent Range in Characteristics Major Component Description Soil temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Surface layer texture: Clay loam Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 14 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 75

Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey sedimentary beds sedimentary beds Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 60D—Alder-Cabba complex, 360E—Alder, stony-Cabba complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes 15 to 45 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Alder—Hills • Alder—Escarpments • Cabba—Hills • Cabba—Escarpments Slope: Slope: • Alder—8 to 25 percent • Alder—15 to 45 percent • Cabba—8 to 25 percent • Cabba—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,800 to 6,300 feet Elevation: 5,000 to 6,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Alder and similar soils: 70 percent Alder and similar soils: 70 percent Cabba and similar soils: 15 percent Cabba and similar soils: 20 percent Minor Components Minor Components Alder stony clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Burnel loam: 0 to 8 percent Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Danvers clay loam: 0 to 3 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Alder Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Alder Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey Drainage class: Well drained sedimentary beds Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey Native plant cover type: Rangeland sedimentary beds Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Cabba Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Cabba Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) 76 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey clear smooth boundary. sedimentary beds Bknz1—16 to 36 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Native plant cover type: Rangeland silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak Flooding: None medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine roots; common fine masses of lime and A typical description with range in characteristics is other salts; violently effervescent; strongly included, in alphabetical order, in this section. alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bknz2—36 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Management silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, For management information about this map unit, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. common fine masses of lime and other salts; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline. Alona Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soil temperature: 45 to 47 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Permeability: Moderately slow Depth to the Bk horizon: 6 to 18 inches Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans Depth to the Bknz horizon: 16 to 36 inches Parent material: Alluvium Slope range: 0 to 4 percent A horizon Elevation range: 3,950 to 4,900 feet Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Annual air temperature: 43 to 45 degrees F Chroma: 2 or 3 Frost-free period: 100 to 120 days Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 Taxonomic Class: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, Sodium adsorption ratio: 2 to 10 frigid Aridic Haplustepts Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Typical Pedon Bw horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Alona silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist of cropland, 2,600 feet south and 500 feet west of the Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 northeast corner of sec. 18, T. 3 N., R. 3 E. Texture: Silty clay loam or silt loam A—0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silty Clay content: 18 to 35 percent clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 moderate fine granular structure; hard, firm, Sodium adsorption ratio: 2 to 13 moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 common very fine, fine, and medium roots; Bk horizon moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Bw—3 to 11 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Texture: Silty clay loam or silt loam moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Clay content: 18 to 35 percent common very fine, fine, and medium roots; slightly Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 40 boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Bk—11 to 16 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silty Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Bknz horizons moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y very fine and fine roots; common fine masses of Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 77

Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Texture: Silty clay loam or silt loam Slope range: 0 to 60 percent Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Elevation range: 4,000 to 5,600 feet Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 8 to 16 Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 40 Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Reaction: pH 8.5 to 9.0 Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aridic Calciustepts 37B—Alona silty clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Typical Pedon Amesha loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of Setting cropland, 400 feet south and 960 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 1 S., R. 1 E. Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Slope: 0 to 4 percent Ap—0 to 7 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, brown Elevation: 3,950 to 4,900 feet (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate medium subangular Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Frost-free period: 100 to 120 days sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent Composition pebbles; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; Major Components clear wavy boundary. Alona and similar soils: 90 percent Bk1—7 to 13 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate medium Minor Components subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Busby loam: 0 to 5 percent slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine Toston loam: 0 to 5 percent and fine roots; few fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Major Component Description boundary. Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Bk2—13 to 25 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate medium Drainage class: Well drained subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Dominant parent material: Alluvium slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine Native plant cover type: Rangeland roots; few fine masses of lime; violently Flooding: None effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches boundary. Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Bk3—25 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; 10 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is pebbles; common fine and medium masses of included, in alphabetical order, in this section. lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Management Range in Characteristics For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Amesha Series Depth to the Bk horizon: 4 to 8 inches

Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Ap horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Permeability: Moderate Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Landform: Relict stream terraces, escarpments, hills, Chroma: 2 or 3 and sedimentary plains Clay content: 15 to 25 percent 78 Soil Survey

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 32B—Amesha loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Setting Bk horizons Landform: Relict stream terraces Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Slope: 0 to 4 percent Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5, 6, or 7 moist Elevation: 4,000 to 5,200 feet Chroma: 2 or 3 Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Texture: Loam, fine sandy loam, or silt loam Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Clay content: 10 to 18 percent—15 to 50 percent fine and coarser sands Composition Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent—0 to 5 Major Components percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Amesha and similar soils: 85 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Minor Components Amesha cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Chinook fine sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent 232C—Amesha cobbly loam, Musselshell loam: 0 to 5 percent 2 to 8 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Loam Landform: Relict stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 2 to 8 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,100 to 5,300 feet Dominant parent material: Alluvium Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Amesha and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components Musselshell cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Varney sandy clay loam: 0 to 5 percent

Major Component Description 32C—Amesha loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes

Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Relict stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 4 to 8 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,000 to 5,400 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Available water capacity: Mainly 8.5 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Amesha and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Amesha cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Musselshell loam: 0 to 5 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 79

Varney sandy clay loam: 0 to 3 percent Management Headwaters loam: 0 to 2 percent For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description

Surface layer texture: Loam 32E—Amesha-Trimad complex, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 15 to 45 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Landform: Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches • Amesha—Escarpments • Trimad—Escarpments A typical description with range in characteristics is Slope: included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Amesha—15 to 45 percent • Trimad—15 to 45 percent Management Elevation: 4,050 to 5,250 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition 32D—Amesha loam, Major Components 8 to 15 percent slopes Amesha and similar soils: 70 percent Trimad and similar soils: 20 percent Setting Minor Components Landform: Relict stream terraces Varney sandy clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 8 to 15 percent Cabbart loam: 0 to 3 percent Elevation: 4,000 to 5,600 feet Soils with an overflow range site: 0 to 2 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Major Component Description Composition Amesha Major Components Surface layer texture: Loam Amesha and similar soils: 85 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Minor Components Dominant parent material: Alluvium Musselshell loam: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Soils with more than 15 percent slopes: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Trimad cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 8.7 inches Major Component Description Trimad Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 80 Soil Survey

Management Taxonomic Class: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Haplustolls For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Typical Pedon

32F—Amesha loam, Amsterdam silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area 35 to 60 percent slopes of cropland, 500 feet north and 2,440 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 7, T. 2 S., R. 5 E. Setting Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt Landform: Escarpments loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Slope: 35 to 60 percent moderate fine and very fine granular structure; Elevation: 4,300 to 5,250 feet hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches plastic; many fine roots; neutral; clear smooth Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days boundary. Bw1—8 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, dark Composition brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Major Components prismatic structure parting to strong fine blocky; Amesha and similar soils: 85 percent very hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many fine roots; many fine pores; neutral; Minor Components clear smooth boundary. Cabbart loam: 0 to 5 percent Bw2—10 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, Trimad cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Varney sandy clay loam: 0 to 5 percent prismatic structure parting to weak fine and Major Component Description medium blocky; hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many fine roots; many fine Surface layer texture: Loam pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk1—15 to 20 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Drainage class: Well drained silt loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; moderate Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium medium prismatic structure; hard, very friable, Native plant cover type: Rangeland slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many fine roots; Flooding: None many fine pores; few fine masses of lime; strongly Available water capacity: Mainly 8.7 inches effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is Bk2—20 to 28 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silt loam, included, in alphabetical order, in this section. grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; moderate medium Management and coarse prismatic structure; hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common fine For management information about this map unit, roots; many fine pores; many fine masses and see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. . threads of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; diffuse wavy boundary. Amsterdam Series 2Bk3—28 to 42 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) very fine sandy loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) weak thin platy structure; slightly hard, very Drainage class: Well drained friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few fine roots; Permeability: Moderately slow many fine pores; common fine masses and Landform: Relict stream terraces and stream terraces threads of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Parent material: Loess alkaline; diffuse wavy boundary. Slope range: 0 to 15 percent 2C—42 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Elevation range: 4,400 to 5,650 feet very fine sandy loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches moist; weak fine platy structure; slightly hard, very Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; strongly Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days effervescent; moderately alkaline. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 81

Range in Characteristics Composition Major Components Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Amsterdam and similar soils: 85 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Minor Components Depth to the Bk horizon: 10 to 22 inches Blackdog silty clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Note: Volcanic ash influence begins at a depth of 24 to Quagle silt loam: 0 to 5 percent 32 inches. Bowery loam: 0 to 3 percent Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 2 percent A horizon Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Major Component Description Chroma: 2 or 3 Surface layer texture: Silt loam Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Drainage class: Well drained Bw1 horizon Dominant parent material: Loess Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 3 or 4 Flooding: None Texture: Silt loam or silty clay loam Available water capacity: Mainly 10.9 inches Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Bw2 horizon Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Management Chroma: 3 or 4 For management information about this map unit, Texture: Silt loam, silty clay loam, or very fine see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. sandy loam Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 53C—Amsterdam silt loam, Bk horizons and 2Bk3 horizon 4 to 8 percent slopes Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Setting Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Landform: Relict stream terraces Texture: Silt loam or very fine sandy loam Slope: 4 to 8 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Elevation: 4,450 to 5,600 feet Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 2C horizon Composition Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Major Components Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Amsterdam and similar soils: 85 percent Texture: Silt loam or very fine sandy loam Minor Components Clay content: 10 to 20 percent Blackdog silty clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Quagle silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Bowery loam: 0 to 3 percent 53B—Amsterdam silt loam, Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 2 percent 0 to 4 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Silt loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Relict stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Loess Elevation: 4,400 to 5,550 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Available water capacity: Mainly 10.9 inches 82 Soil Survey

A typical description with range in characteristics is Management included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management

For management information about this map unit, 453C—Amsterdam-Quagle silt loams, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 4 to 8 percent slopes

453B—Amsterdam-Quagle silt loams, Setting 0 to 4 percent slopes Landform: • Amsterdam—Relict stream terraces Setting • Quagle—Relict stream terraces Slope: Landform: • Amsterdam—4 to 8 percent • Amsterdam—Relict stream terraces • Quagle—4 to 8 percent • Quagle—Relict stream terraces Elevation: 4,400 to 5,500 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Amsterdam—0 to 4 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days • Quagle—0 to 4 percent Elevation: 4,400 to 5,450 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Major Components Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Amsterdam and similar soils: 60 percent Quagle and similar soils: 30 percent Composition Minor Components Major Components Beanlake gravelly loam: 0 to 4 percent Amsterdam and similar soils: 60 percent Bowery loam: 0 to 3 percent Quagle and similar soils: 30 percent Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent Minor Components Major Component Description Beanlake gravelly loam: 0 to 6 percent Amsterdam Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 4 percent Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Amsterdam Dominant parent material: Loess Surface layer texture: Silt loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 10.9 inches Dominant parent material: Loess Native plant cover type: Rangeland Quagle Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Silt loam Available water capacity: Mainly 11.1 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Quagle Dominant parent material: Loess Surface layer texture: Silt loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 10.6 inches Dominant parent material: Loess Native plant cover type: Rangeland A typical description with range in characteristics is Flooding: None included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 10.6 inches Management A typical description with range in characteristics is For management information about this map unit, included, in alphabetical order, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 83

453D—Amsterdam-Brodyk silt loams, Anceney Series 8 to 15 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate Landform: Escarpments, alluvial fans, and relict Landform: stream terraces • Amsterdam—Relict stream terraces Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium • Brodyk—Relict stream terraces Slope range: 8 to 60 percent Slope: Elevation range: 4,500 to 6,150 feet • Amsterdam—8 to 15 percent Annual precipitation: 12 to 19 inches • Brodyk—8 to 15 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Elevation: 4,450 to 5,650 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Entic Haplustolls Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Amsterdam and similar soils: 50 percent Anceney cobbly loam in an area of Anceney-Trimad- Brodyk and similar soils: 35 percent Meagher complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes, in an area Minor Components of rangeland, 2,200 feet south and 1,600 feet west of Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent the northeast corner of sec. 11, T. 2 S., R. 1 E. Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent A—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) cobbly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Major Component Description weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; many very fine and fine Amsterdam roots; 10 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; Surface layer texture: Silt loam neutral; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) AB—6 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly Drainage class: Well drained loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak Dominant parent material: Loess fine and medium subangular blocky structure; soft, Native plant cover type: Rangeland very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common Flooding: None very fine and fine roots; 10 percent cobbles and Available water capacity: Mainly 10.9 inches 20 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bk1—10 to 23 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Brodyk gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 5/3) moist; Surface layer texture: Silt loam weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Drainage class: Well drained very fine roots; 15 percent cobbles and 30 percent Dominant parent material: Loess pebbles; few fine masses and seams of lime; Native plant cover type: Rangeland common distinct lime coatings on underside of Flooding: None rock fragments; violently effervescent; slightly Available water capacity: Mainly 10.4 inches alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Bk2—23 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/3) A typical description with range in characteristics is very cobbly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) included, in alphabetical order, in this section. moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very Management fine roots; 25 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; common distinct lime coatings on For management information about this map unit, underside of rock fragments; violently see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. effervescent; moderately alkaline. 84 Soil Survey

Range in Characteristics Composition Major Components Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Anceney and similar soils: 90 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 12 inches Minor Components Depth to the Bk horizon: 8 to 12 inches Meagher loam: 0 to 5 percent Bowery loam: 0 to 3 percent A horizon Cabba loam: 0 to 2 percent Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Major Component Description Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—10 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to 20 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland AB horizon Flooding: None Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 18 to 27 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Content of rock fragments: 20 to 50 percent—10 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. to 20 percent cobbles; 10 to 30 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Management Bk1 horizon For management information about this map unit, Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Loam or sandy loam Clay content: 18 to 27 percent 255D—Anceney cobbly loam, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—15 8 to 15 percent slopes to 30 percent cobbles; 20 to 50 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Setting Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Landform: Relict stream terraces Bk2 horizon Slope: 8 to 15 percent Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Elevation: 4,600 to 6,150 feet Chroma: 2 or 3 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Texture: Loam or sandy loam Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Composition Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—15 to 30 percent cobbles; 20 to 50 percent pebbles Major Components Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Anceney and similar soils: 85 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Minor Components Anceney very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Meagher loam: 0 to 5 percent 155F—Anceney cobbly loam, Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent 15 to 60 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Escarpments Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 15 to 60 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,500 to 5,900 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 85

A typical description with range in characteristics is Meagher included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Management Drainage class: Well drained For management information about this map unit, Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.4 inches 755F—Anceney-Trimad-Meagher complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Setting Management Landform: For management information about this map unit, • Anceney—Escarpments, north aspects see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Trimad—Escarpments, south aspects • Meagher—Escarpments Slope: Arcette Series • Anceney—15 to 60 percent • Trimad—15 to 60 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Meagher—15 to 35 percent Drainage class: Excessively drained Elevation: 4,500 to 5,700 feet Permeability: Rapid Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches Landform: Mountains Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Parent material: Igneous colluvium Slope range: 15 to 35 percent Composition Elevation range: 6,250 to 7,900 feet Annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Major Components Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Anceney and similar soils: 40 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Trimad and similar soils: 30 percent Meagher and similar soils: 20 percent Taxonomic Class: Fragmental, mixed Ustic Minor Components Eutrocryepts Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent Cabbart loam: 0 to 5 percent Typical Pedon Arcette extremely bouldery sandy loam, 15 to 35 Major Component Description percent slopes, in an area of forest land, 2,800 feet Anceney south and 400 feet west of the northeast corner of Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam sec. 1, T. 7 S., R. 3 E. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Oe—0 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed forest Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium litter. Native plant cover type: Rangeland E—2 to 7 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Flooding: None extremely bouldery sandy loam, dark grayish Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and Trimad nonplastic; common very fine and fine and few Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam coarse roots; 25 percent boulders, 30 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) stones, and 25 percent cobbles; moderately acid; Drainage class: Well drained clear smooth boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Bw—7 to 13 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Native plant cover type: Rangeland extremely stony sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR Flooding: None 5/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky, and 86 Soil Survey

nonplastic; common very fine and few fine roots; Major Component Description 25 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 25 Surface layer texture: Extremely bouldery sandy loam percent pebbles; strongly acid; gradual wavy Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) boundary. Drainage class: Excessively drained C—13 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fragmental Dominant parent material: Igneous colluvium material, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; few fine roots; Native plant cover type: Forest land 35 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 40 Flooding: None percent pebbles; moderately acid. Available water capacity: Mainly 2.4 inches Range in Characteristics A typical description with range in characteristics is Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth to fragmental material: 5 to 20 inches Management E horizon For management information about this map unit, Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 2 through 6 Clay content: 10 to 20 percent Attewan Series Content of rock fragments: 60 to 90 percent—20 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to 25 percent boulders; 20 to 35 percent Drainage class: Well drained stones; 20 to 30 percent cobbles Permeability: Moderately slow above the 2C horizon Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 and rapid in the 2C horizon Bw horizon Landform: Stream terraces Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Parent material: Alluvium Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Chroma: 2 through 6 Elevation range: 4,150 to 4,650 feet Clay content: 10 to 12 percent Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Content of rock fragments: 60 to 90 percent—20 Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F to 30 percent stones; 15 to 25 percent cobbles; Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days 25 to 35 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Aridic C horizon Argiustolls Clay content: 10 to 12 percent Content of rock fragments: 90 to 100 percent Typical Pedon Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 Attewan clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of pasture, 2,000 feet south and 2,500 feet west of the 695E—Arcette extremely bouldery sandy northeast corner of sec. 31, T. 1 N., R. 4 E. loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes Ap—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Setting moderate medium angular blocky structure; very hard, friable, nonsticky, and slightly plastic; many Landform: Mountains very fine and fine roots; 5 percent pebbles; Slope: 15 to 35 percent neutral; clear smooth boundary. Elevation: 6,250 to 7,900 feet Bt—6 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, dark Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days prismatic structure; very hard, friable, nonsticky, Composition and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 Major Components percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Arcette and similar soils: 90 percent boundary. Minor Components Bk1—12 to 16 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam, Rubble land: 0 to 8 percent brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium prismatic Stemple bouldery loam: 0 to 2 percent structure parting to weak medium subangular Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 87

blocky; hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and Chroma: 2, 3, 4, or 6 slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; 5 Texture: Loam, clay loam, silt loam, sandy clay percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; common loam, or sandy loam fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; Clay content: 15 to 30 percent moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to 5 Bk2—16 to 22 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) percent cobbles; 0 to 25 percent pebbles gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent subangular blocky structure; hard, very friable, Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine Bk3 horizon and fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 20 percent Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y pebbles; common fine masses of lime; violently Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Chroma: 2, 3, 4, or 6 boundary. Texture: Loam, clay loam, silt loam, sandy clay Bk3—22 to 26 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very loam, or sandy loam gravelly sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR Clay content: 15 to 30 percent 4/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—10 soft, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few to 15 percent cobbles; 25 to 45 percent pebbles very fine roots; 10 percent cobbles and 40 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent pebbles; few fine masses of lime; slightly Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 2C horizon 2C—26 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y gravelly loamy sand, dark grayish brown (10YR Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist 4/2) moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 nonplastic; 10 percent cobbles and 50 percent Texture: Loamy sand or sand pebbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—0 to Range in Characteristics 15 percent cobbles; 35 to 60 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 10 percent Soil temperature: 40 to 47 degrees F Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 12 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 10 to 21 inches 33B—Attewan clay loam, Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches 0 to 4 percent slopes Ap horizon Setting Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Landform: Stream terraces Chroma: 2 or 3 Slope: 0 to 4 percent Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Elevation: 4,150 to 4,650 feet Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Composition Bt horizon Major Components Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Attewan and similar soils: 90 percent Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Minor Components Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam Beaverell cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Beavwan loam: 0 to 5 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Major Component Description Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Surface layer texture: Clay loam Bk1 and Bk2 horizons Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Drainage class: Well drained Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Dominant parent material: Alluvium 88 Soil Survey

Native plant cover type: Rangeland faces of peds and lining pores; 20 percent soft Flooding: None shale chips; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches boundary. Btk—15 to 25 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam, dark A typical description with range in characteristics is grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate fine included, in alphabetical order, in this section. subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few Management very fine roots; common distinct clay films on For management information about this map unit, faces of peds and lining pores; 25 percent soft see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. shale chips; common fine masses of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bacbuster Series Bk—25 to 36 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; weak Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Drainage class: Well drained moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few Permeability: Slow very fine roots; 50 percent soft shale chips; many Landform: Hills and escarpments medium threads of lime; violently effervescent; Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. residuum Cr—36 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) Slope range: 4 to 45 percent semiconsolidated shale; few lime coatings on Elevation range: 4,400 to 6,800 feet shale fragments. Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Range in Characteristics Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive, frigid Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Typic Argiustolls Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 10 inches Typical Pedon Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Bacbuster clay loam, in an area of Bacbuster-Wilsall- A horizon Castner complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an area Value: 4 or 5 dry of rangeland, 1,500 feet north and 1,000 feet east of Chroma: 2 or 3 the southwest corner of sec. 27, T. 5 N., R. 5 E. Texture: Clay loam or silty clay loam Clay content: 27 to 35 percent A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Bt1 horizon common fine and few medium roots; slightly Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Chroma: 2 or 3 Bt1—4 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Texture: Clay loam, clay, or silty clay loam clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Clay content: 35 to 50 percent medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 friable, moderately sticky, and very plastic; percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles; 0 to common very fine and fine and few medium roots; 15 percent soft shale chips common distinct clay films on faces of peds and Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 lining pores; 10 percent soft shale chips; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bt2 horizon Bt2—9 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Value: 4 or 5 dry medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 moderately sticky, and very plastic; few very fine Texture: Clay loam, clay, or silty clay loam and fine roots; common prominent clay films on Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 89

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Major Component Description percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles; 0 to 25 percent soft shale chips Bacbuster Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Btk horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Value: 4 or 5 dry shale residuum Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Clay loam or silty clay loam Flooding: None Clay content: 30 to 40 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles; 0 to Cabba 30 percent soft shale chips Surface layer texture: Loam Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 10 percent Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Drainage class: Well drained Bk horizon Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y shale residuum Value: 5 or 6 dry Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 Flooding: None Texture: Clay loam or silty clay loam Available water capacity: Mainly 2.9 inches Clay content: 30 to 40 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 A typical description with range in characteristics is percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles; 15 to included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 60 percent soft shale chips Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Management Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 For management information about this map unit, 315D—Bacbuster-Cabba complex, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 4 to 15 percent slopes 260D—Bacbuster-Wilsall complex, Setting 4 to 15 percent slopes

Landform: Setting • Bacbuster—Hills Landform: • Cabba—Hills • Bacbuster—Hills Slope: • Wilsall—Hills • Bacbuster—4 to 15 percent Slope: • Cabba—4 to 15 percent • Bacbuster—4 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,500 to 5,850 feet • Wilsall—4 to 15 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Elevation: 4,600 to 6,100 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Composition Composition Major Components Bacbuster and similar soils: 70 percent Major Components Cabba and similar soils: 20 percent Bacbuster and similar soils: 60 percent Wilsall and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Norbert silty clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Castner channery loam: 0 to 3 percent Castner very flaggy loam: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Reedwest loam: 0 to 5 percent 90 Soil Survey

Major Component Description Major Component Description Bacbuster Bacbuster Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches

Wilsall Wilsall Surface layer texture: Clay loam Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is Castner included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Surface layer texture: Very channery loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Management Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and For management information about this map unit, shale residuum see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None 860D—Bacbuster-Wilsall-Castner Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Setting Management Landform: • Bacbuster—Hills For management information about this map unit, • Wilsall—Hills see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Castner—Hills Slope: • Bacbuster—4 to 15 percent 860E—Bacbuster-Wilsall-Castner • Wilsall—4 to 15 percent complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes • Castner—4 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,400 to 6,200 feet Setting Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Landform: Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days • Bacbuster—Hills Composition • Wilsall—Hills • Castner—Hills Major Components Slope: Bacbuster and similar soils: 60 percent • Bacbuster—15 to 45 percent Wilsall and similar soils: 15 percent • Wilsall—15 to 45 percent Castner and similar soils: 15 percent • Castner—15 to 45 percent Minor Components Elevation: 4,500 to 6,800 feet Work clay loam: 0 to 8 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 91

Composition Landform: Flood plains Parent material: Alluvium Major Components Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Bacbuster and similar soils: 50 percent Elevation range: 4,050 to 5,800 feet Wilsall and similar soils: 20 percent Annual precipitation: 12 to 19 inches Castner and similar soils: 20 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Minor Components Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Work clay loam: 0 to 8 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Major Component Description Endoaquolls Bacbuster Typical Pedon Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Bandy loam, in an area of Bandy-Riverwash- Drainage class: Well drained Bonebasin complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and of woodland, 1,200 feet north and 2,600 feet east of shale residuum the southwest corner of sec. 30, T. 3 S., R. 5 E. Native plant cover type: Rangeland A—0 to 8 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam, very dark Flooding: None gray (10YR 3/1) dry; moderate fine granular Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine, common fine, Wilsall and few medium and coarse roots; 5 percent Surface layer texture: Clay loam cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bw—8 to 17 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; shale residuum common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR Native plant cover type: Rangeland 4/6) redox concentrations; weak medium Flooding: None subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium and coarse roots, 5 Castner percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; Surface layer texture: Very channery loam clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) 2C—17 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very Drainage class: Well drained cobbly loamy coarse sand, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR shale residuum 4/6) redox concentrations; single grain; loose, Native plant cover type: Rangeland nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine roots; 20 Flooding: None percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; slightly Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches alkaline. A typical description with range in characteristics is Range in Characteristics included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Management Moisture control section: Between 8 and 12 inches For management information about this map unit, Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 19 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 24 inches Depth to the 2C horizon: 12 to 20 inches Bandy Series A horizon Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Drainage class: Poorly drained Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 Permeability: Moderate to the 2C horizon and rapid in percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles the 2C horizon Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 92 Soil Survey

Bw horizon Bonebasin Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Surface layer texture: Loam Chroma: 1 or 2 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Texture: Sandy loam or loam Drainage class: Very poorly drained Clay content: 5 to 18 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to Native plant cover type: Rangeland 15 percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles Flooding: Occasional Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches 2C horizon Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry A typical description with range in characteristics is Texture: Sand, loamy sand, or loamy coarse sand included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Clay content: 2 to 10 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—5 to Management 20 percent cobbles; 30 to 50 percent pebbles For management information about this map unit, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

605A—Bandy-Bonebasin loams, 606A—Bandy-Riverwash-Bonebasin 0 to 2 percent slopes complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Bandy—Flood plains • Bandy—Flood plains • Bonebasin—Flood plains • Riverwash—Flood plains Slope: • Bonebasin—Flood plains • Bandy—0 to 2 percent Slope: • Bonebasin—0 to 2 percent • Bandy—0 to 2 percent Elevation: 4,050 to 4,400 feet • Bonebasin—0 to 2 percent Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches Elevation: 4,200 to 5,800 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Bandy and similar soils: 60 percent Bandy and similar soils: 50 percent Bonebasin and similar soils: 25 percent Riverwash: 25 percent Bonebasin and similar soils: 10 percent Minor Components Nesda cobbly loam: 0 to 8 percent Minor Components Sudworth loam: 0 to 5 percent Blossberg loam: 0 to 5 percent Water: 0 to 2 percent Nesda cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Water: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Bandy Bandy Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Poorly drained Drainage class: Poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: Occasional Flooding: Occasional Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.1 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 3.1 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 93

Riverwash 10 percent soft shale chips; slightly acid; clear Definition: Unstable areas of sandy, gravelly, or cobbly smooth boundary. sediments; frequently flooded; and supporting little Bt1—9 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, very or no vegetation. dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate Dominant parent material: Alluvium fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Flooding: Frequent friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; many very fine and fine and few medium roots; Bonebasin many very fine and few fine and medium pores; Surface layer texture: Loam few faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) channers, 10 percent soft shale chips; slightly Drainage class: Very poorly drained acid; clear smooth boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium Bt2—14 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Native plant cover type: Rangeland 4/4) clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) Flooding: Occasional moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Water table: Apparent structure; slightly hard, friable, very sticky, and Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches very plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; common very fine and few fine and A typical description with range in characteristics is medium pores; common distinct clay films on included, in alphabetical order, in this section. faces of peds; 5 percent channers, 15 percent soft shale chips; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Management C—23 to 37 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay For management information about this map unit, loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; weak medium see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Bangtail Series common very fine and few fine and medium pores; 5 percent channers, 20 percent soft shale Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) chips; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Cr—37 to 60 inches; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) Permeability: Slow interbedded soft shale and fine grained Landform: Hills, mountains, and escarpments sandstone; neutral. Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum or semiconsolidated, clayey Range in Characteristics sedimentary beds Slope range: 4 to 60 percent Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Elevation range: 4,800 to 8,000 feet Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Annual precipitation: 17 to 24 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 8 to 15 inches Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days A horizon Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive Ustic Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Argicryolls Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Texture: Clay loam or loam Typical Pedon Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Bangtail loam, in an area of Bangtail-Copenhaver Content of rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent—0 to 5 complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes, in an area of percent stones; 0 to 5 percent cobbles or rangeland, 2,100 feet north and 1,200 feet west of the flagstones; 5 to 15 percent pebbles or southeast corner of sec. 24, T. 2 S., R. 7 E. channers; 10 to 20 percent soft shale chips Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 A—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine Bt1 horizon granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist and few medium roots; many very fine, common Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 fine, and few medium pores; 5 percent channers, Texture: Clay loam or clay 94 Soil Survey

Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to shale residuum 10 percent cobbles or flagstones; 5 to 15 Native plant cover type: Forest land percent pebbles or channers; 10 to 20 percent Flooding: None soft shale chips Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 A typical description with range in characteristics is Bt2 horizon included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Management Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 For management information about this map unit, Texture: Clay loam or clay see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to 10 percent cobbles or flagstones; 5 to 15 679D—Bangtail-Adel loams, percent pebbles or channers; 10 to 20 percent 4 to 25 percent slopes soft shale chips Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Setting C horizon Landform: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y • Bangtail—Hills Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist • Adel—Hills Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Slope: Texture: Clay loam or clay • Bangtail—4 to 25 percent Clay content: 27 to 45 percent • Adel—4 to 25 percent Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to Elevation: 5,250 to 6,650 feet 10 percent cobbles or flagstones; 5 to 15 Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches percent pebbles or channers; 10 to 25 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days soft shale chips Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Composition Major Components 479F—Bangtail clay loam, Bangtail and similar soils: 45 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes Adel and similar soils: 40 percent Minor Components Setting Copenhaver flaggy loam: 0 to 5 percent Doby clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Hills Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 35 to 60 percent Elevation: 4,900 to 6,900 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Bangtail Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Bangtail and similar soils: 85 percent shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Minor Components Flooding: None Copenhaver flaggy loam: 0 to 8 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches Timberlin stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Adel Surface layer texture: Loam Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Clay loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 95

Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 479E—Bangtail-Bridger complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes

579E—Bangtail-Adel, cool, loams, Setting 8 to 25 percent slopes Landform: • Bangtail—Hills Setting • Bridger—Drainageways Landform: Slope: • Bangtail—Hills • Bangtail—15 to 45 percent • Adel—Hills • Bridger—15 to 45 percent Slope: Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet • Bangtail—8 to 25 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches • Adel—8 to 25 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Elevation: 5,700 to 6,650 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Composition Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Major Components Bangtail and similar soils: 60 percent Composition Bridger and similar soils: 30 percent Major Components Minor Components Bangtail and similar soils: 60 percent Timberlin stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Adel and similar soils: 25 percent Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 4 percent Minor Components Redlodge silty clay loam: 0 to 1 percent Libeg stony loam: 0 to 8 percent Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Redlodge silty clay loam: 0 to 2 percent Bangtail Surface layer texture: Clay loam Major Component Description Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Bangtail Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) shale residuum Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Forest land Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Flooding: None shale residuum Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Bridger Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Adel Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Forest land Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 10.8 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 96 Soil Survey

Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

679F—Bangtail-Copenhaver complex, 679E—Bangtail-Copenhaver complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes 8 to 25 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: • Bangtail—Hills Landform: • Copenhaver—Hills • Bangtail—Hills Slope: • Copenhaver—Hills • Bangtail—35 to 60 percent Slope: • Copenhaver—35 to 60 percent • Bangtail—8 to 25 percent Elevation: 5,300 to 8,000 feet • Copenhaver—8 to 25 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Elevation: 6,100 to 7,800 feet Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition Major Components Composition Bangtail and similar soils: 70 percent Major Components Copenhaver and similar soils: 20 percent Bangtail and similar soils: 60 percent Minor Components Copenhaver and similar soils: 25 percent Redchief stony loam: 0 to 6 percent Minor Components Rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Redchief stony loam: 0 to 8 percent Major Component Description Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Bangtail Surface layer texture: Loam Major Component Description Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Bangtail Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Surface layer texture: Loam shale residuum Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Copenhaver Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Copenhaver Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam shale residuum Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland A typical description with range in characteristics is Flooding: None included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 97

A typical description with range in characteristics is Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and included, in alphabetical order, in this section. shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Management Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Adel Surface layer texture: Loam 879E—Bangtail-Copenhaver-Adel Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Landform: Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches • Bangtail—Hills • Copenhaver—Hills • Adel—Hills A typical description with range in characteristics is Slope: included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Bangtail—15 to 35 percent • Copenhaver—15 to 35 percent Management • Adel—15 to 35 percent Elevation: 5,400 to 7,200 feet For management information about this map unit, Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition 979E—Bangtail-Doby-Redlodge complex, Major Components 4 to 45 percent slopes Bangtail and similar soils: 40 percent Copenhaver and similar soils: 30 percent Setting Adel and similar soils: 20 percent Landform: Minor Components • Bangtail—Hills Doby clay loam: 0 to 6 percent • Doby—Hills Redlodge silty clay loam: 0 to 2 percent • Redlodge—Drainageways Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Slope: • Bangtail—15 to 45 percent Major Component Description • Doby—15 to 45 percent Bangtail • Redlodge—4 to 6 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Elevation: 5,900 to 6,600 feet Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Major Components Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches Bangtail and similar soils: 40 percent Doby and similar soils: 35 percent Redlodge and similar soils: 15 percent Copenhaver Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam Minor Components Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Adel loam: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Copenhaver flaggy loam: 0 to 5 percent 98 Soil Survey

Major Component Description Composition Bangtail Major Components Surface layer texture: Loam Bangtail and similar soils: 60 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Timberlin and similar soils: 30 percent Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Minor Components shale residuum Copenhaver flaggy loam: 0 to 8 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches Major Component Description

Doby Bangtail Surface layer texture: Clay loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches

Redlodge Timberlin Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Poorly drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Native plant cover type: Rangeland shale residuum Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Forest land Water table: Apparent Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 10.8 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 2.2 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

693F—Bangtail-Timberlin complex, 494F—Bangtail-Timberlin complex, moist, 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Bangtail—Mountains • Bangtail—Mountains • Timberlin—Mountains • Timberlin—Mountains Slope: Slope: • Bangtail—35 to 60 percent • Bangtail—35 to 60 percent • Timberlin—35 to 60 percent • Timberlin—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 4,800 to 7,500 feet Elevation: 5,000 to 7,100 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 99

Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Bangtail and similar soils: 60 percent Bangtail and similar soils: 45 percent Timberlin and similar soils: 30 percent Timberlin and similar soils: 40 percent Minor Components Minor Components Copenhaver flaggy loam: 0 to 5 percent Yellowmule loam: 0 to 8 percent Adel loam: 0 to 4 percent Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Bangtail Bangtail Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Timberlin Timberlin Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.2 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 2.2 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

693E—Bangtail-Timberlin, stony complex, 494E—Bangtail-Timberlin, stony complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes moist 15 to 45 percent slopes

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Bangtail—Mountains • Bangtail—Mountains • Timberlin—Mountains • Timberlin—Mountains Slope: Slope: • Bangtail—15 to 45 percent • Bangtail—15 to 45 percent • Timberlin—15 to 45 percent • Timberlin—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 5,000 to 7,200 feet Elevation: 5,050 to 7,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days 100 Soil Survey

Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Barbarela coarse sandy loam, in an area of Barbarela- Bangtail and similar soils: 50 percent Poin, stony-Bavdark complex, 15 to 45 percent Timberlin and similar soils: 40 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 1,100 feet south and Minor Components 2,300 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 25, Yellowmule loam: 0 to 5 percent T. 3 S., R. 3 E. Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent A—0 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent coarse sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very Major Component Description friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; many very fine, Bangtail common fine, and few medium roots; 10 percent Surface layer texture: Loam pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) AB—11 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Drainage class: Well drained coarse sandy loam, very dark grayish brown Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium subangular shale residuum blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Native plant cover type: Forest land and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine and Flooding: None few medium roots; 10 percent pebbles; neutral; Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches clear wavy boundary. Bt—15 to 37 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Timberlin sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Drainage class: Well drained plastic; common very fine and fine and few Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces shale residuum of peds and lining pores; 5 percent cobbles and Native plant cover type: Forest land 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Flooding: None Cr—37 to 52 inches; highly weathered, decomposed Available water capacity: Mainly 2.2 inches gneiss bedrock that crushes to a very gravelly coarse sand. A typical description with range in characteristics is R—52 inches; hard gneiss bedrock. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Range in Characteristics Management For management information about this map unit, Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 8 to 16 inches Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Barbarela Series Depth to the R horizon: 40 to 60 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) A horizon Drainage class: Well drained Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Permeability: Moderately slow Chroma: 1 or 2 Landform: Hills Clay content: 12 to 20 percent Parent material: Colluvium or gneiss or schist Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 residuum percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Slope range: 4 to 45 percent Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Elevation range: 5,000 to 7,300 feet Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches AB horizon Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Clay content: 12 to 20 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Ustic Argicryolls Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 101

Bt horizon Bavdark Value: 3 or 4 moist Surface layer texture: Coarse sandy loam Chroma: 3, 4, 5, or 6 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Drainage class: Well drained Content of rock fragments: 10 to 30 percent—0 to Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium 5 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 percent pebbles Native plant cover type: Rangeland Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches

782E—Barbarela-Poin, stony-Bavdark A typical description with range in characteristics is complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Setting For management information about this map unit, Landform: see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Barbarela—Hills • Poin—Hills • Bavdark—Hills 782D—Barbarela-Poin, stony-Bavdark Slope: complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes • Barbarela—15 to 45 percent • Poin—15 to 45 percent Setting • Bavdark—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 5,000 to 7,300 feet Landform: Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches • Barbarela—Hills Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days • Poin—Hills • Bavdark—Hills Composition Slope: • Barbarela—4 to 15 percent Major Components • Poin—4 to 15 percent Barbarela and similar soils: 50 percent • Bavdark—4 to 15 percent Poin and similar soils: 25 percent Elevation: 5,950 to 7,300 feet Bavdark and similar soils: 15 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Minor Components Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Composition Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Barbarela and similar soils: 50 percent Major Component Description Poin and similar soils: 25 percent Bavdark and similar soils: 20 percent Barbarela Surface layer texture: Coarse sandy loam Minor Components Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Barbarela Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Coarse sandy loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Poin Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Poin Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) 102 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained AB—10 to 18 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) sandy clay Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate Native plant cover type: Rangeland medium granular structure; slightly hard, very Flooding: None friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches very fine and few fine and medium roots; many very fine, common fine, and few medium pores; 5 Bavdark percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth Surface layer texture: Coarse sandy loam boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bt1—18 to 30 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Drainage class: Well drained sandy clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium 3/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Native plant cover type: Rangeland structure; hard, very friable, moderately sticky, and Flooding: None moderately plastic; few very fine, fine, and Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches medium roots; many very fine, common fine, and few medium pores; common faint clay films on A typical description with range in characteristics is faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent pebbles; included, in alphabetical order, in this section. slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2—30 to 42 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy clay Management loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; For management information about this map unit, hard, very friable, moderately sticky, and slightly see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine, common fine, and few medium pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds Bavdark Series and lining pores; 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) C—42 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) coarse sandy Drainage class: Well drained loam; brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; slightly Permeability: Moderately slow hard, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few Landform: Hills, drainageways, alluvial fans, and very fine and fine roots; many very fine, common stream terraces fine, and few medium pores; 10 percent pebbles; Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium slightly acid. Slope range: 4 to 50 percent Elevation range: 5,000 to 7,300 feet Range in Characteristics Annual precipitation: 17 to 24 inches Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Mollic epipedon thickness: 18 to 45 inches Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive A horizon Pachic Argicryolls Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Texture: Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam Typical Pedon Clay content: 12 to 25 percent Bavdark coarse sandy loam, in an area of Barbarela- Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 5 Poin, stony-Bavdark complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes, percent stones; 0 to 5 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 in an area of rangeland, 900 feet north and 2,300 feet percent pebbles west of the southeast corner of sec. 33, T. 3 S., Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 R. 3 E. AB horizon A—0 to 10 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) coarse sandy Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium Chroma: 1 or 2 granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Texture: Coarse sandy loam or sandy clay loam and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine and Clay content: 12 to 25 percent few medium roots; many very fine and common Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to 5 fine and medium pores; 5 percent pebbles; slightly percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles acid; clear smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 103

Bt1 horizon A typical description with range in characteristics is Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Management Texture: Sandy clay loam or clay loam Clay content: 22 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to 5 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 282E—Bavdark loam, Bt2 horizon 8 to 25 percent slopes Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 3 or 4 Setting Texture: Sandy clay loam or clay loam Clay content: 22 to 35 percent Landform: Alluvial fans Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to 5 Slope: 8 to 25 percent percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles Elevation: 5,200 to 5,550 feet Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days C horizon Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Composition Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: Sandy clay loam or coarse sandy loam Major Components Clay content: 12 to 25 percent Bavdark and similar soils: 90 percent Content of rock fragments: 10 to 30 percent—0 to 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 20 percent pebbles Minor Components Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Bridger loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 5 percent

182E—Bavdark gravelly coarse sandy Major Component Description loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, stony Surface layer texture: Loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Slope: 8 to 25 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 5,850 to 6,350 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Bavdark and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Bavdark loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Libeg very stony loam: 0 to 3 percent Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 2 percent 382E—Bavdark sandy loam, moist, Major Component Description 8 to 35 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Gravelly coarse sandy loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Drainageways Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 8 to 35 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 5,200 to 6,250 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.2 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days 104 Soil Survey

Composition Major Component Description Major Components Bavdark, moist Bavdark and similar soils: 90 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Shadow stony coarse sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 3 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Mooseflat loam: 0 to 2 percent Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Bavdark Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Forest land Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Mooseflat Surface layer texture: Loam Management Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained For management information about this map unit, Dominant parent material: Alluvium see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare 582E—Bavdark, moist-Bavdark-Mooseflat Water table: Apparent loams, 4 to 25 percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Setting included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: Management • Bavdark—Drainageways • Bavdark—Drainageways For management information about this map unit, • Mooseflat—Drainageways see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Slope: • Bavdark—4 to 25 percent • Bavdark—4 to 25 percent Beanlake Series • Mooseflat—4 to 8 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 5,400 to 6,600 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Permeability: Moderate Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Landform: Alluvial fans, relict stream terraces, stream Composition terraces, and escarpments Parent material: Alluvium Major Components Slope range: 0 to 45 percent Bavdark and similar soils: 40 percent Elevation range: 4,300 to 6,550 feet Bavdark and similar soils: 30 percent Annual precipitation: 12 to 19 inches Mooseflat and similar soils: 15 percent Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Minor Components Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Libeg stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 5 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Soils with a water table at 1.5 to 4 feet: 0 to 5 percent frigid Typic Calciustolls Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 105

Typical Pedon Bk horizons Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 3, 4, 5, or 6 moist Beanlake gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an Chroma: 2 or 3 area of rangeland, 1,500 feet south and 1,400 feet Clay content: 18 to 25 percent east of the northwest corner of sec. 10, T. 2 S., R. 3 E. Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 15 percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles A—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 25 percent loam; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; many 363E—Beanlake cobbly loam, very fine and fine roots; strongly effervescent; 15 to 35 percent slopes, stony moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bk1—6 to 13 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam; pale Setting brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces friable, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; Slope: 15 to 35 percent common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 6,350 feet pebbles; common fine masses and seams of lime; Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days wavy boundary. Composition Bk2—13 to 26 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam; pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak medium Major Components subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Beanlake and similar soils: 90 percent friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very Minor Components fine and fine roots; 10 percent pebbles; common Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent fine masses and seams of lime; violently Windham bouldery loam: 0 to 5 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Major Component Description Bk3—26 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) gravelly loam; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) moist; weak Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; 5 Drainage class: Well drained percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; few very Dominant parent material: Alluvium fine and fine roots; common fine masses and Native plant cover type: Rangeland seams of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Flooding: None alkaline. Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches

Range in Characteristics A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Management Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 8 inches For management information about this map unit, Depth to the Bk horizon: 5 to 8 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. A horizon Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist 363D—Beanlake cobbly loam, Chroma: 1 or 2 8 to 15 percent slopes, stony Texture: Loam or silt loam Clay content: 18 to 25 percent Setting Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to 15 percent stones and cobbles; 0 to 15 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces pebbles Slope: 8 to 15 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Elevation: 4,650 to 6,550 feet 106 Soil Survey

Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Beanlake and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Beanlake gravelly loam: 0 to 5 percent 163D—Beanlake gravelly loam, Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes Windham bouldery loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 8 to 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,450 to 5,750 feet Dominant parent material: Alluvium Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches Major Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Beanlake and similar soils: 85 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Management Windham stony loam: 0 to 8 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description 163C—Beanlake gravelly loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 4 to 8 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 4,350 to 5,750 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Composition Management Major Components Beanlake and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Beanlake cobbly loam: 0 to 10 percent Windham very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent 63B—Beanlake loam, Major Component Description 0 to 4 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 0 to 4 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,300 to 5,850 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 107

Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Beanlake and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Beanlake gravelly loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Martinsdale loam: 0 to 5 percent Windham cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent 663B—Beanlake-Corbly complex, Major Component Description 0 to 4 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Dominant parent material: Alluvium • Beanlake—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland • Corbly—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Flooding: None Slope: Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches • Beanlake—0 to 4 percent • Corbly—0 to 4 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Elevation: 4,300 to 4,650 feet included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Management Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components 463B—Beanlake silt loam, moderately Beanlake and similar soils: 60 percent wet, 1 to 4 percent slopes Corbly and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Setting Corbly very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Quigley loam: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Slope: 1 to 4 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 4,300 to 5,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Beanlake Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Surface layer texture: Loam Composition Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Dominant parent material: Alluvium Beanlake and similar soils: 85 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Minor Components Flooding: None Beanlake cobbly loam: 0 to 8 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches Fairway loam: 0 to 5 percent Trimad cobbly loam: 0 to 2 percent Corbly Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Silt loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Alluvium Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches Flooding: None Water table: Apparent A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 8.4 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 108 Soil Survey

Management structure; soft, loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common very fine and few fine roots; 35 percent For management information about this map unit, cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; common fine see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. masses of lime; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 2Bk2—24 to 60 inches; variegated extremely cobbly Beaverell Series loamy coarse sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) very fine roots; 50 percent cobbles and 35 percent Drainage class: Well drained pebbles; few fine masses of lime; strongly Permeability: Moderate above the sandy-skeletal effervescent; slightly alkaline. material and rapid in the sandy-skeletal material Landform: Stream terraces Range in Characteristics Parent material: Alluvium Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Elevation range: 4,100 to 5,000 feet Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 11 inches Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Depth to the Bk horizon: 10 to 20 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Ap horizon Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal over sandy or Chroma: 2 or 3 sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Aridic Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Argiustolls Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 15 percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles Typical Pedon Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Beaverell cobbly loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an Bt horizons area of cropland, 100 feet north and 150 feet west of Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist the southeast corner of sec. 33, T. 1 N., R. 4 E. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) cobbly loam, Texture: Sandy clay loam, clay loam, or loam dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Clay content: 20 to 35 percent granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—10 and slightly plastic; many very fine and common to 35 percent cobbles; 25 to 35 percent pebbles fine roots; 10 percent cobbles and 5 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. 2Bk1 horizon Bt1—7 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist very cobbly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 moist; strong medium angular blocky structure; Texture: Coarse sandy loam or sandy loam slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and Clay content: 10 to 15 percent moderately plastic; many very fine and common Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—10 fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of to 35 percent cobbles; 25 to 40 percent pebbles peds and lining pores; 25 percent cobbles and 20 Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Bt2—13 to 20 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) extremely cobbly sandy clay loam, dark brown 2Bk2 horizon (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium subangular Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist blocky structure; soft, very friable, moderately Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine Texture: Loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, sand, and fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds or coarse sand and lining pores; 35 percent cobbles and 30 Clay content: 0 to 5 percent percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 40 to 75 percent—15 2Bk1—20 to 24 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR to 50 percent cobbles; 25 to 55 percent pebbles 4/2) extremely cobbly coarse sandy loam, brown Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 109

241A—Beaverell cobbly loam, Major Component Description 0 to 2 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 0 to 2 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 4,250 to 4,650 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Beaverell and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Attewan loam: 0 to 5 percent Beaverell very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Scravo cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent 741A—Beaverell-Beavwan complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Beaverell—Stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained • Beavwan—Stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: Native plant cover type: Rangeland • Beaverell—0 to 2 percent Flooding: None • Beavwan—0 to 2 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.2 inches Elevation: 4,100 to 5,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Beaverell and similar soils: 55 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Beavwan and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components 41A—Beaverell loam, Attewan clay loam: 0 to 5 percent 0 to 2 percent slopes Beaverell very cobbly clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Channeled areas: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Stream terraces Beaverell Slope: 0 to 2 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Elevation: 4,200 to 4,650 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Dominant parent material: Alluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Major Components Available water capacity: Mainly 3.2 inches Beaverell and similar soils: 90 percent Minor Components Beavwan Attewan loam: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Beaverell cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 110 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Alluvium Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Water table: Apparent Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

341A—Beaverell-Beavwan loams, Beaverton Series moderately wet, 0 to 2 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate above the 2C horizon and rapid in the 2C horizon Landform: Landform: Stream terraces and alluvial fans • Beaverell—Stream terraces Parent material: Alluvium • Beavwan—Stream terraces Slope range: 0 to 6 percent Slope: Elevation range: 4,350 to 6,150 feet • Beaverell—0 to 2 percent Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Beavwan—0 to 2 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Elevation: 4,100 to 4,750 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Composition Argiustolls Major Components Typical Pedon Beaverell and similar soils: 60 percent Beavwan and similar soils: 30 percent Beaverton cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an Minor Components area of pasture, 1,300 feet south and 1,200 feet west Beaverell cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent of the northeast corner of sec. 14, T. 1 N., R. 5 E. Attewan loam: 0 to 3 percent A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/2) cobbly loam, very Channeled areas: 0 to 2 percent dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Major Component Description and slightly plastic; many very fine, common fine, Beaverell and few medium roots; 10 percent cobbles and 10 Surface layer texture: Loam percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bt1—5 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Drainage class: Well drained very gravelly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3 Dominant parent material: Alluvium moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Native plant cover type: Rangeland structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, Flooding: None and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine and Water table: Apparent few medium roots; common distinct clay films on Available water capacity: Mainly 3.4 inches faces of peds; 15 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Beavwan Bt2—11 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Surface layer texture: Loam sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Drainage class: Well drained friable, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; Dominant parent material: Alluvium common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 111

25 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; 249A—Beaverton cobbly clay loam, neutral; clear smooth boundary. 0 to 2 percent slopes Bk1—21 to 25 inches; variegated very cobbly coarse sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky Setting structure; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; 30 percent cobbles and Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces 30 percent pebbles; common fine masses of lime; Slope: 0 to 2 percent strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Elevation: 4,450 to 5,900 feet wavy boundary. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 2Bk2—25 to 60 inches; variegated extremely cobbly Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days loamy coarse sand; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine roots; 35 percent Composition cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; common fine Major Components masses of lime; strongly effervescent; slightly Beaverton and similar soils: 90 percent alkaline. Minor Components Range in Characteristics Beaverton very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Turner loam: 0 to 5 percent Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 14 inches Major Component Description Depth to the Bk horizon: 10 to 20 inches Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam A horizon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR Drainage class: Well drained Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Dominant parent material: Alluvium Chroma: 2 or 3 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Loam or clay loam Flooding: None Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to 15 percent cobbles; 5 to 10 percent pebbles A typical description with range in characteristics is Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Bt horizons Management Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist For management information about this map unit, Chroma: 2 or 3 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to 149B—Beaverton cobbly loam, 30 percent cobbles; 15 to 45 percent pebbles 0 to 4 percent slopes Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Setting Bk1 horizon Texture: Sandy loam or coarse sandy loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Clay content: 10 to 18 percent Slope: 0 to 4 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—0 to Elevation: 4,400 to 5,850 feet 35 percent cobbles; 15 to 60 percent pebbles Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Composition 2Bk2 horizon Major Components Texture: Loamy sand, sand, or loamy coarse sand Beaverton and similar soils: 90 percent Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—0 to Minor Components 35 percent cobbles; 15 to 65 percent pebbles Beaverton very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Hyalite loam: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Corbly very cobbly loam: 0 to 2 percent 112 Soil Survey

Major Component Description Beavwan Series Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow above the 2Bk horizon Dominant parent material: Alluvium and rapid in the 2Bk horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Stream terraces Flooding: None Parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 3.6 inches Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Elevation range: 4,100 to 5,000 feet A typical description with range in characteristics is Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Management Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days For management information about this map unit, Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. frigid Aridic Argiustolls Typical Pedon 349C—Beaverton very cobbly loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, very stony Beavwan loam, in an area of Beaverell-Beavwan complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of pasture, 2,400 feet south and 100 feet west of the northeast Setting corner of sec. 35, T. 1 N., R. 4 E. Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 5/3) Slope: 2 to 6 percent loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Elevation: 4,850 to 5,900 feet moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Composition 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Major Components Bt1—5 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Beaverton and similar soils: 90 percent brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium prismatic Minor Components structure parting to moderate medium subangular Turner stony loam: 0 to 6 percent blocky; hard, friable, moderately sticky, and Soils with slopes more than 6 percent: 0 to 4 percent slightly plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; common faint clay films on faces of Major Component Description peds; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bt2—7 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Drainage class: Well drained brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Dominant parent material: Alluvium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium Native plant cover type: Rangeland subangular blocky; very hard, firm, moderately Flooding: None sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches and fine and few medium roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent pebbles; slightly A typical description with range in characteristics is alkaline; clear wavy boundary. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 2Bt3—15 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly sandy clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Management moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; For management information about this map unit, slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. plastic; common very fine and fine and few Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 113

medium roots; few faint clay films bridging sand 2Bk1 horizon grains; 25 percent cobbles and 30 percent Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist pebbles; lime occurs on undersides of rock Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 fragments; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy Clay content: 10 to 18 percent boundary. Content of rock fragments: 40 to 80 percent—15 2Bk1—22 to 28 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) to 40 percent cobbles; 25 to 40 percent pebbles extremely cobbly sandy loam; grayish brown Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent (10YR 5/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 soft, loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very 2Bk2 horizon fine and fine roots; 25 percent cobbles and 40 Texture: Sand, loamy sand, or loamy coarse sand percent pebbles; common distinct lime coatings Clay content: 0 to 10 percent on rock fragments, disseminated lime; violently Content of rock fragments: 40 to 80 percent—10 effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy to 30 percent cobbles; 30 to 50 percent pebbles boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent 2Bk2—28 to 60 inches; variegated extremely cobbly Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 loamy coarse sand; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; 30 percent cobbles and 50 percent pebbles; common distinct lime coats on 43A—Beavwan loam, undersides of coarse fragments; violently 0 to 2 percent slopes effervescent, moderately alkaline. Setting Range in Characteristics Landform: Stream terraces Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Slope: 0 to 2 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Elevation: 4,350 to 4,650 feet Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 12 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Depth to sandy-skeletal material: 14 to 35 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days A horizon Composition Value: 2 or 3 moist Major Components Chroma: 2 or 3 Beavwan and similar soils: 85 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Minor Components percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Beaverell cobbly loam: 0 to 10 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Attewan loam: 0 to 5 percent Bt horizons Major Component Description Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Surface layer texture: Loam Chroma: 2 or 3 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam Drainage class: Well drained Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to Native plant cover type: Rangeland 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Flooding: None Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches 2Bt3 horizon Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist A typical description with range in characteristics is Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Management Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—15 to 40 percent cobbles; 20 to 35 percent pebbles For management information about this map unit, Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 114 Soil Survey

443A—Beavwan loam, moderately wet, Typical Pedon 0 to 2 percent slopes Beehive gravelly sandy loam, in an area of Beehive- Mooseflat complex, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area Setting of forest land, 2,600 feet north and 400 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 34, T. 6 S., R. 3 E. Landform: Stream terraces Slope: 0 to 2 percent Oi—0 to 2 inches; slightly decomposed forest litter Elevation: 4,450 to 4,700 feet consisting of bark, needles, and twigs. Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches A—2 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; soft, Composition very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Major Components common very fine and fine and few coarse roots; Beavwan and similar soils: 85 percent 10 percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Minor Components C1—5 to 20 inches; variegated extremely gravelly Beaverell cobbly loam: 0 to 10 percent loamy coarse sand; massive; loose, nonsticky, Attewan clay loam: 0 to 5 percent and nonplastic; common very fine and few medium and coarse roots; 20 percent cobbles and Major Component Description 50 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy Surface layer texture: Loam boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) C2—20 to 28 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very Drainage class: Well drained gravelly sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Dominant parent material: Alluvium 3/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky Native plant cover type: Rangeland structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and Flooding: None nonplastic; common very fine and fine and few Water table: Apparent medium and coarse roots; 15 percent cobbles and Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches 35 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is C3—28 to 60 inches; variegated extremely cobbly included, in alphabetical order, in this section. loamy sand; massive; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine and medium roots; 40 Management percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; neutral. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Range in Characteristics

Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Beehive Series Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained A horizon Permeability: Moderately rapid Value: 3 or 4 moist Landform: Flood plains Chroma: 2 or 3 Parent material: Alluvium Clay content: 10 to 20 percent Slope range: 0 to 8 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—5 to Elevation range: 5,300 to 6,650 feet 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 25 percent pebbles Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days C1 and C2 horizons Hue: 10YR or variegated Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed Oxyaquic Value: 3 or 4 moist Cryofluvents Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 115

Texture: Loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, or sandy Mooseflat loam Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Clay content: 5 to 20 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent—10 Drainage class: Very poorly drained to 20 percent cobbles; 30 to 50 percent pebbles Dominant parent material: Alluvium Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Occasional C3 horizon Water table: Apparent Hue: 10YR or variegated Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 dry Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 A typical description with range in characteristics is Texture: Loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, or included, in alphabetical order, in this section. coarse sand Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Management Content of rock fragments: 50 to 80 percent—30 For management information about this map unit, to 40 percent cobbles; 20 to 40 percent pebbles see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8

608B—Beehive-Mooseflat complex, 608D—Beehive-Mooseflat complex, 0 to 4 percent slopes 4 to 8 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Beehive—Flood plains • Beehive—Flood plains • Mooseflat—Flood plains • Mooseflat—Flood plains Slope: Slope: • Beehive—4 to 8 percent • Beehive—0 to 4 percent • Mooseflat—4 to 8 percent • Mooseflat—0 to 4 percent Elevation: 5,300 to 6,600 feet Elevation: 5,300 to 6,650 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Beehive and similar soils: 60 percent Beehive and similar soils: 60 percent Mooseflat and similar soils: 30 percent Mooseflat and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Minor Components Soils with a water table at 4 to 6 feet: 0 to 8 percent Soils with a water table at 4 to 6 feet: 0 to 8 percent Water: 0 to 2 percent Water: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Beehive Beehive Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: Occasional Flooding: Occasional Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 2.2 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 2.2 inches 116 Soil Survey

Mooseflat Bt2—11 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay loam, Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, Drainage class: Very poorly drained moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Dominant parent material: Alluvium common very fine and fine roots; common very Native plant cover type: Rangeland fine and fine pores; many distinct clay films on Flooding: Occasional faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 10 percent Water table: Apparent channers; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches BC—15 to 18 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) very cobbly clay loam, dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) A typical description with range in characteristics is moist; weak medium prismatic structure; soft, included, in alphabetical order, in this section. friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few fine roots; many very fine and fine pores; 20 Management percent cobbles and 15 percent channers; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. For management information about this map unit, R—18 inches; argillite bedrock. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Range in Characteristics Beenom Series Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Mollic epipedon thickness: 8 to 15 inches Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Hills A horizon Parent material: Argillite or igneous residuum Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Slope range: 4 to 60 percent Value: 3, 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Elevation range: 4,400 to 6,500 feet Chroma: 2 or 3 Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Texture: Loam or sandy loam Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to 5 percent stones; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 Taxonomic Class: Loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid percent pebbles or channers Aridic Lithic Argiustolls Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Bt horizons Typical Pedon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Beenom loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist forest land, 200 feet south and 2,800 feet east of the Chroma: 2 or 3 northwest corner of sec. 19, T. 5 N., R. 5 E. Texture: Loam or clay loam Clay content: 20 to 35 percent A—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles or moderate fine granular structure; soft, friable, channers slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 and fine and common medium roots; common very fine and fine pores; 5 percent cobbles and 5 BC horizon percent channers; slightly acid; clear smooth Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y boundary. Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Bt1—6 to 11 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay loam, Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium Texture: Clay loam subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, Clay content: 27 to 35 percent moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; many Content of rock fragments: 30 to 60 percent—15 very fine and fine and few medium roots; common to 30 percent cobbles; 15 to 30 percent pebbles very fine and fine pores; many distinct clay films or channers on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 channers; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Note: Some pedons may lack a BC horizon. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 117

988F—Beenom, stony, moist- Composition Rock outcrop complex, Major Components 35 to 60 percent slopes Beenom and similar soils: 90 percent Minor Components Setting Absarook loam: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Tolbert channery loam: 0 to 5 percent • Beenom—Hills Major Component Description • Rock outcrop—Hills Slope: 35 to 60 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Elevation: 4,400 to 5,600 feet Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land Composition Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.9 inches Major Components Beenom and similar soils: 70 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Rock outcrop: 20 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Management Absarook loam: 0 to 5 percent Tolbert stony loam: 0 to 3 percent For management information about this map unit, Cabba loam: 0 to 2 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

Major Component Description 970F—Beenom, stony-Rock outcrop Beenom complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Igneous residuum Landform: Native plant cover type: Forest land • Beenom—Hills Flooding: None • Rock outcrop—Hills Available water capacity: Mainly 2.8 inches Slope: 15 to 60 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 6,300 feet Rock outcrop Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Definition: Exposures of igneous bedrock. Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Beenom and similar soils: 50 percent Management Rock outcrop: 40 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Absarook sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent 970D—Beenom loam, Major Component Description 4 to 15 percent slopes Beenom Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Setting Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Landform: Hills Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 4 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Igneous residuum Elevation: 5,700 to 6,500 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches 118 Soil Survey

Rock outcrop distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent Definition: Exposures of igneous bedrock. cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is C—29 to 43 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly included, in alphabetical order, in this section. coarse sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few Management very fine and fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 35 For management information about this map unit, percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Cr—43 to 58 inches; highly weathered gneiss bedrock. R—58 inches; hard gneiss bedrock. Bielenberg Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Deep Drainage class: Well drained Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Permeability: Moderate Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Landform: Hills and bedrock-floored plains Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Slope range: 4 to 45 percent Elevation range: 4,400 to 6,650 feet A horizon Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 frigid Typic Argiustolls percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Typical Pedon Bt1 horizon Bielenberg sandy clay loam, in an area of Bielenberg- Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Catgulch, very stony complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes, Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist in an area of rangeland, 800 feet south and 1,200 feet Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 east of the northwest corner of sec. 31, T. 2 S., R. 4 E. Clay content: 20 to 35 percent A—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to 5 sandy clay loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 parting to moderate fine granular; soft, very Bt2 horizon friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y very fine, fine, and medium roots; 5 percent Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Chroma: 3 or 4 smooth boundary. Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Bt1—9 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy clay Content of rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent—0 to 5 loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; percent cobbles; 5 to 25 percent pebbles moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common C horizon distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist wavy boundary. Chroma: 3 or 4 Bt2—20 to 29 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly Texture: Sandy loam or coarse sandy loam sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Clay content: 12 to 20 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent—0 to hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately 10 percent cobbles; 15 to 40 percent pebbles plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 119

454D—Bielenberg-Catgulch, very stony 454E—Bielenberg-Catgulch, complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes very stony-Breeton complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Bielenberg—Hills • Bielenberg—Hills • Catgulch—Hills • Catgulch—Hills Slope: • Breeton—Hills • Bielenberg—4 to 15 percent Slope: • Catgulch—4 to 15 percent • Bielenberg—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,650 to 5,750 feet • Catgulch—15 to 45 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Breeton—15 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Elevation: 4,400 to 6,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Composition Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Major Components Composition Bielenberg and similar soils: 75 percent Major Components Catgulch and similar soils: 15 percent Bielenberg and similar soils: 40 percent Minor Components Catgulch and similar soils: 35 percent Breeton coarse sandy loam: 0 to 8 percent Breeton and similar soils: 10 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Minor Components Clasoil loam: 0 to 7 percent Major Component Description Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Bielenberg Surface layer texture: Sandy clay loam Major Component Description Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Bielenberg Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Surface layer texture: Sandy clay loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Catgulch Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Catgulch Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Breeton Management Surface layer texture: Coarse sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) For management information about this map unit, Drainage class: Well drained see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium 120 Soil Survey

Native plant cover type: Forest land Bt2—13 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Flooding: None gravelly clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches moist, moderate medium prismatic structure parting to strong medium subangular blocky; very A typical description with range in characteristics is hard, very firm, moderately sticky, and very included, in alphabetical order, in this section. plastic; few very fine roots; many prominent clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent Management cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. For management information about this map unit, Bk—35 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. cobbly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately Bigbear Series sticky, and moderately plastic; 5 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 15 percent pebbles; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) common large masses of lime; violently Drainage class: Well drained effervescent; slightly alkaline. Permeability: Slow Landform: Relict stream terraces, escarpments, and Range in Characteristics hills Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Soil temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Slope range: 0 to 45 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Elevation range: 4,700 to 6,300 feet Mollic epipedon thickness: 8 to 15 inches Annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 20 to 40 inches Annual air temperature: 37 to 41 degrees F A horizon Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Texture: Loam or clay loam Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive, frigid Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Typic Argiustolls Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 5 percent stones; 5 to 20 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 Typical Pedon percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Bigbear loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of hayland, 800 feet south and 2,500 feet west of the Bt horizons northeast corner of sec. 4, T. 3 S., R. 6 E. Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 A—0 to 9 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, black Texture: Clay loam or clay (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium subangular Clay content: 35 to 50 percent blocky structure parting to strong fine granular; Content of rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent—0 to slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles plastic; common very fine and fine and few Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 medium roots; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bk horizon Bt1—9 to 13 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Chroma: 3, 4, 5, or 6 moderate medium subangular blocky structure Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam parting to strong fine granular; slightly hard, firm, Clay content: 25 to 40 percent moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Content of rock fragments: 15 to 45 percent—0 to common very fine and few fine and medium roots; 5 percent stones; 5 to 20 percent cobbles; 10 to common distinct clay films on faces of peds and 25 percent pebbles lining pores; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 121

65E—Bigbear clay loam, Minor Components 15 to 35 percent slopes Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 5 percent Storyhill cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Escarpments Surface layer texture: Loam Slope: 15 to 35 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 4,800 to 6,150 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Major Components Bigbear and similar soils: 85 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Burnel loam: 0 to 5 percent Management Storyhill cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Bigbear stony loam: 0 to 3 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 2 percent

Major Component Description 65C—Bigbear loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Relict stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Slope: 4 to 8 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,700 to 6,000 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.7 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Bigbear and similar soils: 90 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bigbear cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Burnel loam: 0 to 3 percent Storyhill cobbly loam: 0 to 2 percent 65B—Bigbear loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Loam Landform: Relict stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 0 to 4 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,500 to 6,100 feet Dominant parent material: Alluvium Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Composition Major Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Bigbear and similar soils: 90 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 122 Soil Survey

Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bigbear and similar soils: 65 percent Storyhill and similar soils: 25 percent 65D—Bigbear loam, Minor Components 8 to 15 percent slopes Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Relict stream terraces Slope: 8 to 15 percent Bigbear Elevation: 4,800 to 6,300 feet Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Drainage class: Well drained Composition Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Bigbear and similar soils: 90 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Minor Components Bigbear cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Storyhill Burnel loam: 0 to 3 percent Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam Storyhill cobbly loam: 0 to 2 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Surface layer texture: Loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland A typical description with range in characteristics is Flooding: None included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Management A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, Management see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 665E—Bigbear-Storyhill-Adel complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes 365D—Bigbear, stony-Storyhill, very stony complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes Setting Landform: Setting • Bigbear—Hills Landform: • Storyhill—Hills • Bigbear—Hills • Adel—Hills • Storyhill—Hills Slope: Slope: • Bigbear—15 to 45 percent • Bigbear—4 to 15 percent • Storyhill—15 to 45 percent • Storyhill—4 to 15 percent • Adel—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 5,350 to 6,100 feet Elevation: 4,750 to 5,950 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Frost-free period: 65 to 95 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 123

Composition Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Annual air temperature: 41 to 44 degrees F Major Components Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Bigbear and similar soils: 40 percent Storyhill and similar soils: 25 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Adel and similar soils: 20 percent calcareous, frigid Typic Fluvaquents Minor Components Typical Pedon Bigbear stony loam: 0 to 10 percent Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Bigsandy silty clay loam, in an area of Bigsandy- Slickspots complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area Major Component Description of rangeland, 200 feet south and 2,200 feet east of the Bigbear northwest corner of sec. 28, T. 1 N., R. 2 E. Surface layer texture: Loam A—0 to 3 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate fine granular Drainage class: Well drained structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium and slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and Native plant cover type: Rangeland medium roots; violently effervescent; very strongly Flooding: None alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches C1—3 to 9 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; weak medium Storyhill subangular blocky structure; hard, very friable, Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) and fine roots; violently effervescent; very strongly Drainage class: Well drained alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium C2—9 to 17 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Native plant cover type: Rangeland loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; silty clay loam; Flooding: None massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches plastic; few very fine and fine roots; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear smooth Adel boundary. Surface layer texture: Loam Cg1—17 to 35 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) gray (10YR 6/1) dry; massive; extremely hard, Drainage class: Well drained firm, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium fine roots; violently effervescent; moderately Native plant cover type: Rangeland alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Flooding: None Cg2—35 to 60 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam, Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches gray (10YR 5/1) dry; massive; extremely hard, firm, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very A typical description with range in characteristics is fine roots; violently effervescent; moderately included, in alphabetical order, in this section. alkaline. Management Range in Characteristics For management information about this map unit, Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 24 inches Bigsandy Series A horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Value: 3 or 4 moist; 4, 5, or 6 dry Drainage class: Poorly drained Chroma: 1 or 2 Permeability: Moderately slow Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Landform: Stream terraces Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 4 to 8 Parent material: Alluvium Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 30 Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 40 percent Elevation range: 3,950 to 4,350 feet Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.6 124 Soil Survey

C horizons Dominant parent material: Alluvium Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Native plant cover type: Rangeland Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry Flooding: None Chroma: 1 or 2 Water table: Apparent Texture: Silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, or Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches loam Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.3 inches Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 4 to 8 Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 30 Slickspots Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 55 percent Definition: A small area of loamy or clayey soil with a Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.6 crusted surface, an excess of sodium, and supporting little or no vegetation. Cg horizons Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y A typical description with range in characteristics is Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: Silty clay loam, loam, clay loam, or silt Management loam Clay content: 18 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 4 to 8 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Sodium adsorption ratio: 4 to 20 Calcium carbonate equivalent: 25 to 50 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Billman Series Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Note: The Bigsandy soil as mapped in Gallatin County Drainage class: Well drained is a taxadjunct to the series. It has carbonatic Permeability: Slow mineralogy. Landform: Sedimentary plains and hills Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale 544A—Bigsandy-Slickspots complex, residuum 0 to 2 percent slopes Slope range: 2 to 60 percent Elevation range: 4,900 to 6,900 feet Annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches Setting Annual air temperature: 37 to 41 degrees F Landform: Frost-free period: 80 to 100 days • Bigsandy—Stream terraces • Slickspots—Stream terraces Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive, frigid Slope: 0 to 2 percent Typic Argiustolls Elevation: 3,950 to 4,350 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Typical Pedon Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Billman clay loam, in an area of Billman-Wilsall-Tolbert Composition complex, 8 to 45 percent slopes, in an area of hayland, 2,200 feet north and 2,200 feet west of the Major Components southeast corner of sec. 11, T. 2 S., R. 6 E. Bigsandy and similar soils: 60 percent Slickspots: 25 percent A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay Minor Components loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Threeriv loam: 0 to 10 percent moderate medium granular structure; slightly hard, Greycliff loam: 0 to 5 percent firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent Major Component Description pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bigsandy Bt1—7 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay, dark Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) prismatic structure; very hard, firm, moderately Drainage class: Poorly drained sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 125

and fine roots and few medium roots; common 660F—Billman, stony-Bangtail- distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining Tolbert, stony complex, pores; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy 25 to 60 percent slopes boundary. Bt2—15 to 23 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) clay, dark Setting brown (7.5YR 4/2) moist; strong medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Landform: moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few • Billman—Hills, south aspects very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay films • Bangtail—Hills, north aspects on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent • Tolbert—Hills, south aspects pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Slope: Cr1—23 to 38 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) moist; • Billman—25 to 60 percent semiconsolidated shale that textures to silty clay • Bangtail—25 to 60 percent loam; neutral. • Tolbert—25 to 60 percent Cr2—38 to 60 inches; dark gray (5YR 4/1) moist; Elevation: 4,900 to 6,900 feet semiconsolidated shale. Mean annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 65 to 100 days Range in Characteristics Composition Soil temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Major Components Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Billman and similar soils: 40 percent Mollic epipedon thickness: 8 to 16 inches Bangtail and similar soils: 30 percent Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Tolbert and similar soils: 15 percent A horizon Minor Components Hue: 2.5Y, 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Adel loam: 0 to 8 percent Value: 2 or 3 moist Timberlin loam: 0 to 5 percent Chroma: 1 or 2 Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to 5 Major Component Description percent stones; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Billman Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Bt1 horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 7.5YR, 5YR, or 10YR Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist shale residuum Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Native plant cover type: Forest land Texture: Clay loam, clay, silty clay loam, or silty Flooding: None clay Available water capacity: Mainly 3.8 inches Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Bangtail percent cobbles or flagstones; 0 to 10 percent Surface layer texture: Loam pebbles Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Drainage class: Well drained Bt2 horizon Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR shale residuum Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Native plant cover type: Forest land Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Flooding: None Texture: Clay loam, clay, silty clay loam, or silty Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches clay Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Tolbert Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Drainage class: Well drained 126 Soil Survey

Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Drainage class: Well drained shale residuum Dominant parent material: Colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is Tolbert included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Surface layer texture: Very channery loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Management Drainage class: Well drained For management information about this map unit, Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None 860F—Billman-Adel-Tolbert complex, Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches 25 to 60 percent slopes A typical description with range in characteristics is Setting included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: Management • Billman—Hills For management information about this map unit, • Adel—Hills see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Tolbert—Hills Slope: • Billman—25 to 45 percent 760C—Billman-Wilsall clay loams, • Adel—25 to 45 percent 2 to 8 percent slopes • Tolbert—25 to 60 percent Elevation: 5,350 to 6,550 feet Setting Mean annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 65 to 100 days Landform: • Billman—Sedimentary plains Composition • Wilsall—Sedimentary plains Major Components Slope: Billman and similar soils: 50 percent • Billman—2 to 8 percent Adel and similar soils: 25 percent • Wilsall—2 to 8 percent Tolbert and similar soils: 15 percent Elevation: 5,300 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Minor Components Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Bridger loam: 0 to 8 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Composition Major Component Description Major Components Billman and similar soils: 60 percent Billman Wilsall and similar soils: 30 percent Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Burnel clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Tolbert channery loam: 0 to 5 percent shale residuum Major Component Description Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Billman Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Adel Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) shale residuum Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 127

Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Wilsall Wilsall Surface layer texture: Clay loam Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 960E—Billman-Wilsall-Tolbert complex, 760E—Billman-Wilsall clay loams, 8 to 45 percent slopes 8 to 25 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Billman—Hills • Billman—Hills • Wilsall—Hills • Wilsall—Hills • Tolbert—Hills Slope: Slope: • Billman—8 to 25 percent • Billman—8 to 45 percent • Wilsall—8 to 25 percent • Wilsall—8 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,950 to 6,250 feet • Tolbert—8 to 45 percent Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Elevation: 4,950 to 6,300 feet Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Composition Composition Major Components Billman and similar soils: 50 percent Major Components Wilsall and similar soils: 40 percent Billman and similar soils: 50 percent Wilsall and similar soils: 20 percent Minor Components Tolbert and similar soils: 20 percent Tolbert channery loam: 0 to 5 percent Burnel clay loam: 0 to 3 percent Minor Components Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Burnel loam: 0 to 8 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Billman Surface layer texture: Clay loam Billman Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Surface layer texture: Clay loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Drainage class: Well drained shale residuum Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Native plant cover type: Rangeland shale residuum 128 Soil Survey

Native plant cover type: Rangeland Ap—0 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Flooding: None very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Wilsall common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Surface layer texture: Clay loam 5 percent pebbles; strongly effervescent; slightly Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bw—8 to 15 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate shale residuum medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Native plant cover type: Rangeland friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Flooding: None common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches pebbles; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Tolbert Bk1—15 to 26 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sandy Surface layer texture: Very channery loam clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, Drainage class: Well drained friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and few very fine and fine roots; 5 percent pebbles; shale residuum common medium masses and seams of lime; Native plant cover type: Rangeland violently effervescent, moderately alkaline; clear Flooding: None smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches 2Bk2—26 to 30 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very cobbly sandy clay loam, dark grayish brown A typical description with range in characteristics is (10YR 4/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky included, in alphabetical order, in this section. structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine and fine Management roots; 30 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; For management information about this map unit, common medium masses and seams of lime; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. violently effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 2C—30 to 60 inches; variegated extremely cobbly Binna Series loamy coarse sand; massive; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; 35 percent cobbles and 30 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; slightly Drainage class: Well drained alkaline. Permeability: Moderate above 30 inches and rapid below Range in Characteristics Landform: Stream terraces Parent material: Alluvium Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Elevation range: 4,150 to 4,550 feet Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Ap horizon Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Value: 4 or 5 dry Chroma: 2 or 3 Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- Clay content: 18 to 27 percent skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Aridic Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Calciustolls Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 8 Typical Pedon Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Binna loam, in an area of Binna-Slickspots complex, Bw horizon moderately wet, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y pasture, 700 feet north and 400 feet east of the Value: 4 or 5 dry southwest corner of sec. 9, T. 1 S., R. 2 E. Chroma: 2 or 3 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 129

Texture: Loam or clay loam Major Component Description Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) pebbles Drainage class: Moderately well drained Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Dominant parent material: Alluvium Bk1 horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Flooding: None Value: 7 or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Water table: Apparent Chroma: 2 or 3 Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches Texture: Loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or sandy Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches clay loam Clay content: 18 to 27 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. pebbles Management Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 2Bk2 horizon Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or variegated Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist 527A—Binna-Slickspots complex, Chroma: 2 or 3 moderately wet, 0 to 2 percent slopes Texture: Loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam Setting Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—25 Landform: to 35 percent cobbles; 20 to 60 percent pebbles • Binna—Stream terraces Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent • Slickspots—Stream terraces Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Slope: 0 to 2 percent Elevation: 4,200 to 4,300 feet 2C horizon Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Texture: Loamy sand, sand, or loamy coarse sand Composition Clay content: 5 to 10 percent Major Components Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—5 to Binna and similar soils: 75 percent 35 percent cobbles; 30 to 45 percent pebbles Slickspots: 15 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Minor Components Beaverell cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Binna clay loam: 0 to 5 percent 516A—Binna loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Binna Surface layer texture: Loam Landform: Stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 0 to 2 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,150 to 4,550 feet Dominant parent material: Alluvium Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Flooding: None Composition Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches Major Components Binna and similar soils: 85 percent Slickspots Minor Components Definition: A small area of loamy or clayey soil with a Lamoose loam: 0 to 10 percent crusted surface, an excess of sodium, and Rivra gravelly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent supporting little or no vegetation. 130 Soil Survey

A typical description with range in characteristics is friable, slightly sticky, and nonplastic; few very fine included, in alphabetical order, in this section. roots; 35 percent channers and 15 percent pebbles; common distinct lime coatings on rock Management fragments and many lime pendants on undersides For management information about this map unit, of rock fragments; violently effervescent; strongly see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. alkaline.

Range in Characteristics Birney Series Soil temperature: 45 to 47 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the Bk horizon: 10 to 15 inches Permeability: Moderate A horizon Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Parent material: Alluvium Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Elevation range: 4,000 to 5,050 feet Texture: Loam or sandy loam Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Annual air temperature: 43 to 45 degrees F Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Frost-free period: 100 to 120 days 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles or channers Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 superactive, frigid Aridic Haplustepts Bw horizon Typical Pedon Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Birney loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist rangeland, 900 feet east and 800 feet north of the Chroma: 2, 3, 4, or 6 southwest corner of sec. 5, T. 3 N., R. 3 E. Texture: Loam or sandy loam Clay content: 15 to 27 percent A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine pebbles or channers granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Bk horizons boundary. Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Bw—4 to 11 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist, Chroma: 2, 3, 4, or 6 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Texture: Sandy loam or loam slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Clay content: 15 to 27 percent plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear pebbles or channers smooth boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Bk1—11 to 20 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 channery sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and nonplastic; 128D—Birney channery loam, common very fine and fine roots; 25 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes channers and 15 percent pebbles; common distinct lime coatings on rock fragments; few lime Setting pendants on undersides of rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces smooth boundary. Slope: 8 to 15 percent Bk2—20 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Elevation: 4,000 to 4,900 feet channery sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very Frost-free period: 100 to 120 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 131

Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Birney and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent Blackdog Series Birney very channery loam: 0 to 5 percent Trimad cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Relict stream terraces Surface layer texture: Channery loam Parent material: Loess Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation range: 4,350 to 5,800 feet Dominant parent material: Alluvium Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.1 inches Taxonomic Class: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, A typical description with range in characteristics is frigid Typic Argiustolls included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Typical Pedon Management Blackdog silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of For management information about this map unit, cropland, 850 feet south and 1,500 feet east of the see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. northwest corner of sec. 26, T. 1 N., R. 5 E. Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt 28C—Birney loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium granular structure; slightly hard, Setting friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces A2—6 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt Slope: 2 to 8 percent loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Elevation: 4,000 to 5,000 feet weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and moderately Frost-free period: 100 to 120 days plastic; few very fine roots; neutral; clear smooth Composition boundary. Bt1—10 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay Major Components loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Birney and similar soils: 90 percent medium prismatic structure parting to moderate Minor Components medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few Busby loam: 0 to 5 percent very fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; slightly alkaline; Major Component Description clear smooth boundary. Surface layer texture: Loam Bt2—14 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Drainage class: Well drained prismatic structure parting to moderate fine Dominant parent material: Alluvium subangular blocky; hard, friable, moderately Native plant cover type: Rangeland sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine roots; Flooding: None common faint clay films on faces of peds and Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches lining pores; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is Bk1—19 to 26 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt included, in alphabetical order, in this section. loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; 132 Soil Survey

weak medium and fine subangular blocky Composition structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, Major Components and slightly plastic; common fine threads and Blackdog and similar soils: 90 percent seams of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Minor Components Bk2—26 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, Meagher loam: 0 to 4 percent brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular Bowery loam: 0 to 3 percent blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Quagle silt loam: 0 to 3 percent sticky, and slightly plastic; disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; Major Component Description moderately alkaline. Surface layer texture: Silt loam Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Dominant parent material: Loess Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Flooding: None Depth to the Bk horizon: 18 to 30 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 10.9 inches A horizon Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist A typical description with range in characteristics is Chroma: 2 or 3 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Management Bt1 horizon For management information about this map unit, Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 3 or 4 Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 50C—Blackdog silt loam, Bt2 horizon 4 to 8 percent slopes Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 3 or 4 Setting Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Landform: Relict stream terraces Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Slope: 4 to 8 percent Elevation: 4,500 to 5,750 feet Note: Some pedons contain a Bt3 horizon with silt Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches loam textures. Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Bk horizons Composition Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Major Components Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Blackdog and similar soils: 90 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Minor Components Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 4 percent Bowery loam: 0 to 3 percent 50B—Blackdog silt loam, Quagle silt loam: 0 to 3 percent 0 to 4 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Relict stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Loess Elevation: 4,350 to 5,500 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Available water capacity: Mainly 10.9 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 133

A typical description with range in characteristics is Elevation: 4,500 to 5,400 feet included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Management For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Blackdog and similar soils: 60 percent 50D—Blackdog silt loam, Quagle and similar soils: 30 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes Minor Components Beanlake loam: 0 to 5 percent Setting Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Relict stream terraces Slope: 8 to 15 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 4,500 to 5,700 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Blackdog Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Dominant parent material: Loess Blackdog and similar soils: 85 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 10.9 inches Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent Quagle silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Quagle Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent Surface layer texture: Silt loam Beanlake loam: 0 to 2 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Loess Surface layer texture: Silt loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 10.6 inches Dominant parent material: Loess Native plant cover type: Rangeland A typical description with range in characteristics is Flooding: None included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 10.9 inches Management A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 450C—Blackdog-Quagle silt loams, 4 to 8 percent slopes

450B—Blackdog-Quagle silt loams, Setting 0 to 4 percent slopes Landform: • Blackdog—Relict stream terraces Setting • Quagle—Relict stream terraces Landform: Slope: • Blackdog—Relict stream terraces • Blackdog—4 to 8 percent • Quagle—Relict stream terraces • Quagle—4 to 8 percent Slope: Elevation: 4,400 to 5,500 feet • Blackdog—0 to 4 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Quagle—0 to 4 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 134 Soil Survey

Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Blackdog and similar soils: 55 percent Blackdog and similar soils: 60 percent Brodyk and similar soils: 35 percent Quagle and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Minor Components Beanlake loam: 0 to 5 percent Beanlake loam: 0 to 5 percent Bowery loam: 0 to 3 percent Bowery loam: 0 to 3 percent Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 2 percent Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Blackdog Blackdog Surface layer texture: Silt loam Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Loess Dominant parent material: Loess Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 10.9 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 10.9 inches Brodyk Quagle Surface layer texture: Silt loam Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Loess Dominant parent material: Loess Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 10.4 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 10.6 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Blackmore Series 450D—Blackdog-Brodyk silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Setting Landform: Relict stream terraces Landform: Parent material: Loess • Blackdog—Relict stream terraces Slope range: 0 to 15 percent • Brodyk—Relict stream terraces Elevation range: 4,700 to 5,600 feet Slope: Annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches • Blackdog—8 to 15 percent Annual air temperature: 37 to 41 degrees F • Brodyk—8 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Elevation: 4,500 to 5,800 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Taxonomic Class: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days frigid Typic Argiustolls Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 135

Typical Pedon Ap and AB horizons Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Blackmore silt loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area Clay content: 22 to 27 percent of hayland, 1,100 feet south and 1,800 feet west of the Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 northeast corner of sec. 27, T. 2 S., R. 6 E. Bt horizons Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam, Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine granular Chroma: 3 or 4 structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, Clay content: 27 to 35 percent and slightly plastic; many very fine and common Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 fine and medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bk1 horizon AB—6 to 10 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine and Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 medium angular blocky structure; slightly hard, Texture: Silt loam or silty clay loam friable, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; Clay content: 15 to 30 percent many very fine and common fine and medium Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent roots; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Bt1—10 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay Bk2 horizon loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist, with some Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist, interfingering of Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 mollic material; strong fine subangular blocky Texture: Silt loam or silty clay loam structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, and Clay content: 15 to 30 percent moderately plastic; many very fine and few fine Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent and medium roots; common distinct clay films on pebbles faces of peds and lining pores; neutral; gradual Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 30 percent smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Bt2—15 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; 350B—Blackmore silt loam, hard, firm, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; 0 to 4 percent slopes common very fine and few fine and medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds and Setting lining pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bk1—27 to 42 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt Landform: Relict stream terraces loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak Slope: 0 to 4 percent medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Elevation: 4,850 to 5,550 feet firm, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; few Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches fine roots; many fine threads and seams of lime; Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual Composition smooth boundary. Bk2—42 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Major Components loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Blackmore and similar soils: 90 percent weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Minor Components hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent few very fine roots; common medium masses of Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 3 percent lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Brodyk silt loam: 0 to 2 percent Range in Characteristics Major Component Description Soil temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Surface layer texture: Silt loam Mollic epipedon thickness: 8 to 15 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth to the Bk horizon: 20 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained 136 Soil Survey

Dominant parent material: Loess 350D—Blackmore silt loam, Native plant cover type: Rangeland 8 to 15 percent slopes Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 11.3 inches Setting A typical description with range in characteristics is Landform: Relict stream terraces included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Slope: 8 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,700 to 5,550 feet Management Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition

Major Components 350C—Blackmore silt loam, Blackmore and similar soils: 90 percent 4 to 8 percent slopes Minor Components Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent Setting Doughty cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent Brodyk silt loam: 0 to 2 percent Landform: Relict stream terraces Slope: 4 to 8 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 4,750 to 5,600 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Surface layer texture: Silt loam Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Composition Dominant parent material: Loess Native plant cover type: Rangeland Major Components Flooding: None Blackmore and similar soils: 90 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 11.3 inches Minor Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Bowery loam: 0 to 4 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Brodyk silt loam: 0 to 3 percent Doughty cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Blacksheep Series Dominant parent material: Loess Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 11.3 inches Permeability: Moderately rapid Landform: Escarpments A typical description with range in characteristics is Parent material: Semiconsolidated, sandy included, in alphabetical order, in this section. sedimentary beds Slope range: 15 to 45 percent Management Elevation range: 3,950 to 5,400 feet Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches For management information about this map unit, Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 137

Taxonomic Class: Loamy, mixed, superactive, 811E—Blacksheep, moist-Kalsted-Scravo calcareous, frigid, shallow Aridic Ustorthents complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes Typical Pedon Setting Blacksheep cobbly sandy loam in an area of Blacksheep-Kalsted-Scravo complex, 15 to 45 percent Landform: slopes, in an area of rangeland, 1,100 feet north and • Blacksheep—Escarpments 1,000 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 7, • Kalsted—Escarpments T. 1 S., R. 2 E. • Scravo—Escarpments Slope: A—0 to 6 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) • Blacksheep—15 to 45 percent cobbly sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR • Kalsted—15 to 45 percent 4/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very • Scravo—15 to 45 percent friable, slightly sticky, and nonplastic; many very Elevation: 4,000 to 5,400 feet fine and fine and few medium roots; common very Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches fine continuous irregular pores; 15 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Composition boundary. Major Components C—6 to 16 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sandy loam, Blacksheep and similar soils: 50 percent brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; soft, loose, Kalsted and similar soils: 20 percent nonsticky, and nonplastic; common very fine and Scravo and similar soils: 20 percent fine and few medium roots; common very fine continuous irregular pores; 5 percent cobbles and Minor Components 5 percent pebbles; strongly effervescent; Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent moderately alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. Soils less than 10 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 Cr—16 to 60 inches; semiconsolidated, calcareous percent sandstone. Major Component Description Range in Characteristics Blacksheep Soil temperature: 43 to 47 inches Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Moisture control section: Between 8 and 16 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained A horizon Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, sandy Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR sedimentary beds Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Native plant cover type: Forest land Chroma: 2 or 3 Flooding: None Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 2.0 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Kalsted Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Surface layer texture: Sandy loam C horizon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Chroma: 2 or 3 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or very fine Flooding: None sandy loam Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches Clay content: 10 to 18 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Scravo 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Note: Some pedons may contain a Bk horizon. Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium 138 Soil Survey

Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 2.1 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Rock outcrop Definition: Exposures of sandy sedimentary bedrock. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 410E—Blacksheep-Chinook-Rock outcrop Management complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Setting Landform: • Blacksheep—Escarpments 711E—Blacksheep-Kalsted-Scravo • Chinook—Escarpments complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes • Rock outcrop—Escarpments Slope: Setting • Blacksheep—15 to 45 percent Landform: • Chinook—15 to 35 percent • Blacksheep—Escarpments Elevation: 4,200 to 5,100 feet • Kalsted—Escarpments Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Scravo—Escarpments Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Slope: Composition • Blacksheep—15 to 45 percent • Kalsted—15 to 45 percent Major Components • Scravo—15 to 45 percent Blacksheep and similar soils: 45 percent Elevation: 3,950 to 5,250 feet Chinook and similar soils: 30 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Rock outcrop: 15 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Minor Components Composition Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Scravo cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Blacksheep and similar soils: 45 percent Major Component Description Kalsted and similar soils: 25 percent Scravo and similar soils: 20 percent Blacksheep Minor Components Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Soils less than 10 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 Drainage class: Well drained percent Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, sandy sedimentary beds Major Component Description Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Blacksheep Available water capacity: Mainly 2.1 inches Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Chinook Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, sandy Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) sedimentary beds Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 139

Native plant cover type: Rangeland A—0 to 5 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, black Flooding: None (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate medium granular Available water capacity: Mainly 2.0 inches structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine and Kalsted common medium roots; 5 percent flagstones and Surface layer texture: Sandy loam 10 percent channers; neutral; clear wavy Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) boundary. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Bt1—5 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium channery clay loam, very dark grayish brown Native plant cover type: Rangeland (10YR 3/2) moist; weak, medium subangular Flooding: None blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; common distinct Scravo clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent flagstones Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam and 30 percent channers; neutral; clear wavy Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bt2—10 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium channery clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Native plant cover type: Rangeland weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Flooding: None hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately Available water capacity: Mainly 2.1 inches plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is flagstones and 40 percent channers; neutral; included, in alphabetical order, in this section. gradual wavy boundary. Bt3—15 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Management extremely channery sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky For management information about this map unit, structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay films of faces of peds; 10 percent flagstones and 50 percent channers; Blaincreek Series neutral; gradual smooth boundary. R—23 inches; argillite bedrock. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Moderate Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Landform: Hills Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Parent material: Argillite residuum Mollic epipedon thickness: 8 to 15 inches Slope range: 2 to 70 percent Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches Elevation range: 4,400 to 6,600 feet Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches A horizon Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Clay content: 15 to 25 percent superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles or flagstones; 0 to 30 percent Typical Pedon pebbles or channers Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Blaincreek loam, in an area of Tolbert-Blaincreek-Adel complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an area of Bt1 horizon rangeland, 1,700 feet south and 1,000 feet west of the Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR northeast corner of sec. 14, T. 3 N., R. 3 E. Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist 140 Soil Survey

Chroma: 2 or 3 Major Component Description Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Blaincreek Content of rock fragments: 30 to 60 percent—0 to Surface layer texture: Channery loam 10 percent cobbles or flagstones; 30 to 50 Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) percent pebbles or channers Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Bt2 horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Flooding: None Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 2.3 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Loam or clay loam Tolbert Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Surface layer texture: Extremely channery loam Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—5 to Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) 10 percent flagstones; 30 to 50 percent Drainage class: Well drained channers Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Bt3 horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist A typical description with range in characteristics is Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Texture: Loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Management Content of rock fragments: 45 to 70 percent—10 to 15 percent flagstones; 35 to 55 percent For management information about this map unit, channers see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Blossberg Series 439G—Blaincreek-Tolbert complex, 40 to 70 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Poorly drained Permeability: Moderate above the 2C horizon and Setting rapid below Landform: Landform: Stream terraces • Blaincreek—Hills Parent material: Alluvium • Tolbert—Hills Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Slope: Elevation range: 4,200 to 5,550 feet • Blaincreek—45 to 70 percent Annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches • Tolbert—45 to 70 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Elevation: 5,000 to 6,200 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Composition Endoaquolls Typical Pedon Major Components Blaincreek and similar soils: 50 percent Blossberg loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of Tolbert and similar soils: 40 percent pasture, 2,400 feet south and 1,800 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 20, T. 2 S., R. 5 E. Minor Components Adel loam: 0 to 5 percent A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, Tolex and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; moderate Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 141

sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, 2C horizon and medium roots; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth Texture: Loamy coarse sand, coarse sand, loamy boundary. sand, or sand A2—2 to 10 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, Clay content: 0 to 10 percent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; weak Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—20 medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, to 30 percent cobbles; 15 to 50 percent pebbles slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 and common fine and medium roots; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bg1—10 to 15 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 542A—Blossberg loam, 3/2) loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; many 0 to 2 percent slopes medium prominent red (2.5YR 5/6) redox concentrations; weak fine subangular blocky Setting structure; very hard, friable, moderately sticky, and Landform: Stream terraces slightly plastic; few medium roots, common fine Slope: 0 to 2 percent roots, and many very fine roots; 3 percent Elevation: 4,200 to 5,550 feet pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches Bg2—15 to 24 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 3/2) sandy clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; few fine prominent red (2.5YR 5/6) redox Composition concentrations; weak fine subangular blocky Major Components structure; soft, friable, moderately sticky, and Blossberg and similar soils: 85 percent slightly plastic; few fine and common very fine roots; 10 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual smooth Minor Components boundary. Bonebasin loam: 0 to 10 percent 2C—24 to 60 inches; variegated extremely gravelly Meadowcreek loam: 0 to 5 percent loamy coarse sand; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; 20 percent cobbles and 40 Major Component Description percent pebbles; slightly alkaline. Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Native plant cover type: Rangeland Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Flooding: None Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 24 inches Water table: Apparent Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 24 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches A horizons A typical description with range in characteristics is Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Chroma: 2 or 3 Management Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles For management information about this map unit, Reaction: pH 7.4 to 7.8 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bg horizons Hue: 2.5Y, 5Y, or 10YR Bobkitty Series Value: 3, 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Texture: Loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Clay content: 20 to 32 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to Landform: Stream terraces and flood plains 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Parent material: Alluvium Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Slope range: 0 to 4 percent 142 Soil Survey

Elevation range: 3,950 to 5,700 feet Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 15 inches Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 inches Annual air temperature: 42 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period: 95 to 120 days A horizon Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Chroma: 1 or 2 frigid Fluvaquentic Haplustolls Texture: Loam or clay loam Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Typical Pedon Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Bobkitty loam, in an area of Bobkitty-Bonebasin Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 10 percent complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of pasture, Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 2,100 feet south and 1,000 feet west of the northeast Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 corner of sec. 1, T. 3 N., R. 2 E. C1 horizon A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 or 6 dry loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Texture: Loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam moderate medium granular structure; slightly hard, Clay content: 20 to 35 percent friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles very fine and common fine roots and few medium Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 30 roots; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 10 percent C1—5 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Reaction: pH 8.5 to 9.6 moderate medium subangular blocky structure; C2 horizon slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Texture: Loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam plastic; common very fine and fine and few Clay content: 20 to 35 percent medium roots; violently effervescent; strongly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 30 C2—10 to 24 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 10 percent loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Reaction: pH 8.5 to 9.6 friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and few fine roots; violently effervescent; Cg horizon very strongly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Cg—24 to 48 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Value: 6 or 7 dry stratified silty clay loam and loam, dark gray Chroma: 1 or 2 (10YR 4/1) moist; common faint dark yellowish Texture: Loam consisting of fine stratification of brown (10YR 4/6) moist redox concentrations; sandy loam, silt loam, and silty clay loam massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and Clay content: 18 to 30 percent slightly plastic; few very fine roots; strongly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear smooth Sodium adsorption ratio: 5 to 20 boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 10 percent 2C—48 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) stratified Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 sandy loam and loamy sand, gray (10YR 5/1) Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 moist; common fine and medium prominent dark 2C horizon yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist redox Value: 5 or 6 moist; 6 or 7 dry concentrations; single grain; soft, very friable, Chroma: 1 or 2 nonsticky, and nonplastic; slightly effervescent; Texture: Loamy sand consisting of fine moderately alkaline. stratification of sandy loam, loam, and sand Clay content: 0 to 15 percent Range in Characteristics Content of rock fragments: 0 to 40 percent—0 to Soil temperature: 45 to 47 degrees F 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 25 percent pebbles Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 143

520B—Bobkitty clay loam, Composition 0 to 4 percent slopes Major Components Bobkitty and similar soils: 65 percent Setting Bonebasin and similar soils: 25 percent Landform: Stream terraces Minor Components Slope: 0 to 4 percent Rivra gravelly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 3,950 to 4,300 feet Ryell sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Lamoose silt loam: 0 to 2 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 120 days Major Component Description Composition Bobkitty Major Components Surface layer texture: Loam Bobkitty and similar soils: 85 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Minor Components Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Slickspots: 0 to 8 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Threeriv loam: 0 to 7 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Major Component Description Water table: Apparent Surface layer texture: Clay loam Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Available water capacity: Mainly 7.1 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Bonebasin Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Loam Water table: Apparent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches Drainage class: Very poorly drained Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 7.1 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare A typical description with range in characteristics is Water table: Apparent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Management A typical description with range in characteristics is For management information about this map unit, included, in alphabetical order, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 500A—Bobkitty-Bonebasin complex, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 0 to 2 percent slopes

Setting Bonebasin Series Landform: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Bobkitty—Flood plains Drainage class: Very poorly drained • Bonebasin—Stream terraces Permeability: Moderate above the 2C horizon and Slope: rapid in the 2C horizon • Bobkitty—0 to 2 percent Landform: Flood plains and stream terraces • Bonebasin—0 to 2 percent Parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 3,950 to 5,700 feet Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Elevation range: 3,950 to 6,100 feet Frost-free period: 95 to 120 days Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches 144 Soil Survey

Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Texture: Loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam with Frost-free period: 90 to 115 days strata of sandy loam, clay loam, sand, or gravel Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Fluvaquentic pebbles Endoaquolls Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 15 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Typical Pedon 2C horizon Bonebasin loam, in an area of Lamoose-Rivra- Texture: Loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, or sand Bonebasin complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area Clay content: 0 to 10 percent of pasture, 1,500 feet south and 2,600 feet east of the Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—10 northwest corner of sec. 32, T. 2 N., R. 2 E. to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 50 percent pebbles Oa—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 5 percent 3/2) muck, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strongly Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Ag—4 to 15 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y Bowery Series 3/2) loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; moderate Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Drainage class: Well drained very friable, moderately sticky, and moderately Permeability: Moderate plastic; many very fine, common fine, and few Landform: Alluvial fans, stream terraces, and medium roots; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy escarpments boundary. Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Cg—15 to 25 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) stratified Slope range: 2 to 45 percent loam and sandy loam, gray (5Y 5/1) dry; massive; Elevation range: 4,450 to 6,300 feet soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches common very fine and few fine and medium roots; Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F 10 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days boundary. 2C—25 to 60 inches; variegated very gravelly loamy Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, sand; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and frigid Pachic Haplustolls nonplastic; 20 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Bowery loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F rangeland, 1,250 feet south and 800 feet east of the Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches northwest corner of sec. 24, T. 4 N., R. 6 E. Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 15 inches Depth to seasonal high water table: Ponded to 12 A1—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) inches loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and very fine subangular blocky; Ag horizon slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry very fine and fine pores; 5 percent pebbles; Chroma: 1 or 2 slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Clay content: 15 to 27 percent A2—9 to 22 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam; very Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate very fine Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 15 percent subangular blocky structure parting to moderate Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 fine and weak very fine granular; slightly hard, Cg horizon friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y very fine and fine roots; common very fine and Value: 3, 4, or 5 moist; 4, 5, or 6 dry fine pores; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 smooth boundary. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 145

Bw1—22 to 36 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Minor Components clay loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent weak fine and very fine subangular blocky Burnel loam: 0 to 3 percent structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 2 percent hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Major Component Description few very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine pores; 10 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual Surface layer texture: Loam smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bw2—36 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Drainage class: Well drained loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Dominant parent material: Alluvium weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak Native plant cover type: Rangeland medium and fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, Flooding: None firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Available water capacity: Mainly 11.2 inches few fine roots; few very fine pores; 10 percent pebbles; neutral. A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Range in Characteristics Management Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F For management information about this map unit, Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Mollic epipedon thickness: 16 to 60 inches A horizons Breeton Series Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Drainage class: Well drained Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent Landform: Alluvial fans, stream terraces, and hills pebbles Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Slope range: 4 to 35 percent Elevation range: 4,350 to 6,400 feet Bw horizons Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Loam or clay loam Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, Clay content: 18 to 35 percent frigid Pachic Haplustolls Content of rock fragments: 10 to 25 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 10 to 20 percent pebbles Typical Pedon Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Breeton coarse sandy loam, 4 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of pasture, 300 feet north and 2,000 feet west 14C—Bowery loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes of the southeast corner of sec. 12, T. 4 S., R. 3 E. A1—0 to 10 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) coarse Setting sandy loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces medium granular structure; hard, friable, slightly Slope: 2 to 8 percent sticky, and nonplastic; many very fine and Elevation: 4,500 to 6,100 feet common fine roots, many very fine interstitial Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches pores; 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days smooth boundary. A2—10 to 24 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) coarse Composition sandy loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Major Components hard, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; Bowery and similar soils: 90 percent common very fine and fine roots; common very 146 Soil Survey

fine interstitial pores; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; Elevation: 4,350 to 5,800 feet clear smooth boundary. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Bw—24 to 40 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days coarse sandy loam, very dark grayish brown Composition (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, Major Components nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine and fine Breeton and similar soils: 90 percent roots; common very fine and fine interstitial pores; Minor Components 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Sawicki cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent BC—40 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent gravelly coarse sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable, Major Component Description nonsticky, and nonplastic; 20 percent pebbles; Surface layer texture: Coarse sandy loam neutral. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Native plant cover type: Rangeland Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Flooding: None Mollic epipedon thickness: 16 to 40 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches A horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y A typical description with range in characteristics is Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Chroma: 1 or 2 Management Clay content: 8 to 18 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent For management information about this map unit, pebbles see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.4 Bw horizon Bridger Series Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Chroma: 2 or 3 Drainage class: Well drained Texture: Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam Permeability: Moderately slow Clay content: 8 to 18 percent Landform: Stream terraces, alluvial fans, Content of rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent drainageways, and hills pebbles Parent material: Alluvium, colluvium, or alpine till Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Slope range: 2 to 45 percent Elevation range: 4,900 to 7,650 feet BC horizon Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Coarse sandy loam, loamy coarse sand, Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive Ustic or sandy loam Argicryolls Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Content of rock fragments: 10 to 30 percent Typical Pedon pebbles Bridger loam, in an area of Bridger-Libeg, stony Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 100 feet south and 1,700 feet east of the 362D—Breeton coarse sandy loam, northwest corner of sec. 36, T. 6 S., R. 3 E. 4 to 15 percent slopes A—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak Setting medium subangular blocky structure parting to Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces moderate medium granular; hard, friable, Slope: 4 to 15 percent nonsticky, and nonplastic; many very fine and fine Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 147

and few medium and coarse roots; 5 percent Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 5 cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear percent stones; 0 to 5 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 smooth boundary. percent pebbles Bt1—8 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Bt2 horizon prismatic structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist fine and few medium roots; common distinct clay Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 10 Texture: Clay loam, silty clay loam, or clay percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Bt2—15 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 5 gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak percent stones; 0 to 5 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 medium prismatic structure; soft, friable, slightly percent pebbles sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 fine and few medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 15 Bk horizons percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y boundary. Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5, 6, or 7 moist Bk1—28 to 49 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) cobbly Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Clay content: 20 to 35 percent friable, very sticky, and moderately plastic; few Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 5 very fine, fine, and medium roots; 20 percent percent stones; 0 to 25 percent cobbles; 5 to 30 cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; common fine percent pebbles masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Bk2—49 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, 379E—Bridger cobbly loam, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; 5 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes, stony cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; common fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Setting Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Range in Characteristics Slope: 15 to 35 percent Elevation: 5,200 to 7,150 feet Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 16 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 17 to 40 inches Composition A horizon Major Components Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Bridger and similar soils: 85 percent Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist Minor Components Chroma: 1 or 2 Bridger loam: 0 to 5 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Redchief very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 5 Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent percent stones; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles Major Component Description Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Bt1 horizon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Drainage class: Well drained Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Dominant parent material: Alluvium Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Clay loam, silty clay loam, or clay Flooding: None Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches 148 Soil Survey

A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Bridger and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bridger clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Libeg cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with a water table at 4 to 8 feet: 0 to 5 percent 379D—Bridger cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, stony Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 8 to 15 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 5,250 to 7,200 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Bridger and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Bridger loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Redchief very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent 179E—Bridger loam, cool, Major Component Description 4 to 25 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Drainageways Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 4 to 25 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,900 to 6,850 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Bridger and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Bangtail loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Redlodge silty clay loam: 0 to 3 percent Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 2 percent 79C—Bridger loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 2 to 8 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Elevation: 5,450 to 6,200 feet Native plant cover type: Forest land Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 149

A typical description with range in characteristics is Management included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, Management see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 496D—Bridger-Ouselfal, very stony-Redlodge complex, 779E—Bridger-Libeg, stony complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes 8 to 25 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: • Bridger—Drainageways Landform: • Ouselfal—Hills • Bridger—Hills • Redlodge—Closed depressions • Libeg—Hills Slope: Slope: • Bridger—8 to 15 percent • Bridger—8 to 25 percent • Ouselfal—8 to 15 percent • Libeg—8 to 25 percent • Redlodge—4 to 6 percent Elevation: 6,050 to 7,300 feet Elevation: 6,150 to 7,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Bridger and similar soils: 50 percent Major Components Libeg and similar soils: 35 percent Bridger and similar soils: 40 percent Ouselfal and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Redlodge and similar soils: 10 percent Libeg bouldery loam: 0 to 5 percent Loberg stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 5 percent Yellowmule loam: 0 to 10 percent Soils with a water table at 2.5 to 4 feet: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Bridger Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bridger Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Dominant parent material: Alpine till Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Libeg Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Ouselfal Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Very flaggy loam Dominant parent material: Alpine till Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches shale residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land A typical description with range in characteristics is Flooding: None included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches 150 Soil Survey

Redlodge Drainage class: Poorly drained Surface layer texture: Silty clay Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Poorly drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Water table: Apparent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 10.8 inches Flooding: None Water table: Apparent A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 10.5 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section.

A typical description with range in characteristics is Management included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, Management see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Brocko Series

Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 550E—Bridger-Redlodge complex, Drainage class: Well drained 4 to 25 percent slopes Permeability: Moderate Landform: Relict stream terraces and hills Setting Parent material: Loess Slope range: 0 to 35 percent Landform: Elevation range: 3,950 to 5,250 feet • Bridger—Drainageways Annual precipitation: 10 to 16 inches • Redlodge—Drainageways Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Slope: Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days • Bridger—4 to 25 percent • Redlodge—4 to 6 percent Taxonomic Class: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, Elevation: 5,100 to 6,300 feet frigid Aridic Calciustepts Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Typical Pedon Composition Brocko silt loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of Major Components cropland, 1,320 feet north and 100 feet east of the Bridger and similar soils: 75 percent southwest corner of sec. 12, T. 1 S., R. 1 E. Redlodge and similar soils: 15 percent Ap—0 to 7 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/2) silt loam, Minor Components dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Bavdark loam: 0 to 5 percent medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Soils with a water table at 1.5 to 3 feet: 0 to 3 percent very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Libeg stony loam: 0 to 2 percent common very fine and fine and few medium roots; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Major Component Description wavy boundary. Bridger Bk1—7 to 20 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Surface layer texture: Loam silt loam, dark brownish gray (10YR 4/2) moist; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Drainage class: Well drained slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and Dominant parent material: Alluvium slightly plastic; common very fine and few medium Native plant cover type: Forest land roots; few fine masses of lime; violently Flooding: None effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches boundary. Bk2—20 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Redlodge silt loam, dark brownish gray (10YR 4/2) moist; Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 151

fine and fine roots; few fine masses of lime; Management violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. For management information about this map unit, Range in Characteristics see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches 36C—Brocko silt loam, Depth to the Bk horizon: 5 to 8 inches 4 to 8 percent slopes Ap horizon Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Setting Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Landform: Relict stream terraces Chroma: 2 or 3 Slope: 4 to 8 percent Clay content: 8 to 18 percent Elevation: 4,000 to 5,100 feet Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Bk horizons Composition Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Major Components Chroma: 2 or 3 Brocko and similar soils: 90 percent Texture: Silt loam or very fine sandy loam Minor Components Clay content: 8 to 18 percent Clarkstone silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Soils with more than 8 percent slopes: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description 36B—Brocko silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Dominant parent material: Loess Landform: Relict stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 0 to 4 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 4,100 to 5,150 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 10.0 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Composition Management Major Components Brocko and similar soils: 90 percent For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Clarkstone silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent 36D—Brocko silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Relict stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Loess Elevation: 3,950 to 5,050 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Available water capacity: Mainly 10.0 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Brocko and similar soils: 90 percent 152 Soil Survey

Minor Components Flooding: None Clarkstone silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 10.0 inches Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent Soils with more than 15 percent slopes: 0 to 2 percent Clarkstone Surface layer texture: Silt loam Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Silt loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Loess Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Loess Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 11.0 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 10.0 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. A typical description with range in characteristics is Management included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 336D—Brocko-Clarkstone silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes 336C—Brocko-Clarkstone silt loams, 4 to 8 percent slopes Setting Landform: Setting • Brocko—Relict stream terraces Landform: • Clarkstone—Relict stream terraces • Brocko—Relict stream terraces Slope: • Clarkstone—Relict stream terraces • Brocko—8 to 15 percent Slope: • Clarkstone—8 to 15 percent • Brocko—4 to 8 percent Elevation: 4,000 to 5,100 feet • Clarkstone—4 to 8 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Elevation: 4,150 to 5,100 feet Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Composition Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Major Components Composition Brocko and similar soils: 50 percent Major Components Clarkstone and similar soils: 35 percent Brocko and similar soils: 50 percent Minor Components Clarkstone and similar soils: 35 percent Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 10 percent Minor Components Crago cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 10 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 2 percent Crago cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent Major Component Description Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 2 percent Brocko Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Silt loam Brocko Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Silt loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Loess Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Loess Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 10.0 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 153

Clarkstone blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Surface layer texture: Silt loam and nonplastic; few very fine roots; disseminated Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) lime; few fine seams of lime; violently Drainage class: Well drained effervescent; moderately alkaline. Dominant parent material: Loess Native plant cover type: Rangeland Range in Characteristics Flooding: None Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Available water capacity: Mainly 11.0 inches Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 5 to 7 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Ap horizon Management Value: 5 or 6 dry Chroma: 2 or 3 For management information about this map unit, Clay content: 18 to 22 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Brodyk Series Bk1 horizon Value: 6 or 7 dry Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Clay content: 10 to 18 percent Drainage class: Well drained Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Permeability: Moderate Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Landform: Relict stream terraces Parent material: Loess Bk2 horizon Slope range: 4 to 45 percent Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Elevation range: 4,200 to 5,800 feet Chroma: 2 or 3 Annual precipitation: 14 to 19 inches Texture: Silt loam or very fine sandy loam Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Clay content: 10 to 18 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Taxonomic Class: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 frigid Typic Calciustepts

Typical Pedon Burnel Series Brodyk silt loam, in an area of Quagle-Brodyk silt Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) loams, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, Drainage class: Well drained 1,900 feet north and 1,500 feet east of the southwest Permeability: Moderately slow corner of sec. 12, T. 2 N., R. 4 E. Landform: Stream terraces, alluvial fans, and drainageways Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, dark Parent material: Alluvium grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak medium Slope range: 2 to 8 percent platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Elevation range: 4,750 to 6,200 feet and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F smooth boundary. Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Bk1—6 to 30 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Argiustolls slightly sticky, and nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; common fine masses of lime; Typical Pedon violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Burnel silty clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, in an Bk2—30 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, area of hayland, 350 feet south and 2,600 feet east of brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular the northwest corner of sec. 20, T. 1 S., R. 7 E. 154 Soil Survey

Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay Clay content: 35 to 50 percent loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles granular structure; slightly hard, firm, moderately Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine Bt2 horizon and fine and few medium roots; 5 percent Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Bt1—6 to 9 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty Chroma: 1 or 2 clay loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; strong medium Clay content: 35 to 50 percent subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 common very fine and fine and few medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 Bk horizons percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y boundary. Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Bt2—9 to 19 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay, very Chroma: 2 or 3 dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; very hard, very firm, Clay content: 30 to 40 percent very sticky, and very plastic; few very fine and fine Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent 5 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 boundary. Bk1—19 to 35 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 12C—Burnel silty clay loam, moist; moderate medium subangular blocky 2 to 8 percent slopes structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky, and very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; 5 percent Setting pebbles; many fine irregular masses of lime; Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Slope: 2 to 8 percent wavy boundary. Elevation: 4,750 to 6,000 feet Bk2—35 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, slightly sticky, and slightly Composition plastic; 5 percent pebbles; many fine irregular masses of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately Major Components alkaline. Burnel and similar soils: 90 percent Minor Components Range in Characteristics Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with more than 8 percent slopes: 0 to 5 percent Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Major Component Description Mollic epipedon thickness: 17 to 35 inches Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Ap horizon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Drainage class: Well drained Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Dominant parent material: Alluvium Chroma: 1 or 2 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Silty clay loam or clay loam Flooding: None Clay content: 30 to 40 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 9.7 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 A typical description with range in characteristics is Bt1 horizon included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Management Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Chroma: 1 or 2 For management information about this map unit, Texture: Silty clay loam or silty clay see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 155

212C—Burnel-Nythar complex, Permeability: Moderately rapid 2 to 8 percent slopes Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Parent material: Alluvium Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Setting Elevation range: 4,000 to 5,050 feet Landform: Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Burnel—Drainageways Annual air temperature: 43 to 45 degrees F • Nythar—Drainageways Frost-free period: 100 to 120 days Slope: • Burnel—2 to 8 percent Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, • Nythar—2 to 6 percent frigid Haplocalcidic Haplustepts Elevation: 4,900 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Typical Pedon Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Busby loam, in an area of Busby-Birney complex, 0 to Composition 4 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, 800 feet north and 400 feet west of the southeast corner of Major Components sec. 7, T. 3 N., R. 3 E. Burnel and similar soils: 75 percent Nythar and similar soils: 15 percent A—0 to 4 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak fine Minor Components granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Billman clay loam: 0 to 5 percent sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, Enbar clay loam: 0 to 5 percent and medium roots; slightly effervescent; Major Component Description moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bw1—4 to 11 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, Burnel brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Surface layer texture: Clay loam subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine, Drainage class: Well drained fine and medium roots; slightly effervescent; Dominant parent material: Alluvium moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Bw2—11 to 16 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, Flooding: None dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Available water capacity: Mainly 9.6 inches medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many Nythar very fine, fine, and medium roots; slightly Surface layer texture: Loam effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) boundary. Drainage class: Very poorly drained Bk—16 to 20 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy Dominant parent material: Alluvium loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Native plant cover type: Rangeland medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very Flooding: Rare friable, slightly sticky, and nonplastic; common Water table: Apparent very fine and fine roots; common fine masses of Available water capacity: Mainly 9.7 inches lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is C1—20 to 30 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) stratified included, in alphabetical order, in this section. sandy loam and fine sandy loam, dark brown Management (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and nonplastic; few very fine roots; For management information about this map unit, strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. smooth boundary. C2—30 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Busby Series stratified fine sandy loam and loamy sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; soft, very friable, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) slightly sticky, and nonplastic; few very fine roots; Drainage class: Well drained strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. 156 Soil Survey

Range in Characteristics Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Soil temperature: 45 to 47 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the BK horizon: 10 to 20 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium A horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Flooding: None Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 7.0 inches Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Clay content: 15 to 25 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Bw horizons Management Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y For management information about this map unit, Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Loam or sandy loam Clay content: 10 to 18 percent 727B—Busby-Birney complex, Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 0 to 4 percent slopes Bk horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Setting Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Landform: Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 • Busby—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Clay content: 10 to 18 percent • Birney—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Slope: Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 • Busby—0 to 4 percent C horizons • Birney—0 to 4 percent Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Elevation: 4,000 to 4,100 feet Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Frost-free period: 100 to 120 days Texture: Stratified sandy loam, fine sandy loam, Composition and loamy sand Clay content: 3 to 18 percent Major Components Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 15 percent Busby and similar soils: 50 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Birney and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components 27B—Busby loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Alona silty clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Scravo cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Slope: 0 to 4 percent Busby Elevation: 4,300 to 4,500 feet Surface layer texture: Loam Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 100 to 120 days Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Major Components Available water capacity: Mainly 7.0 inches Busby and similar soils: 90 percent Minor Components Birney Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Trimad cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 157

Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 4.1 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 4.1 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Cabba Series

Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) 727D—Busby-Birney complex, Drainage class: Well drained 4 to 15 percent slopes Permeability: Moderate Landform: Hills and escarpments Setting Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum or semiconsolidated, loamy and clayey Landform: sedimentary beds • Busby—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Slope range: 4 to 60 percent • Birney—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Elevation range: 4,500 to 6,500 feet Slope: Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches • Busby—4 to 15 percent Annual air temperature: 37 to 43 degrees F • Birney—4 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 80 to 110 days Elevation: 4,050 to 5,050 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Taxonomic Class: Loamy, mixed, superactive, Frost-free period: 100 to 120 days calcareous, frigid, shallow Typic Ustorthents. Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Cabba silt loam in an area of Martinsdale-Cabba Busby and similar soils: 50 percent complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Birney and similar soils: 35 percent cropland, 2,800 feet north and 1,200 feet west of the Minor Components southeast corner of sec. 15, T. 2 S., R. 3 E. Birney cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Ap—0 to 4 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt Chinook fine sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and Major Component Description slightly plastic; many very fine and common fine Busby roots; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; Surface layer texture: Loam clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk1—4 to 8 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt Drainage class: Well drained loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Dominant parent material: Alluvium moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Native plant cover type: Rangeland slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and Flooding: None slightly plastic; many very fine and common fine Available water capacity: Mainly 7.0 inches roots; common fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Birney boundary. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Bk2—8 to 17 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular Drainage class: Well drained blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Dominant parent material: Alluvium sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and few Native plant cover type: Rangeland fine roots; 10 percent soft angular siltstone 158 Soil Survey

fragments; many medium masses of lime; violently Composition effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear wavy Major Components boundary. Cabba and similar soils: 50 percent Cr1—17 to 19 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) highly Bacbuster and similar soils: 40 percent weathered siltstone that crushes to loam; few fine roots in cracks; violently effervescent; strongly Minor Components alkaline (pH 8.6); clear wavy boundary. Norbert silty clay loam: 0 to 4 percent Cr2—19 to 60 inches; semiconsolidated siltstone. Castner channery loam: 0 to 3 percent Billman moist, clay loam: 0 to 2 percent Range in Characteristics Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Major Component Description Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Cabba Depth to the Cr horizon: 10 to 20 inches Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Ap horizon Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Drainage class: Well drained Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 shale residuum Texture: Silt loam, loam, or clay loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Flooding: None Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Bacbuster Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Bk horizons Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, 6, or 7 moist shale residuum Chroma: 1 through 6 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Loam or clay loam Flooding: None Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.5 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles A typical description with range in characteristics is Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Management Cr horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y For management information about this map unit, Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 1 through 6

315F—Cabba-Bacbuster complex, 615F—Cabba-Castner complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes 15 to 60 percent slopes

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Cabba—Escarpments • Cabba—Escarpments • Bacbuster—Escarpments • Castner—Escarpments Slope: Slope: • Cabba—15 to 60 percent • Cabba—15 to 60 percent • Bacbuster—15 to 35 percent • Castner—15 to 60 percent Elevation: 4,500 to 6,500 feet Elevation: 4,550 to 6,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 159

Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Cabba and similar soils: 65 percent Cabba and similar soils: 50 percent Reedwest and similar soils: 20 percent Castner and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Minor Components Beanlake loam: 0 to 5 percent Reedwest stony loam: 0 to 10 percent Norbert silty clay: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Cabba Cabba Surface layer texture: Clay loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 2.9 inches Reedwest Castner Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Very flaggy loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 747E—Cabba-Reedwest-Anceney complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes 415D—Cabba-Reedwest complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes Setting Landform: Setting • Cabba—Escarpments Landform: • Reedwest—Escarpments • Cabba—Hills • Anceney—Escarpments • Reedwest—Hills Slope: Slope: • Cabba—25 to 45 percent • Cabba—4 to 15 percent • Reedwest—15 to 35 percent • Reedwest—4 to 15 percent • Anceney—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 5,850 feet Elevation: 4,500 to 6,100 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 160 Soil Survey

Composition Parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy sedimentary beds Major Components Slope range: 2 to 45 percent Cabba and similar soils: 35 percent Elevation range: 4,050 to 5,500 feet Reedwest and similar soils: 30 percent Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Anceney and similar soils: 25 percent Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Minor Components Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 3 percent Taxonomic Class: Loamy, mixed, superactive, Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent calcareous, frigid, shallow Aridic Ustorthents Major Component Description Typical Pedon Cabba Cabbart cobbly loam in an area of Cabbart-Amesha- Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Trimad complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an area of Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) rangeland, 1,500 feet south and 1,200 feet east of the Drainage class: Well drained northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 1 S., R. 1 E. Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy sedimentary beds A—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly Native plant cover type: Rangeland loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Flooding: None fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; 10 percent cobbles, 10 percent pebbles, Reedwest and 10 percent soft siltstone fragments; strongly Surface layer texture: Loam effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bk1—3 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak sedimentary beds medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Native plant cover type: Rangeland very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Flooding: None many very fine and fine roots; 5 percent cobbles, Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches 5 percent pebbles, and 10 percent soft siltstone fragments; common fine masses of lime; violently Anceney effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk2—12 to 19 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam, light Drainage class: Well drained brownish gray (10YR 6/2) moist; weak fine Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Native plant cover type: Rangeland friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Flooding: None very fine roots; 25 percent soft siltstone Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches fragments; common fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear wavy A typical description with range in characteristics is boundary. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Cr—19 to 60 inches; semiconsolidated, calcareous siltstone. Management Range in Characteristics For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth to the Cr horizon: 10 to 20 inches Cabbart Series A horizon Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Drainage class: Well drained Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Permeability: Moderate Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Landform: Sedimentary plains, hills, and escarpments Texture: Loam or sandy loam Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 161

Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Flooding: None Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Available water capacity: Mainly 3.3 inches 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Amesha Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk horizons Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Flooding: None Texture: Loam, silt loam, or clay loam Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 50 percent soft Trimad and hard fragments—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam to 10 percent pebbles; 0 to 50 percent soft Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) siltstone fragments Drainage class: Well drained Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 25 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None 810E—Cabbart, moist-Amesha-Trimad Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes A typical description with range in characteristics is Setting included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: Management • Cabbart—Escarpments • Amesha—Escarpments For management information about this map unit, • Trimad—Escarpments see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Slope: • Cabbart—15 to 45 percent • Amesha—15 to 45 percent 710C—Cabbart-Amesha loams, • Trimad—15 to 45 percent 2 to 8 percent slopes Elevation: 4,050 to 5,250 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Setting Composition Landform: Major Components • Cabbart—Sedimentary plains Cabbart and similar soils: 50 percent • Amesha—Sedimentary plains Amesha and similar soils: 25 percent Slope: Trimad and similar soils: 15 percent • Cabbart—2 to 8 percent • Amesha—2 to 8 percent Minor Components Elevation: 4,250 to 5,250 feet Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Soils less than 10 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days percent Major Component Description Composition Cabbart Major Components Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Cabbart and similar soils: 55 percent Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Amesha and similar soils: 30 percent Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Minor Components sedimentary beds Headwaters loam: 0 to 10 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent 162 Soil Survey

Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Cabbart sedimentary beds Surface layer texture: Loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 3.3 inches Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy sedimentary beds Amesha Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 3.3 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Amesha Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium A typical description with range in characteristics is Native plant cover type: Rangeland included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Management For management information about this map unit, A typical description with range in characteristics is see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management 710E—Cabbart-Amesha-Trimad complex, For management information about this map unit, 15 to 45 percent slopes see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Setting 710D—Cabbart-Amesha loams, Landform: 8 to 15 percent slopes • Cabbart—Escarpments • Amesha—Escarpments Setting • Trimad—Escarpments Slope: Landform: • Cabbart—15 to 45 percent • Cabbart—Hills • Amesha—15 to 45 percent • Amesha—Hills • Trimad—15 to 45 percent Slope: Elevation: 4,050 to 5,500 feet • Cabbart—8 to 15 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Amesha—8 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Elevation: 4,050 to 5,300 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Composition Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Major Components Composition Cabbart and similar soils: 50 percent Amesha and similar soils: 25 percent Major Components Trimad and similar soils: 15 percent Cabbart and similar soils: 55 percent Amesha and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Soils less than 10 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 Headwaters loam: 0 to 10 percent percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Cabbart Cabbart Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 163

Drainage class: Well drained A1—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy channery loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR sedimentary beds 3/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Native plant cover type: Rangeland slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky, and Flooding: None nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; 10 Available water capacity: Mainly 3.3 inches percent flagstones and 20 percent channers; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Amesha A2—2 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Surface layer texture: Loam channery loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 3/2) moist; weak medium subangular blocky Drainage class: Well drained structure; hard, very friable, nonsticky, and Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; 5 Native plant cover type: Rangeland percent flagstones and 15 percent channers; Flooding: None neutral; clear smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Bk—6 to 18 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very channery loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Trimad moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained flagstones and 45 percent channers; common fine Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium masses of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately Native plant cover type: Rangeland alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Flooding: None R—18 inches; hard sandstone. Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches Range in Characteristics A typical description with range in characteristics is Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Moisture control section: Between 8 and 18 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Management Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches For management information about this map unit, Depth to the Bk horizon: 6 to 15 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. A1 horizon Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR Castner Series Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Clay content: 10 to 18 percent Drainage class: Well drained Content of rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent—5 to Permeability: Moderate 15 percent stones; 0 to 15 percent cobbles or Landform: Hills and escarpments flagstones; 10 to 20 percent pebbles or Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale channers residuum or argillite and sandstone residuum Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Slope range: 4 to 70 percent A2 horizon Elevation range: 4,300 to 6,800 feet Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Annual air temperature: 39 to 45 degrees F Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Texture: Loam or sandy loam Clay content: 10 to 18 percent Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Content of rock fragments: 15 to 70 percent—0 to superactive, frigid Lithic Haplustolls 10 percent stones; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; 15 Typical Pedon to 50 percent pebbles or channers Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Castner channery loam, in an area of Castner, very stony-Quigley, very stony-Rock outcrop complex, 15 Bk horizon to 45 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 2,200 Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR feet north and 2,200 feet east of the southwest corner Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist of sec. 5, T. 2 N., R. 5 E. Chroma: 2 or 3 164 Soil Survey

Texture: Loam or sandy loam Rock outcrop Clay content: 10 to 18 percent Definition: Exposures of sandstone bedrock. Content of rock fragments: 40 to 80 percent—5 to 15 percent stones; 0 to 25 percent cobbles; 20 A typical description with range in characteristics is to 45 percent pebbles or channers included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 3 to 15 percent Management Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 670E—Castner, very stony-Quigley, very stony-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes 770F—Castner-Reedwest-Rock outcrop complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: • Castner—Hills Landform: • Quigley—Hills • Castner—Escarpments • Rock outcrop—Hills • Reedwest—Escarpments Slope: • Rock outcrop—Escarpments • Castner—15 to 45 percent Slope: • Quigley—15 to 35 percent • Castner—25 to 60 percent Elevation: 4,750 to 6,250 feet • Reedwest—25 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Elevation: 4,500 to 6,600 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Composition Composition Major Components Castner and similar soils: 45 percent Major Components Quigley and similar soils: 35 percent Castner and similar soils: 60 percent Rock outcrop: 10 percent Reedwest and similar soils: 20 percent Rock outcrop: 10 percent Minor Components Absarook loam: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Quigley bouldery loam: 0 to 5 percent Bacbuster clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Farnuf loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Castner Surface layer texture: Channery loam Castner Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Surface layer texture: Channery loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Dominant parent material: Sandstone residuum Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Flooding: None shale residuum Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Quigley Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Reedwest Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Dominant parent material: Colluvium Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Available water capacity: Mainly 7.6 inches shale residuum Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 165

Native plant cover type: Rangeland Range in Characteristics Flooding: None Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches Moisture control section: Between 8 inches and the lithic contact. Rock outcrop Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 8 inches Definition: Exposures of sandstone bedrock. Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A horizon included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Management Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 For management information about this map unit, Clay content: 12 to 20 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Content of rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent—0 to 3 percent boulders; 0 to 5 percent stones; 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 5 to 30 percent pebbles Catgulch Series Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Bw horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Permeability: Moderate Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Landform: Hills Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 Parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Texture: Sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, or Slope range: 4 to 75 percent sandy clay loam Elevation range: 4,350 to 7,150 feet Clay content: 10 to 22 percent Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F 5 percent stones; 0 to 20 percent cobbles; 35 to Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 60 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Lithic Haplustolls Typical Pedon 487E—Catgulch, bouldery-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes Catgulch very cobbly coarse sandy loam, in an area of Bielenberg-Catgulch, very stony-Breeton complex, 15 Setting to 45 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 1,200 feet north and 1,600 feet east of the southwest corner Landform: Hills of sec. 15, T. 3 S., R. 3 E. Slope: 8 to 35 percent Elevation: 4,850 to 6,450 feet A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches cobbly coarse sandy loam, very dark grayish Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and Composition nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; 5 Major Components percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 30 Catgulch and similar soils: 70 percent percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Rock outcrop: 20 percent Bw—5 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam, dark brown Minor Components (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium subangular Bielenberg sandy clay loam: 0 to 5 percent blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent sticky, and nonplastic; common very fine and fine Major Component Description roots; 5 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 35 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Catgulch Cr—15 to 19 inches; highly decomposed gneiss Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam bedrock. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) R—19 inches; hard gneiss bedrock. Drainage class: Well drained 166 Soil Survey

Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Forest land Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches Rock outcrop Definition: Exposures of gneiss or schist bedrock. Rock outcrop Definition: Exposures of gneiss or schist bedrock. A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

654E—Catgulch, very stony- 654G—Catgulch, very stony- Bielenberg-Rock outcrop complex, Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes 55 to 75 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Catgulch—Hills • Catgulch—Hills • Bielenberg—Hills • Rock outcrop—Hills • Rock outcrop—Hills Slope: 55 to 75 percent Slope: Elevation: 4,350 to 6,800 feet • Catgulch—15 to 45 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Bielenberg—15 to 45 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Elevation: 4,900 to 6,650 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Composition Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Major Components Composition Catgulch and similar soils: 70 percent Rock outcrop: 15 percent Major Components Catgulch and similar soils: 60 percent Minor Components Bielenberg and similar soils: 15 percent Bielenberg sandy loam: 0 to 10 percent Rock outcrop: 10 percent Breeton coarse sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Major Component Description Breeton coarse sandy loam: 0 to 10 percent Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Catgulch Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam Major Component Description Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Catgulch Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches Rock outcrop Definition: Exposures of gneiss or schist bedrock. Bielenberg Surface layer texture: Sandy clay loam A typical description with range in characteristics is Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 167

Management Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium For management information about this map unit, Native plant cover type: Rangeland see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches 787F—Catgulch, very stony- Spanpeak, stony-Bavdark complex, A typical description with range in characteristics is 25 to 60 percent slopes included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Setting For management information about this map unit, Landform: see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Catgulch—Hills, south aspects • Spanpeak—Hills, north aspects • Bavdark—Hills Chinook Series Slope: Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) • Catgulch—35 to 60 percent Drainage class: Well drained • Spanpeak—35 to 60 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid • Bavdark—25 to 45 percent Landform: Alluvial fans, stream terraces, relict stream Elevation: 5,200 to 7,150 feet terraces, and escarpments Mean annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches Parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 65 to 100 days Slope range: 0 to 35 percent Composition Elevation range: 3,950 to 5,100 feet Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Major Components Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Catgulch and similar soils: 45 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Spanpeak and similar soils: 30 percent Bavdark and similar soils: 15 percent Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, Minor Components frigid Aridic Haplustolls Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Typical Pedon Soils with slopes more than 60 percent: 0 to 5 percent Chinook fine sandy loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an Major Component Description area of cropland, 600 feet north and 1,200 feet west of Catgulch the southeast corner of sec. 11, T. 1 S., R. 2 E. Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Ap—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine Drainage class: Well drained sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Native plant cover type: Forest land nonsticky, and nonplastic; many fine roots; slightly Flooding: None alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches Bw1—4 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Spanpeak moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to Surface layer texture: Cobbly coarse sandy loam moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and Drainage class: Well drained slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Native plant cover type: Forest land Bw2—12 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, Flooding: None dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse Available water capacity: Mainly 4.7 inches prismatic structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; many very fine and fine Bavdark roots; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Bk1—22 to 36 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine 168 Soil Survey

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Elevation: 3,950 to 5,100 feet friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches fine roots; few fine masses of lime; strongly Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Composition boundary. Bk2—36 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) fine sandy Major Components loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine Chinook and similar soils: 90 percent subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Minor Components slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few fine roots; Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent few fine threads and seams of lime; strongly Varney sandy clay loam: 0 to 3 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline. Trimad cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 2 percent Range in Characteristics Major Component Description Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Surface layer texture: Fine sandy loam Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the Bk horizon: 12 to 35 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Ap horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Flooding: None Value: 2 or 3 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Fine sandy loam or sandy loam A typical description with range in characteristics is Clay content: 5 to 18 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent Management pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bw horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist 38E—Chinook fine sandy loam, Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 15 to 35 percent slopes Texture: Fine sandy loam or sandy loam Clay content: 5 to 18 percent Setting Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent pebbles Landform: Escarpments Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Slope: 15 to 35 percent Elevation: 4,050 to 5,050 feet Bk horizons Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Composition Texture: Fine sandy loam or sandy loam Major Components Clay content: 5 to 18 percent Chinook and similar soils: 85 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent pebbles Minor Components Calcium carbonate equivalent: 3 to 15 percent Cabbart loam: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent Trimad cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent

38B—Chinook fine sandy loam, Major Component Description 0 to 4 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Fine sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 0 to 4 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 169

Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Chinook and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Varney sandy clay loam: 0 to 3 percent Trimad cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 2 percent 38C—Chinook fine sandy loam, Major Component Description 4 to 8 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Fine sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 4 to 8 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,050 to 5,050 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Chinook and similar soils: 90 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Varney sandy clay loam: 0 to 3 percent Trimad cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 2 percent 438D—Chinook-Kalsted sandy loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Fine sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Drainage class: Well drained • Chinook—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium • Kalsted—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: Flooding: None • Chinook—8 to 15 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches • Kalsted—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 3,950 to 5,000 feet A typical description with range in characteristics is Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chinook and similar soils: 60 percent Kalsted and similar soils: 25 percent 38D—Chinook fine sandy loam, Minor Components 8 to 15 percent slopes Crago cobbly loam: 0 to 10 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Chinook Slope: 8 to 15 percent Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Elevation: 4,100 to 5,100 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 170 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Dominant parent material: Alluvium plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; Native plant cover type: Rangeland slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Flooding: None Bk1—9 to 22 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Kalsted and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few fine Surface layer texture: Sandy loam masses of lime, disseminated lime; violently Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium Bk2—22 to 27 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, Native plant cover type: Rangeland brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine subangular Flooding: None blocky structure; soft very friable, slightly sticky, Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few fine masses of lime, disseminated lime; violently A typical description with range in characteristics is effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth included, in alphabetical order, in this section. boundary. BC—27 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, Management brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; soft, very For management information about this map unit, friable, slightly sticky, and nonplastic; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. disseminated lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline.

Clarkstone Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soil temperature: 45 to 47 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Permeability: Moderate Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 9 inches Landform: Relict stream terraces Depth to the Bk horizon: 7 to 9 inches Parent material: Loess Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Ap horizon Elevation range: 3,950 to 5,100 feet Value: 2 or 3 moist Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Annual air temperature: 43 to 45 degrees F Clay content: 10 to 20 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Bw horizon Taxonomic Class: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist frigid Torriorthentic Haplustolls Chroma: 2 or 3 Typical Pedon Clay content: 10 to 20 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Clarkstone silt loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, 2,300 feet south and 1,500 feet east of Bk horizons the northwest corner of sec. 33, T. 4 N., R. 3 E. Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Ap—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam, Clay content: 10 to 18 percent dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 granular; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine and few BC horizon medium roots; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist boundary. Chroma: 2 or 3 Bw—7 to 9 inches; brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt Clay content: 10 to 18 percent loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 171

18B—Clarkstone silt loam, Major Component Description 0 to 4 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Loess Landform: Relict stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 0 to 4 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 3,950 to 5,000 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 11.0 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Clarkstone and similar soils: 90 percent Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Brocko silt loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Clasoil Series Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate above the BC horizon and Dominant parent material: Loess moderately rapid in the BC horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Flooding: None Parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 11.0 inches Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Elevation range: 4,500 to 5,550 feet A typical description with range in characteristics is Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Management For management information about this map unit, Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. frigid Typic Argiustolls

Typical Pedon 18C—Clarkstone silt loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Clasoil cobbly sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, 600 feet north and 1,800 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 6, T. 1 S., R. 6 E. Setting A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Landform: Relict stream terraces cobbly sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) Slope: 4 to 8 percent moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, Elevation: 4,000 to 4,850 feet friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches very fine and fine and few medium roots; 10 Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; Composition clear smooth boundary. Bt1—7 to 12 inches; brown, (10YR 4/3) sandy clay Major Components loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Clarkstone and similar soils: 85 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Minor Components hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Brocko silt loam: 0 to 5 percent few very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 5 Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 172 Soil Survey

Bt2—12 to 22 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy 254B—Clasoil cobbly sandy loam, clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; 2 to 6 percent slopes moderate medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Setting plastic; few very fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 5 Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Slope: 2 to 6 percent Bt3—22 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly Elevation: 4,500 to 5,050 feet sandy clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and Composition slightly plastic; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 20 percent Major Components pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Clasoil and similar soils: 90 percent BC—28 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very Minor Components gravelly coarse sandy loam, dark grayish brown Clasoil loam: 0 to 5 percent (10YR 4/2) moist; massive; loose, nonsticky, and Sawicki very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent nonplastic; 10 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles, slightly alkaline. Major Component Description Range in Characteristics Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland A horizon Flooding: None Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Value: 2, 3, or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 A typical description with range in characteristics is Texture: Sandy loam or loam included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Clay content: 12 to 20 percent Management Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles For management information about this map unit, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bt horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y 54C—Clasoil loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Setting Texture: Sandy clay loam, clay loam, or loam Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to Slope: 4 to 8 percent 20 percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles Elevation: 4,700 to 5,450 feet Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days BC horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Composition Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Major Components Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 Clasoil and similar soils: 85 percent Texture: Sandy loam, loam, or coarse sandy loam Clay content: 12 to 20 percent Minor Components Content of rock fragments: 15 to 40 percent—0 to Breeton loam: 0 to 5 percent 5 percent stones; 0 to 15 percent cobbles; 15 to Sawicki cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent 35 percent pebbles Clasoil cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 2 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 173

Major Component Description Copenhaver Series Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Mountains and hills Native plant cover type: Rangeland Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale Flooding: None residuum or sandstone residuum Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Slope range: 4 to 60 percent Elevation range: 4,950 to 8,000 feet A typical description with range in characteristics is Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Management Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days For management information about this map unit, Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. superactive Lithic Argicryolls Typical Pedon 54D—Clasoil loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Copenhaver flaggy loam, in an area of Bangtail- Copenhaver complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes, in an Setting area of rangeland, 1,900 feet north and 2,000 feet east Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces of the southwest corner of sec. 27, T. 5 N., R. 7 E. Slope: 8 to 15 percent A—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Elevation: 4,500 to 5,550 feet flaggy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine pores; 15 Composition percent flagstones and 15 percent channers; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Major Components Bt1—7 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very flaggy Clasoil and similar soils: 85 percent sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Minor Components moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Breeton loam: 0 to 5 percent slightly hard, firm, moderately sticky, and Sawicki cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent moderately plastic; common fine and medium Clasoil cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent roots; many very fine and fine pores; common Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 2 percent distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 30 percent flagstones and 20 percent Major Component Description channers; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt2—11 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very flaggy Surface layer texture: Loam sandy clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Drainage class: Well drained structure; slightly hard, firm, moderately sticky, Dominant parent material: Alluvium and moderately plastic; common fine and medium Native plant cover type: Rangeland roots; many very fine and fine pores; common Flooding: None distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches pores; 25 percent flagstones and 25 percent channers; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is R—15 inches; hard sandstone. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Range in Characteristics Management For management information about this map unit, Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degree F see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches 174 Soil Survey

Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. A horizon Management Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist For management information about this map unit, Chroma: 2 or 3 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 70 percent—0 to 10 percent stones; 0 to 30 percent cobbles or 178E—Copenhaver-Rock outcrop flagstones; 15 to 30 percent pebbles or complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes channers Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Setting Bt horizons Landform: Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR • Copenhaver—Hills Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist • Rock outcrop—Hills Chroma: 2 to 6 Slope: 8 to 35 percent Texture: Sandy clay loam or clay loam Elevation: 5,850 to 7,300 feet Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—15 Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days to 30 percent cobbles or flagstones; 20 to 50 percent pebbles or channers Composition Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Major Components Copenhaver and similar soils: 70 percent 178F—Copenhaver flaggy loam, Rock outcrop: 20 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes Minor Components Bangtail loam: 0 to 8 percent Setting Rubble land: 0 to 2 percent Landform: Hills Slope: 35 to 60 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 5,050 to 7,100 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Copenhaver Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Copenhaver and similar soils: 85 percent shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Minor Components Flooding: None Copenhaver extremely stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Rubble land: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop Major Component Description Definition: Exposures of sandstone bedrock. Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) A typical description with range in characteristics is Drainage class: Well drained included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum Management Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None For management information about this map unit, Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 175

Corbly Series Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches Drainage class: Well drained Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 12 inches Permeability: Rapid Depth to the Ck horizon: 7 to 12 inches Landform: Stream terraces, alluvial fans, and outwash plains A horizon Parent material: Alluvium Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Slope range: 0 to 8 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Elevation range: 4,300 to 5,400 feet Texture: Sandy loam or loam Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Content of rock fragments: 15 to 55 percent—0 to Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 10 percent stones; 5 to 15 percent cobbles; 10 to 40 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Entic Haplustolls AC horizon Chroma: 2 or 3 Typical Pedon Texture: Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam Clay content: 10 to 20 percent Corbly very gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent Content of rock fragments: 25 to 60 percent—5 to slopes, in an area of rangeland, 1,800 feet south and 20 percent cobbles; 20 to 40 percent pebbles 1,600 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 27, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 T. 1 N., R. 5 E. Note: Some pedons contain a Bw horizon that does A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly not extend to a depth of 10 inches sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Ck horizons moist; weak fine granular structure; loose, slightly Value: 4 or 5 moist sticky, and nonplastic; common very fine and fine Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 and few medium roots; 5 percent cobbles and 40 Texture: Loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, sand, percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth or coarse sand boundary. Clay content: 0 to 10 percent AC—5 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Content of rock fragments: 40 to 85 percent—15 sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak to 25 percent cobbles; 25 to 60 percent pebbles fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 fine and fine and few medium roots; 10 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. 259B—Corbly very gravelly sandy loam, Ck1—12 to 22 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 0 to 4 percent slopes 6/4) extremely gravelly loamy sand, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; single grain; loose, Setting nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; 15 percent cobbles and 50 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces pebbles; strongly effervescent; moderately Slope: 0 to 4 percent alkaline; diffuse smooth boundary. Elevation: 4,350 to 5,350 feet Ck2—22 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 6/4) extremely gravelly sand, dark yellowish brown Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days (10YR 4/4) moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky, Composition and nonplastic; few very fine roots; 15 percent cobbles and 60 percent pebbles; strongly Major Components effervescent; moderately alkaline. Corbly and similar soils: 85 percent 176 Soil Survey

Minor Components Cowood Series Corbly very cobbly loam: 0 to 10 percent Corbly very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Permeability: Moderate Surface layer texture: Very gravelly sandy loam Landform: Mountains and hills Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Parent material: Sandstone residuum, interbedded Drainage class: Well drained sandstone and shale residuum, or gneiss or schist Dominant parent material: Alluvium residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope range: 15 to 75 percent Flooding: None Elevation range: 5,000 to 8,400 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 2.4 inches Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F A typical description with range in characteristics is Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Management superactive Lithic Eutrocryepts For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Typical Pedon

Cowood channery loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes, very 359C—Corbly very gravelly sandy loam, stony, in an area of forest land, 150 feet south and 4 to 8 percent slopes, stony 1,300 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 30, T. 5 N., R. 5 E. Setting Oi—0 to 1 inch; root mat and undecomposed forest Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces litter. Slope: 4 to 8 percent E—1 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) channery Elevation: 4,850 to 5,400 feet loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches moderate very fine granular structure; soft, very Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; 10 percent flagstones and 15 Composition percent channers; slightly acid; clear smooth Major Components boundary. Corbly and similar soils: 90 percent Bw—5 to 17 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very flaggy coarse sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) Minor Components moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure Channeled areas: 0 to 5 percent parting to weak very fine granular; soft, very Windham very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common fine Major Component Description and few medium roots; 30 percent flagstones and 20 percent channers; slightly acid; abrupt wavy Surface layer texture: Very gravelly sandy loam boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) R—17 inches; hard quartzite. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Range in Characteristics Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. E horizon Value: 5 or 6 dry; 2, 3, 4, or 5 moist Management Chroma: 2 or 3 For management information about this map unit, Texture: Loam or sandy loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Clay content: 10 to 22 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 177

Content of rock fragments: 25 to 60 percent—0 to Permeability: Moderate 5 percent stones; 10 to 20 percent cobbles or Landform: Relict stream terraces, escarpments, and flagstones; 15 to 35 percent pebbles or hills channers Parent material: Alluvium, colluvium, or limestone Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 colluvium Slope range: 0 to 60 percent Bw horizon Elevation range: 3,950 to 5,750 feet Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Annual precipitation: 10 to 16 inches Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Texture: Loam or coarse sandy loam Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Clay content: 10 to 22 percent Content of rock fragments: 50 to 80 percent—20 Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, frigid to 40 percent cobbles or flagstones; 20 to 40 Aridic Calciustepts percent pebbles or channers Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 Typical Pedon

993E—Cowood channery loam, Crago cobbly loam, in an area of Crago-Musselshell 15 to 45 percent slopes, very stony complex, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, 1,500 feet north and 1,500 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 30, T. 1 N., R. 2 E. Setting Landform: Hills Ap—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly Slope: 15 to 45 percent loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Elevation: 6,000 to 7,000 feet fine subangular blocky structure parting to Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches moderate fine granular; slightly hard, friable, Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; 10 percent Composition cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; strongly Major Components effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Cowood and similar soils: 90 percent boundary. Bk1—6 to 18 inches; white (10YR 8/2) very cobbly Minor Components loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; moderate Cowood extremely stony loam: 0 to 5 percent medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Rocko stony loam: 0 to 5 percent slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very Major Component Description fine roots; 25 percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; common pieces of fractured petrocalcic Surface layer texture: Channery loam material; prominent lime casts and pendants on Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) rock fragments; violently effervescent; moderately Drainage class: Well drained alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Dominant parent material: Sandstone residuum Bk2—18 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) very cobbly Native plant cover type: Forest land sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; Flooding: None weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Available water capacity: Mainly 1.0 inches slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; 25 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; A typical description with range in characteristics is many pieces of fractured petrocalcic material; included, in alphabetical order, in this section. prominent lime casts and pendants of cemented Management sand and small pebbles on undersides of rock fragments; violently effervescent; moderately For management information about this map unit, alkaline. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Range in Characteristics Crago Series Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the Bk horizon: 4 to 6 inches 178 Soil Survey

Ap horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR Flooding: None Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Quigley Content of rock fragments: 15 to 40 percent—0 to Surface layer texture: Silt loam 5 percent stones; 5 to 15 percent cobbles; 5 to Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 25 percent pebbles Drainage class: Well drained Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone alluvium Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Bk horizons Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, 6, or 7 moist Rock outcrop Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Definition: Exposures of limestone bedrock. Texture: Loam or sandy loam Clay content: 15 to 30 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—15 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. to 30 percent cobbles; 20 to 50 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 50 percent Management Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 930F—Crago, stony-Quigley- Rock outcrop complex 430E—Crago-Beanlake complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes 15 to 35 percent slopes

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Crago—Hills • Crago—Escarpments, south aspects • Quigley—Hills • Beanlake—Escarpments, north aspects • Rock outcrop—Hills Slope: Slope: • Crago—15 to 35 percent • Crago—25 to 60 percent • Beanlake—15 to 35 percent • Quigley—25 to 60 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 5,200 feet Elevation: 4,450 to 5,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Crago and similar soils: 50 percent Crago and similar soils: 50 percent Beanlake and similar soils: 40 percent Quigley and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Rock outcrop: 10 percent Musselshell loam: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent Musselshell loam: 0 to 5 percent Pensore stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Crago Crago Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 179

Flooding: None Musselshell Available water capacity: Mainly 3.8 inches Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Beanlake Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 7.6 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. A typical description with range in characteristics is Management included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 734C—Crago-Musselshell complex, 4 to 8 percent slopes

734B—Crago-Musselshell complex, Setting 0 to 4 percent slopes Landform: • Crago—Relict stream terraces Setting • Musselshell—Relict stream terraces Landform: Slope: • Crago—Relict stream terraces • Crago—4 to 8 percent • Musselshell—Relict stream terraces • Musselshell—4 to 8 percent Slope: Elevation: 4,100 to 5,350 feet • Crago—0 to 4 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Musselshell—0 to 4 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Elevation: 4,150 to 5,200 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Major Components Crago and similar soils: 60 percent Composition Musselshell and similar soils: 25 percent Major Components Minor Components Crago and similar soils: 60 percent Soils that have a petrocalcic horizon at 10 to 20 Musselshell and similar soils: 25 percent inches: 0 to 10 percent Minor Components Crago very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Crago very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Soils that have a petrocalcic horizon at 10 to 20 inches: 0 to 10 percent Crago Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Crago Dominant parent material: Alluvium Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Musselshell Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Loam Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 180 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained A typical description with range in characteristics is Dominant parent material: Alluvium included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Management Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.6 inches For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 730C—Crago-Pensore gravelly loams, Management 4 to 15 percent slopes For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Setting Landform: 734D—Crago-Musselshell complex, • Crago—Hills 8 to 15 percent slopes • Pensore—Hills Slope: • Crago—4 to 15 percent Setting • Pensore—4 to 15 percent Landform: Elevation: 4,050 to 5,700 feet • Crago—Relict stream terraces Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Musselshell—Relict stream terraces Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Slope: • Crago—8 to 15 percent Composition • Musselshell—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,100 to 5,500 feet Major Components Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Crago and similar soils: 50 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Pensore and similar soils: 35 percent Composition Minor Components Crago stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Crago and similar soils: 65 percent Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 percent Musselshell and similar soils: 20 percent Minor Components Major Component Description Crago very cobbly loam: 0 to 10 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Crago Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Crago Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 3.3 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Pensore Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Musselshell Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 1.5 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 7.6 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 181

Management A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, Management see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 730E—Crago-Pensore-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes 630E—Crago-Pensore-Rock outcrop Setting complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, very stony Landform: • Crago—Hills Setting • Pensore—Hills • Rock outcrop—Hills Landform: Slope: • Crago—Hills • Crago—15 to 45 percent • Pensore—Hills • Pensore—15 to 45 percent • Rock outcrop—Hills Elevation: 3,950 to 5,750 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Crago—15 to 45 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days • Pensore—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,150 to 5,050 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Major Components Crago and similar soils: 40 percent Composition Pensore and similar soils: 30 percent Rock outcrop: 15 percent Major Components Crago and similar soils: 60 percent Minor Components Pensore and similar soils: 20 percent Crago stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 10 percent Musselshell loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Musselshell loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 3 percent Crago bouldery loam: 0 to 2 percent Crago Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Crago Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 3.3 inches Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Pensore Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Pensore Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 1.5 inches Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Rock outcrop Flooding: None Definition: Exposures of limestone bedrock. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches 182 Soil Survey

Rock outcrop A typical description with range in characteristics is Definition: Exposures of limestone bedrock. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Danaher Series Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 830E—Crago-Scravo complex, Drainage class: Well drained 15 to 45 percent slopes Permeability: Slow Landform: Mountains Parent material: Sandstone colluvium Setting Slope range: 8 to 45 percent Landform: Elevation range: 5,300 to 7,100 feet • Crago—Escarpments Annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches • Scravo—Escarpments Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Slope: Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days • Crago—15 to 45 percent • Scravo—15 to 45 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive Ustic Elevation: 4,100 to 5,300 feet Glossocryalfs Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Typical Pedon Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Danaher loam, in an area of Danaher, stony-Loberg, Composition very stony complex 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an Major Components area of forest land, 2,200 feet south and 2,200 feet Crago and similar soils: 50 percent west of the northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 3 S., R. 6 E. Scravo and similar soils: 40 percent Oi—0 to 3 inches; slightly decomposed needles and Minor Components twigs. Udecide sandy clay loam: 0 to 5 percent E—3 to 8 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, brown Blacksheep sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine subangular Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine and Major Component Description few medium roots; 3 percent stones, 5 percent Crago cobbles, and 5 percent pebbles; moderately acid; Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) E/Bt—8 to 13 inches; E part (80 percent) light gray Drainage class: Well drained (10YR 7/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist, Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium B part (20 percent) light brown (7.5YR 6/4) clay Native plant cover type: Rangeland loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4 moist; moderate fine Flooding: None subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; 5 percent Scravo stones, 5 percent cobbles, and 5 percent pebbles; Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bt1—13 to 29 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Drainage class: Well drained gravelly clay, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; moderate Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, Native plant cover type: Rangeland very firm, very sticky, and very plastic; many Flooding: None distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining Available water capacity: Mainly 2.1 inches pores; common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 183

stones, 5 percent cobbles, and 15 percent pebbles; Slope: strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. • Danaher—15 to 45 percent Bt2—29 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) • Loberg—15 to 45 percent cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; moderate Elevation: 5,450 to 7,100 feet medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches very firm, very sticky, and very plastic; common Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days very fine roots; many distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent stones, 15 Composition percent cobbles, and 10 percent pebbles; neutral. Major Components Range in Characteristics Danaher and similar soils: 70 percent Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Loberg and similar soils: 20 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Minor Components E horizon Cowood very stony loam: 0 to 6 percent Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Value: 6 or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Redlodge silty clay loam: 0 to 1 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Major Component Description Content of rock fragments: 1 to 25 percent—1 to 3 percent stones; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 Danaher percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Loam Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained E/Bt horizon Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Native plant cover type: Forest land Value: E part 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist; Bt part 4, 5, Flooding: None or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Loam or clay loam Loberg Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Surface layer texture: Very flaggy loam Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to 5 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) percent stones; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 Drainage class: Well drained percent pebbles Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 Native plant cover type: Forest land Bt horizons Flooding: None Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 A typical description with range in characteristics is Clay content: 35 to 50 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 5 Management percent stones; 0 to 15 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles For management information about this map unit, Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

792E—Danaher, stony-Loberg, very stony 792D—Danaher, stony-Loberg, very stony complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Danaher—Mountains • Danaher—Mountains • Loberg—Mountains • Loberg—Mountains 184 Soil Survey

Slope: Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F • Danaher—8 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days • Loberg—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 5,300 to 6,900 feet Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Argiustolls Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Typical Pedon Composition Danvers silty clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an Major Components area of cropland, 2,900 feet north and 2,400 feet west Danaher and similar soils: 70 percent of the southeast corner of sec. 25, T. 2 S., R. 3 E. Loberg and similar soils: 20 percent Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty Minor Components clay loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Stemple stony sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 4 percent friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Redlodge silty clay loam: 0 to 1 percent common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Major Component Description Bt1—4 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Danaher moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Surface layer texture: Loam hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) plastic; common very fine and fine roots; many Drainage class: Well drained distinct clay films on faces of peds; neutral; clear Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium smooth boundary. Native plant cover type: Forest land Bt2—7 to 16 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay Flooding: None loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately Loberg plastic; many very fine roots; many distinct clay Surface layer texture: Very flaggy loam films on faces of peds; neutral; clear smooth Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bk—16 to 42 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) clay loam, Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular Native plant cover type: Forest land blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately Flooding: None sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine roots; Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches 5 percent pebbles; common medium masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; A typical description with range in characteristics is clear wavy boundary. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 2C—42 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; Management slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and For management information about this map unit, moderately plastic; strongly effervescent; 5 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; moderately alkaline.

Danvers Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Permeability: Slow Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 12 inches Landform: Relict stream terraces Depth to the Bk horizon: 14 to 25 inches Parent material: Alluvium or loess Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Ap horizon Elevation range: 4,600 to 5,900 feet Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 185

Chroma: 2 or 3 Major Component Description Texture: Clay loam or silty clay loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent—0 to Drainage class: Well drained 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Dominant parent material: Alluvium Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Bt horizons Flooding: None Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Available water capacity: Mainly 7.1 inches Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 A typical description with range in characteristics is Texture: Silty clay loam or silty clay included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent Management pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bk horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist 58B—Danvers silty clay loam, Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 0 to 4 percent slopes Texture: Clay loam or silty clay loam Clay content: 27 to 40 percent Setting Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent Landform: Relict stream terraces pebbles Slope: 0 to 4 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 40 percent Elevation: 4,750 to 5,800 feet Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 2C horizon Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR or 2.5Y Composition Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Major Components Texture: Clay loam, sandy loam, or loam Danvers and similar soils: 90 percent Clay content: 10 to 35 percent Minor Components Content of rock fragments: 15 to 25 percent—0 to Danvers cobbly clay loam: 0 to 5 percent 5 percent cobbles; 15 to 20 percent pebbles Tamaneen cobbly clay loam: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 2 percent

258D—Danvers cobbly clay loam, Major Component Description 8 to 15 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Relict stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 8 to 15 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 5,050 to 5,900 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Danvers and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components Shawmut very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 186 Soil Survey

58C—Danvers silty clay loam, Major Component Description 4 to 8 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Relict stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 4 to 8 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 4,750 to 5,750 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Danvers and similar soils: 90 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Danvers cobbly clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Quagle silty loam: 0 to 3 percent Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 2 percent 458C—Danvers-Quagle complex, 4 to 8 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Drainage class: Well drained • Danvers—Relict stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium • Quagle—Relict stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: Flooding: None • Danvers—4 to 8 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches • Quagle—4 to 8 percent Elevation: 4,700 to 5,200 feet A typical description with range in characteristics is Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Danvers and similar soils: 70 percent Quagle and similar soils: 20 percent 58D—Danvers silty clay loam, Minor Components 8 to 15 percent slopes Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Relict stream terraces Danvers Slope: 8 to 15 percent Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Elevation: 4,750 to 5,600 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Dominant parent material: Loess Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Major Components Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Danvers and similar soils: 90 percent Minor Components Quagle Danvers cobbly clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Silt loam Quagle silty loam: 0 to 3 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 2 percent Drainage class: Well drained Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 187

Dominant parent material: Loess A typical description with range in characteristics is Native plant cover type: Rangeland included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Flooding: None Management Available water capacity: Mainly 10.6 inches For management information about this map unit, A typical description with range in characteristics is see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management DA—Denied access For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components 458D—Danvers-Quagle complex, Denied access: 100 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes Major Component Description Definition: Areas where mapping access was denied Setting by the landowner. Landform: • Danvers—Relict stream terraces • Quagle—Relict stream terraces Doby Series Slope: Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) • Danvers—8 to 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained • Quagle—8 to 15 percent Permeability: Slow Elevation: 4,600 to 5,450 feet Landform: Hills Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days residuum Composition Slope range: 15 to 45 percent Elevation range: 5,900 to 6,600 feet Major Components Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Danvers and similar soils: 70 percent Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Quagle and similar soils: 20 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Minor Components Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Taxonomic Class: Clayey, smectitic, shallow Ustic Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Haplocryolls Typical Pedon Major Component Description Doby clay loam, in an area of Bangtail-Doby-Redlodge Danvers complex, 4 to 45 percent slopes, in an area of Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam rangeland, 300 feet north and 1,300 feet east of the Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) southwest corner of sec. 2, T. 4 N., R. 7 E. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Loess A—0 to 5 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam, very dark Native plant cover type: Rangeland gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate fine and medium Flooding: None granular structure; soft, friable, moderately sticky, Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches and moderately plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine vesicular pores; 5 Quagle percent channers; neutral; abrupt smooth Surface layer texture: Silt loam boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bw1—5 to 10 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay, Drainage class: Well drained dark gray (10YR 4/1) moist; moderate medium Dominant parent material: Loess subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very Native plant cover type: Rangeland sticky, and very plastic; many very fine and fine Flooding: None roots; few very fine tubular pores; 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 10.6 inches channers; neutral; clear smooth boundary. 188 Soil Survey

Bw2—10 to 15 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay, Permeability: Moderate dark grayish brown (10YR 4/1) moist; moderate Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans medium prismatic structure parting to moderate Parent material: Alluvium medium subangular blocky; hard, firm, very sticky, Slope range: 0 to 15 percent and very plastic; few fine and medium roots; few Elevation range: 4,850 to 6,300 feet very fine vesicular pores; 10 percent channers; Annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches neutral; clear smooth boundary. Annual air temperature: 37 to 41 degrees F C—15 to 19 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days channery clay, dark gray (10YR 4/1) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure; hard, firm, very sticky, Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, and very plastic; few fine and medium roots; 20 frigid Typic Argiustolls percent soft shale fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Cr—19 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) dark gray Doughty loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of semiconsolidated shale (10YR 4/1) moist; few pasture, 1,320 feet north and 2,400 feet west of the very fine and fine roots between shale fragments; southeast corner of sec. 28, T. 1 S., R. 6 E. strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; common irregular coatings of lime on undersides A—0 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, black of shale fragments. (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, Range in Characteristics moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; many Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F very fine and fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 5 Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Depth to the Cr horizon: 10 to 20 inches boundary. Bt—8 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) A horizon gravelly clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y 3/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist structure; hard, friable, very sticky, and very Chroma: 1 or 2 plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common Clay content: 30 to 40 percent distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent pores; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; channers slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Bk—15 to 21 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Bw horizons gravelly clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common Clay content: 45 to 55 percent fine masses of lime; 5 percent cobbles and 20 Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent percent pebbles; strongly effervescent, channers moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 2Ck—21 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; C horizon slightly hard, very friable, moderately sticky, and Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y moderately plastic; few very fine and fine roots; 10 Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; few fine Chroma: 1 or 2 masses of lime; violently effervescent, moderately Clay content: 45 to 55 percent alkaline. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent channers Range in Characteristics Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Soil temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Doughty Series Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 16 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth to the Bk horizon: 10 to 24 inches Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 189

A horizon Major Component Description Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Bt horizon Flooding: None Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Clay loam or silty clay loam A typical description with range in characteristics is Clay content: 27 to 35 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Management Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Bk horizon For management information about this map unit, Hue: 10YR see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Clay loam or loam 272C—Doughty cobbly loam, Clay content: 18 to 32 percent 4 to 8 percent slopes Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 25 percent pebbles Setting Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent Landform: Relict stream terraces Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Slope: 4 to 8 percent 2Ck horizon Elevation: 5,150 to 6,100 feet Hue: 10YR Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Value: 7 or 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Sandy clay loam, sandy loam, or loam Composition Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Content of rock fragments: 40 to 75 percent—10 Major Components to 30 percent cobbles; 30 to 50 percent pebbles Doughty and similar soils: 90 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent Minor Components Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Shawmut very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Tamaneen cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent 272B—Doughty cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Relict stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 5,300 to 6,300 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches

Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Doughty and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components Shawmut very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Tamaneen cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 190 Soil Survey

272D—Doughty cobbly loam, Major Component Description 8 to 15 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Relict stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 8 to 15 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 4,950 to 6,300 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 5.8 inches Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Doughty and similar soils: 90 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Shawmut very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Tamaneen cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent 72D—Doughty loam, Major Component Description 8 to 15 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 8 to 15 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,850 to 5,300 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Major Components Doughty and similar soils: 90 percent For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Doughty cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent 72C—Doughty loam, 4 to 8 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 2 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Loam Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 4 to 8 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,000 to 5,650 feet Dominant parent material: Alluvium Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 5.8 inches Major Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Doughty and similar soils: 90 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Management Doughty cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent For management information about this map unit, Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 2 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 191

Durston Series common medium masses of lime; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Slow Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Soil temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Parent material: Loess or reworked loess Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Mollic epipedon thickness: 8 to 15 inches Elevation range: 4,850 to 6,000 feet Depth to the Bk horizon: 20 to 40 inches Annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Ap horizon Annual air temperature: 37 to 41 degrees F Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Texture: Silty clay loam or clay loam Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive, frigid Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Typic Argiustolls 20 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Typical Pedon Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Durston silty clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an Bt1 horizon area of hayland, 2,000 feet south and 1,300 feet east Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist of the northwest corner of sec. 27, T. 2 S., R. 6 E. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Clay content: 35 to 50 percent 3/2) silty clay loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; many very Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 fine and common fine and medium roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt2 horizon Bt1—6 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam, Value: 4 or 5 dry dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist, weak medium Chroma: 3 or 4 prismatic structure parting to moderate medium Texture: Silty clay loam, silty clay, clay loam, or subangular blocky; very hard, firm, moderately clay sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine, Clay content: 35 to 50 percent fine, and medium roots; common distinct clay films Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 on faces of peds and lining pores; neutral; gradual percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Bt2—14 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty Bk1 horizon clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Texture: Silty clay loam, silt loam, or clay loam common very fine and few fine and medium roots; Clay content: 25 to 40 percent common distinct clay films on faces of peds and Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 lining pores; slightly alkaline; clear smooth percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Bk1—25 to 40 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Bk2 horizon moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist very fine roots; many medium masses of lime; Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 violently effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual Texture: Silty clay loam, silt loam, or clay loam smooth boundary. Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Bk2—40 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine subangular percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles blocky structure; very hard, friable, moderately Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 30 percent sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 192 Soil Survey

858C—Durston cobbly clay loam, Major Component Description 4 to 8 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Loess or alluvium from Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans loess Slope: 4 to 8 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 5,350 to 5,750 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 10.5 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Durston and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Durston very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description 658B—Durston silty clay loam, Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam 0 to 4 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Dominant parent material: Loess or alluvium from Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans loess Slope: 0 to 4 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 5,150 to 6,000 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 10.5 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Durston and similar soils: 90 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Doughty cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Durston cobbly clay loam: 0 to 5 percent

858D—Durston cobbly clay loam, Major Component Description 8 to 15 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Dominant parent material: Loess or alluvium from Slope: 8 to 15 percent loess Elevation: 5,350 to 5,600 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Available water capacity: Mainly 10.8 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Durston and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components Durston very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 193

658C—Durston silty clay loam, Major Component Description 4 to 8 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Loess or alluvium from Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans loess Slope: 4 to 8 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,850 to 5,650 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 10.8 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Durston and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Doughty cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Durston cobbly clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Emyd Series Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Moderately well drained Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate above the 2C horizon and Dominant parent material: Loess or alluvium from rapid below loess Landform: Flood plains Native plant cover type: Rangeland Parent material: Alluvium Flooding: None Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 10.8 inches Elevation range: 3,950 to 4,200 feet Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Annual air temperature: 43 to 45 degrees F included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Frost-free period: 100 to 120 days Management Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy over sandy or For management information about this map unit, sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, calcareous, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. frigid Oxyaquic Ustifluvents Typical Pedon 658D—Durston silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Emyd loam, in an area of Rivra-Emyd-Greycliff complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, protected, in an area of rangeland, 2,100 feet north and 1,600 feet east of Setting the southwest corner of sec. 18, T. 3 N., R. 3 E. Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans A1—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Slope: 8 to 15 percent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak Elevation: 4,850 to 5,550 feet fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days fine and fine and few medium roots; slightly Composition effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Major Components A2—3 to 9 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Durston and similar soils: 90 percent loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Minor Components fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, Doughty cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very Durston cobbly clay loam: 0 to 5 percent fine and few fine and medium roots; strongly 194 Soil Survey

effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Permeability: Moderate boundary. Landform: Flood plains C1—9 to 23 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Parent material: Alluvium loam consisting of strata of sandy loam, fine Slope range: 0 to 8 percent sandy loam and loamy sand, dark grayish brown Elevation range: 4,150 to 6,300 feet (10YR 4/2) moist; massive; slightly hard, friable, Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F and fine roots; violently effervescent; strongly Frost-free period: 80 to 110 days alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. 2C2—23 to 60 inches; variegated very gravelly loamy Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, sand; massive; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; frigid Cumulic Haplustolls few very fine roots; 15 percent cobbles and 40 Typical Pedon percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Enbar loam, in an area of Enbar-Nythar loams, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of woodland, 1,000 feet Range in Characteristics north and 1,700 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 1, T. 1 N., R. 5 E. Soil temperature: 45 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches A1—0 to 12 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam, very dark Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches gray (10YR 3/1) dry; strong very fine and fine Depth to seasonal high water table: 42 to 60 inches subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Note: The A horizon will not meet the thickness moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; many requirements of a mollic epipedon. very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A1 and A2 horizons A2—12 to 22 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam, very dark Value: 3 or 4 moist; 4, 5, or 6 dry gray (10YR 3/1) dry; moderate fine subangular Clay content: 10 to 20 percent blocky structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, and Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles moderately plastic; common very fine, fine, and Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 medium roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary. C1 horizon Cg1—22 to 37 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) sandy Value: 4 or 5 moist; 6 or 7 dry loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; common fine Texture: Loam consisting of fine stratification of prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) redox sandy loam, fine sandy loam, and loamy sand concentrations; weak medium subangular blocky with less than 50 percent fine or coarser sand structure; hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and Clay content: 10 to 25 percent; averages less than slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; slightly 18 percent when mixed alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent Cg2—37 to 49 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam, pebbles light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; many fine Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 30 prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) redox Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 10 percent concentrations; massive; hard, very friable, slightly Reaction: pH 8.5 to 9.6 sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 2C2 horizon 2C—49 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) very gravelly Texture: Loamy sand or sand loamy sand, light gray (10YR 6/1) dry; few fine Clay content: 0 to 10 percent prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) redox Content of rock fragments: 40 to 75 percent—5 to concentrations; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and 25 percent cobbles; 35 to 50 percent pebbles nonplastic; 5 percent cobbles and 45 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 pebbles; slightly alkaline. Range in Characteristics Enbar Series Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Mollic epipedon thickness: 16 to 28 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 195

Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 inches Major Component Description Depth to the 2C horizon: 40 to 60 inches Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) A horizons Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Dominant parent material: Alluvium Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 1 or 2 Flooding: Rare Texture: Loam or clay loam Water table: Apparent Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 8.5 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles A typical description with range in characteristics is Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Cg horizons Management Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist For management information about this map unit, Chroma: 0, 1, or 2 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Texture: Loam, sandy loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 18 to 30 percent 509B—Enbar loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Setting Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Landform: Flood plains 2C horizon Slope: 0 to 4 percent Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Elevation: 4,400 to 6,000 feet Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Texture: Loamy sand or sandy loam Composition Clay content: 5 to 18 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—0 to Major Components 5 percent cobbles; 35 to 70 percent pebbles Enbar and similar soils: 85 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Minor Components Nythar loam: 0 to 10 percent 522A—Enbar clay loam, Straw loam: 0 to 5 percent 0 to 2 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Flood plains Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Slope: 0 to 2 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,300 to 5,850 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: Rare Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Water table: Apparent Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Major Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Enbar and similar soils: 85 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Management Nythar loam: 0 to 5 percent Straw loam: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Sudworth silty clay loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 196 Soil Survey

512D—Enbar-Bowery-Nythar complex, A typical description with range in characteristics is 4 to 15 percent slopes included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Setting For management information about this map unit, Landform: see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Enbar—Flood plains • Bowery—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Nythar—Flood plains 512B—Enbar-Nythar loams, Slope: 0 to 4 percent slopes • Enbar—4 to 8 percent • Bowery—4 to 15 percent Setting • Nythar—4 to 6 percent Landform: Elevation: 4,450 to 6,300 feet • Enbar—Flood plains Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Nythar—Flood plains Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Slope: Composition • Enbar—0 to 4 percent • Nythar—0 to 4 percent Major Components Elevation: 4,300 to 6,100 feet Enbar and similar soils: 55 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Bowery and similar soils: 20 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Nythar and similar soils: 15 percent Minor Components Composition Blossberg loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Straw loam: 0 to 5 percent Enbar and similar soils: 60 percent Major Component Description Nythar and similar soils: 30 percent Enbar Minor Components Surface layer texture: Loam Blossberg loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Straw loam: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Component Description Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: Rare Enbar Water table: Apparent Surface layer texture: Loam Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Bowery Dominant parent material: Alluvium Surface layer texture: Loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: Rare Drainage class: Well drained Water table: Apparent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Nythar Available water capacity: Mainly 11.2 inches Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Nythar Drainage class: Very poorly drained Surface layer texture: Loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Very poorly drained Flooding: Rare Dominant parent material: Alluvium Water table: Apparent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 9.7 inches Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 9.7 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 197

Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

523A—Enbar-Nythar loams, cool, Fairway Series 0 to 4 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Setting Permeability: Moderate above the 2Cg horizon and rapid in the 2Cg horizon Landform: Landform: Flood plains and stream terraces • Enbar—Flood plains Parent material: Alluvium • Nythar—Flood plains Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Slope: Elevation range: 3,950 to 6,000 feet • Enbar—0 to 4 percent Annual precipitation: 10 to 19 inches • Nythar—0 to 4 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 45 degrees F Elevation: 4,150 to 6,100 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 115 days Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Fluvaquentic Haplustolls Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Fairway loam, in an area of Ryell-Rivra-Fairway Enbar and similar soils: 70 percent complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, Nythar and similar soils: 20 percent 1,700 feet north and 100 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 26, T. 1 N., R. 1 W. Minor Components Sudworth loam: 0 to 5 percent Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Straw loam: 0 to 3 percent loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Blossberg loam: 0 to 2 percent moderate very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common very Major Component Description fine, medium, and coarse roots; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Enbar boundary. Surface layer texture: Loam A2—7 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained moderate medium angular blocky structure; soft, Dominant parent material: Alluvium very friable, nonsticky, and slightly plastic; Native plant cover type: Rangeland common very fine, medium, and coarse roots; Flooding: Rare strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Water table: Apparent smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches A3—13 to 15 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate medium Nythar angular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Surface layer texture: Loam nonsticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) medium, and coarse roots; strongly effervescent; Drainage class: Very poorly drained moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium C—15 to 28 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Native plant cover type: Rangeland silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Flooding: Rare moist; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly Water table: Apparent sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and Available water capacity: Mainly 9.7 inches few medium roots; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is Cg1—28 to 34 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam, included, in alphabetical order, in this section. very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; few fine distinct 198 Soil Survey

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) redox concentrations; Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 15 percent massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky, and slightly Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 4 plastic; common very fine and fine and few Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 medium roots; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Cg2—34 to 46 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam, 511A—Fairway silt loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; few fine distinct 0 to 2 percent slopes brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) redox concentrations; massive, slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and Setting slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; slightly Landform: Stream terraces effervescent; moderately alkaline; diffuse wavy Slope: 0 to 2 percent boundary. Elevation: 4,100 to 4,950 feet 2Cg—46 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sand, Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2 moist; few fine Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) redox concentrations; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; Composition slightly alkaline. Major Components Fairway and similar soils: 85 percent Range in Characteristics Minor Components Soil temperature: 42 to 47 degrees F Blossberg loam: 0 to 10 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Meadowcreek loam: 0 to 5 percent Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 15 inches Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 inches Major Component Description Depth to the 2C horizon: 40 inches or more Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) A horizons Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Dominant parent material: Alluvium Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 1 or 2 Flooding: None Texture: Loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay Water table: Apparent loam Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches Clay content: 15 to 35 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 15 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 8 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Management C and Cg horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y For management information about this map unit, Value: 3 or 4 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Texture: Loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam; some with thin strata of sandy loam and clay loam 524A—Fairway-Bonebasin complex, Clay content: 18 to 30 percent 0 to 2 percent slopes Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 4 Setting Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Landform: 2Cg horizon • Fairway—Flood plains Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y • Bonebasin—Stream terraces Value: 3 or 4 moist; 6 or 7 dry Slope: Chroma: 1 or 2 • Fairway—0 to 2 percent Texture: Sand or loamy sand • Bonebasin—0 to 2 percent Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Elevation: 5,300 to 6,000 feet Content of rock fragments: 0 to 60 percent—0 to 5 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches percent cobbles; 0 to 55 percent pebbles Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 199

Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Fairway and similar soils: 60 percent Fairway and similar soils: 70 percent Rivra and similar soils: 25 percent Bonebasin and similar soils: 20 percent Minor Components Minor Components Bonebasin loam: 0 to 5 percent Blossberg loam: 0 to 5 percent Meadowcreek silty clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Soapcreek silty clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Ryell sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Fairway Fairway Surface layer texture: Clay loam Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 8.6 inches Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches Bonebasin Surface layer texture: Loam Rivra Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Drainage class: Very poorly drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Alluvium Flooding: Rare Native plant cover type: Rangeland Water table: Apparent Flooding: Rare Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 2.0 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

505A—Fairway-Rivra complex, 508A—Fairway-Threeriv-Rivra complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Fairway—Flood plains • Fairway—Flood plains • Rivra—Flood plains • Threeriv—Flood plains Slope: • Rivra—Flood plains • Fairway—0 to 2 percent Slope: • Rivra—0 to 2 percent • Fairway—0 to 2 percent Elevation: 3,950 to 4,600 feet • Threeriv—0 to 2 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Rivra—0 to 2 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Elevation: 4,000 to 4,900 feet 200 Soil Survey

Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Farnuf Series Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Permeability: Moderate Fairway and similar soils: 50 percent Landform: Hills and sedimentary plains Threeriv and similar soils: 20 percent Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Rivra and similar soils: 15 percent Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Elevation range: 4,650 to 6,100 feet Minor Components Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Lamoose loam: 0 to 10 percent Annual air temperature: 37 to 43 degrees F Meadowcreek loam: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Major Component Description Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Fairway frigid Typic Argiustolls Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Typical Pedon Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Farnuf loam, in an area of Farnuf-Absarokee-Tolbert Native plant cover type: Rangeland complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Flooding: Rare cropland, 200 feet south and 1,300 feet west of the Water table: Apparent northeast corner, sec. 36, T. 3 N., R. 7 E. Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine Threeriv and very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) and fine and few medium roots; neutral; clear Drainage class: Very poorly drained smooth boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium Bt1—4 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Native plant cover type: Rangeland brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine prismatic Flooding: Occasional structure parting to moderate fine and medium Water table: Apparent subangular blocky; hard, firm, moderately sticky, Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches and moderately plastic; many very fine and few fine and medium roots; common distinct clay films Rivra on faces of peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Bt2—8 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; moderate Drainage class: Well drained medium prismatic structure parting to moderate Dominant parent material: Alluvium medium subangular blocky; very hard, firm, Native plant cover type: Rangeland moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Flooding: Rare common very fine and few fine roots; common Water table: Apparent distinct clay films on faces of peds; neutral; clear Available water capacity: Mainly 2.0 inches smooth boundary. Bt3—16 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay A typical description with range in characteristics is loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; included, in alphabetical order, in this section. moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately Management plastic; common very fine and few fine roots; For management information about this map unit, common distinct clay films on faces of peds; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. neutral; clear smooth boundary. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 201

Bk1—25 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) 768C—Farnuf-Absarokee complex, loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; 4 to 8 percent slopes weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and slightly Setting plastic; common very fine roots; common fine masses of lime; strongly effervescent; slightly Landform: alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. • Farnuf—Sedimentary plains Bk2—36 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) • Absarokee—Sedimentary plains loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Slope: weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very • Farnuf—4 to 8 percent friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very • Absarokee—4 to 8 percent fine roots; common fine masses of lime; strongly Elevation: 5,200 to 5,900 feet effervescent; moderately alkaline. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Range in Characteristics Composition Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Major Components Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Farnuf and similar soils: 55 percent Depth to the Bk horizon: 10 to 25 inches Absarokee and similar soils: 30 percent A horizon Minor Components Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 8 percent Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Tolbert channery loam: 0 to 5 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 Major Component Description percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Farnuf Surface layer texture: Loam Bt horizons Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Drainage class: Well drained Value: 3, 4, 5, or 6 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Loam or clay loam Flooding: None Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Absarokee Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Surface layer texture: Clay loam Bk horizons Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Hue: 7.5Y, 10YR, or 2.5Y Drainage class: Well drained Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 shale residuum Texture: Loam, sandy loam, or clay loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Clay content: 15 to 30 percent Flooding: None Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 202 Soil Survey

Management Tolbert Surface layer texture: Channery loam For management information about this map unit, Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and 768D—Farnuf-Absarokee-Tolbert shale residuum complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches Setting Landform: A typical description with range in characteristics is • Farnuf—Hills included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Absarokee—Hills Management • Tolbert—Hills Slope: For management information about this map unit, • Farnuf—8 to 15 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Absarokee—8 to 15 percent • Tolbert—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,650 to 6,050 feet 668C—Farnuf-Absarook-Tolbert complex, Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches 2 to 8 percent slopes Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Setting Composition Landform: Major Components • Farnuf—Sedimentary plains Farnuf and similar soils: 50 percent • Absarook—Sedimentary plains Absarokee and similar soils: 30 percent • Tolbert—Sedimentary plains Tolbert and similar soils: 10 percent Slope: Minor Components • Farnuf—2 to 8 percent Work clay loam: 0 to 5 percent • Absarook—2 to 8 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 3 percent • Tolbert—2 to 8 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Elevation: 5,400 to 6,100 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Major Component Description Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Farnuf Composition Surface layer texture: Loam Major Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Farnuf and similar soils: 60 percent Drainage class: Well drained Absarook and similar soils: 20 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Tolbert and similar soils: 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches Absarokee clay loam: 0 to 8 percent Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent Absarokee Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Surface layer texture: Clay loam Major Component Description Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Farnuf Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Surface layer texture: Loam shale residuum Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 203

Flooding: None A—0 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate Absarook fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Surface layer texture: Loam sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) few fine and medium roots; 5 percent cobbles and Drainage class: Well drained 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and boundary. shale residuum Bt1—11 to 14 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Native plant cover type: Rangeland sandy clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Flooding: None 3/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches structure; hard, friable, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and few medium Tolbert roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds Surface layer texture: Channery loam and lining pores; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bt2—14 to 31 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; shale residuum moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Native plant cover type: Rangeland hard, friable, moderately sticky, and slightly Flooding: None plastic; common very fine roots; common distinct Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is C—31 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly coarse included, in alphabetical order, in this section. sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; Management few very fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 20 For management information about this map unit, percent pebbles; neutral. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Farside Series Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 8 to 15 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained A horizon Permeability: Moderately slow Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Parent material: Alluvium derived from gneiss, schist, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 or sandstone percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Elevation range: 4,900 to 6,150 feet Annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Bt horizons Annual air temperature: 37 to 41 degrees F Value: 3 or 4 moist Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Sandy clay loam or clay loam Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Clay content: 20 to 35 percent frigid Typic Argiustolls Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Typical Pedon Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Farside loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, in an area of C horizon cropland, 1,300 feet south and 900 feet west of the Value: 4 or 5 dry northeast corner of sec. 11, T. 3 S., R. 5 E. Chroma: 3, 4, 5, or 6 204 Soil Survey

Texture: Sandy loam or coarse sandy loam Composition Clay content: 5 to 18 percent Major Components Content of rock fragments: 15 to 45 percent—5 to Farside and similar soils: 90 percent 20 percent cobbles; 10 to 25 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Minor Components Note: This horizon may contain thin strata of Sawicki cobbly loam: 0 to 4 percent sandy clay loam. Bowery loam: 0 to 3 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 3 percent

354B—Farside loam, Major Component Description 2 to 6 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 2 to 6 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 5,000 to 5,700 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Farside and similar soils: 90 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Sawicki cobbly loam: 0 to 6 percent Breeton sandy loam: 0 to 4 percent Major Component Description Glendive Series Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Alluvial fans and flood plains Native plant cover type: Rangeland Parent material: Alluvium Flooding: None Slope range: 0 to 8 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Elevation range: 3,950 to 4,900 feet Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Management Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, For management information about this map unit, calcareous, frigid Aridic Ustifluvents see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Typical Pedon Glendive sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area 354D—Farside loam, of cropland, 1,400 feet north and 2,500 feet west of 8 to 15 percent slopes the southeast corner of sec. 21, T. 1 S., R. 2 E. A—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy Setting loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, Slope: 8 to 15 percent very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Elevation: 4,900 to 6,150 feet common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days smooth boundary. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 205

C1—6 to 36 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Texture: Stratified fine sandy loam or silt loam sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2 moist); Clay content: 5 to 18 percent weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly pebbles plastic; common very fine and fine and few Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 medium roots; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. C2—36 to 46 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) fine sandy 3A—Glendive sandy loam, loam, brown (10YR 5/3 moist); massive; soft, very 0 to 2 percent slopes friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; strongly effervescent; Setting moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Landform: Flood plains C3—46 to 60 inches; white (10YR 7/2) fine sandy Slope: 0 to 2 percent loam, brown (10YR 5/3 moist); massive; soft, very Elevation: 3,950 to 4,750 feet friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches fine and fine roots; strongly effervescent; Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days moderately alkaline. Composition Range in Characteristics Major Components Soil temperature: 42 to 47 degrees F Glendive and similar soils: 85 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Minor Components A horizon Fairway loam, slightly saline: 0 to 5 percent Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Ryell sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Soils with dark surfaces: 0 to 5 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 5 to 18 percent Major Component Description Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained C1 horizon Dominant parent material: Alluvium Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Native plant cover type: Rangeland Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Flooding: Rare Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Available water capacity: Mainly 9.2 inches Texture: Sandy loam or silt loam Clay content: 5 to 18 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Management C2 horizon For management information about this map unit, Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Sandy loam or fine sandy loam 3C—Glendive sandy loam, Clay content: 5 to 18 percent 2 to 8 percent slopes Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Setting Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Landform: Alluvial fans C3 horizon Slope: 2 to 8 percent Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Elevation: 4,000 to 4,900 feet Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days 206 Soil Survey

Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Greycliff silt loam, in an area of Greycliff-Toston- Glendive and similar soils: 85 percent Threeriv complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 500 feet north and 200 feet east of the Minor Components southwest corner of sec. 21, T. 2 N., R. 2 E. Glendive coarse sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Glendive rarely flooded: 0 to 5 percent A—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam, Ryell sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine Major Component Description granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, Surface layer texture: Sandy loam and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) common medium roots; many very fine, common Drainage class: Well drained fine and few medium pores; strongly effervescent; Dominant parent material: Alluvium slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Btn—5 to 11 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam, very Flooding: None dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches medium prismatic structure parting to strong medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, A typical description with range in characteristics is moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; many included, in alphabetical order, in this section. very fine and fine and few medium roots; many very fine and common fine pores; common faint Management clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; For management information about this map unit, strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; gradual see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. wavy boundary. Btkn—11 to 15 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay loam; dark gray (10YR 4/1) moist; moderate GP—Gravel pit medium prismatic structure parting to strong medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, Composition moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Major Components many very fine and common fine pores; common Gravel pit: 100 percent faint clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; Major Component Description common fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear smooth Definition: Areas mined for sand and gravel. boundary. Bkn—15 to 31 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Greycliff Series clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained very fine roots; common very fine and few fine and Permeability: Moderately slow medium pores; common fine masses of lime; Landform: Low stream terraces and protected flood violently effervescent; very strongly alkaline; clear plains smooth boundary. Parent material: Calcareous alluvium C—31 to 37 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Slope range: 0 to 2 percent sandy loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) moist; common Elevation range: 3,950 to 4,300 feet fine distinct dark yellowish brown (7.5YR 5/3) Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches moist redox concentrations; massive; hard, friable, Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine Frost-free period: 95 to 120 days roots; common very fine and few fine and medium pores; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- smooth boundary. skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Aridic 2C—37 to 60 inches; variegated very cobbly loamy Natrustolls sand; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 207

nonplastic; few very fine roots; 20 percent cobbles Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy and 25 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline. loam Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Range in Characteristics Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent pebbles Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 4 Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 12 inches Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 inches 2C horizon Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches Value: 6 or 7 or variegated dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 A horizon Texture: Loamy sand, sand, coarse sand, or Chroma: 1 or 2 loamy coarse sand Texture: Silt loam or loam Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 50 percent—0 to Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles 25 percent cobbles; 0 to 25 percent pebbles Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 4 Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 10 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 519A—Greycliff loam, Btn horizon 0 to 2 percent slopes Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: Loam or clay loam Setting Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Landform: Stream terraces Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 10 percent Slope: 0 to 2 percent Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 30 Elevation: 4,000 to 4,300 feet Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Reaction: pH 8.5 to 9.6 Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Btkn horizon Composition Value: 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Major Components Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Greycliff and similar soils: 90 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 30 percent Minor Components Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 Rivra gravelly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 30 Threeriv loam: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: pH 9.0 to 9.6 Slickspots: 0 to 2 percent Bkn horizon Major Component Description Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Surface layer texture: Loam Texture: Clay loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) loam Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Native plant cover type: Rangeland Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Flooding: None Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 Water table: Apparent Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 30 Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Reaction: pH 8.5 to 9.6 Available water capacity: Mainly 5.7 inches C horizon Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist A typical description with range in characteristics is Chroma: 1 to 3 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 208 Soil Survey

Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

528A—Greycliff-Lamoose silt loams, 526A—Greycliff-Rivra-Threeriv complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes 0 to 2 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Greycliff—Stream terraces • Greycliff—Stream terraces • Lamoose—Stream terraces • Rivra—Stream terraces Slope: • Threeriv—Stream terraces • Greycliff—0 to 2 percent Slope: • Lamoose—0 to 2 percent • Greycliff—0 to 2 percent Elevation: 4,150 to 4,300 feet • Rivra—0 to 2 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Threeriv—0 to 2 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Elevation: 4,000 to 4,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Composition Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Major Components Composition Greycliff and similar soils: 60 percent Lamoose and similar soils: 30 percent Major Components Greycliff and similar soils: 40 percent Minor Components Rivra and similar soils: 25 percent Reycreek loam: 0 to 5 percent Threeriv and similar soils: 20 percent Threeriv loam: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Major Component Description Emyd loam: 0 to 8 percent Toston loam: 0 to 5 percent Greycliff Slickspots: 0 to 2 percent Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Greycliff Dominant parent material: Alluvium Surface layer texture: Loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Water table: Apparent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 5.7 inches Flooding: None Water table: Apparent Lamoose Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Surface layer texture: Silt loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.7 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Poorly drained Rivra Dominant parent material: Alluvium Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Water table: Apparent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Water table: Apparent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 2.0 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 209

Threeriv Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.7 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained Toston Dominant parent material: Alluvium Surface layer texture: Loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: Rare Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Water table: Apparent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Water table: Apparent A typical description with range in characteristics is Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Management Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches For management information about this map unit, Threeriv see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 525A—Greycliff-Toston-Threeriv complex, Drainage class: Very poorly drained 0 to 2 percent slopes Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Setting Water table: Apparent Landform: Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches • Greycliff—Stream terraces • Toston—Stream terraces A typical description with range in characteristics is • Threeriv—Stream terraces included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Slope: Management • Greycliff—0 to 2 percent • Toston—0 to 2 percent For management information about this map unit, • Threeriv—0 to 2 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elevation: 4,000 to 4,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Hanson Series Composition Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Permeability: Moderate Greycliff and similar soils: 60 percent Landform: Mountains, hills, alluvial fans, and stream Toston and similar soils: 20 percent terraces Threeriv and similar soils: 10 percent Parent material: Limestone colluvium or limestone Minor Components alluvium Reycreek loam: 0 to 5 percent Slope range: 8 to 45 percent Rivra gravelly sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent Elevation range: 4,400 to 7,650 feet Slickspots: 0 to 2 percent Annual precipitation: 17 to 24 inches Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Major Component Description Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Greycliff Surface layer texture: Silt loam Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic Calcic Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Haplocryolls Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Typical Pedon Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Hanson loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, in an area of Flooding: None forest land, 1,800 feet south and 100 feet east of the Water table: Apparent northwest corner of sec. 33, T. 5 N., R. 6 E. 210 Soil Survey

Oa—0 to 1 inch; decomposed forest litter. Bk1 horizon A1—1 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y 3/2) loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist granular structure; slightly hard, very Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many Clay content: 18 to 27 percent very fine and fine and few medium roots; 5 Content of rock fragments: 35 to 65 percent—0 to percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; 5 percent stones; 10 to 30 percent cobbles; 25 clear smooth boundary. to 35 percent pebbles A2—7 to 15 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Calcium carbonate equivalent: 30 to 40 percent in 3/2) loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium the less than 2 mm fraction and more than 40 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very percent in the less than 20 mm fraction friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 very fine and fine roots; 5 percent cobbles; Bk2 horizon neutral; clear smooth boundary. Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Bk1—15 to 22 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist very gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, Clay content: 18 to 27 percent very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few Content of rock fragments: 35 to 65 percent—0 to very fine, fine, and medium roots; 10 percent 5 percent stones; 10 to 25 percent cobbles; 25 cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; common fine to 35 percent pebbles masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 60 percent alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Bk2—22 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, 81E—Hanson cobbly loam, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine 15 to 45 percent slopes, stony and fine roots; 10 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; common fine masses of lime; violently Setting effervescent; moderately alkaline. Landform: Hills Range in Characteristics Slope: 15 to 45 percent Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Elevation: 5,600 to 6,100 feet Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 8 to 15 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Depth to the Bk horizon: 8 to 16 inches Composition A1 horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Major Components Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Hanson and similar soils: 90 percent Chroma: 1 or 2 Minor Components Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Soils less than 20 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 Content of rock fragments: 5 to 50 percent—0 to percent 10 percent boulders or stones; 0 to 20 percent Adel loam: 0 to 3 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 A2 horizon Major Component Description Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Chroma: 1 or 2 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Drainage class: Well drained Content of rock fragments: 5 to 55 percent—0 to Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium 10 percent stones; 5 to 25 percent cobbles; 0 to Native plant cover type: Rangeland 20 percent pebbles Flooding: None Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 211

A typical description with range in characteristics is Slope: included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Hanson—8 to 25 percent • Bridger—8 to 25 percent Management Elevation: 5,250 to 6,000 feet For management information about this map unit, Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition 481E—Hanson loam, Major Components 8 to 25 percent slopes Hanson and similar soils: 75 percent Bridger and similar soils: 15 percent Setting Minor Components Landform: Mountains Adel loam: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 8 to 25 percent Philipsburg stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 5,350 to 7,650 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Hanson Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Composition Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Dominant parent material: Limestone alluvium Hanson and similar soils: 85 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Minor Components Flooding: None Hanson very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches Soils less than 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 percent Bridger Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Surface layer texture: Loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land A typical description with range in characteristics is Flooding: None included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches Management A typical description with range in characteristics is For management information about this map unit, included, in alphabetical order, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 491E—Hanson-Whitore, stony complex, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 15 to 45 percent slopes

Setting 381E—Hanson, bouldery-Bridger complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes Landform: • Hanson—Mountains • Whitore—Mountains Setting Slope: Landform: • Hanson—15 to 45 percent • Hanson—Alluvial fans and stream terraces • Whitore—15 to 45 percent • Bridger—Drainageways Elevation: 4,400 to 7,450 feet 212 Soil Survey

Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Typical Pedon Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Havre loam, in an area of Havre loam, calcareous Composition surface, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of hayland, 900 feet north and 1,800 feet west of the southeast Major Components corner of sec. 6, T. 1 S., R. 1 E. Hanson and similar soils: 55 percent Whitore and similar soils: 30 percent Ap—0 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Minor Components fine angular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Soils less than 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 8 friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many percent fine and very fine roots; strongly effervescent; Accola loam: 0 to 5 percent moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent C1—8 to 29 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam consisting of thin strata of silt loam and fine sandy Major Component Description loam, dark brown (10YR 5/2) moist; massive; Hanson slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and Surface layer texture: Loam slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Drainage class: Well drained wavy boundary. Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium C2—29 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt Native plant cover type: Forest land loam consisting of thin strata of loam and fine Flooding: None sandy loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches massive; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; Whitore strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Ap horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist A typical description with range in characteristics is Chroma: 2 or 3 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Clay content: 10 to 27 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Management Reaction: pH 6.1 to 8.4 For management information about this map unit, C horizons see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Havre Series Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Loam, silt loam, or clay loam consisting of Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) thin strata of fine sandy loam, silt loam, or loam Drainage class: Well drained Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Permeability: Moderate Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Landform: Flood plains Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Parent material: Alluvium Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Elevation range: 4,150 to 4,900 feet 102A—Havre loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches rare flooding Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Setting Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Landform: Flood plains calcareous, frigid Aridic Ustifluvents Slope: 0 to 2 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 213

Elevation: 4,150 to 4,800 feet Flooding: Rare Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 9.8 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Havre and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Glendive sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Straw loam: 0 to 3 percent Fairway loam: 0 to 2 percent Headwaters Series Major Component Description Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Permeability: Moderately slow Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Hills or sedimentary plains Drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy sedimentary Dominant parent material: Alluvium beds Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Flooding: Rare Elevation range: 4,150 to 5,300 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 9.8 inches Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F A typical description with range in characteristics is Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aridic Calciustolls For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Typical Pedon

2A—Havre loam, calcareous surface, Headwaters cobbly loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, in an 0 to 2 percent slopes area of cropland, 2,800 feet south and 1,000 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 25 T. 1 N., R. 1 E. Setting Ap—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Landform: Flood plains moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Slope: 0 to 2 percent slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Elevation: 4,150 to 4,900 feet plastic; common very fine and fine roots; 10 Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; strongly Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Composition boundary. A2—5 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark Major Components brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Havre and similar soils: 85 percent subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly Minor Components sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine Fairway loam: 0 to 5 percent and fine and few medium roots; slightly Havre clay loam: 0 to 5 percent effervescent; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Ryell fine sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Bk—7 to 29 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; moderate medium Major Component Description subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Surface layer texture: Loam moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) common very fine and few fine and medium roots; Drainage class: Well drained common medium masses of lime; violently Dominant parent material: Alluvium effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Native plant cover type: Rangeland boundary. 214 Soil Survey

Cr—29 to 60 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) weakly Composition consolidated sedimentary beds that crush to a Major Components silty clay loam, (interbedded with Headwaters and similar soils: 85 percent semiconsolidated, sandy materials) light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) moist; moderately alkaline. Minor Components Cabbart loam: 0 to 5 percent Range in Characteristics Headwaters very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Trimad very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Major Component Description Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 13 inches Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth to the Bk horizon: 5 to 13 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Drainage class: Well drained Ap horizon Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y sedimentary beds Chroma: 2 or 3 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Flooding: None Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 20 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles A typical description with range in characteristics is Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. A2 horizon Management Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y For management information about this map unit, Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent 20C—Headwaters loam, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to 2 to 8 percent slopes 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Setting Bk horizon Landform: Sedimentary plains Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Slope: 2 to 8 percent Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5, 6, or 7 moist Elevation: 4,200 to 5,100 feet Chroma: 2 or 3 Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent Composition pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent Major Components Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 Headwaters and similar soils: 85 percent Note: In some pedons this horizon consists of Minor Components stratified silty clay loam and sandy clay loam. Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent Cabbart loam: 0 to 5 percent 220C—Headwaters cobbly loam, Tanna clay loam: 0 to 3 percent 2 to 8 percent slopes Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent

Setting Major Component Description Landform: Sedimentary plains Surface layer texture: Loam Slope: 2 to 8 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Elevation: 4,150 to 4,600 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days sedimentary beds Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 215

Native plant cover type: Rangeland Permeability: Moderately slow Flooding: None Landform: Hills Available water capacity: Mainly 4.7 inches Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum A typical description with range in characteristics is Slope range: 15 to 60 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Elevation range: 4,900 to 7,100 feet Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Management Annual air temperature: 37 to 43 degrees F For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 80 to 100 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls 20D—Headwaters loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Typical Pedon Hoppers sandy clay loam, in an area of Hoppers, Setting stony-Tolbert, very stony-Timberlin complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes, in an area of forest land, 900 feet Landform: Hills north and 1,320 feet east of the southwest corner of Slope: 8 to 15 percent sec. 9, T. 2 S., R. 7 E. Elevation: 4,200 to 5,300 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches A—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days sandy clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, Composition very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Major Components common very fine, fine, and medium and few Headwaters and similar soils: 85 percent coarse roots; 2 percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles, neutral; clear smooth boundary. Minor Components Bt1—8 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent sandy clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Cabbart loam: 0 to 5 percent 3/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Tanna clay loam: 0 to 3 percent structure parting to moderate fine granular; soft, Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common fine and medium and few coarse roots; common Major Component Description distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent Surface layer texture: Loam pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Bt2—15 to 26 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy clay Drainage class: Well drained loam; dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, sedimentary beds firm, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; Native plant cover type: Rangeland common fine and medium and few coarse roots; Flooding: None common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 10 Available water capacity: Mainly 4.7 inches percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Cr—26 to 33 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) semiconsolidated A typical description with range in characteristics is and weathered sandstone. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. R—33 inches; hard sandstone. Management Range in Characteristics For management information about this map unit, Soil temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Depth to the R horizon: 20 to 40 inches Hoppers Series A horizon Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 2 or 3 216 Soil Survey

Texture: Sandy clay loam or loam Drainage class: Well drained Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 3 shale residuum percent stones; 0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 Native plant cover type: Rangeland percent pebbles Flooding: None Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Bt1 horizon Tolbert Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Chroma: 2 or 3 Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Texture: Sandy clay loam or clay loam Drainage class: Well drained Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to shale residuum 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles Native plant cover type: Rangeland Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Flooding: None Bt2 horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches Value: 4 or 5 dry Chroma: 3 or 4 Rock outcrop Texture: Sandy clay loam or clay loam Definition: Exposures of sandstone bedrock. Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to A typical description with range in characteristics is 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Management For management information about this map unit, 847F—Hoppers, stony-Tolbert, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. very stony-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes 647E—Hoppers, stony-Tolbert, Setting very stony-Timberlin complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Landform: • Hoppers—Hills Setting • Tolbert—Hills • Rock outcrop—Hills Landform: Slope: • Hoppers—Hills, south aspects • Hoppers—35 to 60 percent • Tolbert—Hills, south aspects • Tolbert—35 to 60 percent • Timberlin—Hills, north aspects Elevation: 4,900 to 6,850 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Hoppers—15 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days • Tolbert—15 to 35 percent • Timberlin—15 to 35 percent Composition Elevation: 4,900 to 7,100 feet Major Components Mean annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches Hoppers and similar soils: 45 percent Frost-free period: 65 to 100 days Tolbert and similar soils: 25 percent Composition Rock outcrop: 20 percent Major Components Minor Components Hoppers and similar soils: 50 percent Farnuf loam: 0 to 5 percent Tolbert and similar soils: 20 percent Soils with slopes more than 60 percent: 0 to 5 percent Timberlin and similar soils: 20 percent Major Component Description Minor Components Hoppers Adel loam: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Sandy clay loam Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 3 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 217

Major Component Description Elevation: 5,200 to 7,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches Hoppers Frost-free period: 65 to 100 days Surface layer texture: Sandy clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Major Components shale residuum Hoppers and similar soils: 40 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Tolbert and similar soils: 25 percent Flooding: None Timberlin and similar soils: 25 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Minor Components Blaincreek stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Tolbert Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Hoppers shale residuum Surface layer texture: Sandy clay loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum Timberlin Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum Tolbert Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Flooding: None Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 2.3 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and A typical description with range in characteristics is shale residuum included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Management Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches

For management information about this map unit, Timberlin see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) 647F—Hoppers, stony-Tolbert, Drainage class: Well drained very stony-Timberlin complex, Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and 35 to 60 percent slopes shale residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 2.3 inches Landform: • Hoppers—Hills, south aspects A typical description with range in characteristics is • Tolbert—Hills, south aspects included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Timberlin—Hills, north aspects Slope: Management • Hoppers—35 to 60 percent • Tolbert—35 to 60 percent For management information about this map unit, • Timberlin—35 to 60 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 218 Soil Survey

547E—Hoppers-Adel-Tolbert, very stony Flooding: None complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Setting included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: • Hoppers—Hills Management • Adel—Hills For management information about this map unit, • Tolbert—Hills see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Slope: • Hoppers—15 to 45 percent • Adel—15 to 45 percent Hyalite Series • Tolbert—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,950 to 6,000 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 65 to 100 days Permeability: Moderately slow above the 3C horizon and rapid in the 3C horizon Composition Landform: Alluvial fans or stream terraces Major Components Parent material: Alluvium Hoppers and similar soils: 40 percent Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Adel and similar soils: 25 percent Elevation range: 4,350 to 6,150 feet Tolbert and similar soils: 20 percent Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Minor Components Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Blaincreek loam: 0 to 10 percent Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 3 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent frigid Typic Argiustolls Major Component Description Typical Pedon Hoppers Hyalite loam, in an area of Hyalite-Beaverton complex, Surface layer texture: Loam 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of hayland, 100 feet Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) south and 300 feet east of the northwest corner of Drainage class: Well drained sec. 13, T. 3 S., R. 4 E. Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum Ap—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Native plant cover type: Rangeland 3/2) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Flooding: None moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Available water capacity: Mainly 4.2 inches hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Adel 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; slightly Surface layer texture: Loam acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bt1—5 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Drainage class: Well drained 3/2) clay loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Native plant cover type: Forest land slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and Flooding: None moderately plastic; common very fine and fine and Available water capacity: Mainly 10.8 inches few medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent Tolbert pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Bt2—8 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam, Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Drainage class: Well drained prismatic structure parting to moderate medium Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, shale residuum moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Native plant cover type: Rangeland common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 219

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 Clay content: 10 to 25 percent percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; neutral; Content of rock fragments: 40 to 75 percent—20 gradual wavy boundary. to 35 percent cobbles; 20 to 40 percent pebbles 2Bt3—17 to 26 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; 3C horizon weak fine subangular blocky structure; loose, Texture: Loamy sand, sand, or coarse sand slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very Clay content: 0 to 10 percent fine and few fine and medium roots; few faint clay Content of rock fragments: 40 to 75 percent—20 films on faces of peds; 30 percent cobbles and 25 to 35 percent cobbles; 20 to 40 percent pebbles percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 3C—26 to 60 inches; variegated very cobbly loamy sand; massive; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common very fine and few fine and medium roots; 748A—Hyalite-Beaverton complex, 30 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; 0 to 4 percent slopes common distinct lime casts on undersides of coarse fragments; neutral. Setting Range in Characteristics Landform: Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F • Hyalite—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches • Beaverton—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Slope: Depth to the 2Bt3 horizon: 11 to 22 inches • Hyalite—0 to 4 percent • Beaverton—0 to 4 percent Ap horizon Elevation: 4,350 to 6,150 feet Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Chroma: 1 or 2 Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Composition Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Major Components Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Hyalite and similar soils: 70 percent Note: Some horizons may have a clay loam Ap Beaverton and similar soils: 20 percent horizon when cultivated. Minor Components Bt1 horizon Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 5 percent Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Turner loam: 0 to 5 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Clay loam, loam, or silty clay loam Major Component Description Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Hyalite percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Loam Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Bt2 horizon Dominant parent material: Alluvium Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 3 or 4 Flooding: None Texture: Clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent—5 to Beaverton 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 2Bt3 horizon Drainage class: Well drained Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Dominant parent material: Alluvium Chroma: 3 or 4 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Sandy clay loam, sandy loam, or coarse Flooding: None sandy loam Available water capacity: Mainly 3.3 inches 220 Soil Survey

A typical description with range in characteristics is Management included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, Management see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Jaegie Series 448A—Hyalite-Beaverton complex, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) moderately wet, 0 to 2 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Mountains Setting Parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium or igneous Landform: colluvium • Hyalite—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Slope range: 8 to 60 percent • Beaverton—Alluvial fans and stream terraces Elevation range: 5,200 to 7,100 feet Slope: Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches • Hyalite—0 to 2 percent Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F • Beaverton—0 to 2 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Elevation: 4,450 to 5,300 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Eutric Haplocryalfs Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Hyalite and similar soils: 70 percent Jaegie gravelly coarse sandy loam, in an area of Beaverton and similar soils: 20 percent Jaegie-Shadow, stony complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an area of forest land, 2,300 feet south and Minor Components 2,000 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 4, Beaverton very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent T. 3 S., R. 6 E. Meadowcreek loam: 0 to 5 percent Oi—0 to 2 inches; slightly decomposed forest debris. Major Component Description A—2 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly coarse Hyalite sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Surface layer texture: Loam moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Drainage class: Well drained and fine and common medium roots; many very Dominant parent material: Alluvium fine and common fine pores; 5 percent cobbles Native plant cover type: Rangeland and 20 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear Flooding: None smooth boundary. Water table: Apparent E—4 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches gravelly coarse sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very Beaverton friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam very fine and fine and few medium roots; many Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) very fine and common fine pores; 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; moderately acid; Dominant parent material: Alluvium clear smooth boundary. Native plant cover type: Rangeland E/Bt—15 to 25 inches; E part (60 percent) is yellowish Flooding: None brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly coarse sandy loam, Water table: Apparent brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Bt part (40 percent) is Available water capacity: Mainly 3.1 inches yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; A typical description with range in characteristics is moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly included, in alphabetical order, in this section. hard, friable, slightly sticky, and nonplastic; Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 221

common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Bt horizon many very fine and common fine pores; few faint Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist clay films on faces of peds and pebbles; 5 percent Chroma: 4 or 6 cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; moderately acid; Clay content: 22 to 35 percent clear wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent—0 to Bt—25 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 25 percent pebbles gravelly sandy clay loam; dark yellowish brown Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium subangular C horizon blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and Chroma: 4 to 6 fine and few medium roots; many very fine and Texture: Sandy loam or coarse sandy loam common fine pores; common distinct clay films on Clay content: 10 to 20 percent faces of peds and pebbles; 5 percent cobbles and Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent—0 to 20 percent pebbles; moderately acid; clear wavy 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 25 percent pebbles boundary. Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 C—43 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly coarse sandy loam; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; loose, nonsticky, and 190E—Jaegie gravelly coarse sandy nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; many very loam, 8 to 35 percent slopes fine and fine and common medium pores; 5 percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; Setting moderately acid. Landform: Mountains Range in Characteristics Slope: 8 to 35 percent Elevation: 5,200 to 6,850 feet Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days A horizon Value: 3 or 4 moist Composition Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: Coarse sandy loam or loam Major Components Clay content: 10 to 20 percent Jaegie and similar soils: 90 percent Content of rock fragments: 10 to 30 percent—0 to Minor Components 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 20 percent pebbles Shadow stony coarse sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 Bavdark loam, moist: 0 to 4 percent E horizon Mooseflat loam: 0 to 1 percent Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 Major Component Description Texture: Coarse sandy loam or loam Clay content: 10 to 20 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly coarse sandy loam Content of rock fragments: 10 to 30 percent—0 to Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 20 percent pebbles Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land E/Bt horizon Flooding: None Value: E part 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist; Bt part 4 or 5 Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Chroma: 3 to 6 A typical description with range in characteristics is Texture: Coarse sandy loam or sandy clay loam included, in alphabetical order, in this section. (mixed) Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Management Content of rock fragments: 10 to 30 percent—0 to 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 20 percent pebbles For management information about this map unit, Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 222 Soil Survey

290E—Jaegie loam, Major Component Description 15 to 35 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Landform: Mountains Native plant cover type: Forest land Slope: 15 to 35 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 5,800 to 6,550 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Jaegie and similar soils: 90 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Cowood very stony loam: 0 to 3 percent Timberlin stony loam: 0 to 3 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 2 percent 590E—Jaegie-Shadow, stony complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Drainage class: Well drained • Jaegie—Mountains Dominant parent material: Igneous colluvium • Shadow—Mountains Native plant cover type: Forest land Slope: Flooding: None • Jaegie—15 to 25 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches • Shadow—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 5,300 to 6,500 feet A typical description with range in characteristics is Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Jaegie and similar soils: 70 percent Shadow and similar soils: 20 percent 90F—Jaegie loam, Minor Components 35 to 60 percent slopes Bavdark loam, moist: 0 to 5 percent Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent Setting Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Landform: Mountains Major Component Description Slope: 35 to 60 percent Jaegie Elevation: 5,800 to 7,100 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly coarse sandy loam Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Drainage class: Well drained Composition Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Jaegie and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Minor Components Cowood very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Shadow Rubble land: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam Shadow stony coarse sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 223

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Kalsted Series Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 890E—Jaegie-Shadow, stony complex, Drainage class: Well drained cool, 15 to 45 percent slopes Permeability: Moderately rapid Landform: Alluvial fans, relict stream terraces, stream terraces, or escarpments Setting Parent material: Colluvium or alluvium Landform: Slope range: 0 to 45 percent • Jaegie—Mountains Elevation range: 3,950 to 5,400 feet • Shadow—Mountains Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Slope: Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F • Jaegie—15 to 45 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days • Shadow—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 5,900 to 6,950 feet Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches frigid Aridic Calciustepts Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Typical Pedon Composition Kalsted sandy loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, 1,000 feet north and 800 feet east of the Major Components southwest corner of sec. 1, T. 1 N., R. 2 E. Jaegie and similar soils: 60 percent Shadow and similar soils: 25 percent Ap—0 to 6 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Minor Components weak fine and medium granular structure; soft, Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 8 percent very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent very fine and fine roots; common very fine pores; Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent 5 percent pebbles; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Major Component Description Bk1—6 to 15 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy Jaegie loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Surface layer texture: Gravelly coarse sandy loam subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) nonsticky, and nonplastic; common very fine and Drainage class: Well drained fine roots; common very fine pores; 5 percent Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium pebbles; common fine masses of lime; violently Native plant cover type: Forest land effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Flooding: None boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Bk2—15 to 26 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine Shadow subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam nonsticky, and nonplastic; common very fine roots; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) common very fine pores; 10 percent pebbles; Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained common fine masses of lime; violently Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth Native plant cover type: Forest land boundary. 224 Soil Survey

Bk3—26 to 42 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single grain; Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 loose, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine roots; common very fine and fine pores; 10 percent pebbles; common fine masses of lime; 135E—Kalsted gravelly sandy loam, violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; diffuse 15 to 35 percent slopes smooth boundary. BC—42 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Setting sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/3) moist; Landform: Escarpments massive; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; Slope: 15 to 35 percent common very fine and fine pores; 10 percent Elevation: 3,950 to 5,100 feet pebbles; violently effervescent; moderately Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches alkaline. Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Range in Characteristics Composition Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Major Components Depth to the Bk horizon: 6 to 12 inches Kalsted and similar soils: 85 percent Ap horizon Minor Components Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Blacksheep sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Scravo cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Clay content: 5 to 18 percent Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Major Component Description Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk1 horizon Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, 6, or 7 moist Dominant parent material: Alluvium Chroma: 2 or 3 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Sandy loam or fine sandy loam Flooding: None Clay content: 5 to 18 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.7 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent pebbles A typical description with range in characteristics is Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Management Bk2 and Bk3 horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y For management information about this map unit, Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5, 6, or 7 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Sandy loam with lenses of loamy sand Clay content: 5 to 18 percent 35B—Kalsted sandy loam, Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 5 0 to 4 percent slopes percent cobbles; 5 to 30 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Setting Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans BC horizon Slope: 0 to 4 percent Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Elevation: 3,950 to 4,850 feet Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Texture: Sandy loam with lenses of loamy sand Composition Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent Major Components pebbles Kalsted and similar soils: 85 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 225

Minor Components Management Kalsted cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Trimad cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent

Major Component Description 35D—Kalsted sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 8 to 15 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 4,000 to 5,000 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Kalsted and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Musselshell loam: 0 to 5 percent 35C—Kalsted sandy loam, Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent 4 to 8 percent slopes Trimad cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Slope: 4 to 8 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 4,000 to 5,050 feet Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches

Major Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Kalsted and similar soils: 85 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Management Chinook sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Kalsted cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Trimad cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent

Major Component Description Kelstrup Series

Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Permeability: Moderate Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Relict stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Parent material: Loess Flooding: None Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches Elevation range: 4,150 to 5,550 feet Annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days 226 Soil Survey

Taxonomic Class: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles frigid Aridic Haplustolls Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Typical Pedon Bw horizons Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Kelstrup silt loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of Chroma: 2 or 3 cropland, 1,300 feet south and 1,100 feet west of the Clay content: 12 to 20 percent northeast corner of sec. 6, T. 2 N., R. 3 E. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Ap—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam, Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Bk horizons moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Chroma: 2 or 3 and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular Clay content: 10 to 20 percent pores; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Bw1—5 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium angular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and 31C—Kelstrup silt loam, slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; 4 to 8 percent slopes few very fine tubular and interstitial pores; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Setting Bw2—8 to 14 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak coarse prismatic Landform: Relict stream terraces structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and Slope: 4 to 8 percent nonplastic; common very fine roots; few very fine Elevation: 4,200 to 5,400 feet tubular pores; slightly effervescent; moderately Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Bk1—14 to 28 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, Composition pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure; soft, very friable, slightly Major Components sticky, and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few Kelstrup and similar soils: 85 percent very fine tubular and interstitial pores; Minor Components disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; Amsterdam silt loam: 0 to 5 percent violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Brocko silt loam: 0 to 5 percent wavy boundary. Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Bk2—28 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine Major Component Description subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and nonplastic; few very fine roots; Surface layer texture: Silt loam few very fine tubular and interstitial pores; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) disseminated lime; few fine masses of lime; Drainage class: Well drained violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Dominant parent material: Loess Range in Characteristics Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Available water capacity: Mainly 11.0 inches Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 10 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Depth to the Bk horizon: 11 to 20 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Ap horizon Management Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 For management information about this map unit, Clay content: 10 to 18 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 227

31D—Kelstrup silt loam, Composition 8 to 15 percent slopes Major Components Kelstrup and similar soils: 65 percent Setting Brocko and similar soils: 20 percent Landform: Relict stream terraces Minor Components Slope: 8 to 15 percent Kalsted gravelly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 4,150 to 5,550 feet Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches Trimad cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Major Component Description Composition Major Components Kelstrup Kelstrup and similar soils: 85 percent Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Amsterdam silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Loess Brocko silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent Flooding: None Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 2 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 11.0 inches Major Component Description Brocko Surface layer texture: Silt loam Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Loess Dominant parent material: Loess Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 10.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 11.0 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

431B—Kelstrup-Brocko silt loams, 431C—Kelstrup-Brocko silt loams, 0 to 4 percent slopes 4 to 8 percent slopes

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Kelstrup—Relict stream terraces • Kelstrup—Relict stream terraces • Brocko—Relict stream terraces • Brocko—Relict stream terraces Slope: Slope: • Kelstrup—0 to 4 percent • Kelstrup—4 to 8 percent • Brocko—0 to 4 percent • Brocko—4 to 8 percent Elevation: 4,200 to 5,050 feet Elevation: 4,200 to 5,250 feet Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days 228 Soil Survey

Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Kelstrup and similar soils: 65 percent Kelstrup and similar soils: 55 percent Brocko and similar soils: 20 percent Brocko and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Minor Components Kalsted gravelly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Kalsted gravelly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent Trimad cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent Trimad cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Kelstrup Surface layer texture: Silt loam Kelstrup Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Silt loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Loess Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Loess Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 11.0 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 11.0 inches Brocko Surface layer texture: Silt loam Brocko Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Silt loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Loess Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Loess Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 10.0 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 10.0 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 431D—Kelstrup-Brocko silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes Lamoose Series Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Poorly drained Landform: Permeability: Moderate in the A and B horizons and • Kelstrup—Relict stream terraces rapid below • Brocko—Relict stream terraces Landform: Stream terraces and flood plains Slope: Parent material: Alluvium • Kelstrup—8 to 15 percent Slope range: 0 to 2 percent • Brocko—8 to 15 percent Elevation range: 4,000 to 5,000 feet Elevation: 4,350 to 5,050 feet Annual precipitation: 10 to 18 inches Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Frost-free period: 90 to 115 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 229

Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- Chroma: 1 or 2 skeletal, mixed, superactive, calcareous, frigid Texture: Loam or silt loam Typic Endoaquolls Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent Typical Pedon pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Lamoose silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of 2C horizon pasture, 300 feet south and 2,300 feet west of the Texture: Loamy sand or sand northeast corner of sec. 34, T. 2 N., R. 3 E. Clay content: 0 to 10 percent A—0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—0 to silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; 15 percent cobbles; 35 to 55 percent pebbles moderate fine and medium granular structure; Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth 537A—Lamoose silt loam, boundary. 0 to 2 percent slopes Bg1—9 to 22 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; strong fine Setting subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Landform: Stream terraces slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very Slope: 0 to 2 percent fine and fine roots; slightly effervescent; slightly Elevation: 4,000 to 5,000 feet alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches Bg2—22 to 27 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt loam, Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry with stratified lenses of strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loamy sand; strong Composition fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Major Components very fine and fine roots; slightly effervescent; Lamoose and similar soils: 85 percent neutral; abrupt irregular boundary. 2C—27 to 60 inches; variegated extremely gravelly Minor Components loamy sand; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and Bonebasin loam: 0 to 10 percent nonplastic; few very fine roots; 15 percent cobbles Meadowcreek loam: 0 to 5 percent and 50 percent pebbles; neutral. Major Component Description Range in Characteristics Surface layer texture: Silt loam Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Drainage class: Poorly drained Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 12 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 24 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland A horizon Flooding: None Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Water table: Apparent Chroma: 1 or 2 Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is pebbles included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Management Bg horizons Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y For management information about this map unit, Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 230 Soil Survey

541A—Lamoose-Rivra-Bonebasin Water table: Apparent complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Setting included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: • Lamoose—Flood plains Management • Rivra—Flood plains For management information about this map unit, • Bonebasin—Flood plains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Slope: • Lamoose—0 to 2 percent • Rivra—0 to 2 percent Lap Series • Bonebasin—0 to 2 percent Elevation: 4,000 to 4,700 feet Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Permeability: Moderate Landform: Mountains and hills Composition Parent material: Limestone residuum Major Components Slope range: 8 to 60 percent Lamoose and similar soils: 50 percent Elevation range: 4,150 to 7,300 feet Rivra and similar soils: 25 percent Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Bonebasin and similar soils: 15 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Minor Components Ryell sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, frigid Threeriv loam: 0 to 5 percent Lithic Calciustolls Major Component Description Typical Pedon Lamoose Lap very cobbly loam, in an area of Windham, stony, Surface layer texture: Silt loam moist-Lap, very stony-Hanson complex, 15 to 45 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 500 feet north Drainage class: Poorly drained and 2,000 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 4, Dominant parent material: Alluvium T. 3 N., R. 4 E. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare A—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) very Water table: Apparent cobbly loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches fine subangular blocky parting to moderate fine granular structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, and Rivra nonplastic; many very fine and fine and few Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam medium roots; 5 percent stones, 25 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) cobbles, and 15 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; Drainage class: Well drained clear wavy boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium Bw— 5 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Native plant cover type: Rangeland very cobbly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Flooding: Rare 3/2) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky Water table: Apparent structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, and Available water capacity: Mainly 2.0 inches nonplastic; many very fine and common fine and medium roots; 5 percent stones, 25 percent Bonebasin cobbles, and 20 percent pebbles; strongly Surface layer texture: Loam effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) boundary. Drainage class: Very poorly drained Bk—11 to 16 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Dominant parent material: Alluvium extremely gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Native plant cover type: Rangeland weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, Flooding: Rare friable, slightly sticky, and nonplastic; common Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 231

very fine and few fine and medium roots; 5 percent • Rock outcrop—Hills stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 35 percent Slope: pebbles; common fine masses of lime; violently • Lap—35 to 60 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy • Windham—35 to 60 percent boundary. Elevation: 4,150 to 6,550 feet R—16 inches; hard limestone bedrock. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Range in Characteristics Composition Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Major Components Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 12 inches Lap and similar soils: 50 percent Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Windham and similar soils: 25 percent Depth to the Bk horizon: 4 to 12 inches Rock outcrop: 15 percent A horizon Minor Components Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 percent Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Windham stony loam, moist: 0 to 5 percent Chroma: 1 or 2 Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Major Component Description Content of rock fragments: 30 to 55 percent—0 to Lap 5 percent stones; 20 to 30 percent cobbles; 10 Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam to 20 percent pebbles Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: pH 7.4 to 7.8 Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Bw horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Flooding: None Value: 4, 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Windham Content of rock fragments: 30 to 55 percent—0 to Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 5 percent stones; 20 to 30 percent cobbles; 15 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to 25 percent pebbles Drainage class: Well drained Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Bk horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Rock outcrop Chroma: 2 or 3 Definition: Exposures of limestone bedrock. Texture: Loam or clay loam Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Content of rock fragments: 50 to 75 percent—0 to A typical description with range in characteristics is 5 percent stones; 20 to 30 percent cobbles; 30 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. to 40 percent pebbles Management Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 60 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 666F—Lap-Windham-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes Libeg Series Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Permeability: Moderate • Lap—Hills Landform: Hills, escarpments, outwash plains, relict • Windham—Hills stream terraces, stream terraces, and alluvial fans 232 Soil Survey

Parent material: Alluvium, sandstone colluvium, or Content of rock fragments: 25 to 60 percent—0 to alpine till 10 percent stones; 10 to 25 percent cobbles; 15 Slope range: 0 to 60 percent to 25 percent pebbles Elevation range: 5,100 to 7,400 feet Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Bt horizons Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Chroma: 2, 3, 4, or 6 Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Texture: Loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam superactive Ustic Argicryolls Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Typical Pedon Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—0 to 20 percent stones; 20 to 40 percent cobbles; 25 Libeg cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of to 45 percent pebbles rangeland, 1,200 feet south and 100 feet west of the Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 7 S., R. 3 E. BC horizon A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR cobbly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very Chroma: 2, 3, 4, or 6 friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; 15 Texture: Loam, sandy loam, clay loam, or sandy percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; neutral; clay loam clear smooth boundary. Clay content: 15 to 35 percent Bt1—7 to 22 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent—0 to very gravelly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish 20 percent stones; 20 to 35 percent cobbles; 20 brown (10YR 3/4) moist; weak medium to 35 percent pebbles subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Reaction: pH 7.4 to 7.8 nonsticky, and nonplastic; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent cobbles and 45 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. 280B—Libeg cobbly loam, Bt2—22 to 45 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely 0 to 4 percent slopes cobbly sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, Setting very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 40 percent Landform: Outwash plains cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; Slope: 0 to 4 percent clear wavy boundary. Elevation: 5,600 to 6,550 feet BC—45 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches extremely cobbly sandy clay loam, dark brown Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Composition structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; 35 percent cobbles and 30 percent Major Components pebbles; few faint lime coatings on coarse Libeg and similar soils: 85 percent fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. Minor Components Range in Characteristics Adel loam: 0 to 5 percent Libeg very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Philipsburg loam: 0 to 5 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Major Component Description A horizon Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 1 or 2 Dominant parent material: Alluvium Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 233

Flooding: None Elevation: 5,200 to 7,300 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Libeg and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Adel loam: 0 to 5 percent Libeg extremely stony loam: 0 to 5 percent 380D—Libeg cobbly loam, Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes, stony Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Elevation: 5,350 to 7,350 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Libeg and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Libeg extremely stony loam: 0 to 10 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent

Major Component Description 380F—Libeg very cobbly loam, Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 35 to 60 percent slopes, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) extremely stony Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Escarpments Flooding: None Slope: 35 to 60 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches Elevation: 5,850 to 6,700 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Libeg and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Adel stony loam: 0 to 10 percent 380E—Libeg cobbly loam, Copenhaver channery loam: 0 to 5 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes, stony Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 15 to 35 percent Drainage class: Well drained 234 Soil Survey

Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium A typical description with range in characteristics is Native plant cover type: Rangeland included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Flooding: None Management Available water capacity: Mainly 3.8 inches For management information about this map unit, A typical description with range in characteristics is see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management 580E—Libeg, very stony-Copenhaver, For management information about this map unit, extremely stony-Adel complex, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 15 to 45 percent slopes

Setting 480E—Libeg, stony-Copenhaver complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes Landform: • Libeg—Hills • Copenhaver—Hills Setting • Adel—Hills Landform: Slope: • Libeg—Hills • Libeg—15 to 45 percent • Copenhaver—Hills • Copenhaver—15 to 45 percent Slope: • Adel—15 to 45 percent • Libeg—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 5,150 to 6,500 feet • Copenhaver—15 to 45 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Elevation: 5,750 to 7,400 feet Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Libeg and similar soils: 45 percent Libeg and similar soils: 60 percent Copenhaver and similar soils: 30 percent Copenhaver and similar soils: 30 percent Adel and similar soils: 15 percent Minor Components Minor Components Adel loam: 0 to 4 percent Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 7 percent Libeg extremely stony loam: 0 to 4 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Libeg Libeg Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.1 inches

Copenhaver Copenhaver Surface layer texture: Channery loam Surface layer texture: Extremely channery loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Sandstone residuum Dominant parent material: Sandstone residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.0 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 235

Adel percent flagstones and 20 percent channers; Surface layer texture: Loam slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bt/E—22 to 37 inches; Bt part (80 percent) pale brown Drainage class: Well drained (10YR 6/3) very channery clay loam, brown (10YR Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium 5/3) moist; E part (20 percent) light gray (10YR Native plant cover type: Rangeland 7/2) very channery clay loam, yellowish brown Flooding: None (10YR 5/4) moist; strong medium subangular Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches blocky structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine, fine, and A typical description with range in characteristics is medium roots; 15 percent flagstones and 30 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. percent channers; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Management Bt—37 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very channery clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; For management information about this map unit, strong medium subangular blocky structure; hard, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent flagstones and Loberg Series 35 percent channers; neutral. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Permeability: Slow Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Landform: Mountains Parent material: Sandstone colluvium E horizons Slope range: 8 to 60 percent Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Elevation range: 5,300 to 8,800 feet Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days Content of rock fragments: 35 to 65 percent—1 to 5 percent stones; 15 to 30 percent cobbles or Taxonomic Class: Clayey-skeletal, mixed, flagstones; 15 to 30 percent pebbles or superactive Ustic Glossocryalfs channers Typical Pedon Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Loberg very flaggy loam, in an area of Loberg, very Bt/E horizon stony-Yellowmule, stony-Redlodge complex, 4 to 35 Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y percent slopes, in an area of forest land, 1,800 feet Value: Bt part 3, 4, or 5 moist; 4, 5, or 6 dry; E part north and 900 feet east of the southwest corner of 3, 4, or 5 moist; 5, 6, or 7 dry sec. 14, T. 7 S., R. 3 E. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Clay content: 27 to 40 percent Oi—0 to 2 inches; slightly decomposed needles and Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—15 twigs. to 30 percent cobbles or flagstones; 20 to 30 E1—2 to 14 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3 ) very percent pebbles or channers flaggy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common very fine and Bt horizon fine and few medium and coarse roots; 5 percent Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y stones, 30 percent flagstones, and 15 percent Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist channers; moderately acid; gradual wavy Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 boundary. Texture: Clay or clay loam E2—14 to 22 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very flaggy Clay content: 35 to 50 percent loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—10 fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, to 30 percent cobbles or flagstones; 20 to 35 slightly sticky, and nonplastic; common very fine percent pebbles or channers and fine and few medium and coarse roots; 30 Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 236 Soil Survey

696E—Loberg very flaggy loam, Major Component Description 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony Surface layer texture: Very flaggy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Landform: Mountains Native plant cover type: Forest land Slope: 15 to 35 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 7,800 to 8,800 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 55 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Loberg and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Redchief stony loam: 0 to 10 percent Danaher stony loam: 0 to 5 percent 96E—Loberg very flaggy loam, cool, Major Component Description 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony Surface layer texture: Very flaggy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Mountains Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Slope: 15 to 35 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Elevation: 6,650 to 7,000 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Loberg and similar soils: 90 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Lonniebee stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Cowood very stony loam: 0 to 2 percent Danaher stony loam: 0 to 2 percent 396F—Loberg very flaggy loam, Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes, very stony Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Very flaggy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Mountains Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 35 to 60 percent Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Elevation: 5,350 to 7,000 feet Native plant cover type: Forest land Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Loberg and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components Cowood very stony loam: 0 to 8 percent For management information about this map unit, Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 237

396E—Loberg, very stony-Danaher, stony 796E—Loberg, very stony-Yellowmule complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Loberg—Mountains • Loberg—Mountains • Danaher—Mountains • Yellowmule—Mountains Slope: Slope: • Loberg—15 to 45 percent • Loberg—8 to 35 percent • Danaher—15 to 45 percent • Yellowmule—8 to 35 percent Elevation: 5,500 to 7,000 feet Elevation: 6,600 to 7,700 feet Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Loberg and similar soils: 60 percent Loberg and similar soils: 70 percent Yellowmule and similar soils: 30 percent Danaher and similar soils: 20 percent Minor Components Minor Components Ouselfal very channery sandy: 0 to 5 percent Cowood very stony loam: 0 to 8 percent Rubble land: 0 to 3 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Redlodge silty clay loam: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Loberg Loberg Surface layer texture: Very flaggy loam Surface layer texture: Very flaggy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Yellowmule Danaher Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium shale residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 238 Soil Survey

596E—Loberg, very stony-Yellowmule, Native plant cover type: Rangeland stony-Redlodge complex, Flooding: None 4 to 35 percent slopes Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 10.5 inches Setting A typical description with range in characteristics is Landform: included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Loberg—Mountains • Yellowmule—Mountains Management • Redlodge—Closed depressions For management information about this map unit, Slope: see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Loberg—8 to 35 percent • Yellowmule—8 to 35 percent • Redlodge—4 to 6 percent Lonniebee Series Elevation: 6,500 to 7,950 feet Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Composition Landform: Mountains and hills Major Components Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale Loberg and similar soils: 50 percent residuum Yellowmule and similar soils: 30 percent Slope range: 4 to 70 percent Redlodge and similar soils: 10 percent Elevation range: 5,200 to 8,400 feet Annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Minor Components Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Soils with a water table at 1 to 3 feet: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Eutric Haplocryalfs Loberg Surface layer texture: Very flaggy loam Typical Pedon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Lonniebee flaggy loam, in an area of Yellowmule- Drainage class: Well drained Lonniebee, stony complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium an area of forest land, 1,320 feet south and 1,200 feet Native plant cover type: Forest land east of the northwest corner of sec. 26, T. 2 S., R. 7 E. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Oi—0 inch to 1; slightly decomposed leaves, needles, and twigs. Yellowmule E—1 to 11 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Surface layer texture: Channery loam flaggy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) moderate very fine and fine granular structure; Drainage class: Well drained soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and common very fine, fine, and medium roots; shale residuum common fine and few medium pores; 5 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land angular stones, 5 percent flagstones, and 20 Flooding: None percent channers; slightly acid; gradual smooth Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches boundary. Bt1—11 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very flaggy Redlodge clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Surface layer texture: Silty clay weak medium subangular blocky structure parting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to moderate fine granular; slightly hard, friable, Drainage class: Poorly drained moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Dominant parent material: Alluvium common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 239

common very fine and few fine and medium pores; 593E—Lonniebee-Cowood complex, common faint clay films on faces of peds and 15 to 35 percent slopes channer surfaces; 25 percent flagstones and 25 percent channers; moderately acid; clear smooth Setting boundary. Bt2—19 to 33 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Landform: very flaggy clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; • Lonniebee—Mountains moderate medium subangular blocky structure; • Cowood—Mountains slightly hard, firm, moderately sticky, and Slope: moderately plastic; common very fine and fine and • Lonniebee—15 to 35 percent few medium roots; common very fine and few fine • Cowood—15 to 35 percent and medium pores; common distinct clay films on Elevation: 6,400 to 8,100 feet faces of peds and channer surfaces; 30 percent Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches flagstones and 25 percent channers; moderately Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days acid; gradual wavy boundary. Cr—33 to 38 inches; weathered and fractured Composition sandstone bedrock. Major Components R—38 inches; hard sandstone bedrock. Lonniebee and similar soils: 50 percent Cowood and similar soils: 35 percent Range in Characteristics Minor Components Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Yellowmule loam: 0 to 8 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent Depth to the R horizon: 20 to 40 inches Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent E horizon Major Component Description Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 2 to 4 Lonniebee Texture: Loam or sandy loam Surface layer texture: Flaggy sandy loam Clay content: 12 to 25 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to Drainage class: Well drained 5 percent stones; 5 to 5 percent flagstones; 15 Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and to 25 percent channers shale residuum Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Bt1 horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 2 to 6 Cowood Texture: Loam or clay loam Surface layer texture: Channery sandy loam Clay content: 22 to 35 percent Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—15 Drainage class: Well drained to 30 percent flagstones; 20 to 30 percent Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and channers shale residuum Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Native plant cover type: Forest land Bt2 horizon Flooding: None Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 0.9 inches Chroma: 3 to 6 Texture: Loam or clay loam A typical description with range in characteristics is Clay content: 22 to 35 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent—20 Management to 35 percent flagstones; 20 to 35 percent channers For management information about this map unit, Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 240 Soil Survey

593F—Lonniebee-Cowood complex, 794G—Lonniebee-Cowood complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes warm, 40 to 70 percent slopes

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Lonniebee—Mountains • Lonniebee—Mountains • Cowood—Mountains • Cowood—Mountains Slope: Slope: • Lonniebee—35 to 60 percent • Lonniebee—40 to 70 percent • Cowood—35 to 60 percent • Cowood—40 to 70 percent Elevation: 6,050 to 8,100 feet Elevation: 5,700 to 8,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Lonniebee and similar soils: 60 percent Lonniebee and similar soils: 50 percent Cowood and similar soils: 25 percent Cowood and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Minor Components Yellowmule loam: 0 to 10 percent Shadow stony sandy loam: 0 to 10 percent Rubble land: 0 to 3 percent Rubble land: 0 to 3 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Lonniebee Lonniebee Surface layer texture: Flaggy sandy loam Surface layer texture: Flaggy sandy loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 3.0 inches

Cowood Cowood Surface layer texture: Channery sandy loam Surface layer texture: Channery sandy loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 0.9 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 0.9 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 241

M-W—Miscellaneous water medium angular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, moderately sticky, and very plastic; few fine roots; few distinct slickensides; few fine masses of Composition lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Major Components clear smooth boundary. Water, miscellaneous: 100 percent Bssy—30 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silty clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; strong Major Component Description medium angular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, moderately sticky, and very plastic; few Definition: Areas of sewage lagoons, industrial waste distinct slickensides; few fine masses and threads pits, fish hatcheries, etc. of gypsum; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.

Marias Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Permeability: Very slow Depth to the Bssy horizon: 20 to 45 inches Landform: Relict stream terraces Ap horizon Parent material: Alluvium Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Slope range: 4 to 8 percent Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Elevation range: 4,650 to 4,800 feet Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches Clay content: 40 to 60 percent Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 4 Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Sodium adsorption ratio: 1 to 4 Calcium carbonate equivalent: 1 to 10 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Chromic Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Haplusterts Bw and Bss horizons Typical Pedon Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Marias silty clay, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist hayland, 1,900 feet north and 850 feet west of the Chroma: 2 or 3 southeast corner of sec. 24, T. 2 S., R. 2 E. Texture: Silty clay or clay Clay content: 40 to 60 percent Ap—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay, Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 4 dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; strong fine Sodium adsorption ratio: 1 to 4 granular structure; very hard, very firm, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent moderately sticky, and very plastic; common very Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 fine and fine roots; 1- to 2-inch wide cracks when dry; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Bssy horizon abrupt smooth boundary. Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Bw—7 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist clay, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Chroma: 2 or 3 moderate medium angular blocky structure parting Texture: Silty clay or clay to moderate fine angular blocky; very hard, very Clay content: 40 to 60 percent firm, moderately sticky, and very plastic; common Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 very fine and fine roots; strongly effervescent; Sodium adsorption ratio: 4 to 13 moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Bss—12 to 30 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Gypsum content: 1 to 6 percent silty clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; strong Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 242 Soil Survey

19C—Marias silty clay, Oi—0 to 2 inches; moderately decomposed leaves, 4 to 8 percent slopes needles, and twigs. A—2 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine granular Setting structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and Landform: Relict stream terraces slightly plastic; many very fine, common fine, and Slope: 4 to 8 percent few medium and coarse roots; 5 percent pebbles; Elevation: 4,650 to 4,800 feet slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches E—6 to 17 inches; reddish gray (5YR 5/2) clay loam, Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days reddish brown (5YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, Composition moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Major Components common very fine and fine and few medium and Marias and similar soils: 90 percent coarse roots; 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Minor Components Bt1—17 to 35 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay, Danvers clay loam: 0 to 5 percent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist; strong Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 5 percent medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Major Component Description common very fine and fine roots; common distinct Surface layer texture: Silty clay clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium Bt2—35 to 50 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay, Native plant cover type: Rangeland dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist; strong Flooding: None medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Available water capacity: Mainly 7.2 inches moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay films A typical description with range in characteristics is on faces of peds and lining pores; 15 percent soft included, in alphabetical order, in this section. siltstone chips; slightly effervescent; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Management Bk—50 to 60 inches; reddish gray (5YR 5/2) clay For management information about this map unit, loam, brown (7.5YR 4/2) moist; weak medium see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; 15 percent soft siltstone chips; common fine masses and seams Martab Series of lime; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Landform: Mountains and escarpments Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Parent material: Sandstone colluvium Depth to the Bk horizon: 35 to 60 inches Slope range: 15 to 60 percent A horizon Elevation range: 5,000 to 7,100 feet Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent—0 to 3 percent stones; 0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive Ustollic percent pebbles Haplocryalfs Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Typical Pedon E horizon Martab loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an area of Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR forest land, 2,600 feet south and 1,000 feet west of the Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist northeast corner of sec. 27, T. 5 N., R. 4 E. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 243

Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Drainage class: Well drained Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Native plant cover type: Forest land Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches Bt1 horizon Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR A typical description with range in characteristics is Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: Clay or clay loam Management Clay content: 35 to 45 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to 5 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Bt2 horizon 892F—Martab-Bangtail complex, Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR 25 to 60 percent slopes, stony Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 3 or 4 Setting Texture: Clay or clay loam Landform: Clay content: 35 to 45 percent • Martab—Escarpments Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to 5 • Bangtail—Escarpments percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Slope: Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 • Martab—25 to 60 percent Bk horizon • Bangtail—25 to 60 percent Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR Elevation: 5,150 to 6,000 feet Chroma: 2, 3, 4, or 6 Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Composition Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Major Components Martab and similar soils: 65 percent Bangtail and similar soils: 25 percent 92E—Martab loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes Minor Components Bridger loam, moist: 0 to 5 percent Rocko stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Setting Landform: Mountains Major Component Description Slope: 15 to 45 percent Martab Elevation: 5,000 to 7,100 feet Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Drainage class: Well drained Composition Dominant parent material: Colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Martab and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 9.2 inches Minor Components Bangtail loam: 0 to 5 percent Bangtail Martab stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Rocko stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey Surface layer texture: Loam sedimentary beds Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Forest land 244 Soil Survey

Flooding: None common fine masses of lime; violently Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is Bk2—26 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) gravelly included, in alphabetical order, in this section. sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very Management friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine For management information about this map unit, roots; 10 percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. common fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline.

Martinsdale Series Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Drainage class: Well drained Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 13 inches Permeability: Moderately slow Depth to the Bk horizon: 12 to 25 inches Landform: Alluvial fans, hills, relict stream terraces, and escarpments A horizon Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Slope range: 0 to 35 percent Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Elevation range: 4,350 to 6,500 feet Chroma: 2 or 3 Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Texture: Loam or clay loam Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Clay content: 15 to 32 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to 5 percent stones; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, percent pebbles frigid Typic Argiustolls Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Typical Pedon Bt horizon Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Martinsdale cobbly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist area of rangeland, 1,300 feet north and 2,000 feet east Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 of the southwest corner of sec. 12, T. 2 S., R. 2 E. Clay content: 25 to 35 percent A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 cobbly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles moist; weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Bk horizons many very fine and fine roots; common fine Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y tubular pores; 10 percent cobbles and 10 percent Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5, 6, or 7 moist pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Bt—5 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, dark Texture: Loam, sandy loam, or silt loam brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Clay content: 18 to 27 percent prismatic structure parting to moderate fine Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to angular blocky; very hard, very firm, moderately 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles sticky, and moderately plastic; many very fine and Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent fine roots; 5 percent pebbles; common distinct Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 clay films on faces of peds; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Bk1—13 to 26 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam, 352C—Martinsdale clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; weak coarse 4 to 8 percent slopes prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable, Setting moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine roots; few fine tubular Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans pores; 5 percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; Slope: 4 to 8 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 245

Elevation: 4,650 to 5,450 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.7 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Martinsdale and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 6 percent Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 6 percent Beanlake loam: 0 to 3 percent 52B—Martinsdale loam, Major Component Description 0 to 4 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Clay loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 0 to 4 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,400 to 5,950 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.9 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Martinsdale and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Martinsdale cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Beanlake loam: 0 to 3 percent 252D—Martinsdale cobbly loam, Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 2 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,550 to 5,850 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Available water capacity: Mainly 7.9 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Martinsdale and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description 52E—Martinsdale loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Escarpments Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 15 to 35 percent 246 Soil Survey

Elevation: 4,350 to 6,050 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Surface layer texture: Loam Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Martinsdale and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 7.9 inches Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 3 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Beanlake gravelly loam: 0 to 2 percent Management Major Component Description For management information about this map unit, Surface layer texture: Loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium 52D—Martinsdale loam, Native plant cover type: Rangeland 8 to 15 percent slopes Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.9 inches Setting Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans A typical description with range in characteristics is Slope: 8 to 15 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Elevation: 4,450 to 5,850 feet Management Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components 52C—Martinsdale loam, Martinsdale and similar soils: 85 percent 4 to 8 percent slopes Minor Components Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent Setting Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Beanlake loam: 0 to 2 percent Slope: 4 to 8 percent Elevation: 4,550 to 6,000 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Surface layer texture: Loam Composition Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Dominant parent material: Alluvium Martinsdale and similar soils: 85 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Minor Components Flooding: None Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 7.9 inches Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Beanlake loam: 0 to 3 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Work clay loam: 0 to 2 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 247

Management A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 852D—Martinsdale-Cabba complex, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 8 to 15 percent slopes 652E—Martinsdale-Shawmut complex, Setting 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony Landform: • Martinsdale—Hills Setting • Cabba—Hills Landform: Slope: • Martinsdale—Relict stream terraces and alluvial • Martinsdale—8 to 15 percent fans • Cabba—8 to 15 percent • Shawmut—Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Elevation: 4,700 to 5,600 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Martinsdale—15 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days • Shawmut—15 to 35 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 6,500 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Major Components Martinsdale and similar soils: 70 percent Composition Cabba and similar soils: 20 percent Major Components Minor Components Martinsdale and similar soils: 60 percent Brodyk silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 25 percent Reedwest loam: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Martinsdale bouldery loam: 0 to 8 percent Major Component Description Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Martinsdale Surface layer texture: Loam Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Martinsdale Dominant parent material: Alluvium Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 7.9 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Cabba Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Silt loam Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Shawmut Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam sedimentary beds Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 2.9 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland 248 Soil Survey

Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.8 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 3.8 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

652D—Martinsdale-Shawmut complex, Mccabe Series 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Poorly drained Setting Permeability: Moderately rapid Landform: Landform: Flood plains • Martinsdale—Relict stream terraces and alluvial Parent material: Alluvium fans Slope range: 0 to 2 percent • Shawmut—Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Elevation range: 3,950 to 4,400 feet Slope: Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Martinsdale—8 to 15 percent Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F • Shawmut—8 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Elevation: 4,500 to 6,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy over sandy or Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, nonacid, frigid Aeric Fluvaquents Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Martinsdale and similar soils: 60 percent Mccabe loam, in an area of Rivra-Mccabe-Bonebasin Shawmut and similar soils: 25 percent complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, moist, occasional flooding, in an area of pasture, 1,800 feet north and Minor Components 1,900 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 22, Beanlake stony loam: 0 to 5 percent T. 2 N., R. 2 E. Martinsdale bouldery loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent A—0 to 7 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine Major Component Description granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, Martinsdale slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam and few medium and coarse; strongly Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium C—7 to 21 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Native plant cover type: Rangeland sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; Flooding: None common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches 4/4) redox concentrations; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common very Shawmut fine and fine and few medium and coarse roots; 5 Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; strongly Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium 2C—21 to 60 inches; variegated very cobbly loamy Native plant cover type: Rangeland coarse sand; massive; loose, nonsticky, and Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 249

nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; 25 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; slightly skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Fluvaquentic effervescent; slightly alkaline. Haplustolls

Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon

Soil temperature: 43 to 46 degrees F Meadowcreek silty clay loam, in an area of Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Meadowcreek, slightly saline-Rivra complex, 0 to 2 Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 24 inches percent slopes; 2,200 feet north and 3,200 feet west of Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches the southeast corner of sec. 4, T. 1 N., R. 1 E. A horizon Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Value: 2, 3, 4, or 5 moist; 4, 5 or 6 dry loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Chroma: 1 or 2 moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, Clay content: 15 to 25 percent friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 10 percent very fine and few medium roots; strongly Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.8 effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth C horizon boundary. Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 or 6 dry A—6 to 11 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Texture: Loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very fine sandy loam hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately Clay content: 5 to 18 percent plastic; common very fine and few medium roots; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles wavy boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 1 to 15 percent Bg1—11 to 19 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 silt loam with thin strata of sandy loam and fine sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; 2C horizon few fine faint brown (7.5YR 5/4) redox Hue: 10YR or variegated concentrations; moderate medium subangular Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 or 6 dry blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Chroma: 1 or 2 sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine roots; Texture: Loamy sand, sand, or loamy coarse sand strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Clay content: 0 to 10 percent smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent—15 Bg2—19 to 25 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) to 25 percent cobbles; 25 to 45 percent pebbles sandy clay loam with thin strata of sandy loam, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 1 to 15 percent and fine sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 4/2) moist; many fine distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) redox concentrations; moderate medium and Meadowcreek Series coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) very fine roots; strongly effervescent; moderately Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Permeability: Moderate above the 2C horizon and very 2C1—25 to 29 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very rapid in the 2C horizon gravelly loamy sand, very dark grayish brown Landform: Stream terraces and flood plains (10YR 3/2) moist; massive; slightly hard, very Parent material: Alluvium friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine Slope range: 0 to 4 percent roots; 10 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; Elevation range: 4,000 to 5,950 feet slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Annual precipitation: 10 to 18 inches 2C2—29 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very Annual air temperature: 39 to 45 degrees F gravelly loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) Frost-free period: 90 to 115 days moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and 250 Soil Survey

nonplastic; 10 percent cobbles and 40 percent Major Component Description pebbles; slightly alkaline. Surface layer texture: Loam Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Dominant parent material: Alluvium Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 15 inches Flooding: None Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 inches Water table: Apparent Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches A horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y A typical description with range in characteristics is Value: 2 or 3 moist; 4 or 5 dry included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Chroma: 1 or 2 Management Texture: Loam or silty clay loam Clay content: 18 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 8 Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 504A—Meadowcreek silty clay loam, Bg horizons 0 to 2 percent slopes Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 or 6 dry Setting Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Texture: Loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, or Landform: Stream terraces sandy loam Slope: 0 to 2 percent Clay content: 18 to 25 percent Elevation: 4,000 to 5,000 feet Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 4 Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Composition 2C horizons Texture: Sand or loamy sand Major Components Clay content: 0 to 5 percent Meadowcreek and similar soils: 85 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—0 to Minor Components 10 percent cobbles; 35 to 65 percent pebbles Bonebasin loam: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Rivra sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Ryell sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent 510B—Meadowcreek loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Landform: Stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 0 to 4 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,200 to 5,950 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches Water table: Apparent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Meadowcreek and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components Blossberg loam: 0 to 10 percent For management information about this map unit, Beaverton loam moderately wet: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 251

503A—Meadowcreek, slightly saline-Rivra 513A—Meadowcreek-Bonebasin complex, complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes 0 to 2 percent slopes

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Meadowcreek—Flood plains • Meadowcreek—Flood plains • Rivra—Flood plains • Bonebasin—Flood plains Slope: Slope: • Meadowcreek—0 to 2 percent • Meadowcreek—0 to 2 percent • Rivra—0 to 2 percent • Bonebasin—0 to 2 percent Elevation: 4,000 to 4,400 feet Elevation: 4,000 to 5,250 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days

Composition Composition

Major Components Major Components Meadowcreek and similar soils: 55 percent Meadowcreek and similar soils: 60 percent Rivra and similar soils: 30 percent Bonebasin and similar soils: 25 percent Minor Components Minor Components Bonebasin loam: 0 to 6 percent Fairway loam: 0 to 5 percent Fairway loam: 0 to 5 percent Lamoose loam: 0 to 5 percent Ryell sandy loam: 0 to 4 percent Nesda loam: 0 to 5 percent

Major Component Description Major Component Description

Meadowcreek Meadowcreek Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.7 inches Bonebasin Rivra Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 2.3 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 252 Soil Survey

603A—Meadowcreek-Rivra complex, Meagher Series 0 to 2 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate Landform: Landform: Alluvial fans, escarpments, and stream • Meadowcreek—Flood plains terraces • Rivra—Flood plains Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Slope: Slope range: 0 to 35 percent • Meadowcreek—0 to 2 percent Elevation range: 4,500 to 6,150 feet • Rivra—0 to 2 percent Annual precipitation: 12 to 19 inches Elevation: 4,000 to 4,600 feet Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Composition frigid Typic Argiustolls Major Components Meadowcreek and similar soils: 55 percent Typical Pedon Rivra and similar soils: 30 percent Meagher loam, in an area of Anceney-Trimad- Minor Components Meagher complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes, in an area Bonebasin loam: 0 to 5 percent of rangeland, 2,200 feet south and 1,900 feet west of Fairway loam: 0 to 5 percent the northeast corner of sec. 11, T. 2 S., R. 1 E. Ryell sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent A—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Major Component Description loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting Meadowcreek to moderate fine granular; slightly hard, friable, Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) common fine, and few medium roots; 5 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Dominant parent material: Alluvium wavy boundary. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Bt—6 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Flooding: Rare brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Water table: Apparent subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; common faint Rivra clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk1—19 to 31 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Drainage class: Well drained loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist; Dominant parent material: Alluvium weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, Native plant cover type: Rangeland friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very Flooding: Rare fine, fine, and medium roots; 5 percent cobbles Water table: Apparent and 5 percent pebbles; common fine masses of Available water capacity: Mainly 2.3 inches lime; violently effervescent, moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is 2Bk2—31 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very included, in alphabetical order, in this section. cobbly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, Management moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine and fine roots; 30 percent cobbles and For management information about this map unit, 30 percent pebbles; violently effervescent; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. moderately alkaline. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 253

Range in Characteristics Composition Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Major Components Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Meagher and similar soils: 90 percent Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 10 inches Minor Components Depth to the Bk horizon: 11 to 20 inches Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth to loamy-skeletal material: 20 to 35 inches Martinsdale loam: 0 to 5 percent A horizon Major Component Description Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Drainage class: Well drained 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Dominant parent material: Alluvium Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Bt horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 3 or 4 A typical description with range in characteristics is Clay content: 27 to 35 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles Management Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 For management information about this map unit, Bk1 horizon see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 7 or 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 257C—Meagher cobbly loam, Texture: Sandy loam or loam 4 to 8 percent slopes Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to Setting 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 percent pebbles Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent Slope: 4 to 8 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Elevation: 5,500 to 5,950 feet 2Bk2 horizon Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Value: 7 or 8 dry; 5, 6, or 7 moist Composition Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam Major Components Clay content: 10 to 25 percent Meagher and similar soils: 90 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—5 to Minor Components 35 percent cobbles; 30 to 35 percent pebbles Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent Martinsdale loam: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Major Component Description 257B—Meagher cobbly loam, Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 0 to 4 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Flooding: None Slope: 0 to 4 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Elevation: 5,550 to 6,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 254 Soil Survey

Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Meagher and similar soils: 90 percent Minor Components 57C—Meagher loam, Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 8 percent 4 to 8 percent slopes Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Setting Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Surface layer texture: Loam Slope: 4 to 8 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 4,500 to 5,700 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 6.4 inches Major Components Meagher and similar soils: 85 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Management Martinsdale loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description

Surface layer texture: Loam 752E—Meagher-Shawmut-Bowery Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Landform: Available water capacity: Mainly 6.4 inches • Meagher—Escarpments • Shawmut—Escarpments A typical description with range in characteristics is • Bowery—Escarpments included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Slope: • Meagher—15 to 35 percent Management • Shawmut—15 to 45 percent For management information about this map unit, • Bowery—15 to 35 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elevation: 4,600 to 6,150 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 57D—Meagher loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Composition Major Components Setting Meagher and similar soils: 45 percent Shawmut and similar soils: 35 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Bowery and similar soils: 10 percent Slope: 8 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,750 to 5,200 feet Minor Components Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Shawmut stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 255

Major Component Description Typical Pedon Meagher Mooseflat silty clay loam, in an area of Beehive- Surface layer texture: Loam Mooseflat complex, 0 to 4 percent slopes, occasional Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) flooding, in an area of forest land, 2,400 feet north and Drainage class: Well drained 2,500 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 36, Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium T. 6 S., R. 3 E. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Oe—0 to 2 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) mucky Available water capacity: Mainly 6.4 inches peat, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. Shawmut A—2 to 10 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; few fine faint yellowish Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) brown (10YR 5/6) redox concentrations; moderate Drainage class: Well drained fine subangular blocky structure; hard, very Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium friable, very sticky, and very plastic; many very Native plant cover type: Rangeland fine, common fine, and few coarse roots; neutral; Flooding: None clear smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Bg1—10 to 16 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; many medium distinct Bowery yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redox concentrations; Surface layer texture: Loam weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) very friable, moderately sticky, and moderately Drainage class: Well drained plastic; many very fine, common fine, and few Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium medium roots; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Native plant cover type: Rangeland boundary. Flooding: None Bg2—16 to 22 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt Available water capacity: Mainly 11.2 inches loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redox A typical description with range in characteristics is concentrations; weak medium subangular blocky included, in alphabetical order, in this section. structure; soft, very friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine and few fine Management and medium roots; slightly alkaline; clear wavy For management information about this map unit, boundary. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 2Cg—22 to 60 inches; variegated very gravelly loamy coarse sand; massive; loose, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine and fine Mooseflat Series roots; 15 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Moderate above the 2Cg horizon and rapid in the 2Cg horizon Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Landform: Flood plains and drainageways Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Parent material: Alluvium Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 19 inches Slope range: 0 to 8 percent Depth to seasonal high water table: Ponded to 12 Elevation range: 5,300 to 6,650 feet inches Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F A horizon Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Chroma: 1 or 2 Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- Texture: Silty clay loam or loam skeletal, mixed, superactive Typic Cryaquolls Clay content: 20 to 35 percent 256 Soil Survey

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent cobbles strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear and pebbles smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Ap2—4 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Bg horizons medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 2, 3, 4, or 5 moist very fine and fine and few medium roots; 5 Chroma: 0, 1, or 2 percent pebbles; strongly effervescent; slightly Texture: Loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Bk1—7 to 16 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate medium and cobbles and pebbles coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common 2Cg horizon very fine and fine roots; 10 percent pebbles; Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or variegated disseminated lime, few fine threads of lime; Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Chroma: 0, 1, or 2 wavy boundary. Texture: Sand, loamy sand, coarse sand, or loamy Bk2—16 to 33 inches; white (10YR 8/2) gravelly loam, coarse sand very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; moderate Clay content: 2 to 12 percent medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—15 slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very to 50 percent stones and cobbles; 20 to 35 fine and few fine roots; 10 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles percent pebbles; common distinct lime coatings Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.8 on rock fragments, few prominent lime casts on undersides of rock fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Musselshell Series boundary. 2Ck—33 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) very gravelly Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; massive; Drainage class: Well drained hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Permeability: Moderate few very fine roots; 10 percent cobbles and 35 Landform: Relict stream terraces, hills, and percent pebbles; common distinct lime coatings escarpments on rock fragments, few prominent lime casts on Parent material: Alluvium or limestone colluvium undersides of rock fragments; violently Slope range: 0 to 35 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline. Elevation range: 4,100 to 5,500 feet Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Range in Characteristics Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 4 to 8 inches Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy, carbonatic, frigid Aridic Calciustepts Ap horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Typical Pedon Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Musselshell loam, in an area of Crago-Musselshell Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 complex, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, Clay content: 10 to 18 percent 600 feet south and 1,200 feet west of the northeast Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 5 corner of sec. 19, T. 1 N., R. 2 E. percent stones; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Ap1—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; soft, very friable, slightly Bk horizons sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y fine and few medium roots; 5 percent pebbles; Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, 6, or 7 moist Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 257

Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 225D—Musselshell cobbly loam, Texture: Loam or sandy loam 8 to 15 percent slopes Clay content: 10 to 18 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Setting 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 25 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 60 percent Landform: Relict stream terraces Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Slope: 8 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,150 to 5,050 feet 2Ck horizon Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, 6, or 7 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Composition Texture: Loam or sandy loam Major Components Clay content: 10 to 18 percent Musselshell and similar soils: 85 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—10 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 40 percent pebbles Minor Components Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 60 percent Crago very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Musselshell very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent

225C—Musselshell cobbly loam, Major Component Description 2 to 8 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Relict stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 2 to 8 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,100 to 5,000 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Musselshell and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Crago very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Musselshell very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent 25B—Musselshell loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Relict stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,100 to 5,250 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Musselshell and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Crago cobbly loam: 0 to 10 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 5 percent 258 Soil Survey

Major Component Description 425E—Musselshell-Pensore, stony Surface layer texture: Loam complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Native plant cover type: Rangeland • Musselshell—Hills Flooding: None • Pensore—Hills Available water capacity: Mainly 7.6 inches Slope: • Musselshell—15 to 35 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is • Pensore—15 to 35 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Elevation: 4,150 to 5,150 feet Management Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition

325E—Musselshell very cobbly loam, Major Components 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony Musselshell and similar soils: 50 percent Pensore and similar soils: 35 percent Setting Minor Components Crago stony loam: 0 to 8 percent Landform: Escarpments Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 15 to 35 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Elevation: 4,300 to 4,950 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Major Component Description Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Composition Musselshell Surface layer texture: Loam Major Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Musselshell and similar soils: 85 percent Drainage class: Well drained Minor Components Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Crago very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Musselshell bouldery loam: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 7.6 inches Major Component Description Pensore Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.2 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 259

Nesda Series Ap and AB horizons Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Permeability: Rapid Texture: Loam or sandy loam Landform: Stream terraces and flood plains Clay content: 10 to 20 percent Parent material: Alluvium Content of rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent—0 to Slope range: 0 to 6 percent 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles Elevation range: 4,300 to 5,800 feet Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches 2C horizons Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Frost-free period: 80 to 110 days Value: 4, 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Texture: Loamy sand or sand Fluventic Haplustolls Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—0 to Typical Pedon 20 percent cobbles; 35 to 60 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 7.4 to 7.8 Nesda loam, in an area of Sudworth-Nesda loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of hayland, 2,500 feet north and 2,100 feet west of the southeast corner of 207B—Nesda loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes sec. 14, T. 2 S., R. 4 E. Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Setting loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, Landform: Stream terraces friable, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; Slope: 2 to 6 percent many very fine and common fine roots; 5 percent Elevation: 4,500 to 5,550 feet pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches AB—7 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Composition hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and few fine roots; 10 percent Major Components pebbles; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Nesda and similar soils: 90 percent boundary. Minor Components 2C1—11 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely Nesda very gravelly loam: 0 to 5 percent gravelly loamy sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Sudworth loam: 0 to 5 percent weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; many very fine Major Component Description roots; 15 percent cobbles and 55 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Surface layer texture: Loam 2C2—19 to 60 inches; variegated extremely gravelly Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) coarse sand; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and Drainage class: Well drained nonplastic; 20 percent cobbles and 45 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium pebbles; slightly alkaline. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Range in Characteristics Available water capacity: Mainly 3.5 inches Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 16 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 260 Soil Survey

Management Range in Characteristics

For management information about this map unit, Soil temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Histic epipedon thickness: 8 to 16 inches Depth to seasonal high water table: Ponded to 12 Newtman Series inches Depth to the 2C horizon: 28 to 38 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained Oe horizon Permeability: Moderately slow Hue: 10YR or N Landform: Stream terraces Value: 2 or 3 dry Parent material: Mixed alluvium Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Slope range: 0 to 4 percent A horizon Elevation range: 4,100 to 5,200 feet Hue: 10YR or N Annual precipitation: 12 to 19 inches Value: 3, 4, 5, or 6 dry; 2, 3 or 4 moist Annual air temperature: 37 to 41 degrees F Chroma: 0, 1, or 2 Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Texture: Silt loam or silty clay loam Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles calcareous, frigid Histic Humaquepts Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 15 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Typical Pedon Cg horizon Newtman mucky peat, in an area of Tetonview- Hue: 5Y, 2.5Y, 5BG, or N Newtman complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 2, 3, 4, or 5 moist pasture, 1,400 feet south and 1,900 feet west of the Chroma: 0, 1, or 2 northeast corner of sec. 15, T. 1 N., R. 4 E. Texture: Silty clay loam, loam, or clay loam Oe—0 to 9 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) mucky Clay content: 25 to 35 percent peat, black (10YR 2/1) moist; few fine prominent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) redox concentrations; percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 15 percent nonsticky, and nonplastic; strongly effervescent, Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 2Cg horizon A—9 to 15 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or N loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist subangular blocky structure parting to moderate Chroma: 0, 1, or 2 fine granular; very hard, firm, moderately sticky, Texture: Sandy clay loam, sandy loam, clay loam, and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine or loam roots; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear Clay content: 18 to 30 percent wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 25 to 60 percent—5 to Cg—15 to 28 inches; light gray (5Y 6/1) silty clay 15 percent cobbles; 20 to 45 percent pebbles loam, gray (5Y 5/1) moist; massive; very hard, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 10 percent very firm, moderately sticky, and moderately Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 plastic; common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy 557A—Newtman mucky peat, boundary. 0 to 2 percent slopes 2Cg—28 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very gravelly sandy clay loam, dark gray (5Y 4/1) Setting moist; massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; 10 percent cobbles and 35 percent Landform: Stream terraces pebbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Slope: 0 to 2 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 261

Elevation: 4,100 to 4,950 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches Newtman Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Surface layer texture: Mucky peat Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Very poorly drained Major Components Dominant parent material: Alluvium Newtman and similar soils: 90 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Minor Components Water table: Apparent Organics more than 16 inches: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Tetonview silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Amsterdam Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Silt loam Surface layer texture: Mucky peat Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Very poorly drained Dominant parent material: Loess Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 10.9 inches Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. A typical description with range in characteristics is Management included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, Management see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Norbert Series 558C—Newtman-Amsterdam complex, Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) 2 to 8 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Very slow Landform: Escarpments Setting Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale Landform: residuum • Newtman—Stream terraces Slope range: 15 to 60 percent • Amsterdam—Stream terraces Elevation range: 4,700 to 6,350 feet Slope: Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Newtman—2 to 4 percent Annual air temperature: 40 to 43 degrees F • Amsterdam—4 to 8 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Elevation: 4,950 to 5,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Taxonomic Class: Clayey, smectitic, calcareous, Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days frigid, shallow Typic Ustorthents Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Norbert silty clay, in an area of Norbert-Bacbuster Newtman and similar soils: 50 percent complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes, in an area of Amsterdam and similar soils: 35 percent rangeland, 900 feet south and 2,200 feet east of the northwest corner of section. 2, T. 4 N., R. 5 E. Minor Components Tetonview silt loam: 0 to 10 percent A—0 to 3 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay, gray Beanlake gravelly loam: 0 to 5 percent (10YR 5/1) moist; moderate fine granular 262 Soil Survey

structure, very hard, very firm, moderately sticky, Composition and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine Major Components and few medium roots; slightly effervescent; Norbert and similar soils: 60 percent slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bacbuster and similar soils: 30 percent Bky—3 to 13 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak fine Minor Components subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, Castner channery loam: 0 to 8 percent moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent common very fine and fine and few medium and coarse roots; 5 percent channers; few fine Major Component Description masses of lime and gypsum; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy Norbert boundary. Surface layer texture: Silty clay Cr—13 to 60 inches; semiconsolidated shale; Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) moderately alkaline. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Range in Characteristics shale residuum Soil temperature: 42 to 45 degrees F Native plant cover type: Rangeland Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Flooding: None Depth to the Cr horizon: 10 to 20 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches A horizon Bacbuster Hue: 2.5Y or 5Y Surface layer texture: Clay loam Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Chroma: 1 or 2 Drainage class: Well drained Clay content: 40 to 50 percent Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent shale residuum pebbles Native plant cover type: Rangeland Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Flooding: None Bky horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 6.6 inches Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist A typical description with range in characteristics is Chroma: 1 or 2 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Clay content: 50 to 60 percent Management Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent pebbles For management information about this map unit, Gypsum: 1 to 3 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Nuley Series 715F—Norbert-Bacbuster complex, Depth class: Deep 15 to 60 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate in the upper 24 inches and rapid below Setting Landform: Hills and bedrock-floored plains Landform: Parent material: Gneiss and schist residuum • Norbert—Escarpments Slope range: 4 to 45 percent • Bacbuster—Escarpments Elevation range: 4,300 to 5,350 feet Slope: Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Norbert—15 to 60 percent Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F • Bacbuster—15 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Elevation: 4,700 to 6,350 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days frigid Calcidic Argiustolls Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 263

Typical Pedon Bt horizons Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Nuley clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist rangeland, 300 feet north and 200 feet east of the Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 southwest corner of sec. 15, T. 1 S., R. 1 W. Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Ap—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine pebbles granular structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, and Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 slightly plastic; many fine and few coarse roots; Bk horizon neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Bt1—6 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5, 6, or 7 moist clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 moderate medium prismatic structure; slightly Texture: Loam or sandy loam hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately Clay content: 5 to 15 percent plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common to Content of rock fragments: 5 to 20 percent many distinct clay films on faces of peds; neutral; pebbles clear wavy boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Bt2—9 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, 2C horizon slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y fine and fine roots; few distinct clay films on faces Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist of peds; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Chroma: 2 or 3 Bk—15 to 24 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam, light Texture: Loamy coarse sand or coarse sand brownish gray (10YR 6/2) moist; weak medium Clay content: 0 to 5 percent subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Content of rock fragments: 25 to 35 percent slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common fine pebbles roots; 5 percent pebbles; disseminated lime, few Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. 2C—24 to 50 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) gravelly 45C—Nuley clay loam, coarse sand, dark olive gray (5Y 3/2) moist; single 4 to 8 percent slopes grain; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few fine roots; 25 percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; Setting moderately alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. Landform: Bedrock-floored plains R—50 inches; gneiss bedrock. Slope: 4 to 8 percent Elevation: 4,550 to 5,300 feet Range in Characteristics Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Composition Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 10 inches Major Components Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches Nuley and similar soils: 85 percent Depth to the Bk horizon: 10 to 15 inches Minor Components Ap horizon Nuley sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Rentsac gravelly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Value: 2 or 3 moist Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 3 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Texture: Clay loam or sandy loam Clay content: 15 to 35 percent Major Component Description Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Clay loam Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) 264 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained 745E—Nuley-Rentsac-Rock outcrop Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches Landform: A typical description with range in characteristics is • Nuley—Hills included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Rentsac—Hills • Rock outcrop—Hills Management Slope: For management information about this map unit, • Nuley—15 to 45 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Rentsac—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,300 to 5,350 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches 45D—Nuley clay loam, Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days 8 to 15 percent slopes Composition Setting Major Components Nuley and similar soils: 50 percent Landform: Hills Rentsac and similar soils: 25 percent Slope: 8 to 15 percent Rock outcrop: 15 percent Elevation: 4,550 to 5,300 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Minor Components Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Breeton coarse sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Shurley flaggy sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Composition Major Component Description Major Components Nuley and similar soils: 85 percent Nuley Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Minor Components Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Nuley sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Rentsac gravelly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 3 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.5 inches Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Clay loam Rentsac Depth class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Rock outcrop Definition: Exposures of gneiss or schist bedrock. Management For management information about this map unit, A typical description with range in characteristics is see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 265

Management Range in Characteristics For management information about this map unit, Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 24 to 60 inches Nythar Series Depth to seasonal high water table: Ponded to 12 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) A horizon Drainage class: Very poorly drained Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR Permeability: Moderate Value: 2, 3, or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Landform: Flood plains and drainageways Chroma: 0, 1, or 2 Parent material: Alluvium Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Slope range: 0 to 6 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent Elevation range: 4,150 to 6,300 feet pebbles Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Frost-free period: 80 to 110 days Bg horizon Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, or 5Y Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Chroma: 0, 1, or 2 frigid Cumulic Endoaquolls Texture: Loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Typical Pedon Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 5 Nythar loam, in an area of Enbar-Nythar loams, 0 to 4 percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles percent slopes, in an area of pasture, 1,900 feet south Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 and 1,200 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 19, Cg horizons T. 2 S., R. 6 E. Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR A—0 to 8 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam, very dark Value: 4, 5, 6, or 7 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; weak medium Chroma: 1 or 2 granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, Texture: Silty clay loam, loam, or sandy loam slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Clay content: 18 to 35 percent and fine, common medium, and few coarse roots; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 5 slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles Bg—8 to 33 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam, dark Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; hard, very friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; weak fine subangular blocky structure; common very Ouselfal Series fine and few fine and medium roots; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Cg1—33 to 41 inches; black (10YR 2/1) stratified loam Drainage class: Well drained and sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Permeability: Slow dry; massive; hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and Landform: Mountains and hills slightly plastic; common very fine and few fine Parent material: Interbedded sandstone or shale roots; neutral; clear wavy boundary. residuum Cg2—41 to 60 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) Slope range: 8 to 60 percent sandy loam with thin strata of loamy coarse sand, Elevation range: 6,100 to 8,800 feet dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; massive; Annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky, and Annual air temperature: 32 to 37 degrees F nonplastic; few very fine roots; neutral. Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days 266 Soil Survey

Taxonomic Class: Clayey-skeletal, smectitic Eutric E2 horizon Haplocryalfs Value: 6 or 7 dry; 3, 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Typical Pedon Clay content: 12 to 20 percent Ouselfal very channery sandy loam, in an area of Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—10 Yellowmule-Ouselfal complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes, to 25 percent flagstones; 20 to 40 percent in an area of forest land, 2,200 feet north and 2,300 channers feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 4, T. 7 S., Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 R. 3 E. Bt horizon Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Oi—0 to 2 inches; forest litter of slightly decomposed Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 leaves, needles, and twigs. Texture: Clay loam or clay E1—2 to 7 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very Clay content: 35 to 50 percent channery sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent—10 moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very to 25 percent cobbles or flagstones; 25 to 50 friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; many very fine percent pebbles or channers and fine and few medium roots; common very fine Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 and few fine and medium pores; 5 percent flagstones and 35 percent channers; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. 496E—Ouselfal, very stony- E2—7 to 19 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very Bridger-Redlodge complex, channery sandy loam, brown (10YR 3/3) moist; 4 to 45 percent slopes weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Setting common very fine and few medium roots; common very fine and few fine and medium Landform: pores; 10 percent flagstones and 35 percent • Ouselfal—Hills channers; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. • Bridger—Drainageways Bt—19 to 25 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) extremely • Redlodge—Closed depressions gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Slope: moist; moderate medium subangular blocky • Ouselfal—15 to 45 percent structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, and • Bridger—15 to 45 percent moderately plastic; common very fine and few • Redlodge—4 to 6 percent medium roots; common very fine and few fine and Elevation: 6,100 to 7,650 feet medium pores; 20 percent cobbles and 45 percent Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Cr1—25 to 34 inches; semiconsolidated shale. Composition Cr2—34 to 40 inches; semiconsolidated, fine-grained sandstone. Major Components R—40 inches; hard fine-grained sandstone. Ouselfal and similar soils: 50 percent Bridger and similar soils: 20 percent Range in Characteristics Redlodge and similar soils: 15 percent Soil temperature: 34 to 38 degrees. Minor Components Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Yellowmule loam: 0 to 10 percent Depth to the R horizon: 20 to 40 inches Soils with a water table at 2.5 to 4 feet: 0 to 5 percent E1 horizon Major Component Description Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Ouselfal Clay content: 12 to 20 percent Surface layer texture: Very flaggy sandy loam Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) 5 percent stones; 5 to 15 percent flagstones; 20 Drainage class: Well drained to 45 percent channers Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.0 shale residuum Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 267

Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Component Description Flooding: None Ouselfal Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Surface layer texture: Very flaggy sandy loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Bridger Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) shale residuum Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Forest land Dominant parent material: Alluvium Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches Yellowmule Surface layer texture: Loam Redlodge Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Surface layer texture: Silty clay Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Drainage class: Poorly drained shale residuum Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 10.5 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 492F—Ouselfal-Yellowmule complex, 592F—Ouselfal, very stony-Yellowmule 35 to 60 percent slopes complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes Setting Setting Landform: • Ouselfal—Mountains Landform: • Yellowmule—Mountains • Ouselfal—Mountains Slope: • Yellowmule—Mountains • Ouselfal—35 to 60 percent Slope: • Yellowmule—35 to 60 percent • Ouselfal—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 6,400 to 8,000 feet • Yellowmule—35 to 60 percent Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Elevation: 7,800 to 8,800 feet Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 55 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Ouselfal and similar soils: 50 percent Ouselfal and similar soils: 50 percent Yellowmule and similar soils: 35 percent Yellowmule and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Minor Components Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 10 percent Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 10 percent Rubble land: 0 to 3 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent 268 Soil Survey

Major Component Description A—1 to 4 inches; dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) clay loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) moist; Ouselfal moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Surface layer texture: Very channery sandy loam slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) and fine roots; common very fine pores; 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained pebbles; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Bw1—4 to 10 inches; weak red (2.5YR 4/2) clay loam, shale residuum dusky red (2.5YR 3/2) moist, moderate fine Native plant cover type: Forest land granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Flooding: None sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches and few medium roots; common very fine and fine pores; 10 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear Yellowmule smooth boundary. Surface layer texture: Loam Bw2—10 to 16 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) loam, dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) moist; weak Drainage class: Well drained fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common fine shale residuum and medium roots; common fine pores; 5 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; moderately acid; Flooding: None clear smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches R—16 inches; thinly bedded hard red shale. A typical description with range in characteristics is Range in Characteristics included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Management Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 10 inches For management information about this map unit, Depth to the R horizon: 10 to 20 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. A horizon Hue: 5YR or 2.5YR Paddy Series Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 27 to 32 percent Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Content of rock fragments: 5 to 10 percent Drainage class: Well drained pebbles Permeability: Moderately slow Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Landform: Mountains Parent material: Residuum from hard shale and Bw1 horizon argillite Hue: 2.5YR or 5YR Slope range: 15 to 45 percent Value: 4 or 5 dry Elevation range: 5,450 to 6,650 feet Chroma: 2 or 3 Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Texture: Clay loam or loam Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Content of rock fragments: 5 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 5 to 10 percent pebbles Taxonomic Class: Loamy, mixed, superactive Lithic Reaction: pH 6.1 to 6.5 Haplocryolls Bw2 horizon Typical Pedon Hue: 2.5YR or 5YR Value: 4 or 5 dry Paddy clay loam, in an area of Uinta-Paddy complex, Chroma: 3 or 4 cool, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an area of forest land, Texture: Clay loam or loam 200 feet north and 400 feet west of the southeast Clay content: 25 to 35 percent corner of sec. 14, T. 5 N., R. 4 E. Content of rock fragments: 10 to 20 percent—0 to Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed bark, grass, 5 percent cobbles; 10 to 15 percent pebbles needles, roots, and twigs. Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.0 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 269

Patouza Series fine masses and seams of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bk—24 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) stratified Permeability: Slow silty clay loam and fine sandy loam, brown (10YR Landform: Alluvial fans 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Parent material: Alluvium soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Slope range: 0 to 8 percent few very fine roots; few fine masses and seams of Elevation range: 4,050 to 5,300 feet lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Range in Characteristics Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Torrertic Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Argiustolls Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 12 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 21 to 30 inches Typical Pedon Ap horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Patouza clay, 0 to 6 percent slopes, in an area of Value: 4 or 5 dry hayland, 2,000 feet north and 900 feet east of the Clay content: 40 to 50 percent southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 1 N., R. 1 E. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Bt horizons strong fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; many Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist very fine and fine and common medium roots; Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 neutral; clear wavy boundary. Texture: Clay or silty clay Bt1—4 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Clay content: 40 to 50 percent clay, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent moderate medium prismatic structure parting to pebbles moderate fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Btk horizon common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y common distinct clay films on faces of peds and Chroma: 2 or 3 lining pores; few slickensides; neutral; clear wavy Texture: Clay loam or clay boundary. Clay content: 35 to 45 percent Bt2—11 to 16 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; moderate pebbles medium prismatic structure parting to moderate Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; common distinct Bk horizon clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; few Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y slickensides; slightly effervescent; moderately Chroma: 2 or 3 alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Texture: Stratified sandy loam, fine sandy loam, Btk—16 to 24 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate medium Clay content: 18 to 35 percent subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few pebbles very fine, fine, and medium roots; few distinct clay Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent films on faces of peds and lining pores; common Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 270 Soil Survey

23B—Patouza clay, 0 to 6 percent slopes Minor Components Soils less than 20 inches to shale: 0 to 8 percent Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent Setting Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Landform: Alluvial fans Slope: 0 to 6 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 4,050 to 5,100 feet Patouza Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Surface layer texture: Clay Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Patouza and similar soils: 90 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 9.4 inches Varney sandy clay loam: 0 to 10 percent Abor Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Surface layer texture: Clay Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey Dominant parent material: Alluvium sedimentary beds Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.4 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

723C—Patouza-Abor complex, Pensore Series 2 to 8 percent slopes Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate Landform: Landform: Hills • Patouza—Alluvial fans Parent material: Limestone residuum • Abor—Hills Slope range: 4 to 70 percent Slope: Elevation range: 3,950 to 5,750 feet • Patouza—2 to 8 percent Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Abor—2 to 8 percent Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Elevation: 4,150 to 5,300 feet Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, frigid Lithic Calciustepts Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Patouza and similar soils: 60 percent Pensore gravelly loam, in an area of Crago-Pensore- Abor and similar soils: 25 percent Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 271

area of rangeland, 1,320 feet north and 2,300 feet west 716E—Pensore-Brocko-Rock outcrop of the southeast corner of sec. 1, T. 1 S., R. 1 W. complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes A—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly Setting loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Landform: slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine • Pensore—Hills roots; 10 percent angular cobbles and 20 percent • Brocko—Hills angular pebbles; strongly effervescent; • Rock outcrop—Hills moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Slope: Bk—5 to 16 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very • Pensore—15 to 45 percent cobbly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak • Brocko—15 to 35 percent medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Elevation: 3,950 to 5,100 feet very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches common very fine roots; 30 percent angular Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days cobbles and 30 percent angular pebbles; common faint lime coatings on coarse fragments; common Composition prominent lime casts on undersides of coarse fragments; violently effervescent; moderately Major Components alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Pensore and similar soils: 40 percent R—16 inches; hard limestone bedrock with a few Brocko and similar soils: 30 percent fractures. Rock outcrop: 15 percent Range in Characteristics Minor Components Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 10 percent Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Brocko stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Major Component Description Depth to the Bk horizon: 3 to 7 inches Pensore A horizon Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Clay content: 10 to 25 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Content of rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent—0 to Flooding: None 5 percent stones; 0 to 15 percent cobbles; 10 to Available water capacity: Mainly 1.5 inches 40 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 45 percent Brocko Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Surface layer texture: Silt loam Bk horizon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Drainage class: Well drained Value: 7 or 8 dry; 6 or 7 moist Dominant parent material: Loess Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Clay content: 10 to 25 percent Flooding: None Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—20 Available water capacity: Mainly 10.0 inches to 30 percent angular cobbles; 15 to 30 percent angular pebbles Rock outcrop Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 60 percent Definition: Exposures of limestone bedrock. 3 including coarse fragments less than /4 inch in size A typical description with range in characteristics is Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 272 Soil Survey

Management Slope: 4 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,000 to 5,650 feet For management information about this map unit, Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days

816E—Pensore-Rock outcrop complex, Composition 15 to 45 percent slopes Major Components Pensore and similar soils: 60 percent Setting Rock outcrop: 30 percent Landform: Minor Components • Pensore—Hills Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 10 percent • Rock outcrop—Hills Slope: 15 to 45 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 4,000 to 5,750 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Pensore Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Composition Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Pensore and similar soils: 60 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Rock outcrop: 30 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 1.5 inches Crago stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop Definition: Exposures of limestone bedrock. Major Component Description Pensore A typical description with range in characteristics is Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Management Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland For management information about this map unit, Flooding: None see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.5 inches

Rock outcrop 816G—Pensore-Rock outcrop complex, Definition: Exposures of limestone bedrock. 45 to 70 percent slopes

A typical description with range in characteristics is Setting included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: • Pensore—Hills Management • Rock outcrop—Hills For management information about this map unit, Slope: 45 to 70 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elevation: 4,100 to 5,250 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days 816D—Pensore-Rock outcrop complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes Composition Major Components Setting Pensore and similar soils: 60 percent Rock outcrop: 30 percent Landform: • Pensore—Hills Minor Components • Rock outcrop—Hills Crago stony loam: 0 to 10 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 273

Major Component Description Bt—15 to 28 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam, dark reddish brown (2.5YR Pensore 3/4) moist; strong medium prismatic structure Surface layer texture: Very gravelly loam parting to strong medium angular blocky; very Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately Drainage class: Well drained plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum prominent clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; Flooding: None clear smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.3 inches Bk—28 to 60 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam, dark reddish brown (2.5YR Rock outcrop 3/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Definition: Exposures of limestone bedrock. slightly hard, very friable, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; 5 A typical description with range in characteristics is percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; few fine included, in alphabetical order, in this section. masses of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately Management alkaline. For management information about this map unit, Range in Characteristics see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Philipsburg Series Mollic epipedon thickness: 8 to 15 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 20 to 30 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained A horizon Permeability: Moderately slow Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Landform: Hills and relict stream terraces Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2.5 or 3 moist Parent material: Alluvium Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Slope range: 4 to 25 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Elevation range: 5,000 to 7,350 feet Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days AB horizon Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2.5 or 3 moist Ustic Argicryolls Chroma: 2 or 3 Typical Pedon Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Philipsburg loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, in an area of percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles rangeland, 700 feet north and 750 feet east of the Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 southwest corner of sec. 30, T. 5 N., R. 6 E. Bt horizon Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed organic material. Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR A—1 to 7 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) loam, Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist dark reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) moist; moderate Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, Texture: Clay loam or loam slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Clay content: 25 to 35 percent and fine and few medium roots; 5 percent Content of rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent—0 to pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles AB—7 to 15 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 2.5/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Bk horizon hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR plastic; many very fine and fine and few medium Value: 4, 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, 5, or 6 moist roots; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 boundary. Texture: Clay loam or loam 274 Soil Survey

Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent—5 to Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days 15 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 percent pebbles Composition Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 20 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Major Components Philipsburg and similar soils: 50 percent Libeg and similar soils: 35 percent 82E—Philipsburg loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes Minor Components Adel loam: 0 to 5 percent Libeg very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Setting Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Hills Slope: 8 to 25 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 5,000 to 7,350 feet Philipsburg Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Surface layer texture: Loam Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Philipsburg and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 8.9 inches Adel loam: 0 to 5 percent Libeg stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Libeg Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 8.9 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Poin Series Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) 482C—Philipsburg-Libeg complex, Drainage class: Well drained 4 to 8 percent slopes Permeability: Moderately rapid Landform: Hills Parent material: Gneiss and schist residuum Setting Slope range: 4 to 45 percent Landform: Elevation range: 5,000 to 7,300 feet • Philipsburg—Relict stream terraces Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches • Libeg—Relict stream terraces Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Slope: Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days • Philipsburg—4 to 8 percent • Libeg—4 to 8 percent Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Elevation: 5,750 to 6,800 feet superactive Lithic Haplocryolls Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 275

Typical Pedon Permeability: Moderate Landform: Relict stream terraces Poin very cobbly coarse sandy loam, in an area of Parent material: Loess Barbarela-Poin, stony-Bavdark complex, 15 to 45 Slope range: 0 to 45 percent percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 1,400 feet Elevation range: 4,200 to 5,500 feet north and 1,500 feet east of the southwest corner of Annual precipitation: 14 to 19 inches sec. 25, T. 3 S., R. 3 E. Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days cobbly coarse sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine and very Taxonomic Class: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, frigid Typic Calciustolls and nonplastic; many very fine and common fine Typical Pedon roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 25 percent angular cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; Quagle silt loam, in an area of Amsterdam-Quagle silt moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. loams, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, Bw—7 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly 800 feet south and 2,600 feet east of the northwest coarse sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; corner of sec. 31, T. 2 S., R. 3 E. weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, dark very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine granular very fine and few fine roots; common very fine and structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, fine tubular pores; 30 percent angular cobbles and and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine and 30 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy few medium roots; strongly effervescent; boundary. moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Cr—15 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) and yellowish Bw—6 to 9 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt brown (10YR 5/4) highly weathered gneiss loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; moderate bedrock; slightly acid. fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, R—19 inches; hard gneiss bedrock. very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few Range in Characteristics very fine and fine roots; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Bk1—9 to 23 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium prismatic Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches structure parting to moderate medium subangular Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and A horizon slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist medium masses of lime; violently effervescent; Clay content: 5 to 15 percent moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to Bk2—23 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, 5 percent stones; 20 to 30 percent cobbles; 15 brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular to 30 percent pebbles blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; common fine masses of lime; violently Bw horizon effervescent; moderately alkaline. Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Range in Characteristics Texture: Sandy loam or coarse sandy loam Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Clay content: 5 to 18 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Content of rock fragments: 45 to 65 percent—25 Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 10 inches to 35 percent cobbles; 20 to 30 percent pebbles Depth to the calcic horizon: 6 to 10 inches Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Ap horizon Quagle Series Value: 4 or 5 dry Chroma: 2 or 3 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Clay content: 18 to 25 percent Drainage class: Well drained Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles 276 Soil Survey

Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Management Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 For management information about this map unit, Bw horizon see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Value: 3, 4, or 5 moist; 4, 5, or 6 dry Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 18 to 25 percent 451C—Quagle-Brodyk silt loams, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles 4 to 8 percent slopes Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Setting Bk horizons Landform: Value: 5 or 6 moist; 6 or 7 dry • Quagle—Relict stream terraces Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 • Brodyk—Relict stream terraces Clay content: 10 to 18 percent—4 to 10 percent Slope: clay size carbonates • Quagle—4 to 8 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles • Brodyk—4 to 8 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent Elevation: 4,350 to 5,150 feet Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 18 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days

51B—Quagle silt loam, Composition 0 to 4 percent slopes Major Components Quagle and similar soils: 70 percent Setting Brodyk and similar soils: 20 percent Landform: Relict stream terraces Minor Components Slope: 0 to 4 percent Amsterdam silt loam: 0 to 8 percent Elevation: 4,200 to 5,250 feet Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 2 percent Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 18 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Major Component Description Composition Quagle Major Components Surface layer texture: Silt loam Quagle and similar soils: 85 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Amsterdam silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Loess Brodyk silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Trimad cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent Flooding: None Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 2 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 10.6 inches Major Component Description Brodyk Surface layer texture: Silt loam Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Loess Dominant parent material: Loess Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 10.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 10.4 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 277

Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

451D—Quagle-Brodyk silt loams, 451E—Quagle-Brodyk silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes 15 to 45 percent slopes

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Quagle—Relict stream terraces • Quagle—Relict stream terraces • Brodyk—Relict stream terraces • Brodyk—Relict stream terraces Slope: Slope: • Quagle—8 to 15 percent • Quagle—15 to 45 percent • Brodyk—8 to 15 percent • Brodyk—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,300 to 5,300 feet Elevation: 4,200 to 5,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 18 inches Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 18 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days

Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Quagle and similar soils: 60 percent Quagle and similar soils: 50 percent Brodyk and similar soils: 30 percent Brodyk and similar soils: 40 percent Minor Components Minor Components Amsterdam silt loam: 0 to 8 percent Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 2 percent Beanlake gravelly loam: 0 to 5 percent

Major Component Description Major Component Description

Quagle Quagle Surface layer texture: Silt loam Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Loess Dominant parent material: Loess Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 10.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 10.6 inches

Brodyk Brodyk Surface layer texture: Silt loam Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Loess Dominant parent material: Loess Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 10.4 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 10.4 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 278 Soil Survey

Management on rock fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Range in Characteristics

Quigley Series Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the Bk horizon: 7 to 15 inches Permeability: Moderate Landform: Relict stream terraces, alluvial fans, hills, A horizon and escarpments Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Parent material: Alluvium, colluvium, or limestone Chroma: 2 or 3 alluvium Texture: Loam or silt loam Slope range: 1 to 60 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Elevation range: 4,300 to 6,250 feet Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to 5 Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches percent stones; 0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F percent pebbles Frost-free period: 90 to 115 days Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Bw horizon Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Value: 4 or 5 dry frigid Typic Haplustolls Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Loam or clay loam Typical Pedon Clay content: 18 to 33 percent Quigley loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to rangeland, 100 feet south and 600 feet west of the 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles northeast corner of sec. 36, T. 3 N., R. 3 E. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Bk1 horizon loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist moderate medium granular structure; soft, friable, Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 nonsticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and Texture: Loam or clay loam fine, common medium, and few coarse roots; 5 Clay content: 18 to 30 percent percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to clear smooth boundary. 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles Bw—5 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly Bk2 horizon sticky, and slightly plastic; common fine and few Value: 7 or 8 dry; 6 or 7 moist medium and coarse roots; 5 percent cobbles and Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Texture: Loam or clay loam Bk1—15 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark Clay content: 18 to 30 percent brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Content of rock fragments: 10 to 30 percent—5 to subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 20 percent pebbles sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent roots; 5 percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 common distinct lime coatings on rock fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 71C—Quigley loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes Bk2—28 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) gravelly loam; pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak Setting moderate subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very Landform: Relict stream terraces fine and fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 20 Slope: 4 to 8 percent percent pebbles; common distinct lime coatings Elevation: 4,400 to 5,800 feet Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 279

Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Quigley and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Beanlake gravelly loam: 0 to 5 percent Martinsdale loam: 0 to 5 percent 452B—Quigley-Beanlake complex, Major Component Description 0 to 4 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Dominant parent material: Alluvium • Quigley—Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Native plant cover type: Rangeland • Beanlake—Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Flooding: None Slope: Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches • Quigley—1 to 4 percent • Beanlake—0 to 4 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Elevation: 4,300 to 5,150 feet included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Quigley and similar soils: 50 percent Beanlake and similar soils: 40 percent 71D—Quigley loam, Minor Components 8 to 15 percent slopes Martinsdale loam: 0 to 8 percent Corbly cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 2 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Relict stream terraces Quigley Slope: 8 to 15 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Elevation: 4,550 to 5,750 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Dominant parent material: Alluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Major Components Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Quigley and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components Beanlake Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Beanlake gravelly loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Martinsdale loam: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Component Description Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium A typical description with range in characteristics is Native plant cover type: Rangeland included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 280 Soil Survey

Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

452E—Quigley-Beanlake loams, 452C—Quigley-Beanlake loams, 15 to 45 percent slopes 4 to 8 percent slopes

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Quigley—Escarpments • Quigley—Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans • Beanlake—Escarpments • Beanlake—Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Slope: Slope: • Quigley—15 to 45 percent • Quigley—4 to 8 percent • Beanlake—15 to 45 percent • Beanlake—4 to 8 percent Elevation: 4,400 to 5,700 feet Elevation: 4,550 to 5,900 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Quigley and similar soils: 50 percent Quigley and similar soils: 55 percent Beanlake and similar soils: 40 percent Beanlake and similar soils: 35 percent Minor Components Minor Components Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent Windham cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Quigley Quigley Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches

Beanlake Beanlake Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 281

Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

452D—Quigley-Beanlake loams, Raynesford Series 8 to 15 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Landform: Hills • Quigley—Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Parent material: Limestone alluvium • Beanlake—Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Slope range: 8 to 25 percent Slope: Elevation range: 5,200 to 7,400 feet • Quigley—8 to 15 percent Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches • Beanlake—8 to 15 percent Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Elevation: 4,500 to 5,600 feet Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, carbonatic Calcic Haplocryolls Composition Major Components Typical Pedon Quigley and similar soils: 70 percent Beanlake and similar soils: 20 percent Raynesford loam, in an area of Raynesford, stony- Hanson, very stony complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes, Minor Components in an area of rangeland, 2,400 feet south and 1,800 Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 7, T. 3 N., Windham cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent R. 4 E. Major Component Description A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Quigley 3/2) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Surface layer texture: Loam moderate fine granular structure; soft, friable, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine, Drainage class: Well drained common fine, and few medium roots; 5 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium limestone pebbles; neutral; clear smooth Native plant cover type: Rangeland boundary. Flooding: None A2—6 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches 3/2) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Beanlake soft, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Surface layer texture: Loam common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 5 percent limestone pebbles; slightly alkaline; Drainage class: Well drained clear wavy boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium A3—11 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Native plant cover type: Rangeland loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Flooding: None moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Available water capacity: Mainly 8.3 inches soft, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine and few medium roots; 5 A typical description with range in characteristics is percent limestone pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear included, in alphabetical order, in this section. smooth boundary. 282 Soil Survey

Bk—15 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) gravelly 681E—Raynesford, stony-Hanson, very loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; weak fine stony complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine Setting roots; 5 percent limestone cobbles and 20 percent limestone pebbles; disseminated lime, common Landform: distinct lime coatings on coarse fragments, • Raynesford—Hills common fine masses of lime; violently • Hanson—Hills effervescent; moderately alkaline. Slope: • Raynesford—8 to 25 percent Range in Characteristics • Hanson—8 to 25 percent Elevation: 5,200 to 7,400 feet Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Mollic epipedon thickness: 12 to 16 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 8 to 20 inches Composition A1 horizon Major Components Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Raynesford and similar soils: 70 percent Chroma: 1 or 2 Hanson and similar soils: 20 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Minor Components percent stones; 0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 5 Windham stony loam: 0 to 4 percent percent pebbles Adel loam: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 3 percent A2 horizon Major Component Description Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Chroma: 1 or 2 Raynesford Texture: Loam or clay loam Surface layer texture: Loam Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 Drainage class: Well drained percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Dominant parent material: Limestone alluvium Reaction: pH 7.4 to 7.8 Native plant cover type: Rangeland A3 horizon Flooding: None Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 7.9 inches Chroma: 1 or 2 Texture: Loam or clay loam Hanson Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: pH 7.4 to 7.8 Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Bk horizon Flooding: None Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Value: 7 or 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 A typical description with range in characteristics is Texture: Loam or clay loam included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to Management 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 50 percent For management information about this map unit, Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 283

Redchief Series of ped; 5 percent stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 20 percent pebbles; slightly acid; gradual smooth Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bt3—29 to 43 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) very Permeability: Slow cobbly clay, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; Landform: Hills moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Parent material: Sandstone colluvium hard, firm, very sticky, and very plastic; few Slope range: 8 to 35 percent medium roots; common fine tubular pores; few Elevation range: 5,650 to 7,250 feet distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 20 percent Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Bt4—43 to 60 inches; weak red (2.5YR 5/2) very cobbly clay, weak red (2.5YR 4/2) moist; moderate Taxonomic Class: Clayey-skeletal, smectitic Ustic medium and fine subangular blocky structure; Argicryolls hard, firm, very sticky, and very plastic; 5 percent stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 20 percent Typical Pedon pebbles; neutral. Range in Characteristics Redchief cobbly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, stony, in an area of rangeland, 1,600 feet south and 1,600 Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 33, T. 5 N., Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches R. 7 E. Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 10 inches A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR A horizons 3/2) cobbly loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly Value: 2, 3, or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 roots; many fine vesicular pores; 10 percent Clay content: 20 to 27 percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; moderately acid; Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to clear smooth boundary. 3 percent stones; 10 to 25 percent cobbles; 5 to A2—6 to 10 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) very cobbly 10 percent pebbles loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; weak Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.0 medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very Bt1 and Bt2 horizons friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR very fine and fine roots; many fine vesicular pores; Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist 25 percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; Chroma: 3, 4, 6, or 8 moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Texture: Clay or clay loam Bt1—10 to 19 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) very Clay content: 35 to 60 percent cobbly clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) moist; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; 5 percent stones; 15 to 25 percent cobbles; 20 slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and to 30 percent pebbles moderately plastic; common very fine and fine Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 roots; common fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent Bt3 and Bt4 horizons cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; slightly acid; Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR gradual smooth boundary. Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Bt2—19 to 29 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) very Chroma: 2, 3, 4, 6, or 8 cobbly clay, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; Clay content: 40 to 60 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—0 to hard, firm, very sticky, and very plastic; few fine 5 percent stones; 15 to 25 percent cobbles; 20 and medium roots; common fine and medium to 40 percent pebbles tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 284 Soil Survey

284D—Redchief cobbly loam, Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 4 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes, stony Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Hills Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 8 to 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,800 to 7,200 feet Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.7 inches Composition Major Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Redchief and similar soils: 90 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Management Copenhaver flaggy loam: 0 to 4 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 3 percent For management information about this map unit, Bridger loam: 0 to 2 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Major Component Description Redlodge Series Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Poorly drained Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Landform: Drainageways and closed depressions Native plant cover type: Rangeland Parent material: Alluvium Flooding: None Slope range: 4 to 6 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.7 inches Elevation range: 5,100 to 7,950 feet Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Management Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive Cumulic For management information about this map unit, Cryaquolls see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Typical Pedon 284E—Redchief cobbly loam, Redlodge silty clay loam, in an area of Bridger- 15 to 35 percent slopes, stony Ouselfal, very stony-Redlodge complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of forest land, 2,200 feet north and 1,200 feet west of the southeast corner of Setting sec. 34, T. 6 S., R. 3 E. Landform: Hills Oa—0 to 7 inches; highly decomposed roots and Slope: 15 to 35 percent organic matter; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Elevation: 5,650 to 7,250 feet A—7 to 22 inches; black (N 2.5/) silty clay, very dark Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches gray (N 3/) dry; common fine distinct brown Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days (7.5YR 4/4) redox concentrations; weak medium Composition subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Major Components common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Redchief and similar soils: 85 percent 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy Minor Components boundary. Bridger loam: 0 to 5 percent Bg1—22 to 31 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y Copenhaver flaggy loam: 0 to 5 percent 3/2) silty clay, dark gray (N 4/) dry; moderate Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 285

medium subangular blocky structure; common fine Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) redox frigid Typic Argiustolls concentrations; moderate medium subangular Typical Pedon blocky structure; extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky, and very plastic; few very fine and fine Reedwest loam, in an area of Cabba-Reedwest- roots; 5 percent pebbles; slightly acid; gradual Anceney complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an area wavy boundary. of rangeland, 300 feet south and 2,800 feet east of the Bg2—31 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) northwest corner of sec. 32, T. 2 S., R. 4 E. silty clay loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6.2) dry; A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) common fine distinct olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) redox loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak concentrations; weak medium subangular blocky medium subangular blocky structure parting to structure; very hard, firm, very sticky, and very moderate fine granular; soft, friable, slightly sticky, plastic; few very fine and fine roots; 5 percent and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and pebbles; neutral. medium roots; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent Range in Characteristics pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt1—5 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches moderate coarse and medium subangular blocky Mollic epipedon thickness: 20 to 30 inches structure; soft, friable, moderately sticky, and Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 24 inches slightly plastic; many very fine and fine and A horizon common medium roots; common distinct clay films Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Chroma: 0, 1, or 2 Bt2—9 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, dark Texture: Silty clay or silty clay loam grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Clay content: 30 to 50 percent medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very pebbles fine and fine roots; common distinct clay films on Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bg horizons Bk—21 to 26 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Hue: 2.5Y, 5Y, or 5GY loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly Chroma: 0, 1, 2, or 3 sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and Texture: Silty clay or silty clay loam fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent Clay content: 35 to 45 percent pebbles; common fine masses of lime; strongly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent effervescent, slightly alkaline; gradual wavy pebbles boundary. Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Cr—26 to 60 inches; weakly consolidated sandstone and siltstone. Reedwest Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees. Drainage class: Well drained Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Permeability: Moderate Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Landform: Hills and escarpments Depth to the Bk horizon: 11 to 30 inches Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches residuum or semiconsolidated, loamy sedimentary beds A horizon Slope range: 4 to 60 percent Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Elevation range: 4,500 to 6,600 feet Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Texture: Loam or clay loam Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Clay content: 15 to 30 percent 286 Soil Survey

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Major Component Description percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Reedwest Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Surface layer texture: Loam Bt horizons Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Drainage class: Well drained Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 2, 3, 4, or 5 moist Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 shale residuum Texture: Loam or clay loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Flooding: None Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Adel Surface layer texture: Loam Bk horizon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Drainage class: Well drained Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Native plant cover type: Forest land Texture: Loam, clay loam, or fine sandy loam Flooding: None Clay content: 15 to 30 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 10.8 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Castner Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Surface layer texture: Very channery loam Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 447E—Reedwest-Adel-Castner complex, Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and 15 to 45 percent slopes shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches Landform: • Reedwest—Hills A typical description with range in characteristics is • Adel—Hills included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Castner—Hills Slope: Management • Reedwest—15 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, • Adel—15 to 45 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Castner—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,700 to 6,500 feet Mean annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches 689F—Reedwest-Cabba complex, Frost-free period: 65 to 100 days 35 to 60 percent slopes Composition Setting Major Components Landform: Reedwest and similar soils: 40 percent • Reedwest—Hills Adel and similar soils: 30 percent • Cabba—Hills Castner and similar soils: 15 percent Slope: Minor Components • Reedwest—35 to 60 percent Soils less than 10 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 10 • Cabba—35 to 60 percent percent Elevation: 4,500 to 6,450 feet Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 4 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 287

Composition Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Major Components Reedwest and similar soils: 60 percent Composition Cabba and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Major Components Castner very stony loam: 0 to 8 percent Reedwest and similar soils: 40 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Cabba and similar soils: 35 percent Bowery and similar soils: 15 percent Major Component Description Minor Components Reedwest Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 8 percent Surface layer texture: Clay loam Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum Reedwest Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 4.1 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Cabba sedimentary beds Surface layer texture: Loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 4.3 inches Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum Cabba Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Flooding: None Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 2.9 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy A typical description with range in characteristics is sedimentary beds included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Management Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bowery Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 947E—Reedwest-Cabba-Bowery complex, Drainage class: Well drained 15 to 45 percent slopes Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Setting Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 11.2 inches Landform: • Reedwest—Escarpments • Cabba—Escarpments A typical description with range in characteristics is • Bowery—Escarpments included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Slope: • Reedwest—15 to 35 percent Management • Cabba—15 to 45 percent • Bowery—15 to 45 percent For management information about this map unit, Elevation: 4,550 to 6,050 feet see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 288 Soil Survey

347F—Reedwest-Cabba-Castner complex, Flooding: None 25 to 60 percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Setting included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: Management • Reedwest—Hills • Cabba—Hills For management information about this map unit, • Castner—Hills see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Slope: • Reedwest—25 to 60 percent • Cabba—25 to 60 percent Rentsac Series • Castner—25 to 60 percent Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Elevation: 5,450 to 6,500 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Permeability: Moderate Frost-free period: 95 to 110 days Landform: Hills and escarpments Composition Parent material: Gneiss or schist and argillite residuum Major Components Slope range: 8 to 45 percent Reedwest and similar soils: 40 percent Elevation range: 4,050 to 5,350 feet Cabba and similar soils: 30 percent Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Castner and similar soils: 20 percent Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Minor Components Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Bacbuster cobbly clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Lithic Calciustepts Major Component Description Typical Pedon Reedwest Rentsac channery sandy loam, in an area of Rentsac- Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes, in an Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) area of rangeland, 800 feet north and 2,600 feet west Drainage class: Well drained of the southeast corner of sec. 25, T. 3 N., R. 2 E. Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) channery Native plant cover type: Forest land sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Flooding: None fine granular structure; loose, very friable, slightly Available water capacity: Mainly 3.9 inches sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; 5 percent flagstones and 25 percent Cabba sandstone channers; slightly effervescent; Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Bk—4 to 14 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) extremely Drainage class: Well drained channery sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and weak fine and medium subangular blocky shale residuum structure; hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and Native plant cover type: Forest land slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; Flooding: None 20 percent flagstones and 60 percent channers; Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches few fine masses of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Castner R—14 inches; hard platy sandstone. Surface layer texture: Channery loam Range in Characteristics Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Moisture control section: Between 8 inches and the shale residuum lithic contact Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 289

A horizon Flooding: None Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Amesha Texture: Sandy loam or loam Surface layer texture: Loam Clay content: 7 to 18 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Content of rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent—0 to Drainage class: Well drained 20 percent cobbles or flagstones; 15 to 40 Dominant parent material: Alluvium percent pebbles or channers Native plant cover type: Rangeland Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 8.8 inches Bk horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y A typical description with range in characteristics is Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Loam or sandy loam Management Clay content: 7 to 18 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—10 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. to 20 percent cobbles or flagstones; 25 to 60 percent pebbles or channers Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent 712D—Rentsac-Rock outcrop complex, Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 8 to 15 percent slopes

412E—Rentsac-Amesha complex, Setting 8 to 25 percent slopes Landform: • Rentsac—Hills Setting • Rock outcrop—Hills Slope: 8 to 15 percent Landform: Elevation: 4,150 to 4,900 feet • Rentsac—Escarpments Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Amesha—Escarpments Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Slope: • Rentsac—8 to 25 percent Composition • Amesha—8 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,150 to 5,350 feet Major Components Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Rentsac and similar soils: 65 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Rock outcrop: 20 percent Composition Minor Components Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 10 percent Major Components Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent Rentsac and similar soils: 50 percent Amesha and similar soils: 40 percent Major Component Description Minor Components Musselshell very stony loam: 0 to 8 percent Rentsac Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Surface layer texture: Channery sandy loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Rentsac Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Channery loam Flooding: None Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Rock outcrop Native plant cover type: Rangeland Definition: Exposures of argillite bedrock. 290 Soil Survey

A typical description with range in characteristics is Permeability: Moderately slow included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: Stream terraces Parent material: Alluvium Management Slope range: 0 to 2 percent For management information about this map unit, Elevation range: 4,050 to 4,350 feet see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days 712E—Rentsac-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aridic Natrustolls Setting Typical Pedon Landform: Reycreek loam, in an area of Reycreek-Toston- • Rentsac—Escarpments Slickspots complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area • Rock outcrop—Escarpments of rangeland, 500 feet south and 1,700 feet west of Slope: 15 to 45 percent the northeast corner of sec. 9, T. 1 S., R. 2 E. Elevation: 4,050 to 5,300 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches A—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly Composition sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine, Major Components common fine and few medium roots; common fine Rentsac and similar soils: 65 percent and few medium pores; strongly effervescent; Rock outcrop: 20 percent moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Btn—6 to 20 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Minor Components silty clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 10 percent moderate medium prismatic structure parting to Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, Major Component Description friable, very sticky, and very plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; many very Rentsac fine, common fine and few medium pores; Surface layer texture: Channery sandy loam common faint clay films on faces of peds and Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) lining pores; strongly effervescent; very strongly Drainage class: Well drained alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Bkn—20 to 36 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Native plant cover type: Rangeland silty clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Flooding: None weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, Available water capacity: Mainly 1.4 inches friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; many very fine and few medium roots; common Rock outcrop fine and few medium pores; common fine masses Definition: Exposures of argillite, gneiss, or schist of lime; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline; bedrock. clear wavy boundary. Bkg—36 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay loam, A typical description with range in characteristics is grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; weak coarse included, in alphabetical order, in this section. subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very Management sticky, and very plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine and medium pores; violently For management information about this map unit, effervescent; common medium masses of lime; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. strongly alkaline. Range in Characteristics Reycreek Series Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 9 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 291

Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 inches Minor Components Depth to the Bk horizon: 15 to 30 inches Threeriv loam: 0 to 5 percent Greycliff loam: 0 to 3 percent A horizon Slickspots: 0 to 2 percent Chroma: 1 or 2 Major Component Description Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 4 Surface layer texture: Loam Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 25 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Btn horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Flooding: None Chroma: 2 or 3 Water table: Apparent Texture: Silty clay loam or clay loam Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 30 A typical description with range in characteristics is Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 25 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Reaction: pH 8.5 to 9.6 Management Bkn horizon Value: 6 or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist For management information about this map unit, Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Texture: Silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, or loam Clay content: 20 to 35 percent 521A—Reycreek-Toston-Slickspots Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes Sodium adsorption ratio: 5 to 25 Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Setting Reaction: pH 8.5 to 9.6 Landform: Bkg horizon • Reycreek—Stream terraces Value: 6 or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist • Toston—Stream terraces Chroma: 1 or 2 Slope: Texture: Silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, loam, • Reycreek—0 to 2 percent or sandy loam • Toston—0 to 2 percent Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Elevation: 4,050 to 4,350 feet Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 4 Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 30 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Reaction: pH 8.5 to 9.0 Composition Major Components 518A—Reycreek loam, Reycreek and similar soils: 45 percent 0 to 2 percent slopes Toston and similar soils: 30 percent Slickspots: 10 percent Setting Minor Components Landform: Stream terraces Greycliff loam: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 0 to 2 percent Rivra gravelly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 4,050 to 4,200 feet Threeriv loam: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Major Component Description Reycreek Composition Surface layer texture: Loam Major Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Reycreek and similar soils: 90 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained 292 Soil Survey

Dominant parent material: Alluvium A—0 to 7 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) cobbly sandy Native plant cover type: Rangeland loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Flooding: None weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very Water table: Apparent friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; 15 Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; slightly Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Toston C—7 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely Surface layer texture: Loam gravelly coarse sand, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) moist; massive; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained few very fine roots; 10 percent cobbles and 50 Dominant parent material: Alluvium percent pebbles; moderately alkaline. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Range in Characteristics Flooding: None Water table: Apparent Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Depth to seasonal high water table: 0 to 6 feet for Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches short durations during the months of April, May, June, and July. Slickspots A horizon Definition: A small area of loamy or clayey soil with a Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y crusted surface, an excess of sodium, and Value: 4, 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist supporting little or no vegetation. Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Texture: Clay loam, loam, or sandy loam A typical description with range in characteristics is Clay content: 5 to 35 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 40 percent—0 to 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 25 percent pebbles Management Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 For management information about this map unit, C horizon see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Rivra Series Texture: Sand, coarse sand, or loamy coarse sand Clay content: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Content of rock fragments: 55 to 80 percent—10 Drainage class: Well drained to 20 percent cobbles; 45 to 60 percent pebbles Permeability: Very rapid Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Landform: Stream terraces and flood plains Parent material: Alluvium Slope range: 0 to 6 percent 201A—Rivra cobbly sandy loam, Elevation range: 3,950 to 4,900 feet 2 to 6 percent slopes Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Setting Frost-free period: 95 to 120 days Landform: Flood plains Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Aridic Slope: 2 to 6 percent Ustifluvents Elevation: 4,250 to 4,750 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Typical Pedon Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Rivra cobbly sandy loam, in an area of Fairway-Rivra Composition complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 1,200 feet south and 1,300 feet west of the Major Components northeast corner of sec. 9, T. 1 N., R. 1 E. Rivra and similar soils: 85 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 293

Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Glendive sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Rivra very cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Ryell sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent Major Component Description Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Ryell Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: Rare Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 2.0 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare A typical description with range in characteristics is Water table: Apparent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Management Bonebasin For management information about this map unit, Surface layer texture: Loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained 401A—Rivra, moist-Ryell-Bonebasin, Dominant parent material: Alluvium 0 to 2 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Landform: • Rivra—Flood plains A typical description with range in characteristics is • Ryell—Flood plains included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Bonebasin—Flood plains Slope: Management • Rivra—0 to 2 percent • Ryell—0 to 2 percent For management information about this map unit, • Bonebasin—0 to 2 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elevation: 4,000 to 4,600 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days 801A—Rivra-Emyd-Greycliff complex, Composition 0 to 2 percent slopes, protected Major Components Setting Rivra and similar soils: 50 percent Ryell and similar soils: 30 percent Landform: Bonebasin and similar soils: 10 percent • Rivra—Flood plains Minor Components • Emyd—Flood plains Blossberg loam: 0 to 5 percent • Greycliff—Flood plains Meadowcreek loam: 0 to 5 percent Slope: • Rivra—0 to 2 percent Major Component Description • Emyd—0 to 2 percent • Greycliff—0 to 2 percent Rivra Elevation: 3,950 to 4,200 feet Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 95 to 120 days 294 Soil Survey

Composition 701A—Rivra-Mccabe-Bonebasin complex, Major Components 0 to 2 percent slopes Rivra and similar soils: 40 percent Emyd and similar soils: 30 percent Setting Greycliff and similar soils: 20 percent Landform: Minor Components • Rivra—Flood plains Fairway loam: 0 to 5 percent • Mccabe—Flood plains Threeriv loam: 0 to 3 percent • Bonebasin—Flood plains Slickspots: 0 to 2 percent Slope: • Rivra—0 to 2 percent Major Component Description • Mccabe—0 to 2 percent Rivra • Bonebasin—0 to 2 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Elevation: 3,950 to 4,400 feet Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Composition Flooding: None Major Components Water table: Apparent Rivra and similar soils: 45 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches Mccabe and similar soils: 30 percent Bonebasin and similar soils: 10 percent Emyd Surface layer texture: Loam Minor Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Rivra cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Moderately well drained Threeriv loam: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Water: 0 to 3 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Riverwash: 0 to 2 percent Flooding: None Water table: Apparent Major Component Description Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.0 inches Rivra Surface layer texture: Clay loam Greycliff Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Silt loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Native plant cover type: Forest land Dominant parent material: Alluvium Flooding: Occasional Native plant cover type: Rangeland Water table: Apparent Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.4 inches Water table: Apparent Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Mccabe Available water capacity: Mainly 5.7 inches Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) A typical description with range in characteristics is Drainage class: Poorly drained included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Management Flooding: Occasional For management information about this map unit, Water table: Apparent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 295

Bonebasin Dominant parent material: Alluvium Surface layer texture: Loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: Rare Drainage class: Very poorly drained Water table: Apparent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Occasional Ryell Water table: Apparent Surface layer texture: Loam Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained A typical description with range in characteristics is Dominant parent material: Alluvium included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Management Water table: Apparent For management information about this map unit, Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bonebasin Surface layer texture: Loam 301A—Rivra-Ryell-Bonebasin complex, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 0 to 2 percent slopes Drainage class: Very poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Landform: Water table: Apparent • Rivra—Flood plains Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches • Ryell—Flood plains • Bonebasin—Flood plains Slope: A typical description with range in characteristics is • Rivra—0 to 2 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Ryell—0 to 2 percent • Bonebasin—0 to 2 percent Management Elevation: 3,950 to 4,400 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches For management information about this map unit, Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Composition Major Components Rochester Series Rivra and similar soils: 50 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Ryell and similar soils: 30 percent Drainage class: Excessively drained Bonebasin and similar soils: 10 percent Permeability: Rapid Minor Components Landform: Hills Meadowcreek loam: 0 to 5 percent Parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Riverwash: 0 to 5 percent Slope range: 35 to 70 percent Elevation range: 4,900 to 6,600 feet Major Component Description Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Rivra Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Surface layer texture: Sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Drainage class: Well drained Ustorthents 296 Soil Survey

Typical Pedon Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—5 to Rochester very gravelly coarse sandy loam, in an area 10 percent stones; 15 to 35 percent cobbles; 15 of Rochester, very stony-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to to 40 percent pebbles 70 percent slopes, in an area of forest land, 1,320 feet Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 south and 800 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 8, T. 4 S., R. 3 E. 387G—Rochester, very stony- A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very Rock outcrop complex, gravelly coarse sandy loam, very dark grayish 35 to 70 percent slopes brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak very fine and fine granular structure; loose, very friable, nonsticky, Setting and nonplastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; 15 percent cobbles and 40 Landform: percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. • Rochester—Hills C1—4 to 11 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) • Rock outcrop—Hills extremely cobbly loamy coarse sand, dark grayish Slope: 35 to 70 percent brown (10YR 4/2) moist; single grain; loose, very Elevation: 4,900 to 6,600 feet friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common very Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches fine and fine and few medium and coarse roots; Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 25 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; Composition neutral; clear wavy boundary. C2—11 to 27 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely Major Components cobbly loamy coarse sand, dark brown (10YR 4/3) Rochester and similar soils: 80 percent moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and Rock outcrop: 10 percent nonplastic; common very fine and fine and few Minor Components medium and coarse roots; 35 percent cobbles and Catgulch and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent 40 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Rochester bouldery sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent C3—27 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely cobbly loamy coarse sand, brown (10YR 4/3) Major Component Description moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and Rochester nonplastic; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; 5 Surface layer texture: Very gravelly coarse sandy percent stones, 35 percent cobbles, and 30 loam percent pebbles; neutral. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Excessively drained Range in Characteristics Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Soil temperature: 40 to 47 degrees F Flooding: None Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 2.7 inches A horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Rock outcrop Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Definition: Exposures of gneiss or schist bedrock. Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Clay content: 0 to 10 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Content of rock fragments: 35 to 65 percent—1 to included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 5 percent stones; 15 to 20 percent cobbles; 20 Management to 40 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. C horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Rocko Series Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Texture: Loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, or Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) coarse sand Drainage class: Well drained Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 297

Permeability: Moderately slow A horizon Landform: Mountains Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Parent material: Sandstone colluvium Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Slope range: 15 to 60 percent Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Elevation range: 4,800 to 7,000 feet Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—5 to Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches 10 percent stones; 5 to 15 percent cobbles; 5 to Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F 10 percent pebbles Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 E horizon Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Clay content: 18 to 27 percent superactive Ustollic Haplocryalfs Content of rock fragments: 15 to 40 percent—5 to 10 percent stones; 5 to 15 percent cobbles; 5 to Typical Pedon 15 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Rocko cobbly loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes, stony, in an area of forest land, 300 feet north and 2,500 feet Bt horizon east of the southwest corner of sec. 30, T. 5 N., Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist R. 6 E. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed needles and Clay content: 25 to 35 percent twigs. Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—5 to A—1 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 10 percent stones; 15 to 25 percent cobbles; 15 cobbly loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate to 30 percent pebbles medium granular structure; soft, very friable, Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine and few medium roots; 10 percent BC horizon stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 5 percent Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Chroma: 3 or 4 E—6 to 16 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Texture: Sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or loam stony loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Clay content: 18 to 27 percent weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—5 to slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine 10 percent stones; 15 to 30 percent cobbles; 15 and fine and few medium roots; 10 percent to 30 percent pebbles stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 5 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt—16 to 29 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; 393E—Rocko cobbly loam, moderate medium subangular blocky structure; 15 to 45 percent slopes, stony hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine and few Setting medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces Landform: Mountains of peds and lining pores; 5 percent stones, 20 Slope: 15 to 45 percent percent cobbles, and 20 percent pebbles; neutral; Elevation: 4,800 to 7,000 feet clear wavy boundary. Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches BC—29 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days cobbly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and Composition slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; 5 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 20 Major Components percent pebbles; slightly alkaline. Rocko and similar soils: 85 percent Range in Characteristics Minor Components Rubble land: 0 to 10 percent Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Copenhaver channery loam: 0 to 3 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent 298 Soil Survey

Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Sandstone residuum Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 1.0 inches Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land A typical description with range in characteristics is Flooding: None included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches Management A typical description with range in characteristics is For management information about this map unit, included, in alphabetical order, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, Roy Series see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 894F—Rocko, stony-Copenhaver, Permeability: Moderately slow extremely stony complex, Landform: Escarpments 35 to 60 percent slopes Parent material: Alluvium Slope range: 15 to 60 percent Setting Elevation range: 4,700 to 6,000 feet Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Landform: Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F • Rocko—Mountains Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days • Copenhaver—Mountains Slope: Taxonomic Class: Clayey-skeletal, mixed, • Rocko—35 to 60 percent superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls • Copenhaver—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 4,950 to 6,900 feet Typical Pedon Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Roy cobbly clay loam, 15 to 60 percent slopes, in an Composition area of rangeland, 1,500 feet north and 300 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 20, T. 3 S., R. 5 E. Major Components Rocko and similar soils: 70 percent A—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Copenhaver and similar soils: 20 percent cobbly clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Minor Components 3/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; hard, Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 8 percent firm, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent very fine and fine and few medium roots; 25 percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; neutral; Major Component Description clear wavy boundary. Rocko Bt1—6 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very cobbly Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam clay, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong fine Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) granular structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, Drainage class: Well drained and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; Native plant cover type: Forest land 20 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; Flooding: None neutral; clear wavy boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches Bt2—13 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very cobbly clay, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Copenhaver subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Surface layer texture: Extremely channery loam moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay films Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 299

on faces of peds; 20 percent cobbles and 15 Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Texture: Clay loam or clay Bt3—18 to 24 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Clay content: 35 to 50 percent clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—20 medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, to 45 percent cobbles; 15 to 35 percent pebbles moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 very fine roots; common distinct clay films on Bk horizon faces of peds; 25 percent cobbles and 25 percent Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Bk—24 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) extremely Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 cobbly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Clay content: 27 to 40 percent moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—20 slightly hard, firm, moderately sticky, and to 45 percent cobbles; 15 to 35 percent pebbles moderately plastic; few very fine roots; 35 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 15 percent cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; common fine Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 masses of lime; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. 267E—Roy cobbly clay loam, Range in Characteristics 15 to 60 percent slopes Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Setting Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 14 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 20 to 40 inches Landform: Escarpments A horizon Slope: 15 to 60 percent Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Elevation: 4,750 to 6,000 feet Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—10 Composition to 25 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Major Components Roy and similar soils: 90 percent Bt1 horizon Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Minor Components Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Roy very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Meagher cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent Texture: Clay or clay loam Bowery loam: 0 to 2 percent Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—20 Major Component Description to 45 percent cobbles; 15 to 35 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bt2 horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Dominant parent material: Alluvium Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Flooding: None Texture: Clay or clay loam Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—20 A typical description with range in characteristics is to 45 percent cobbles; 15 to 35 percent pebbles included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Management Bt3 horizon Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR For management information about this map unit, Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 300 Soil Survey

560—Rubble land-Rock outcrop complex effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. AC—5 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Setting dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; massive; Landform: slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and • Rubble land—Mountains slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; • Rock outcrop—Mountains strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual Elevation: 4,100 to 9,000 feet wavy boundary. C1—10 to 32 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Composition stratified very fine sandy loam and silt loam, with Major Components thin strata of fine sandy loam, grayish brown Rubble land: 50 percent (10YR 5/2) moist; massive; soft, very friable, Rock outcrop: 45 percent slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Minor Components gradual wavy boundary. Soils less than 20 inches deep: 0 to 5 percent 2C2—32 to 60 inches; variegated extremely gravelly loamy sand; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; 10 Major Component Description percent cobbles and 60 percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Rubble land Definition: Areas with more than 90 percent of the Range in Characteristics surface covered by boulders or stones. Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Rock outcrop Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Definition: Areas of exposed bedrock. Depth to seasonal high water table: 0 to 6 feet for short durations during late spring and summer Ryell Series Depth to the 2C2 horizon: 18 to 36 inches Ap horizon Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Drainage class: Well drained Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Permeability: Moderate above the 2C2 horizon and Chroma: 2 or 3 rapid in the 2C2 horizon Texture: Loam or fine sandy loam Landform: Stream terraces and flood plains Clay content: 10 to 25 percent Parent material: Alluvium Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Elevation range: 3,950 top 4,650 feet AC and C1 horizons Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Loam, sandy loam, or very fine sandy Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy over sandy or loam with thin strata of silt loam and/or fine sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, calcareous, sandy loam frigid Aridic Ustifluvents Clay content: 10 to 18 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 10 percent Typical Pedon Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 2C2 horizon Ryell loam, in area of Ryell-Rivra-Fairway complex, Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or variegated 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, 500 feet Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist north and 1,700 feet west of the southeast corner of Chroma: 2 or 3 sec. 26, T. 1 N., R. 1 W. Texture: Sand or loamy sand Ap—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine Clay content: 0 to 10 percent sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—0 to moist; moderate fine granular structure; slightly 15 percent cobbles; 35 to 60 percent pebbles hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 10 percent plastic; many very fine and fine roots; slightly Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 301

4A—Ryell silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Composition Major Components Setting Ryell and similar soils: 35 percent Rivra and similar soils: 30 percent Landform: Stream terraces Fairway and similar soils: 25 percent Slope: 0 to 2 percent Minor Components Elevation: 4,050 to 4,400 feet Bonebasin loam: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Meadowcreek loam: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Major Component Description Composition Ryell Surface layer texture: Fine sandy loam Major Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Ryell and similar soils: 90 percent Drainage class: Well drained Minor Components Dominant parent material: Alluvium Fairway loam: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Glendive sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent Major Component Description Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches

Surface layer texture: Loam Rivra Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Gravelly sandy loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Alluvium Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Alluvium Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Water table: Apparent Flooding: Rare Available water capacity: Mainly 5.5 inches Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 2.3 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Fairway Surface layer texture: Loam Management Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained For management information about this map unit, Dominant parent material: Alluvium see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent 304A—Ryell-Rivra-Fairway complex, Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches 0 to 2 percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 8.1 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is Setting included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: Management • Ryell—Flood plains For management information about this map unit, • Rivra—Flood plains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Fairway—Flood plains Slope: • Ryell—0 to 2 percent SLF—Sanitary landfill • Rivra—0 to 2 percent • Fairway—0 to 2 percent Composition Elevation: 3,950 to 4,650 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Major Components Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Sanitary landfill: 100 percent 302 Soil Survey

Major Component Description blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few Definition: Areas where refuse is processed and buried fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; in the ground. moderately alkaline. Range in Characteristics Sappington Series Soil temperature: 45 to 47 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Drainage class: Well drained Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 9 inches Permeability: Moderate Depth to the Bk horizon: 6 to 10 inches Landform: Alluvial fans and relict stream terraces A horizon Parent material: Alluvium Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Slope range: 4 to 15 percent Value: 4 or 5 dry Elevation range: 4,600 to 5,500 feet Chroma: 2 or 3 Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Annual air temperature: 43 to 45 degrees F Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days 10 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Taxonomic Class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcidic Argiustolls Bt horizon Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Typical Pedon Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Sappington loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of Chroma: 3 or 4 cropland, 700 feet north and 2,300 feet east of the Clay content: 27 to 35 percent southwest corner of sec. 3, T. 2 N., R. 3 E. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent pebbles A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and Bk1 horizon nonplastic; many very fine and fine and few Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y medium roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5, 6, or 7 moist Bt—4 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Chroma: 2 or 3 brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Clay content: 10 to 18 percent prismatic structure parting to moderate medium Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent subangular blocky; hard, firm, moderately sticky, pebbles and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent and few medium roots; common distinct clay films Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 on faces of peds; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Bk2 horizon boundary. Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Bk1—7 to 14 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5, 6, or 7 moist loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium Chroma: 2 or 3 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Clay content: 10 to 18 percent slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent fine and fine roots; common fine masses of lime; pebbles violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent wavy boundary. Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Bk2—14 to 24 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular Bk3 horizon blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist common fine masses of lime; violently Chroma: 2 or 3 effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Texture: Loam or sandy loam boundary. Clay content: 10 to 18 percent Bk3—24 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular pebbles Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 303

Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Minor Components Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent Sappington cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent 226D—Sappington cobbly loam, Major Component Description 4 to 15 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 4 to 15 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 4,700 to 5,500 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Sappington and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Trimad very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Sawicki Series Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Component Description Drainage class: Well Permeability: Moderately slow Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Alluvial fans, stream terraces, hills, and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) drainageways Drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium derived from Dominant parent material: Alluvium gneiss, schist, or arkosic sandstone Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope range: 0 to 60 percent Flooding: None Elevation range: 4,450 to 7,150 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 7.9 inches Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F A typical description with range in characteristics is Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Typical Pedon Sawicki cobbly loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, very 26C—Sappington loam, stony, in an area of rangeland, 700 feet south and 4 to 8 percent slopes 2,800 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 12, T. 1 N., R. 5 E. Setting A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans cobbly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Slope: 4 to 8 percent moist; moderate medium granular structure; soft, Elevation: 4,600 to 5,200 feet friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches very fine, common fine and few medium pores; Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days many very fine and few medium roots; 5 percent stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 10 percent Composition pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Major Components Bt1—5 to 12 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Sappington and similar soils: 90 percent cobbly sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) 304 Soil Survey

moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Bt2 horizon structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine and Chroma: 3 or 4 few medium and coarse roots; many very fine, Texture: Loam or sandy clay loam common fine and few medium pores; few faint Clay content: 20 to 30 percent clay films on faces of peds and on pebbles; 5 Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to percent stones, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 5 percent stones; 20 to 30 percent cobbles; 15 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. to 25 percent pebbles Bt2—12 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 4/4) very cobbly sandy clay loam, brown (10YR BC horizon 4/3) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, Chroma: 3 or 4 and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Texture: Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or roots; common very fine and fine and few medium sandy clay loam pores; common distinct clay films on faces of peds Clay content: 15 to 25 percent and on pebbles; 5 percent stones, 25 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to cobbles, and 25 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; 5 percent stones; 20 to 30 percent cobbles; 15 gradual wavy boundary. to 25 percent pebbles BC—23 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 very cobbly sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; C horizon slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very Chroma: 3 or 4 fine and fine and few medium pores; 5 percent Clay content: 10 to 20 percent stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 25 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—0 to pebbles; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 5 percent stones; 15 to 30 percent cobbles; 20 C—31 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) to 40 percent pebbles very cobbly coarse sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 moist; massive; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; 5 percent stones, 25 percent cobbles, and 30 percent pebbles; neutral. 261B—Sawicki cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Range in Characteristics Setting Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Slope: 0 to 4 percent Elevation: 4,450 to 5,650 feet A horizon Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Loam or coarse sandy loam Composition Clay content: 12 to 20 percent Major Components Content of rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent—0 to Sawicki and similar soils: 85 percent 5 percent boulders; 0 to 5 percent stones; 10 to 25 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles Minor Components Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Breeton loam: 0 to 5 percent Clasoil loam: 0 to 5 percent Bt1 horizon Sawicki very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Major Component Description Texture: Sandy clay loam or loam Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Content of rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent—0 to Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 5 percent stones; 10 to 25 percent cobbles; 5 to Drainage class: Well drained 20 percent pebbles Dominant parent material: Alluvium Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 305

Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Major Components Sawicki and similar soils: 85 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Breeton loam: 0 to 5 percent Management Clasoil loam: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Sawicki very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 361C—Sawicki cobbly loam, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 2 to 8 percent slopes, very stony Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Available water capacity: Mainly 4.0 inches Slope: 2 to 8 percent Elevation: 4,500 to 5,850 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Sawicki and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Breeton loam: 0 to 10 percent 361D—Sawicki cobbly loam, Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 8 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,700 to 6,150 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Sawicki and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components Breeton loam: 0 to 10 percent For management information about this map unit, Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description 261C—Sawicki cobbly loam, Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 4 to 8 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Flooding: None Slope: 4 to 8 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Elevation: 4,600 to 6,100 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 306 Soil Survey

Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Sawicki and similar soils: 90 percent Minor Components 461D—Sawicki cobbly loam, Breeton loam: 0 to 5 percent 8 to 25 percent slopes, bouldery Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Landform: Alluvial fans Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Slope: 8 to 25 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 5,000 to 6,050 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Major Components Sawicki and similar soils: 85 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Breeton coarse sandy loam: 0 to 8 percent Management Clasoil cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 4 percent Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 3 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 761E—Sawicki, stony-Catgulch, Drainage class: Well drained very stony complex, Dominant parent material: Alluvium 15 to 35 percent slopes Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Setting Available water capacity: Mainly 3.5 inches Landform: A typical description with range in characteristics is • Sawicki—Hills included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Catgulch—Hills Slope: Management • Sawicki—15 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, • Catgulch—15 to 35 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elevation: 5,500 to 7,150 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 661E—Sawicki cobbly loam, moist, 8 to 25 percent slopes, very stony Composition Major Components Setting Sawicki and similar soils: 60 percent Catgulch and similar soils: 30 percent Landform: Drainageways Slope: 8 to 25 percent Minor Components Elevation: 4,900 to 6,250 feet Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 3 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 307

Major Component Description Major Component Description Sawicki Sawicki Surface layer texture: Cobbly coarse sandy loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches

Catgulch Catgulch Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

761F—Sawicki-Catgulch complex, Saypo Series 35 to 60 percent slopes, very stony Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Landform: Stream terraces • Sawicki—Hills Parent material: Alluvium • Catgulch—Hills Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Slope: Elevation range: 4,050 to 5,250 feet • Sawicki—35 to 60 percent Annual precipitation: 10 to 18 inches • Catgulch—35 to 60 percent Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Elevation: 4,850 to 6,950 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 115 days Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aquic Calciustolls Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Sawicki and similar soils: 65 percent Saypo silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of Catgulch and similar soils: 20 percent hayland, 200 feet north and 600 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 9, T. 1 N., R. 4 E. Minor Components Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 8 percent Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Breeton coarse sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent 3/2) silt loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak medium Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent subangular blocky structure parting to moderate 308 Soil Survey

fine granular; slightly hard, friable, moderately Texture: Silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and loam fine roots; strongly effervescent; moderately Clay content: 20 to 35 percent alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 40 percent Bk—10 to 21 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 4 loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry; weak medium Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and few fine roots; common fine masses 506A—Saypo silt loam, of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; 0 to 2 percent slopes clear wavy boundary. Bkg1—21 to 34 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam, Setting grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; few fine distinct Landform: Stream terraces yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) redox concentrations; Slope: 0 to 2 percent weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Elevation: 4,050 to 5,100 feet hard, friable, moderately sticky, and slightly Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches plastic; common very fine and few fine roots; Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days common fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Composition boundary. Bkg2—34 to 60 inches; light brown (10YR 6/2) silt Major Components loam, white (10YR 8/1) dry; weak fine subangular Saypo and similar soils: 85 percent blocky structure; very hard, very firm, moderately Minor Components sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; Newtman mucky peat: 0 to 5 percent strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Reycreek loam: 0 to 5 percent Range in Characteristics Tetonview silty clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Major Component Description Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 12 inches Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth to the Bk horizon: 5 to 12 inches Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium A horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Flooding: None Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3, 4, or 5 dry Water table: Apparent Chroma: 1 or 2 Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 A typical description with range in characteristics is Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Bk horizon Management Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4, 5, or 6 moist; 5, 6, or 7 dry For management information about this map unit, Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Texture: Silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 40 percent 517A—Saypo silt loam, Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 0 to 2 percent slopes, drained Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Setting Bkg horizons Hue: 10YR, 5Y, or 2.5Y Landform: Stream terraces Value: 4, 5, or 6 moist; 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry Slope: 0 to 2 percent Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Elevation: 4,200 to 4,600 feet Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 309

Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Major Component Description Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Saypo Surface layer texture: Silt loam Composition Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Components Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Saypo and similar soils: 85 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Minor Components Flooding: None Saypo silty clay loam: 0 to 10 percent Water table: Apparent Binna loam: 0 to 5 percent Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Major Component Description Tetonview Surface layer texture: Silt loam Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Drainage class: Poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 10.1 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Scravo Series 515A—Saypo-Tetonview complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, hummocky Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid above the sandy- Setting skeletal material and rapid below Landform: Landform: Escarpments • Saypo—Stream terraces Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium • Tetonview—Stream terraces Slope range: 15 to 45 percent Slope: Elevation range: 3,950 to 5,400 feet • Saypo—0 to 2 percent Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Tetonview—0 to 2 percent Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Elevation: 4,150 to 5,250 feet Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Aridic Calciustepts Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Scravo cobbly sandy loam, in an area of Blacksheep- Saypo and similar soils: 65 percent Kalsted-Scravo complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in Tetonview and similar soils: 25 percent an area of rangeland, 500 feet south and 2,400 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 13, T. 1 N., R. 3 E. Minor Components Newtman mucky peat: 0 to 5 percent A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly Reycreek loam: 0 to 5 percent sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; 310 Soil Survey

weak, fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—0 to friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common 15 percent cobbles; 35 to 65 percent pebbles very fine and fine and few medium roots; 15 Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 2 percent cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; slightly Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 30 percent effervescent, slightly alkaline; clear smooth Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 boundary. Bk—4 to 13 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) Shadow Series moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained nonplastic; common very fine and few fine and Permeability: Moderately rapid medium roots; 5 percent cobbles and 40 percent Landform: Mountains pebbles; common medium masses of lime; Parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Slope range: 15 to 75 percent smooth boundary. Elevation range: 5,000 to 7,800 feet 2Bk—13 to 60 inches; variegated stratified sand and Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches very gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose, Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine and fine Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days roots; 10 percent cobbles and 50 percent pebbles; common fine masses of lime; violently Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, effervescent; moderately alkaline. superactive Ustic Eutrocryepts Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Shadow very cobbly coarse sandy loam, moist, 35 to Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches 60 percent slopes, stony, in an area of forest land, 300 Depth to the Bk horizon: 3 to 6 inches feet north and 2,650 feet west of the southeast corner Depth to the 2Bk horizon: 9 to 20 inches of sec. 7, T. 3 S., R. 6 E. A horizon Oi—0 to 3 inches; slightly decomposed bark, needles, Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y and twigs. Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist E—3 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Chroma: 2 or 3 coarse sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR Clay content: 10 to 20 percent 4/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—10 friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; many very fine, to 15 percent cobbles; 5 to 20 percent pebbles common fine and few medium roots; 20 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; moderately acid; Reaction: pH 7.4 to 7.8 clear smooth boundary. Bw—17 to 33 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/3) Bk horizon very gravelly coarse sandy loam, grayish brown Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y (10YR 5/2) moist; weak coarse subangular blocky Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and Chroma: 2 or 3 nonplastic; common very fine and few fine and Texture: Loam or sandy loam medium roots; 20 percent cobbles and 35 percent Clay content: 5 to 15 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—0 to C1—33 to 44 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) 15 percent cobbles; 35 to 55 percent pebbles extremely gravelly coarse sandy loam, grayish Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 to 2 brown (10YR 5/2) moist; massive; soft, very Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine, Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 fine, and medium roots; 20 percent cobbles and 2Bk horizon 50 percent pebbles, slightly acid; clear smooth Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or variegated boundary. Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist C2—44 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Chroma: 2 or 3 extremely cobbly coarse sandy loam with thin Texture: Loamy sand or sand strata of loamy coarse sand, dark brown (10YR Clay content: 0 to 10 percent 4/3) moist; massive; loose, very friable, nonsticky, Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 311

and nonplastic; few very fine roots; 35 percent Major Component Description cobbles and 45 percent pebbles; neutral. Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None E horizon Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist A typical description with range in characteristics is Chroma: 2 or 3 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Texture: Coarse sandy loam or sandy loam Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Management Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to 5 percent stones; 15 to 30 percent cobbles; 20 For management information about this map unit, to 30 percent pebbles see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.3 Bw horizon 295F—Shadow very cobbly Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y coarse sandy loam, moist, Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Sandy loam or coarse sandy loam Setting Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—0 to Landform: Mountains 20 percent cobbles; 35 to 70 percent pebbles Slope: 35 to 60 percent Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.8 Elevation: 5,350 to 7,350 feet Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches C horizons Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Composition Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Major Components Content of rock fragments: 60 to 85 percent—0 to Shadow and similar soils: 90 percent 35 percent cobbles; 40 to 50 percent pebbles Minor Components Reaction: pH 5.1 to 7.8 Jaegie coarse sandy loam: 0 to 4 percent Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent 395F—Shadow very cobbly coarse sandy Soils with slopes more than 60 percent: 0 to 2 percent loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Very cobbly coarse sandy loam Landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 35 to 60 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Elevation: 5,200 to 6,100 feet Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Major Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Shadow and similar soils: 90 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Management Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Jaegie and similar soils: 0 to 4 percent For management information about this map unit, Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 312 Soil Survey

995G—Shadow, bouldery-Rubble land Slope: complex, 40 to 70 percent slopes • Shadow—35 to 60 percent • Cowood—35 to 60 percent Elevation: 5,650 to 7,800 feet Setting Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Landform: Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days • Shadow—Mountains • Rubble land—Mountains Composition Slope: 40 to 70 percent Major Components Elevation: 6,100 to 7,300 feet Shadow and similar soils: 70 percent Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Cowood and similar soils: 20 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Minor Components Composition Jaegie and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Major Components Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Shadow and similar soils: 60 percent Rubble land: 25 percent Major Component Description Minor Components Shadow Arcette and similar soils: 0 to 10 percent Surface layer texture: Very cobbly sandy loam Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Shadow Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Very cobbly sandy loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Cowood Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Channery sandy loam Flooding: None Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Rubble land Native plant cover type: Forest land Definition: Areas with more than 90 percent of surface Flooding: None covered by boulders or stones. Available water capacity: Mainly 0.9 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

495F—Shadow, stony-Cowood, 495G—Shadow, stony-Cowood, very stony complex, very stony complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes 60 to 75 percent slopes

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Shadow—Mountains • Shadow—Mountains • Cowood—Mountains • Cowood—Mountains Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 313

Slope: Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Shadow—60 to 75 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F • Cowood—60 to 75 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Elevation: 5,000 to 6,800 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Shawmut cobbly loam, in an area of Meagher- Shadow and similar soils: 70 percent Shawmut-Bowery complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in Cowood and similar soils: 20 percent an area of rangeland, 1,200 feet south and 2,900 feet Minor Components west of the northeast corner of sec. 4, T. 3 S., R. 6 E. Jaegie and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly loam, Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent very dark brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium Major Component Description subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, Shadow and slightly plastic; many very fine, common fine, Surface layer texture: Very cobbly sandy loam and few medium roots; 20 percent cobbles and 10 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained boundary. Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Bt—6 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Native plant cover type: Forest land sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Flooding: None moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and few fine roots; Cowood common distinct clay films on faces of peds and Surface layer texture: Channery sandy loam lining pores; 15 percent cobbles and 25 percent Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Btk—14 to 19 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum gravelly sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) Native plant cover type: Forest land moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Flooding: None structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, Available water capacity: Mainly 0.9 inches and slightly plastic; common very fine and few fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds A typical description with range in characteristics is and lining pores; 20 percent cobbles and 40 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. percent pebbles; disseminated lime; few fine Management masses of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. For management information about this map unit, Bk1—19 to 28 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. extremely gravelly sandy clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak fine subangular Shawmut Series blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; 20 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) percent cobbles and 45 percent pebbles; common Drainage class: Well drained fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; Permeability: Moderate moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Landform: Alluvial fans, hills, escarpments, and relict Bk2—28 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) stream terraces extremely gravelly sandy clay loam, yellowish Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak fine subangular Slope range: 8 to 45 percent blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately Elevation range: 4,500 to 6,500 feet sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; 20 314 Soil Survey

percent cobbles and 45 percent pebbles; many fine Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent threads of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 alkaline. Bk2 horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Range in Characteristics Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, 6, or 7 moist Soil temperature: 41 to 47 degrees F Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Texture: Loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy loam Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 16 inches Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Depth to the calcic horizon: 9 to 20 inches Content of rock fragments: 40 to 80 percent—0 to 10 percent stones; 5 to 20 percent cobbles; 35 A horizon to 60 percent pebbles Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 30 percent Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent—0 to 355D—Shawmut cobbly loam, 10 percent stones; 10 to 25 percent cobbles; 5 8 to 15 percent slopes, stony to 25 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Setting Bt horizon Landform: Alluvial fans Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Slope: 8 to 15 percent Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist Elevation: 5,000 to 5,250 feet Chroma: 2 or 3 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Texture: Sandy clay loam or clay loam Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to Composition 10 percent stones; 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 45 percent pebbles Major Components Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Shawmut and similar soils: 90 percent Btk horizon Minor Components Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Shawmut very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Value: 3, 4, 5, or 6 dry; 2, 3, 4, or 5 moist Meagher stony loam: 0 to 3 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 2 percent Texture: Loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Major Component Description Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 10 percent stones; 5 to 20 percent cobbles; 30 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) to 50 percent pebbles Drainage class: Well drained Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Bk1 horizon Flooding: None Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Available water capacity: Mainly 4.1 inches Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 A typical description with range in characteristics is Texture: Loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Clay content: 15 to 30 percent Management Content of rock fragments: 40 to 80 percent—0 to 10 percent stones; 5 to 20 percent cobbles; 35 For management information about this map unit, to 60 percent pebbles see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 315

639E—Shawmut-Tolbert complex, Shurley Series 15 to 45 percent slopes, very stony Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Rapid Landform: Landform: Hills • Shawmut—Hills Parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium • Tolbert—Hills Slope range: 8 to 35 percent Slope: Elevation range: 4,300 to 5,250 feet • Shawmut—15 to 45 percent Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Tolbert—15 to 45 percent Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Elevation: 4,500 to 6,500 feet Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Taxonomic Class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Aridic Haplustepts Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Shurley very flaggy coarse sandy loam, in an area of Shawmut and similar soils: 70 percent Shurley-Rentsac-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 35 Tolbert and similar soils: 20 percent percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 2,300 feet Minor Components east of the northwest corner of sec. 20, T. 1 S., R. 1 E. Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very Shawmut bouldery loam: 0 to 3 percent flaggy coarse sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; many very fine Major Component Description and fine and few medium roots; 15 percent Shawmut flagstones and 20 percent channers; neutral; clear Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bw—4 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Drainage class: Well drained flaggy coarse sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium moist; moderate medium angular blocky structure; Native plant cover type: Rangeland soft, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; many Flooding: None very fine and few medium roots; 25 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 3.8 inches flagstones and 30 percent channers; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Tolbert Bk—11 to 23 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) extremely Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam flaggy loamy coarse sand, brown (10YR 5/3) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) moist; single grain; loose, very friable, nonsticky, Drainage class: Well drained and nonplastic; common very fine and few fine Dominant parent material: Sandstone residuum and medium roots; 35 percent flagstones and 35 Native plant cover type: Rangeland percent channers; common faint lime coatings on Flooding: None undersides of coarse fragments; strongly Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is BC—23 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) extremely included, in alphabetical order, in this section. flaggy loamy coarse sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) moist; single grain; loose, very friable, Management nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine and fine For management information about this map unit, roots; 35 percent flagstones and 35 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. channers; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. 316 Soil Survey

Range in Characteristics 729E—Shurley-Rentsac-Rock outcrop Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes Moisture control section: Between 12 and 35 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 10 to 24 inches Setting A horizon Landform: Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y • Shurley—Hills Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist • Rentsac—Hills Chroma: 2 or 3 • Rock outcrop—Hills Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Slope: Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—15 • Shurley—8 to 35 percent to 30 percent cobbles or flagstones; 20 to 30 • Rentsac—8 to 35 percent percent pebbles or channers Elevation: 4,300 to 5,250 feet Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Bw horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Composition Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Major Components Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Shurley and similar soils: 40 percent Clay content: 5 to 15 percent Rentsac and similar soils: 30 percent Content of rock fragments: 40 to 60 percent—20 Rock outcrop: 20 percent to 30 percent cobbles or flagstones; 20 to 30 percent pebbles or channers Minor Components Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Nuley sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Bk horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Major Component Description Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Shurley Chroma: 2 or 3 Surface layer texture: Very flaggy coarse sandy loam Texture: Loamy coarse sand or loamy sand Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Drainage class: Well drained Content of rock fragments: 40 to 85 percent—20 Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium to 40 percent cobbles or flagstones; 20 to 45 Native plant cover type: Rangeland percent pebbles or channers Flooding: None Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 1.5 inches Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 BC horizon Rentsac Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Surface layer texture: Very flaggy sandy loam Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Drainage class: Well drained Texture: Loamy coarse sand or loamy sand Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist residuum Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Content of rock fragments: 40 to 85 percent—20 Flooding: None to 40 percent cobbles or flagstones; 20 to 45 Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches percent pebbles or channers Calcium carbonate equivalent: 3 to 12 percent Rock outcrop Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Definition: Exposures of gneiss or schist bedrock. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 317

A typical description with range in characteristics is Btk—18 to 21 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) clay, light included, in alphabetical order, in this section. olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; strong fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Management moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; For management information about this map unit, common very fine, fine, and medium and few see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. coarse roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; common medium masses of lime; strongly Sicklesteets Series effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk—21 to 44 inches; mixed pale olive and pale yellow Drainage class: Well drained (5Y 6/3 and 7/3) clay loam, olive yellow and olive Permeability: Moderately slow (5Y 5/2 and 5/4) moist; weak fine subangular Landform: Mountains blocky structure; very hard, firm, moderately Parent material: Dolomite colluvium sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and Slope range: 15 to 60 percent few fine and medium roots; 5 percent cobbles and Elevation range: 5,150 to 7,700 feet 5 percent pebbles; common medium masses of Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches lime; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F wavy boundary. Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days 2Ck—44 to 60 inches; mixed reddish yellow and pale yellow (5YR 6/6 and 5Y 7/3) extremely gravelly Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive Ustic clay loam, yellowish red and olive (5YR 4/6 and Haplocryalfs 5Y 5/4); massive, very hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine roots; Typical Pedon 25 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; Sicklesteets cobbly clay loam, in an area of Whitore- common medium masses of lime; strongly Sicklesteets complex, 15 to 40 percent slopes, stony, effervescent; slightly alkaline. in an area of forest land, 2,000 feet south and 1,800 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 3, T. 3 S., Range in Characteristics R. 6 E. Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Oi—0 to 2 inches; intermediately decomposed Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches needles and twigs. Depth to the Bk horizon: 15 to 27 inches E—2 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) cobbly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine and E horizon medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; many Chroma: 2 or 3 very fine, common fine and few medium roots; 10 Clay content: 27 to 35 percent percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; Content of rock fragments: 15 to 25 percent—1 to clear smooth boundary. 3 percent stones; 5 to 10 percent cobbles; 5 to Bt—6 to 18 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) clay, brown 10 percent pebbles (10YR 5/3) moist; strong medium granular Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine, fine, and Bt horizon medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist of peds; 10 percent cobbles and 5 percent Chroma: 3 or 4 pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Clay content: 40 to 60 percent 318 Soil Survey

Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to 5 Typical Pedon percent stones; 5 to 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Soapcreek silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 area of hayland, 250 feet north and 300 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 35, T. 1 N., R. 5 E. Btk horizon Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Ap—0 to 15 inches; very dark brown (10YR 3/1) silty Chroma: 3 or 4 clay loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate Texture: Clay loam medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Clay content: 27 to 40 percent moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent—0 to common very fine and fine and few medium and 5 percent stones; 5 to 20 percent cobbles; 5 to coarse roots; slightly alkaline; clear wavy 10 percent pebbles boundary. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Bk1—15 to 25 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2), silty Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Bk horizon weak medium subangular blocky structure; very Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 plastic; common very fine and fine and few Clay content: 27 to 40 percent medium roots; common fine seams of lime; Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent—0 to violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear 5 percent stones; 5 to 20 percent cobbles; 5 to wavy boundary. 10 percent pebbles Bk2—25 to 37 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; 2Ck horizon few fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Value: 6 or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist moist redox concentrations; few very fine and fine Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 roots; common fine seams and masses of lime; Texture: Clay loam or clay violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Clay content: 27 to 40 percent wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 45 to 70 percent—0 to Bk3—37 to 46 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) 5 percent stones; 15 to 25 percent cobbles; 30 silty clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; to 40 percent pebbles weak fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist redox concentrations; few very fine Soapcreek Series roots; disseminated lime, few fine masses of lime; violently effervescent;; moderately alkaline; clear Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) wavy boundary. Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Bg1—46 to 54 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Permeability: Slow silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2); Landform: Flood plains and stream terraces weak fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, Parent material: Alluvium friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Slope range: 0 to 2 percent common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR Elevation range: 4,200 to 6,000 feet 4/4) moist redox concentrations; few very fine Annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches roots; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F clear wavy boundary. Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Bg2—54 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) stratified loam and fine sandy loam, dark grayish Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive, frigid brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak fine subangular Fluvaquentic Haplustolls blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 319

sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine roots; Major Component Description slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Dominant parent material: Alluvium Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 15 inches Flooding: None Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 inches Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 9.6 inches Ap horizon Value: 2 or 3 moist; 3, 4, or 5 dry A typical description with range in characteristics is Chroma: 1 or 2 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Texture: Silty clay or silty clay loam Clay content: 30 to 50 percent Management Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 For management information about this map unit, Bk horizons see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y Value: 3 or 4 moist; 4, 5, or 6 dry Chroma: 1 or 2 507A—Soapcreek-Bonebasin complex, Texture: Silty clay or silty clay loam 0 to 2 percent slopes Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Setting Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Landform: Bg horizons • Soapcreek—Flood plains Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y • Bonebasin—Flood plains Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry Slope: Chroma: 1 or 2 • Soapcreek—0 to 2 percent Texture: Silty clay loam, silty clay, or either with • Bonebasin—0 to 2 percent thin layers of fine sandy loam Elevation: 5,300 to 5,900 feet Clay content: 25 to 45 percent Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Composition 514A—Soapcreek silty clay loam, Major Components 0 to 2 percent slopes Soapcreek and similar soils: 60 percent Bonebasin and similar soils: 30 percent Setting Minor Components Landform: Stream terraces Meadowcreek silty clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 0 to 2 percent Reycreek loam: 0 to 3 percent Elevation: 4,200 to 6,000 feet Blossberg loam: 0 to 2 percent Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Major Component Description Composition Soapcreek Surface layer texture: Silty clay Major Components Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soapcreek and similar soils: 85 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Minor Components Dominant parent material: Alluvium Meadowcreek silty clay loam: 0 to 10 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Blossberg loam: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: Rare 320 Soil Survey

Water table: Apparent very fine and common fine and medium roots; 5 Available water capacity: Mainly 9.6 inches percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bonebasin Bt1—12 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Surface layer texture: Loam silty clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 3/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Drainage class: Very poorly drained structure; hard, friable, moderately sticky, and Dominant parent material: Alluvium slightly plastic; many very fine, common fine, and Native plant cover type: Rangeland few medium roots; common faint clay films on Flooding: Rare faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent cobbles Water table: Apparent and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches boundary. Bt2—15 to 26 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay A typical description with range in characteristics is loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium included, in alphabetical order, in this section. prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, moderately Management sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine For management information about this map unit, and fine and few medium roots; common distinct see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Sourdough Series Bt3—26 to 36 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) cobbly silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Drainage class: Well drained hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately Permeability: Moderately slow plastic; common very fine and fine and few Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces medium and coarse roots; common faint clay films Parent material: Alluvium on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent Slope range: 0 to 4 percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Elevation range: 4,950 to 5,750 feet wavy boundary. Annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches 2C—36 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely Annual air temperature: 37 to 41 degrees F cobbly loamy coarse sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days moist; massive; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common very fine and few fine roots; 5 percent Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- stones, 35 percent cobbles, and 30 percent skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic pebbles; common distinct lime coatings on Argiustolls undersides of coarse fragments; slightly alkaline. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Sourdough loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of hayland, 200 feet south and 500 feet west of the Soil temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F northeast corner of sec. 10, T. 3 S., R. 5 E. Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 15 inches and A—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) includes all or part of the argillic horizon loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine, A horizon common fine, and few medium roots; 5 percent Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Clay content: 18 to 27 percent smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 AB—8 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles 3/2) silt loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 moderate medium subangular blocky structure AB horizon parting to moderate fine granular; slightly hard, Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many Chroma: 1 or 2 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 321

Texture: Silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam Major Component Description Clay content: 18 to 30 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Dominant parent material: Alluvium Bt1 and Bt2 horizons Native plant cover type: Rangeland Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Flooding: None Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Available water capacity: Mainly 6.4 inches Texture: Silty clay loam or clay loam Clay content: 27 to 35 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Management Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 For management information about this map unit, Bt3 horizon see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Silty clay loam, clay loam, or silt loam Spanpeak Series Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 10 to 30 percent—5 to Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 15 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Permeability: Moderate Landform: Hills 2C horizon Parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Slope range: 25 to 60 percent Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Elevation range: 5,000 to 7,200 feet Texture: Loamy coarse sand or coarse sand Annual precipitation: 17 to 24 inches Clay content: 0 to 10 percent Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Content of rock fragments: 40 to 80 percent—5 to Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days 10 percent stones; 20 to 40 percent cobbles; 20 to 50 percent pebbles Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 superactive Ustic Argicryolls Typical Pedon 357B—Sourdough loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Spanpeak coarse sandy loam, in an area of Spanpeak-Bavdark coarse sandy loams, 25 to 50 percent slopes, in an area of forest land, 200 feet Setting south and 600 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 1, T. 4 S., R. 3 E. Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Oi—0 to 2 inches; forest litter of slightly decomposed Slope: 0 to 4 percent leaves, needles, and twigs. Elevation: 4,950 to 5,750 feet A—2 to 16 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches coarse sandy loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days moist; moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and Composition nonplastic; many very fine and fine, common medium, and few coarse roots; many very fine Major Components and common fine pores; 5 percent cobbles and 5 Sourdough and similar soils: 90 percent percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Minor Components BA—16 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly Hyalite loam: 0 to 5 percent coarse sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR Beaverton cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent 4/2) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular Turner loam, moderately wet: 0 to 2 percent blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and 322 Soil Survey

nonplastic; common medium and few very fine, Clay content: 5 to 15 percent fine, and coarse roots; many very fine and Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—15 common fine and medium pores; 5 percent to 25 percent cobbles; 20 to 35 percent pebbles cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 smooth boundary. Bt—25 to 33 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly sandy clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 278F—Spanpeak coarse sandy loam, moist; moderate medium subangular blocky 35 to 60 percent slopes structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common medium and few coarse roots; common very fine and fine and few medium Setting pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and Landform: Hills pebble surfaces; 20 percent cobbles and 20 Slope: 35 to 60 percent percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Elevation: 5,200 to 6,850 feet C—33 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches gravelly loamy coarse sand, brown (10YR 4/3) Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days moist; massive; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few coarse roots; common very fine, fine, and Composition medium pores; 15 percent cobbles and 30 percent Major Components pebbles; neutral. Spanpeak and similar soils: 85 percent Range in Characteristics Minor Components Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Shadow stony coarse sandy loam: 0 to 8 percent Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Cowood very stony sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 15 inches Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description A horizon Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Surface layer texture: Coarse sandy loam Chroma: 1 or 2 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Clay content: 12 to 18 percent Drainage class: Well drained Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to 3 Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium percent stones; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 Native plant cover type: Forest land percent pebbles Flooding: None Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches BA horizon A typical description with range in characteristics is Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Clay content: 12 to 20 percent Management Content of rock fragments: 10 to 25 percent—5 to For management information about this map unit, 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Bt horizon Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist 778F—Spanpeak-Bavdark coarse sandy Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 loams, 25 to 50 percent slopes Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—15 Setting to 25 percent cobbles; 20 to 35 percent pebbles Landform: Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 • Spanpeak—Hills C horizon • Bavdark—Hills Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Slope: Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 • Spanpeak—25 to 50 percent Texture: Coarse sandy loam or loamy coarse sand • Bavdark—25 to 50 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 323

Elevation: 5,000 to 7,200 feet Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Typic Palecryalfs Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Typical Pedon Composition Stemple cobbly sandy loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony, in an area of forest land, 2,300 feet north and Major Components 2,400 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 22, Spanpeak and similar soils: 60 percent T. 6 S., R. 3 E. Bavdark and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Oi—0 to 2 inches; forest litter. Cowood very stony sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent E1—2 to 9 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) cobbly sandy Shadow and similar soils: 0 to 3 percent loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent subangular blocky structure breaking to moderate medium granular structure; soft, very friable, Major Component Description nonsticky, and nonplastic; many very fine and fine and few medium and coarse roots; 5 percent Spanpeak stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 15 percent Surface layer texture: Coarse sandy loam pebbles; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) E2—9 to 25 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very cobbly Drainage class: Well drained sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate Dominant parent material: Gneiss or schist colluvium fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Native plant cover type: Forest land nonsticky, and nonplastic; common very fine and Flooding: None fine and few medium and coarse roots; 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches stones, 30 percent cobbles, and 15 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bavdark E/Bt—25 to 32 inches; E part: light gray (10YR 7/2) Surface layer texture: Coarse sandy loam very gravelly coarse sandy loam, brown (10YR Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 5/3) moist; Bt part: yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Drainage class: Well drained very gravelly sandy clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Native plant cover type: Rangeland structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and Flooding: None moderately plastic; few very fine, fine, and Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches medium roots; 15 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is Bt—32 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very included, in alphabetical order, in this section. gravelly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium subangular Management blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky, and For management information about this map unit, moderately plastic; few very fine roots; common see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. distinct clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; neutral.

Stemple Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Permeability: Moderate Depth to the Bt horizon: 25 to 50 inches Landform: Mountains Parent material: Alpine till or sandstone colluvium E1 horizon Slope range: 15 to 60 percent Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Elevation range: 5,350 to 8,200 feet Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Texture: Loam or sandy loam Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Clay content: 10 to 20 percent 324 Soil Survey

Content of rock fragments: 20 to 50 percent—2 to Major Component Description 5 percent stones; 5 to 15 percent cobbles; 15 to 45 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained E2 horizon Dominant parent material: Alpine till or colluvium Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Native plant cover type: Forest land Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Flooding: None Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Texture: Loam or sandy loam Clay content: 10 to 20 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—0 to included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 10 percent stones; 5 to 25 percent cobbles; 15 to 60 percent pebbles Management Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 E/Bt horizon For management information about this map unit, Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Value: E part 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist; Bt part 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: E part 2, 3, or 4; B part 4, 5, or 6 293F—Stemple cobbly sandy loam, Texture: Loam, coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony or sandy clay loam Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Setting Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—5 to Landform: Mountains 30 percent cobbles; 30 to 50 percent pebbles Slope: 35 to 60 percent Reaction: pH 5.1 to 6.5 Elevation: 5,800 to 8,200 feet Bt horizon Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 4, 5, or 6 Composition Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Major Components Content of rock fragments: 40 to 80 percent—10 Stemple and similar soils: 85 percent to 30 percent cobbles; 30 to 50 percent pebbles Minor Components Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Stemple bouldery sandy loam: 0 to 10 percent Soils with slopes more than 60 percent: 0 to 5 percent 293E—Stemple cobbly sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, stony Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Mountains Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 15 to 35 percent Dominant parent material: Alpine till or colluvium Elevation: 5,600 to 8,000 feet Native plant cover type: Forest land Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Available water capacity: Mainly 3.7 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Stemple and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components Stemple bouldery sandy loam: 0 to 10 percent For management information about this map unit, Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 325

493F—Stemple very cobbly loam, Typical Pedon 25 to 60 percent slopes, stony Storyhill cobbly loam, in an area of Bigbear-Storyhill- Adel complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an area of Setting rangeland, 600 feet north and 400 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 33, T. 1 S., R. 6 E. Landform: Mountains Slope: 25 to 60 percent A—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Elevation: 5,350 to 6,650 feet 3/2) cobbly loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days to strong medium granular; soft, friable, moderately sticky, and very plastic; many very fine Composition roots, common fine, and medium roots, few coarse roots; 10 percent cobbles and 10 percent Major Components pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Stemple and similar soils: 85 percent Bt1—10 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very cobbly clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) Minor Components moist; moderate medium prismatic structure; Stemple bouldery loam: 0 to 7 percent slightly hard, very firm, very sticky, and very Cowood very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent plastic; common very fine and fine and few Rubble land: 0 to 3 percent medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 20 percent cobbles and Major Component Description 20 percent pebbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam Bt2—21 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) very cobbly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) Drainage class: Well drained moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium structure; slightly hard, very firm, moderately Native plant cover type: Forest land sticky, and very plastic; common very fine and few Flooding: None fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of Available water capacity: Mainly 3.6 inches peds and lining pores; 20 percent cobbles and 25 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear wavy A typical description with range in characteristics is boundary. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Bk—32 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very cobbly sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; Management weak medium subangular blocky structure; few very fine and fine roots; 30 percent cobbles and For management information about this map unit, 30 percent pebbles; common fine threads of lime, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. common lime coatings on coarse fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Storyhill Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Soil temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Permeability: Slow Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Landform: Relict stream terraces and hills Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 15 inches Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium Depth to the Bk horizon: 20 to 40 inches Slope range: 4 to 45 percent Elevation range: 4,750 to 6,100 feet A horizon Annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Annual air temperature: 37 to 41 degrees F Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Content of rock fragments: 15 to 45 percent—0 to 10 percent stones; 10 to 20 percent cobbles; 5 Taxonomic Class: Clayey-skeletal, mixed, to 25 percent pebbles superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 326 Soil Survey

Bt horizons Drainage class: Well drained Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Chroma: 3 or 4 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Clay or clay loam Flooding: None Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.6 inches Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—0 to 5 percent stones; 15 to 30 percent cobbles; 15 Bigbear to 30 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Bk horizon Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 2 or 3 Flooding: None Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Clay content: 30 to 40 percent Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent—0 to Adel 5 percent stones; 20 to 40 percent cobbles; 20 Surface layer texture: Loam to 30 percent pebbles Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None 365E—Storyhill, very stony- Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches Bigbear, stony-Adel complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Setting Management Landform: • Storyhill—Hills For management information about this map unit, • Bigbear—Hills see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Adel—Hills Slope: • Storyhill—15 to 45 percent 665D—Storyhill-Bigbear complex, • Bigbear—15 to 45 percent 4 to 15 percent slopes • Adel—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 5,100 to 6,050 feet Setting Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Landform: Frost-free period: 65 to 95 days • Storyhill—Hills • Bigbear—Hills Composition Slope: Major Components • Storyhill—4 to 15 percent Storyhill and similar soils: 40 percent • Bigbear—4 to 15 percent Bigbear and similar soils: 25 percent Elevation: 4,750 to 6,000 feet Adel and similar soils: 20 percent Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 80 to 95 days Minor Components Alder clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Composition Soils with slopes less than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Storyhill and similar soils: 50 percent Bigbear and similar soils: 35 percent Major Component Description Minor Components Storyhill Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Storyhill very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 327

Major Component Description A2—6 to 18 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Storyhill moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) common very fine and fine roots; slightly alkaline; Drainage class: Well drained clear wavy boundary. Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Bk1—18 to 30 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark Native plant cover type: Rangeland brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine Flooding: None subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Available water capacity: Mainly 6.1 inches slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine roots; few fine threads of lime; strongly Bigbear effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Surface layer texture: Loam boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk2—30 to 38 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, Drainage class: Well drained grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; weak medium Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Native plant cover type: Rangeland slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine Flooding: None roots; disseminated lime, few fine threads of lime; Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. A typical description with range in characteristics is BC1—38 to 50 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) included, in alphabetical order, in this section. loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Management plastic; few very fine roots; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. For management information about this map unit, BC2—50 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine roots; slightly Straw Series alkaline. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Permeability: Moderate Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Landform: Stream terraces Mollic epipedon thickness: 16 to 28 inches Parent material: Alluvium Depth to the Bk horizon: 16 to 30 inches Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Elevation range: 4,350 to 6,150 feet A horizons Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Value: 3 or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Loam or silty clay loam Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Clay content: 20 to 35 percent frigid Cumulic Haplustolls Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Bk horizons Typical Pedon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Straw loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist cropland, 1,300 feet south and 1,200 feet west of the Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 1 N., R. 5 E. Texture: Loam, silt loam, or clay loam Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Calcium carbonate equivalent: 3 to 15 percent 3/2) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 moderate medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common BC horizons very fine and fine and few medium roots; slightly Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist 328 Soil Survey

Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Minor Components Texture: Loam, silt loam, or clay loam Enbar clay loam: 0 to 10 percent Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Sudworth silty clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 Major Component Description

64B—Straw loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 0 to 4 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 4,350 to 6,150 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 10.6 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Straw and similar soils: 90 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Enbar loam: 0 to 5 percent Sudworth loam: 0 to 3 percent Straw clay loam: 0 to 2 percent Sudworth Series Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Loam Permeability: Moderate above the 2Ck horizon and Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) rapid below Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Stream terraces and flood plains Dominant parent material: Alluvium Parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Flooding: None Elevation range: 4,300 to 5,800 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 10.6 inches Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F A typical description with range in characteristics is Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Cumulic For management information about this map unit, Haplustolls see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Typical Pedon 364B—Straw silty clay loam, Sudworth loam, in an area of Sudworth-Nesda loams, 0 to 4 percent slopes 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of hayland, 2,500 feet north and 2,120 feet west of the southeast corner of Setting sec. 14, T. 2 S., R. 4 E. Landform: Stream terraces Ap—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Slope: 0 to 4 percent 3/2) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Elevation: 4,400 to 5,100 feet moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days many very fine and common fine roots; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Composition A2—7 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, very Major Components dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate Straw and similar soils: 85 percent coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard, Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 329

friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent very fine roots; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 boundary. 2C horizons A3—18 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist coarse prismatic structure; very hard, friable, Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very Texture: Loamy sand or sand fine and few fine roots; slightly alkaline; abrupt Clay content: 2 to 7 percent wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—0 to Bk—24 to 29 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, 30 percent stones and cobbles; 35 to 50 dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak percent pebbles coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, very Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 15 percent friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 very fine and few fine roots; common fine masses of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 307A—Sudworth silty clay loam, 2Ck—29 to 35 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very 0 to 2 percent slopes gravelly loamy sand, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; 15 percent Setting cobbles and 35 percent pebbles; common distinct lime casts on coarse fragments; slightly Landform: Stream terraces effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Slope: 0 to 2 percent boundary. Elevation: 4,400 to 4,650 feet 2C—35 to 60 inches; variegated extremely gravelly Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches sand; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; 20 percent cobbles and 50 percent pebbles; mildly alkaline. Composition

Range in Characteristics Major Components Sudworth and similar soils: 85 percent Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Minor Components Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Enbar loam: 0 to 5 percent Mollic epipedon thickness: 16 to 36 inches Nesda loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth to seasonal high water table: 4 to 8 feet Turner loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches Major Component Description A horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Drainage class: Well drained Texture: Loam or silty clay loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 Flooding: None percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Water table: Apparent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches Bk horizon A typical description with range in characteristics is Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Management Texture: Loam or silt loam Clay content: 18 to 27 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 330 Soil Survey

407A—Sudworth-Nesda loams, Tamaneen Series 0 to 2 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Landform: Relict stream terraces • Sudworth—Flood plains Parent material: Alluvium • Nesda—Flood plains Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Slope: Elevation range: 5,300 to 5,900 feet • Sudworth—0 to 2 percent Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Nesda—0 to 2 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Elevation: 4,300 to 5,800 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Typic Argiustolls Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Sudworth and similar soils: 60 percent Tamaneen cobbly clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in Nesda and similar soils: 25 percent an area of rangeland, 1,200 feet north and 200 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 28, T. 2 N., R. 10 Minor Components E. in Park County, Montana. Meadowcreek loam: 0 to 8 percent Enbar loam: 0 to 5 percent A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Bonebasin loam: 0 to 2 percent cobbly clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, Major Component Description friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many Sudworth very fine, fine, and medium roots; 10 percent Surface layer texture: Loam cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bt1—4 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, very Dominant parent material: Alluvium dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak Native plant cover type: Rangeland medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Flooding: Rare moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; many Water table: Apparent very fine, fine, and medium roots; few faint clay Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches films on faces of peds; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Nesda Bt2—8 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay, very dark Surface layer texture: Loam grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, Drainage class: Well drained very firm, very sticky, and very plastic; common Dominant parent material: Alluvium very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay films Native plant cover type: Rangeland on faces of peds; 5 percent pebbles; slightly Flooding: Rare alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Water table: Apparent Bt3—12 to 17 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Available water capacity: Mainly 3.5 inches brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong fine angular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky, A typical description with range in characteristics is and very plastic; common very fine and fine roots; included, in alphabetical order, in this section. common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Management boundary. For management information about this map unit, Bk—17 to 22 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. gravelly clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 331

moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Chroma: 2 or 3 structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky, and Texture: Clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay moderately plastic; common very fine and fine Clay content: 30 to 45 percent roots; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; Content of rock fragments: 5 to 20 percent—0 to 5 common distinct lime coatings on coarse percent cobbles; 5 to 15 percent pebbles fragments; strongly effervescent, moderately Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 30 percent alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 2Ck1—22 to 30 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) 2Ck horizons very cobbly loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, 6, or 7 moist slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 plastic; few very fine roots; 20 percent cobbles Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or and 25 percent pebbles; common distinct lime sandy loam coatings on coarse fragments; violently Clay content: 8 to 30 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—15 boundary. to 40 percent cobbles; 20 to 40 percent pebbles 2Ck2—30 to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) extremely Calcium carbonate equivalent: 25 to 40 percent cobbly sandy loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/3) Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 moist; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; 40 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; common distinct lime coatings on coarse fragments; violently effervescent; moderately 158B—Tamaneen clay loam, alkaline. 0 to 4 percent slopes Range in Characteristics Setting Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Landform: Relict stream terraces Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Slope: 0 to 4 percent Mollic epipedon thickness: 8 to 16 inches Elevation: 5,300 to 5,550 feet Depth to the calcic horizon: 12 to 24 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Depth to the 2C horizon: 17 to 40 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days A horizon Composition Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Major Components Chroma: 2 or 3 Tamaneen and similar soils: 90 percent Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Minor Components Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Shawmut very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent 25 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Tamaneen cobbly loam: 0 to 3 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Work clay loam: 0 to 2 percent Bt horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Major Component Description Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Surface layer texture: Clay loam Chroma: 2 or 3 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Texture: Clay loam or clay Drainage class: Well drained Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 Native plant cover type: Rangeland percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Flooding: None Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Bk horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y A typical description with range in characteristics is Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 332 Soil Survey

Management Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Aridic Argiustolls For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Typical Pedon Tanna clay loam, 4 to 8 percent slopes, in an area of 358B—Tamaneen cobbly clay loam, cropland, 1,300 feet north and 400 feet east of the 0 to 4 percent slopes southwest corner of sec. 25, T. 1 N., R. 1 E. Ap—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Setting loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Landform: Relict stream terraces moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; many Slope: 0 to 4 percent very fine and fine and common medium roots; 5 Elevation: 5,300 to 5,900 feet percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches boundary. Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Bt1—3 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Composition clay, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Major Components moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; many Tamaneen and similar soils: 90 percent very fine and fine and few medium roots; common Minor Components distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining Shawmut cobbly clay loam: 0 to 5 percent pores; 5 percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear Tamaneen very cobbly clay loam: 0 to 5 percent wavy boundary. Bt2—7 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay, Major Component Description dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; strong Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam medium prismatic structure; very hard, very firm, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) very sticky, and very plastic; common very fine Drainage class: Well drained and few fine and medium roots; many distinct clay Dominant parent material: Alluvium films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland pebbles; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Flooding: None boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches Bk—12 to 28 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; A typical description with range in characteristics is moderate medium prismatic structure; very hard, included, in alphabetical order, in this section. firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine and fine roots; 10 percent paralithic Management chips in lower part; few medium masses of lime; For management information about this map unit, strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear wavy see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. boundary. Cr1—28 to 35 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) semiconsolidated, clayey sedimentary beds that Tanna Series crush to silty clay loam, gray (2.5Y 6/2) moist; few gypsum crystals, few fine soft masses of lime; Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual Drainage class: Well drained wavy boundary. Permeability: Slow Cr2—35 to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) Landform: Sedimentary plains, hills, and escarpments semiconsolidated, clayey sedimentary beds that Parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey crush to silty clay loam, gray (2.5Y 6/2) moist; sedimentary beds slightly alkaline. Slope range: 4 to 35 percent Elevation range: 4,100 to 5,050 feet Range in Characteristics Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 333

Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 12 inches Major Component Description Depth to paralithic contact: 20 to 40 inches Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth to the Bk horizon: 11 to 18 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained A horizon Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y sedimentary beds Value: 2 or 3 moist Native plant cover type: Rangeland Chroma: 2 or 3 Flooding: None Clay content: 27 to 35 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles A typical description with range in characteristics is Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Bt horizons Management Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist For management information about this map unit, Chroma: 2 or 3 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Texture: Clay loam, clay, or silty clay Clay content: 35 to 45 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles 740D—Tanna-Udecide complex, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 8.4 8 to 15 percent slopes Bk horizon Setting Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Landform: Chroma: 2 or 3 • Tanna—Hills Texture: Clay loam or silty clay loam • Udecide—Hills Clay content: 30 to 40 percent Slope: Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 • Tanna—8 to 15 percent percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles • Udecide—8 to 15 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,350 to 5,050 feet Reaction: pH 7.4 to 9.0 Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days 40C—Tanna clay loam, Composition 4 to 8 percent slopes Major Components Tanna and similar soils: 45 percent Udecide and similar soils: 40 percent Setting Minor Components Landform: Sedimentary plains Cabbart loam: 0 to 8 percent Slope: 4 to 8 percent Headwaters loam: 0 to 5 percent Elevation: 4,350 to 4,600 feet Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Major Component Description Tanna Composition Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Major Components Drainage class: Well drained Tanna and similar soils: 85 percent Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey Minor Components sedimentary beds Cabbart loam: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Patouza clay: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches 334 Soil Survey

Udecide Udecide Surface layer texture: Sandy clay loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy sedimentary beds sedimentary beds Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.7 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

740E—Tanna-Udecide complex, Tetonview Series 15 to 35 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Poorly drained Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Landform: Stream terraces • Tanna—Escarpments Parent material: Alluvium • Udecide—Escarpments Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Slope: Elevation range: 4,100 to 5,250 feet • Tanna—15 to 35 percent Annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches • Udecide—15 to 35 percent Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Elevation: 4,100 to 4,900 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 115 days Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aeric Calciaquolls Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Tanna and similar soils: 45 percent Tetonview silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area Udecide and similar soils: 40 percent of rangeland, 2,700 feet north and 2,500 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 24, T. 1 N., R. 4 E. Minor Components Cabbart loam: 0 to 8 percent Oi—0 to 2 inches; slightly decomposed fibers and Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent roots of sedges and rushes. Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent A—2 to 10 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak fine platy structure Major Component Description parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, very Tanna friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam very fine and fine and few medium and coarse Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) roots; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Drainage class: Well drained clear smooth boundary. Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, clayey Bk—10 to 23 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam, very sedimentary beds dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate medium Native plant cover type: Rangeland subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Flooding: None friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Available water capacity: Mainly 4.7 inches very fine and fine roots; disseminated lime, few Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 335

fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Bkg—23 to 36 inches; light gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; few fine faint (10YR 5/4) redox concentrations; weak fine 538A—Tetonview silt loam, subangular blocky structure; hard, very friable, 0 to 2 percent slopes slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; disseminated lime, few fine masses Setting of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Landform: Stream terraces Cg—36 to 60 inches; gray (N 5/) silty clay loam, dark Slope: 0 to 2 percent grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; many fine faint Elevation: 4,150 to 4,450 feet (10YR 5/4) redox concentrations; massive; very Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days plastic; 5 percent pebbles; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Composition Major Components Range in Characteristics Tetonview and similar soils: 85 percent Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Minor Components Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Lamoose silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 23 inches Newtman mucky peat: 0 to 5 percent Depth to seasonal high water table: 12 to 24 inches Saypo silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth to the Bk horizon: 7 to 13 inches A horizon Major Component Description Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Surface layer texture: Silt loam Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Chroma: 1 or 2 Drainage class: Poorly drained Texture: Silt loam or silty clay loam Dominant parent material: Alluvium Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent pebbles Flooding: None Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Water table: Apparent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Available water capacity: Mainly 10.1 inches Bk horizons Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y A typical description with range in characteristics is Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, 5, or 6 moist included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Management Texture: Loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam Clay content: 18 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 539A—Tetonview silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, drained Cg horizon Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or N Setting Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Chroma: 1 or 2 Landform: Stream terraces Texture: Loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam Slope: 0 to 2 percent Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Elevation: 4,100 to 4,400 feet Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches pebbles Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days 336 Soil Survey

Composition Drainage class: Poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Tetonview and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Water table: Apparent Newtman mucky peat: 0 to 10 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 10.1 inches Saypo silt loam: 0 to 5 percent Newtman Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Mucky peat Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained Drainage class: Poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Flooding: None Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 10.1 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

540A—Tetonview-Newtman complex, Threeriv Series 0 to 2 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Flood plains Landform: Parent material: Alluvium • Tetonview—Stream terraces Slope range: 0 to 2 percent • Newtman—Stream terraces Elevation range: 4,000 to 6,100 feet Slope: Annual precipitation: 10 to 18 inches • Tetonview—0 to 2 percent Annual air temperature: 39 to 41 degrees F • Newtman—0 to 2 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Elevation: 4,100 to 5,150 feet Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- skeletal, mixed, superactive, calcareous, frigid Composition Typic Fluvaquents Major Components Typical Pedon Tetonview and similar soils: 50 percent Newtman and similar soils: 40 percent Threeriv loam, in an area of Threeriv-Bonebasin loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rare flooding, in an area Minor Components of pasture, 2,200 feet south and 200 feet west of the Saypo silt loam: 0 to 5 percent northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 1 N., R. 1 E. Threeriv loam: 0 to 5 percent Oe—0 to 4 inches; partially decomposed sedges, Major Component Description rushes, and grasses; slightly alkaline; clear Tetonview smooth boundary. Surface layer texture: Silt loam Ag—4 to 9 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, gray Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) (10YR 5/1) dry; few fine prominent brown (7.5YR Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 337

4/4) redox concentrations; weak medium Content of rock fragments: 35 to 85 percent—10 to subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, 25 percent cobbles; 25 to 60 percent pebbles moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 common medium roots and few very fine and fine roots; 10 percent pebbles; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. 556A—Threeriv-Bonebasin loams, Cg—9 to 29 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) 0 to 2 percent slopes sandy clay loam consisting of strata of sandy clay loam and sandy loam; light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; Setting common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) redox concentrations; massive; hard, Landform: friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very • Threeriv—Flood plains fine, fine, and medium roots; 10 percent pebbles; • Bonebasin—Flood plains violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Slope: smooth boundary. • Threeriv—0 to 2 percent 2C—29 to 60 inches; variegated extremely gravelly • Bonebasin—0 to 2 percent loamy sand, single grain; loose, nonsticky, and Elevation: 4,000 to 6,100 feet nonplastic; 15 percent cobbles and 60 percent Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches pebbles; moderately alkaline. Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Range in Characteristics Composition Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Major Components Depth to seasonal high water table: Ponded to 12 Threeriv and similar soils: 45 percent inches Bonebasin and similar soils: 45 percent Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches Minor Components Ag horizon Blossberg loam: 0 to 5 percent Hue: 10YR, N, or 5Y Strongly saline soils: 0 to 5 percent Value: 3 or 4 moist; 5 or 6 dry Texture: Loam or silty clay loam Major Component Description Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent Threeriv pebbles Surface layer texture: Loam Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 15 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Drainage class: Very poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Cg horizon Native plant cover type: Rangeland Hue: 10YR, 5Y, or 2.5Y Flooding: Rare Value: 4, 5, or 6 moist; 5, 6 or 7 dry Water table: Apparent Chroma: 1 or 2 Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Texture: Stratified sandy clay loam, sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam Bonebasin Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) pebbles Drainage class: Very poorly drained Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 15 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Native plant cover type: Rangeland 2C horizon Flooding: Rare Hue: 10YR or variegated Water table: Apparent Value: 4 or 5 moist; 5 or 6 dry Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Texture: Loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, sand, or coarse sand A typical description with range in characteristics is Clay content: 0 to 10 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 338 Soil Survey

Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

559A—Threeriv-Bonebasin loams, 561A—Threeriv-Greycliff complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, irrigation 0 to 2 percent slopes induced wetness Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Threeriv—Stream terraces • Threeriv—Stream terraces • Greycliff—Stream terraces • Bonebasin—Stream terraces Slope: Slope: • Threeriv—0 to 2 percent • Threeriv—0 to 2 percent • Greycliff—0 to 2 percent • Bonebasin—0 to 2 percent Elevation: 4,000 to 4,300 feet Elevation: 4,100 to 4,650 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Threeriv and similar soils: 65 percent Threeriv and similar soils: 45 percent Greycliff and similar soils: 20 percent Bonebasin and similar soils: 45 percent Minor Components Minor Components Bigsandy silty clay loam: 0 to 10 percent Blossberg loam: 0 to 5 percent Reycreek loam: 0 to 5 percent Fairway loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Threeriv Threeriv Surface layer texture: Silty clay loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Very poorly drained Drainage class: Very poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: Rare Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Greycliff Bonebasin Surface layer texture: Silt loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Drainage class: Very poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Flooding: Rare Water table: Apparent Water table: Apparent Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.0 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.7 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 339

Management moderate fine and very fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, For management information about this map unit, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. medium and few fine and coarse roots; 10 percent flagstones and 45 percent channers; common fine Tiban Series masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk2—44 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) Drainage class: Well drained extremely channery loam, brown (10YR 5/3) Permeability: Moderate moist; massive; loose, nonsticky, and nonplastic; Landform: Mountains and hills few medium and coarse roots; 15 percent Parent material: Sandstone, dolomite, or argillite flagstones and 50 percent channers; common fine colluvium masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately Slope range: 4 to 70 percent alkaline. Elevation range: 4,300 to 7,300 feet Range in Characteristics Annual precipitation: 17 to 24 inches Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Depth to the Bk horizon: 15 to 30 inches superactive Ustic Haplocryolls A horizon Hue: 10YR to 2.5YR Typical Pedon Value: 3, 4, or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Tiban channery loam, in an area of Tiban-Castner Clay content: 18 to 27 percent channery loams, 45 to 70 percent slopes, in an area of Content of rock fragments: 15 to 25 percent—0 to forest land, 1,600 feet north and 1,300 feet east of the 5 percent stones; 5 to 20 percent channers or southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 3 N., R. 3 E. pebbles Oi—0 to 4 inches; moderately decomposed needles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 and twigs. Bw horizons A—4 to 16 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Hue: 10YR to 2.5YR 3/2) channery loam; black (10YR 2/1) moist; Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist moderate medium granular structure; slightly hard, Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Texture: Loam or clay loam many very fine and fine roots; 15 percent Clay content: 18 to 35 percent channers; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 25 to 55 percent—0 to Bw1—16 to 19 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 10 percent stones; 0 to 5 percent cobbles or channery loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; flagstones; 25 to 50 percent channers or moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky pebbles structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 and slightly plastic; many fine and common medium roots; 30 percent channers; neutral; clear Bk horizons wavy boundary. Hue: 10YR to 2.5YR Bw2—19 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist very channery loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 4/4) moist; moderate very fine and fine subangular Texture: Loam or clay loam blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Clay content: 18 to 35 percent sticky, and slightly plastic; common fine and Content of rock fragments: 50 to 80 percent—0 to medium and few coarse roots; 5 percent 10 percent stones; 10 to 20 percent flagstones flagstones and 45 percent channers; neutral; or cobbles; 40 to 60 percent channers or abrupt smooth boundary. pebbles Bk1— 29 to 44 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent very channery loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 340 Soil Survey

680F—Tiban cobbly loam, Minor Components 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony Tiban very stony loam: 0 to 8 percent Copenhaver and similar soils: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Setting Landform: Mountains Major Component Description Slope: 35 to 60 percent Tiban Elevation: 5,000 to 7,300 feet Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Drainage class: Well drained Composition Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Major Components Flooding: None Tiban and similar soils: 85 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches Minor Components Soils 40 inches or less deep to bedrock: 0 to 8 percent Bridger Accola loam: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Loam Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 7.8 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Dolomite colluvium A typical description with range in characteristics is Native plant cover type: Forest land included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.4 inches Management A typical description with range in characteristics is For management information about this map unit, included, in alphabetical order, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 461G—Tiban-Adel complex, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 40 to 70 percent slopes

Setting 678E—Tiban, stony-Bridger complex, 4 to 25 percent slopes Landform: • Tiban—Hills • Adel—Hills Setting Slope: Landform: • Tiban—40 to 70 percent • Tiban—Hills • Adel—40 to 60 percent • Bridger—Drainageways Elevation: 4,600 to 5,850 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches • Tiban—4 to 25 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days • Bridger—4 to 25 percent Elevation: 5,600 to 6,450 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Major Components Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Tiban and similar soils: 60 percent Composition Adel and similar soils: 30 percent Major Components Minor Components Tiban and similar soils: 50 percent Copenhaver flaggy loam: 0 to 8 percent Bridger and similar soils: 35 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 341

Major Component Description Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Tiban Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Channery loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 6.5 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Castner Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Channery loam Flooding: None Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 6.5 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Adel Native plant cover type: Rangeland Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Colluvium A typical description with range in characteristics is Native plant cover type: Rangeland included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches Management A typical description with range in characteristics is For management information about this map unit, included, in alphabetical order, in this section. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 478G—Tiban-Castner channery loams, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 45 to 70 percent slopes

Setting 478E—Tiban-Castner channery loams, 15 to 45 percent slopes Landform: • Tiban—Hills, north aspects • Castner—Hills, south aspects Setting Slope: Landform: • Tiban—45 to 70 percent • Tiban—Hills, north aspects • Castner—45 to 70 percent • Castner—Hills, south aspects Elevation: 4,300 to 6,700 feet Slope: Mean annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches • Tiban—15 to 45 percent Frost-free period: 65 to 100 days • Castner—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 6,750 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches Major Components Frost-free period: 65 to 100 days Tiban and similar soils: 55 percent Composition Castner and similar soils: 30 percent Major Components Minor Components Tiban and similar soils: 70 percent Timberlin flaggy loam: 0 to 8 percent Castner and similar soils: 20 percent Soils with slopes less than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Minor Components Timberlin stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 3 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Tiban Surface layer texture: Channery loam Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Tiban Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Channery loam Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Forest land 342 Soil Survey

Flooding: None subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Available water capacity: Mainly 6.5 inches friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium and Castner coarse roots; common distinct clay films on faces Surface layer texture: Channery loam of peds and lining pores; 30 percent flagstones Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) and 15 percent channers; neutral; clear smooth Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Bt2—11 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very flaggy Native plant cover type: Rangeland clay loam; brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Flooding: None medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches friable, very sticky, and very plastic; common very fine and few fine and medium roots; common A typical description with range in characteristics is distinct clay films on faces of peds and lining included, in alphabetical order, in this section. pores; 30 percent flagstones and 15 percent channers; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Management Cr—25 to 30 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) For management information about this map unit, semiconsolidated shale that textures to clay loam; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. slightly acid. R—30 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) hard sandstone. Timberlin Series Range in Characteristics Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Drainage class: Well drained Depth to the R horizon: 20 to 40 inches Permeability: Moderately slow Note: The A horizon does not meet the thickness Landform: Mountains and hills requirements for a mollic epipedon. Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum A horizon Slope range: 15 to 60 percent Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Elevation range: 4,800 to 7,900 feet Chroma: 1 or 2 Annual precipitation: 17 to 24 inches Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 3 Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days percent stones; 0 to 20 percent flagstones or angular cobbles; 5 to 15 percent channers or Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, angular pebbles superactive Ustollic Haplocryalfs Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3

Typical Pedon Note: Some pedons contain an E horizon below the A horizon. Timberlin very flaggy loam, in an area of Bangtail- Timberlin, stony complex, moist, 15 to 45 percent Bt1 horizon slopes, in an area of forest land, 1,400 feet south and Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y 300 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 11, Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist T. 1 N., R. 7 E. Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: Sandy clay loam or clay loam Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves, needles, Clay content: 25 to 35 percent and twigs. Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—20 A—1 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) flaggy to 35 percent flagstones or angular cobbles; 15 loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate to 25 percent channers or angular pebbles medium granular structure; soft, very friable, Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine, common medium, and few coarse roots; Bt2 horizon 20 percent flagstones and 15 percent channers; Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y neutral; clear smooth boundary. Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Bt1—6 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very flaggy Chroma: 3 or 4 clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine Texture: Sandy clay loam or clay loam Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 343

Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Management Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—20 For management information about this map unit, to 40 percent flagstones or angular cobbles; 15 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. to 30 percent channers or angular pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Tolbert Series

694F—Timberlin-Copenhaver complex, Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) 35 to 60 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Setting Landform: Hills and sedimentary plains Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale Landform: residuum, igneous residuum, sandstone • Timberlin—Mountains residuum, or argillite residuum • Copenhaver—Mountains Slope range: 2 to 70 percent Slope: Elevation range: 4,250 to 7,100 feet • Timberlin—35 to 60 percent Annual precipitation: 10 to 22 inches • Copenhaver—35 to 60 percent Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Elevation: 5,000 to 7,900 feet Frost-free period: 80 to 115 days Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Lithic Argiustolls Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Tolbert cobbly loam, in an area of Tolbert, stony-Rock Timberlin and similar soils: 65 percent outcrop complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of Copenhaver and similar soils: 25 percent rangeland, 200 feet north and 3,300 feet east of the Minor Components southwest corner of sec. 8, T. 1 S., R. 1 E. Bangtail loam, moist: 0 to 7 percent A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly Rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Major Component Description slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Timberlin and fine and few medium roots; 10 percent Surface layer texture: Loam angular cobbles and 15 percent angular pebbles; Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) neutral; clear wavy boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bt1—4 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very cobbly Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak shale residuum medium prismatic structure parting to moderate Native plant cover type: Forest land fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, Flooding: None slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very Available water capacity: Mainly 2.3 inches fine and fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds and rock fragments; 35 percent angular Copenhaver cobbles and 25 percent angular pebbles; slightly Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Bt2—10 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Drainage class: Well drained very cobbly clay loam, dark yellowish brown Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine subangular shale residuum blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky, and Native plant cover type: Forest land slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few faint clay Flooding: None films on faces of peds and rock fragments; 5 Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches percent stones, 35 percent angular cobbles, and 20 percent angular pebbles; slightly alkaline; clear A typical description with range in characteristics is wavy boundary. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. R— 16 inches; hard, fractured volcanic rock. 344 Soil Survey

Range in Characteristics Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 16 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches Management A horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y For management information about this map unit, Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 2 or 3 Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 15 to 70 percent—0 to 739E—Tolbert, stony-Rock outcrop 10 percent stones; 10 to 25 percent cobbles; 5 complex, 15 to 60 percent slopes to 45 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.4 Setting Bt horizons Landform: Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y • Tolbert—Hills Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist • Rock outcrop—Hills Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Slope: 15 to 60 percent Texture: Loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam Elevation: 4,500 to 6,200 feet Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Content of rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent—0 to Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 5 percent stones; 20 to 40 percent cobbles; 15 Composition to 30 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Major Components Tolbert and similar soils: 65 percent Rock outcrop: 20 percent 339E—Tolbert cobbly loam, 8 to 35 percent slopes, very stony Minor Components Anceney stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Blaincreek channery loam: 0 to 5 percent Setting Soils less than 10 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 Landform: Hills percent Slope: 8 to 35 percent Elevation: 5,000 to 6,100 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Tolbert Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Composition Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Tolbert and similar soils: 90 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Minor Components Flooding: None Reedwest loam: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 4 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Rock outcrop Definition: Exposures of argillite bedrock. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam A typical description with range in characteristics is Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Drainage class: Well drained Management Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum For management information about this map unit, Native plant cover type: Rangeland see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 345

739D—Tolbert, stony-Rock outcrop Composition complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes Major Components Tolbert and similar soils: 65 percent Setting Rock outcrop: 20 percent Landform: Minor Components • Tolbert—Hills Anceney cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent • Rock outcrop—Hills Blaincreek loam: 0 to 5 percent Slope: 8 to 15 percent Reedpoint less that 10 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 Elevation: 4,800 to 5,900 feet percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Major Component Description Composition Tolbert Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Major Components Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Tolbert and similar soils: 65 percent Drainage class: Well drained Rock outcrop: 20 percent Dominant parent material: Igneous residuum Minor Components Native plant cover type: Rangeland Blaincreek channery loam: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Soils less than 10 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop Definition: Exposures of extrusive igneous rock. Major Component Description Tolbert A typical description with range in characteristics is Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Management Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum For management information about this map unit, Native plant cover type: Rangeland see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches 870D—Tolbert-Absarook-Rock outcrop Rock outcrop complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes Definition: Exposures of argillite bedrock. Setting A typical description with range in characteristics is Landform: included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Tolbert—Hills Management • Absarook—Hills • Rock outcrop—Hills For management information about this map unit, Slope: see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Tolbert—4 to 15 percent • Absarook—4 to 15 percent 239E—Tolbert, stony-Rock outcrop Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet complex, 8 to 45 percent slopes Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Setting Landform: Hills Composition Slope: 8 to 45 percent Major Components Elevation: 4,250 to 5,300 feet Tolbert and similar soils: 50 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Absarook and similar soils: 30 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Rock outcrop: 10 percent 346 Soil Survey

Minor Components Composition Farnuf loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Major Components Tolbert and similar soils: 45 percent Major Component Description Absarook and similar soils: 30 percent Rock outcrop: 15 percent Tolbert Minor Components Surface layer texture: Channery loam Farnuf loam: 0 to 5 percent Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Major Component Description shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Tolbert Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Channery loam Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Absarook Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Surface layer texture: Loam shale residuum Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland Absarook Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Rock outcrop Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Definition: Exposures of sandstone bedrock. shale residuum Native plant cover type: Rangeland A typical description with range in characteristics is Flooding: None included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.3 inches Management Rock outcrop For management information about this map unit, Definition: Exposures of sandstone bedrock. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 870E—Tolbert-Absarook-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes Management

Setting For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Landform: • Tolbert—Hills • Absarook—Hills 439D—Tolbert-Blaincreek complex, • Rock outcrop—Hills 2 to 15 percent slopes Slope: • Tolbert—15 to 35 percent Setting • Absarook—15 to 35 percent Elevation: 4,400 to 6,450 feet Landform: Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches • Tolbert—Hills Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days • Blaincreek—Hills Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 347

Slope: Slope: • Tolbert—2 to 15 percent • Tolbert—15 to 45 percent • Blaincreek—2 to 15 percent • Blaincreek—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 5,450 to 6,600 feet • Adel—15 to 45 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Elevation: 4,400 to 6,500 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Mean annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 65 to 100 days Composition Composition Major Components Tolbert and similar soils: 55 percent Major Components Blaincreek and similar soils: 30 percent Tolbert and similar soils: 35 percent Blaincreek and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Adel and similar soils: 20 percent Shawmut gravelly loam: 0 to 8 percent Bowery loam: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Tolex and similar soils: 0 to 8 percent Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Tolbert Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Channery loam Tolbert Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Surface layer texture: Channery loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.9 inches Blaincreek Surface layer texture: Loam Blaincreek Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Surface layer texture: Loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 2.5 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.5 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Adel Management Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) For management information about this map unit, Drainage class: Well drained see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland 439E—Tolbert-Blaincreek-Adel complex, Flooding: None 15 to 45 percent slopes Available water capacity: Mainly 9.3 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Setting included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: Management • Tolbert—Hills • Blaincreek—Hills For management information about this map unit, • Adel—Hills see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 348 Soil Survey

Tolex Series Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) loam Drainage class: Well drained Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Content of rock fragments: 50 to 75 percent—10 Landform: Hills to 15 percent cobbles or flagstones; 40 to 60 Parent material: Argillite residuum percent pebbles or channers Slope range: 15 to 70 percent Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Elevation range: 4,200 to 6,700 feet Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F 812E—Tolex very channery coarse Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days sandy loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes

Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Setting superactive, frigid Lithic Haplustalfs Landform: Hills Typical Pedon Slope: 15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,750 to 6,400 feet Tolex very channery coarse sandy loam, 45 to 70 Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, 2,000 feet Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days south and 300 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 31, T. 4 N., R. 4 E. Composition E—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very channery Major Components coarse sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Tolex and similar soils: 85 percent weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, and nonplastic; common very fine and Minor Components fine and few medium roots; 5 percent flagstones Soils more than 20 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 10 and 40 percent channers; neutral; clear smooth percent boundary. Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Bt—4 to 15 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) extremely channery clay loam, yellowish brown Major Component Description (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; hard, friable, Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few Drainage class: Well drained faint clay films on faces of peds and coarse Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum fragments; few very fine and medium roots; 15 Native plant cover type: Rangeland percent flagstones and 55 percent channers; Flooding: None slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 1.0 inches R—15 inches; hard platy argillite. Range in Characteristics A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Soil temperature: 44 to 47 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Management Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches For management information about this map unit, E horizon see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 812G—Tolex very channery coarse Clay content: 10 to 20 percent sandy loam, 45 to 70 percent slopes Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent—5 to 10 percent cobbles or flagstones; 30 to 50 Setting percent pebbles or channers Landform: Hills Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 Slope: 45 to 70 percent Bt horizon Elevation: 4,200 to 6,350 feet Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 349

Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Tolex and similar soils: 90 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Soils more than 20 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 8 912G—Tolex very channery coarse sandy percent loam, moist, 45 to 70 percent slopes Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Hills Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Slope: 45 to 70 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,400 to 6,700 feet Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 1.0 inches Major Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Tolex and similar soils: 90 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Management Soils more than 20 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 8 percent For management information about this map unit, Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description 912E—Tolex very channery coarse sandy Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) loam, moist, 15 to 45 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Setting Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Landform: Hills Available water capacity: Mainly 1.0 inches Slope: 15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,700 to 6,450 feet A typical description with range in characteristics is Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Management Composition For management information about this map unit, Major Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Tolex and similar soils: 90 percent Minor Components Soils more than 20 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 8 Toston Series percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Permeability: Slow Major Component Description Landform: Stream terraces Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Parent material: Alluvium Drainage class: Well drained Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Elevation range: 3,950 to 4,350 feet Native plant cover type: Forest land Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Flooding: None Annual air temperature: 43 to 45 degrees F Available water capacity: Mainly 1.0 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 120 days

A typical description with range in characteristics is Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, included, in alphabetical order, in this section. frigid Aridic Natrustalfs 350 Soil Survey

Typical Pedon masses of lime; violently effervescent; very strongly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Toston loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in an area of Cn—40 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 4/2) rangeland, 800 feet south and 700 feet east of the sandy clay loam with strata of clay loam and northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 3 N., R. 3 E. loamy sand, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 6/2) dry; A—0 to 3 inches; gray (10YR 3/2) loam, very dark few fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) grayish brown (10YR 6/1) dry; weak medium platy redox concentrations; massive; hard, firm, structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; slightly plastic; many very fine and few medium violently effervescent; very strongly alkaline. roots; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Range in Characteristics abrupt smooth boundary. Btny—3 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay, Soil temperature: 45 to 47 degrees F very dark gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate coarse Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches prismatic structure parting to strong fine angular Depth to seasonal high water table: 24 to 42 inches blocky; very hard, very friable, very sticky, and Depth to the Bkn horizon: 6 to 20 inches very plastic; many very fine and few medium A horizon roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y few fine masses of gypsum; strongly alkaline; Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist clear smooth boundary. Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Bknyz1—8 to 20 inches; light brownish gray (10YR Clay content: 20 to 27 percent 4/2) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 2 to 8 6/2) dry; moderate coarse prismatic structure Sodium adsorption ratio: 0 to 8 parting to strong medium angular blocky; very Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.0 hard, very firm, very sticky, and very plastic; many Note: Cultivated areas have an Ap horizon of silty very fine and few medium roots; few fine masses clay loam or silty clay. of gypsum and other salts; many fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear Btny horizon smooth boundary. Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Bknyz2—20 to 24 inches; light brownish gray (10YR Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist 4/2) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 6/2) dry; few fine and medium faint dark yellowish Texture: Silty clay or silty clay loam brown (10YR 3/4) redox concentrations; moderate Clay content: 35 to 45 percent coarse prismatic structure parting to strong Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 4 to 8 medium angular blocky; very hard, very firm, very Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 30 sticky, and very plastic; few very fine and fine Reaction: pH 8.5 to 9.6 roots; few fine masses of gypsum and other salts; Bknyz horizons many fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y strongly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Bknyz3—24 to 32 inches; gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 loam, very dark gray (10YR 5/1) dry; few fine and Clay content: 27 to 35 percent medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 8 to 16 redox concentrations; moderate coarse prismatic Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 30 structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent very hard, very firm, very sticky, and very plastic; Reaction: pH 8.5 to 9.5 few very fine and fine roots; few fine masses of gypsum and other salts; many fine masses of Cn horizon lime; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y smooth boundary. Value: 6 or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Bknyz4—32 to 40 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 4/2) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 6/2) Texture: Stratified clay loam to loamy sand dry; few fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR Clay content: 10 to 30 percent 4/4) redox concentrations; weak fine subangular Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm): 8 to 16 blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky, Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 30 and very plastic; few very fine roots; few fine Calcium carbonate equivalent: 2 to 15 percent masses of gypsum and other salts; many fine Reaction: pH 7.9 to 9.6 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 351

502A—Toston loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Typical Pedon Trimad cobbly loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area Setting of cropland, 900 feet north and 300 feet west of the Landform: Stream terraces southeast corner of sec. 3, T. 2 S., R. 1 E. Slope: 0 to 2 percent Ap—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly Elevation: 3,950 to 4,250 feet loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches weak medium and fine subangular blocky Frost-free period: 95 to 120 days structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine and few Composition medium roots; 10 percent cobbles and 10 percent Major Components pebbles; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; Toston and similar soils: 85 percent clear smooth boundary. Bk1—5 to 19 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Minor Components loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate medium Ryell sandy loam: 0 to 8 percent and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly Alona silt loam: 0 to 5 percent hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Bonebasin loam: 0 to 2 percent plastic; many very fine and fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; common distinct Major Component Description lime coatings on coarse fragments; disseminated lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Surface layer texture: Loam clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk2—19 to 25 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained cobbly sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Dominant parent material: Alluvium moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Native plant cover type: Rangeland slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, and Flooding: None nonplastic; few very fine roots; 20 percent cobbles Water table: Apparent and 25 percent pebbles; common distinct lime Salt affected: Saline within 30 inches coatings on coarse fragments; disseminated lime; Sodium affected: Sodic within 30 inches violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches wavy boundary. Bk3—25 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) very gravelly A typical description with range in characteristics is sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) moist; included, in alphabetical order, in this section. weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very Management friable, slightly sticky, and nonplastic; 15 percent cobbles and 30 percent pebbles; common distinct For management information about this map unit, lime coatings on coarse fragments; few prominent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. lime casts on coarse fragments; disseminated lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Trimad Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Moisture control section: Between 8 and 24 inches Permeability: Moderate Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 10 inches Landform: Relict stream terraces, escarpments, Depth to the Bk horizon: 4 to 7 inches alluvial fans, and stream terraces Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Ap horizon Slope range: 0 to 60 percent Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Elevation range: 4,000 to 5,700 feet Chroma: 2 or 3 Annual precipitation: 10 to 16 inches Texture: Loam or sandy loam Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Clay content: 10 to 27 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 115 days Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—5 to 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 10 percent superactive, frigid Aridic Calciustolls Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 352 Soil Survey

Note: Uncultivated areas may contain a Bw horizon. Major Component Description Bk1 horizon Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 2 or 3 Dominant parent material: Alluvium Texture: Loam or sandy loam Native plant cover type: Rangeland Clay content: 10 to 27 percent Flooding: None Content of rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent—5 to Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches 20 percent cobbles; 10 to 30 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 15 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Bk2 horizon Management Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y For management information about this map unit, Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Loam or sandy loam Clay content: 10 to 15 percent 242C—Trimad cobbly loam, Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—10 4 to 8 percent slopes to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 50 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 25 percent Setting Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Landform: Relict stream terraces Bk3 horizon Slope: 4 to 8 percent Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Elevation: 4,050 to 5,000 feet Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 5 or 6 moist Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Clay content: 10 to 15 percent Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—10 Composition to 20 percent cobbles; 25 to 50 percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 25 percent Major Components Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Trimad and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components 242B—Trimad cobbly loam, Binna loam: 0 to 5 percent 0 to 4 percent slopes Scravo cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Trimad very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Setting Major Component Description Landform: Relict stream terraces Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Slope: 0 to 4 percent Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Elevation: 4,300 to 5,250 feet Drainage class: Well drained Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Major Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Trimad and similar soils: 85 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Management Binna loam: 0 to 5 percent Scravo cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Trimad very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 353

242D—Trimad cobbly loam, Minor Components 8 to 15 percent slopes Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent Scravo cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 3 percent Setting Cabbart loam: 0 to 2 percent Landform: Relict stream terraces Major Component Description Slope: 8 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,250 to 5,350 feet Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Composition Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Major Components Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Trimad and similar soils: 85 percent Minor Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Binna loam: 0 to 5 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Scravo cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Management Trimad very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Major Component Description see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 742F—Trimad cobbly loam, moist, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 35 to 60 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Landform: Escarpments Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Slope: 35 to 60 percent Elevation: 4,100 to 5,250 feet A typical description with range in characteristics is Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Composition Management Major Components For management information about this map unit, Trimad and similar soils: 85 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Cabbart loam: 0 to 5 percent 242E—Trimad cobbly loam, Kalsted sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes Quigley loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Escarpments Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 15 to 35 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,050 to 5,500 feet Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.5 inches Composition Major Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Trimad and similar soils: 85 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 354 Soil Survey

Management Minor Components Musselshell loam: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Scravo cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Trimad cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent

42B—Trimad loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Relict stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 0 to 4 percent Dominant parent material: Alluvium Elevation: 4,000 to 5,200 feet Native plant cover type: Rangeland Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Trimad and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Crago cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Musselshell loam: 0 to 5 percent Trimad cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Turner Series Major Component Description Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Permeability: Moderate above the 2C horizon and Drainage class: Well drained rapid in the 2C horizon Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Stream terraces Native plant cover type: Rangeland Parent material: Alluvium Flooding: None Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.4 inches Elevation range: 4,300 to 5,400 feet Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Management Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy For management information about this map unit, skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Argiustolls Typical Pedon 442B—Trimad loam, calcareous surface, 0 to 4 percent slopes Turner loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of cropland, 1,900 feet south and 350 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 17, T. 1 N., R. 5 E. Setting Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, very dark Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate fine granular Slope: 0 to 4 percent structure; slightly hard, very friable, moderately Elevation: 4,200 to 4,400 feet sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches and few medium roots; 5 percent pebbles; neutral; Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days abrupt smooth boundary. Bt—6 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Composition brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Major Components prismatic structure parting to moderate fine Trimad and similar soils: 85 percent subangular blocky; hard, friable, moderately Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 355

sticky, and moderately plastic; many very fine and Chroma: 2 or 3 common fine roots; 5 percent pebbles; slightly Texture: Silty clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. loam, or loam Bk1—12 to 18 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Clay content: 25 to 35 percent 6/4) clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; common Bk horizons very fine and few fine roots; 2 percent cobbles and Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y 10 percent pebbles; many medium masses of Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, 6, or 7 moist lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 clear smooth boundary. Texture: Loam, clay loam, or sandy loam Bk2—18 to 22 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Clay content: 18 to 35 percent 6/4) gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to 5 medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, percent cobbles; 0 to 25 percent pebbles very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent very fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 pebbles; common fine masses of lime; common distinct lime crusts on the underside of coarse 2C horizon fragments; violently effervescent; moderately Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Bk3—22 to 26 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 6/4) gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR Texture: Loamy sand or sand 5/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky Clay content: 0 to 5 percent structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and Content of rock fragments: 35 to 80 percent—5 to slightly plastic; few very fine roots; 5 percent 20 percent cobbles; 30 to 60 percent pebbles cobbles and 20 percent pebbles; common faint Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 10 percent lime crusts on the underside of rock fragments; Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 2C—26 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) 57B—Turner loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes extremely gravelly loamy sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single grain; loose, nonsticky, and Setting nonplastic; 20 percent cobbles and 50 percent Landform: Stream terraces pebbles; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. Slope: 0 to 4 percent Elevation: 4,350 to 5,400 feet Range in Characteristics Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Composition Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 15 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 11 to 20 inches Major Components Depth to the 2C horizon: 20 to 40 inches Turner and similar soils: 85 percent A horizon Minor Components Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Beaverton cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Corbly cobbly sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Chroma: 2 or 3 Martinsdale loam: 0 to 5 percent Clay content: 15 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 Major Component Description percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Surface layer texture: Loam Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bt horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Dominant parent material: Alluvium Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Native plant cover type: Rangeland 356 Soil Survey

Flooding: None Parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy sedimentary Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches beds Slope range: 4 to 35 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Elevation range: 4,100 to 5,500 feet included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Management Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aridic Argiustolls 457A—Turner loam, moderately wet, Typical Pedon 0 to 2 percent slopes Udecide cobbly sandy clay loam, in an area of Udecide-Cabbart complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes, in Setting an area of native rangeland, 1,600 feet south and 1,400 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 20, Landform: Stream terraces T. 1 N., R. 1 E. Slope: 0 to 2 percent Elevation: 4,300 to 5,200 feet A—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches sandy clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 3/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Composition many very fine and fine and few medium roots; 10 Major Components percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; slightly Turner and similar soils: 85 percent alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bt1—5 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Minor Components loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Beaverton cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, Meadowcreek loam: 0 to 5 percent firm, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Turner loam: 0 to 5 percent very fine and few medium roots; few faint clay Major Component Description films on faces of peds; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Surface layer texture: Loam Bt2—7 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Drainage class: Well drained medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Dominant parent material: Alluvium moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Native plant cover type: Rangeland common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Flooding: None many faint clay films on faces of peds; slightly Water table: Apparent alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Bk—12 to 32 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) sandy clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; weak fine A typical description with range in characteristics is subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly included, in alphabetical order, in this section. sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine Management roots; common medium masses of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy For management information about this map unit, boundary. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Cr—32 to 60 inches; weakly consolidated sandstone. Range in Characteristics Udecide Series Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Drainage class: Well drained Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 10 inches Permeability: Moderately slow Depth to the Bk horizon: 10 to 22 inches Landform: Hills, sedimentary plains, and escarpments Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 357

A horizon Drainage class: Well drained Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Value: 2 or 3 moist sedimentary beds Chroma: 2 or 3 Native plant cover type: Rangeland Texture: Sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silt loam Flooding: None Clay content: 20 to 30 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 20 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles A typical description with range in characteristics is Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Bt horizons Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y For management information about this map unit, Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Sandy clay loam or clay loam Clay content: 20 to 35 percent 724C—Udecide-Cabbart complex, Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 4 to 8 percent slopes percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Setting Landform: Bk horizon • Udecide—Sedimentary plains Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y • Cabbart—Sedimentary plains Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Slope: Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 • Udecide—4 to 8 percent Texture: Sandy loam or sandy clay loam • Cabbart—4 to 8 percent Clay content: 15 to 30 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 5,400 feet Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 20 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Composition Major Components 24C—Udecide silt loam, Udecide and similar soils: 60 percent 4 to 8 percent slopes Cabbart and similar soils: 25 percent Minor Components Setting Varney clay loam: 0 to 10 percent Headwaters loam: 0 to 5 percent Landform: Sedimentary plains Slope: 4 to 8 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 5,000 to 5,350 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Udecide Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Surface layer texture: Sandy clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Major Components Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Udecide and similar soils: 85 percent sedimentary beds Native plant cover type: Rangeland Minor Components Flooding: None Varney sandy clay loam: 0 to 10 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.7 inches Cabbart loam: 0 to 5 percent Cabbart Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Silt loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained 358 Soil Survey

Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Flooding: None sedimentary beds Available water capacity: Mainly 3.3 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 3.3 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 724E—Udecide-Cabbart complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes

724D—Udecide-Cabbart complex, Setting 8 to 15 percent slopes Landform: • Udecide—Escarpments Setting • Cabbart—Escarpments Landform: Slope: • Udecide—Hills • Udecide—15 to 35 percent • Cabbart—Hills • Cabbart—30 to 45 percent Slope: Elevation: 4,150 to 5,500 feet • Udecide—8 to 15 percent Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches • Cabbart—8 to 15 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Elevation: 4,150 to 5,500 feet Composition Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Major Components Udecide and similar soils: 65 percent Composition Cabbart and similar soils: 20 percent Major Components Minor Components Udecide and similar soils: 60 percent Varney clay loam: 0 to 8 percent Cabbart and similar soils: 25 percent Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Varney clay loam: 0 to 10 percent Major Component Description Tanna clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Udecide Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy clay loam Udecide Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Surface layer texture: Sandy clay loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Drainage class: Well drained sedimentary beds Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Native plant cover type: Rangeland sedimentary beds Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.7 inches Cabbart Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy loam Cabbart Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Surface layer texture: Loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Drainage class: Well drained sedimentary beds Dominant parent material: Semiconsolidated, loamy Native plant cover type: Rangeland sedimentary beds Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Rangeland Available water capacity: Mainly 3.2 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 359

A typical description with range in characteristics is pores; many distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 included, in alphabetical order, in this section. percent pebbles; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Management Bt2—23 to 32 inches; light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) For management information about this map unit, clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. moderate medium prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Uinta Series few fine, medium, and coarse roots; common fine pores; many distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) percent pebbles; slightly acid; gradual smooth Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Permeability: Moderate Bt3—32 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) clay Landform: Mountains loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; weak Parent material: Argillite colluvium or interbedded medium prismatic structure; slightly hard, firm, sandstone and shale residuum moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few fine Slope range: 8 to 45 percent and medium roots; few fine pores; 10 percent Elevation range: 5,450 to 6,700 feet pebbles; slightly acid. Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Range in Characteristics Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Eutric Glossocryalfs E horizon Typical Pedon Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Uinta loam, in an area of Uinta-Paddy complex, cool, Chroma: 3 or 4 15 to 45 percent slopes, in an area of forest land, Clay content: 15 to 25 percent 4,100 feet north and 1,200 feet east of the southwest Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 corner of sec. 11, T. 5 N., R. 4 E. percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Oi—0 to 1 inch; undecomposed needles, twigs, grass, Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 leaves, plants, and roots. E/Bt horizon E—1 to 6 inches; light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) loam, Hue: 5YR or 2.5YR reddish brown (5YR 4/3) moist; moderate very fine Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist and fine granular structure; soft, friable, slightly Chroma: 3 or 4 sticky, and slightly plastic; many fine and common Texture: Loam or clay loam medium roots; many very fine and fine pores; 5 Clay content: 20 to 30 percent percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; slightly Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 acid; clear smooth boundary. percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles E/Bt—6 to 14 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) clay Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 loam, dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak Bt horizons fine granular; soft, friable, moderately sticky, and Hue: 5YR or 2.5YR moderately plastic; common fine and medium and Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist few coarse roots; common very fine and fine Chroma: 3 or 4 pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 Clay content: 27 to 35 percent percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 5 boundary. percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles Bt1—14 to 23 inches; light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.8 clay loam, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate Note: The Uinta soil as mapped in Gallatin County is a fine and medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, taxadjunct to the series. It classifies as Fine- firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; loamy, mixed, superactive Ustic Haplocryolls. Use few fine, medium, and coarse roots; common fine and management is similar. 360 Soil Survey

490E—Uinta-Paddy complex, 390E—Uinta-Paddy complex, cool, 15 to 45 percent slopes 15 to 45 percent slopes

Setting Setting Landform: Landform: • Uinta—Mountains • Uinta—Mountains • Paddy—Mountains • Paddy—Mountains Slope: Slope: • Uinta—15 to 45 percent • Uinta—15 to 45 percent • Paddy—15 to 45 percent • Paddy—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 5,450 to 6,550 feet Elevation: 5,800 to 6,650 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Composition Composition Major Components Uinta and similar soils: 50 percent Major Components Paddy and similar soils: 40 percent Uinta and similar soils: 50 percent Paddy and similar soils: 40 percent Minor Components Uinta very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Minor Components Soils less than 10 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 4 Uinta stony loam: 0 to 8 percent percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Uinta Uinta Surface layer texture: Loam Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Dominant parent material: Argillite colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 9.1 inches

Paddy Paddy Surface layer texture: Clay loam Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Dominant parent material: Argillite residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 2.6 inches

A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 361

UL—Urban land clay films on faces of peds; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bk1—16 to 24 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Composition loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; weak Major Components coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate Urban land: 100 percent medium angular blocky; soft, very friable, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; common Major Component Description fine roots; common fine masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth Definition: Urban, built-up areas, mostly covered with boundary. asphalt, concrete, and buildings. Bk2—24 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine subangular Varney Series blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few fine roots; few fine masses Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Range in Characteristics Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Parent material: Alluvium Soil temperature: 43 to 47 degrees F Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Elevation range: 3,950 to 5,300 feet Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 10 inches Annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Depth to the Bk horizon: 10 to 20 inches Annual air temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Ap horizon Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 2 or 3 moist Taxonomic Class: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, Chroma: 2 or 3 frigid Calcidic Argiustolls Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam Typical Pedon Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent—0 to Varney clay loam, 0 to 4 percent slopes, in an area of 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles cropland, 2,200 feet south and 300 feet east of the Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 northwest corner of sec. 32, T. 1 N., R. 1 E. Bt horizons Ap—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist moderate fine angular blocky structure; hard, Chroma: 2 or 3 friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam very fine and fine roots; slightly alkaline; clear Clay content: 27 to 35 percent smooth boundary. Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to Bt1—4 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 15 percent cobbles; 0 to 20 percent pebbles clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 medium prismatic structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; hard, friable, moderately Bk horizons sticky, and moderately plastic; common very fine Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y and fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, 6, or 7 moist of peds; slightly alkaline; clear irregular boundary. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Bt2—10 to 16 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Texture: Loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong clay loam medium angular blocky structure; hard, friable, Clay content: 10 to 30 percent moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent—0 to 5 common very fine and fine roots; common distinct percent cobbles; 0 to 30 percent pebbles 362 Soil Survey

Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 30 percent Minor Components Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent Sappington loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent 44B—Varney clay loam, Major Component Description 0 to 4 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 0 to 4 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,100 to 5,200 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Varney and similar soils: 85 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Attewan loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Sappington loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 5 percent 244B—Varney cobbly loam, Major Component Description 0 to 4 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 0 to 4 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,600 to 5,150 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.5 inches Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Varney and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Amesha loam: 0 to 5 percent Sappington cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent 44C—Varney clay loam, Varney very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent 4 to 8 percent slopes Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Slope: 4 to 8 percent Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 3,950 to 5,350 feet Dominant parent material: Alluvium Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 7.4 inches Composition Major Components A typical description with range in characteristics is Varney and similar soils: 85 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 363

Management Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Haplustalfs For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Typical Pedon Vision cobbly loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes, very 44D—Varney sandy clay loam, stony, in an area of forest land, 1,300 feet north and 8 to 15 percent slopes 1,800 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 33, T. 5 N., R. 4 E. Setting A—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly Landform: Relict stream terraces and alluvial fans loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine Slope: 8 to 15 percent granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, Elevation: 4,100 to 5,350 feet and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine and Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches few medium roots; 5 percent stones, 10 percent Frost-free period: 95 to 115 days cobbles, and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Composition Bt1—7 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Major Components subangular blocky structure parting to moderate Varney and similar soils: 85 percent fine granular; soft, very friable, moderately sticky, Minor Components and slightly plastic; many very fine, common fine, Sappington loam: 0 to 5 percent and few medium roots; common distinct clay films Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent on faces of peds; 5 percent stones, 10 percent Udecide sandy clay loam: 0 to 5 percent cobbles, and 20 percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Major Component Description Bt2—13 to 24 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak Surface layer texture: Sandy clay loam medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) friable, moderately sticky, and slightly plastic; Drainage class: Well drained common very fine and few fine and medium roots; Dominant parent material: Alluvium common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 5 Native plant cover type: Rangeland percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 30 Flooding: None percent pebbles; slightly acid; clear wavy Available water capacity: Mainly 7.2 inches boundary. Bt3—24 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) A typical description with range in characteristics is extremely stony clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) included, in alphabetical order, in this section. moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Management slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common For management information about this map unit, distinct clay films on faces of peds; 30 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 25 percent pebbles; slightly acid. Vision Series Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Permeability: Moderate Depth to the Bt horizon: 5 to 12 inches Landform: Mountains and hills Note: The dark-colored A horizon is too thin to classify Parent material: Sandstone colluvium as a mollisol. Slope range: 15 to 60 percent Elevation range: 4,300 to 6,850 feet A horizon Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Clay content: 10 to 20 percent 364 Soil Survey

Content of rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent—3 to A typical description with range in characteristics is 5 percent stones; 5 to 10 percent cobbles; 5 to included, in alphabetical order, in this section. 35 percent pebbles Management Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 For management information about this map unit, Bt1 horizon see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Value: 5 or 6 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 839F—Vision, very stony-Tolbert, Texture: Clay loam, loam, or sandy clay loam very stony-Rubble land complex, Clay content: 20 to 30 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—0 to 5 percent stones; 5 to 10 percent cobbles; 10 to Setting 20 percent pebbles Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Landform: • Vision—Hills Bt2 and Bt3 horizons • Tolbert—Hills Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y • Rubble land—Hills Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Slope: Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 • Vision—35 to 60 percent Texture: Clay loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or silty • Tolbert—35 to 60 percent clay loam Elevation: 4,300 to 6,850 feet Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—0 to Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 30 percent stones; 5 to 20 percent cobbles; 30 to 50 percent pebbles Composition Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Major Components 388E—Vision cobbly loam, Vision and similar soils: 40 percent 15 to 45 percent slopes, very stony Tolbert and similar soils: 30 percent Rubble land: 20 percent Setting Minor Components Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 7 percent Landform: Mountains Rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Slope: 15 to 45 percent Elevation: 4,400 to 6,800 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Vision Composition Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Components Drainage class: Well drained Vision and similar soils: 85 percent Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Minor Components Native plant cover type: Forest land Tolbert very stony loam: 0 to 10 percent Flooding: None Rubble land: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches Major Component Description Tolbert Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Sandstone colluvium Dominant parent material: Sandstone residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.8 inches Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 365

Rubble land AB—6 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Definition: Areas with more than 90 percent of the loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak surface covered by boulders or stones. fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and A typical description with range in characteristics is few medium and coarse roots; common very fine included, in alphabetical order, in this section. and fine pores; 10 percent stones and 30 percent pebbles; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; Management clear smooth boundary. Bk1—12 to 22 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very For management information about this map unit, gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; W—Water common very fine and fine and few medium roots; common very fine and fine pores; 10 percent stones and 40 percent pebbles; violently Composition effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth Major Components boundary. Water: 100 percent Bk2—22 to 32 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; Major Component Description weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Definition: Areas of open water. few fine roots; common fine pores; 10 percent stones and 35 percent pebbles; common fine Whitecow Series masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Bk3— 32 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very Drainage class: Well drained gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak Permeability: Moderate coarse prismatic structure; slightly hard, friable, Landform: Mountains slightly sticky, and nonplastic; common fine and Parent material: Limestone colluvium medium pores; 15 percent stones and 35 percent Slope range: 35 to 60 percent pebbles; common fine masses of lime; violently Elevation range: 4,500 to 7,000 feet effervescent; moderately alkaline. Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Range in Characteristics Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, frigid Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Typic Calciustepts Depth to the Bk horizon: 4 to 25 inches A and AB horizons Typical Pedon Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Whitecow cobbly loam, in an area of Whitecow, stony- Chroma: 2 or 3 Lap, very stony-Rock outcrop complex, 35 to 60 Clay content: 18 to 27 percent percent slopes, in an area of forest land, 1,850 feet Content of rock fragments: 15 to 45 percent—5 to south and 2,900 feet west of the northeast corner of 15 percent stones and cobbles; 10 to 30 sec. 21, T. 5 N., R. 4 E. percent pebbles Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 5 percent Oi—0 to 2 inches; undecomposed forest litter. Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 A—2 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) cobbly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Bk horizons moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Hue: 10YR and 2.5Y slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist fine and fine roots; common very fine pores; 10 Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 percent cobbles and 10 percent pebbles; slightly Texture: Loam or clay loam alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Clay content: 18 to 35 percent 366 Soil Survey

Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—0 to Elevation: 4,500 to 7,300 feet 15 percent stones; 35 to 60 percent pebbles Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 50 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Composition Major Components 86F—Whitecow cobbly loam, Whitecow and similar soils: 50 percent 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony Lap and similar soils: 20 percent Rock outcrop: 20 percent Setting Minor Components Landform: Mountains Soils 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 8 percent Slope: 35 to 60 percent Rubble land: 0 to 2 percent Elevation: 4,600 to 7,000 feet Major Component Description Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Whitecow Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Composition Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Major Components Drainage class: Well drained Whitecow and similar soils: 90 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Minor Components Flooding: None Lap very stony loam: 0 to 5 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.8 inches Rock outcrop: 0 to 3 percent Soils with slopes more than 60 percent: 0 to 2 percent Lap Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam Major Component Description Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Drainage class: Well drained Native plant cover type: Rangeland Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Flooding: None Native plant cover type: Forest land Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.8 inches Rock outcrop Definition: Exposures of limestone bedrock. A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. 786F—Whitecow, stony-Lap, very stony-Rock outcrop complex, Whitore Series 35 to 60 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate Landform: Landform: Mountains • Whitecow—Mountains Parent material: Limestone colluvium • Lap—Mountains Slope range: 15 to 70 percent • Rock outcrop—Mountains Elevation range: 4,400 to 8,600 feet Slope: Annual precipitation: 20 to 30 inches • Whitecow—35 to 60 percent Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F • Lap—35 to 60 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 367

Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic Typic Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Eutrocryepts Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent—2 to 5 percent stones; 0 to 15 percent cobbles; 10 to Typical Pedon 20 percent pebbles Whitore gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 in an area of forest land, 1,800 feet south and 200 feet Bw horizon east of the northwest corner of sec. 21, T. 5 N., R. 4 E. Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Oi—0 to 1 inch; undecomposed forest litter. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 A—1 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Texture: Loam or clay loam gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2 Clay content: 20 to 30 percent moist); weak medium subangular blocky structure Content of rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent—5 to parting to moderate fine and very fine granular; 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 40 percent pebbles soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 15 percent common very fine and fine and few medium roots; Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 common very fine pores; 5 percent stones and 20 Bk horizons percent pebbles; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth Value: 6 or 7 dry; 5 or 6 moist boundary. Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Bw—3 to 15 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Texture: Loam or clay loam very gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3 moist); Clay content: 20 to 35 percent moderate fine and very fine granular structure; Content of rock fragments: 40 to 70 percent—5 to soft, very friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; 20 percent cobbles; 35 to 50 percent pebbles common fine and medium roots; common very Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 60 percent fine and fine pores; 5 percent cobbles and 40 Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bk1—15 to 27 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very 291G—Whitore cobbly clay loam, gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3 moist); weak 40 to 70 percent slopes, stony medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly Setting sticky, and slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots, some forming horizontal mats; Landform: Mountains common very fine and fine pores; 10 percent Slope: 40 to 70 percent cobbles and 45 percent pebbles; common distinct Elevation: 5,200 to 7,600 feet lime concretions on fragments; violently Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days boundary. Bk2—27 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Composition very gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR Major Components 6/4 moist); weak coarse prismatic structure Whitore and similar soils: 90 percent parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few fine and Minor Components medium roots; common fine pores; 15 percent Sicklesteets stony clay loam: 0 to 5 percent cobbles and 40 percent pebbles; common distinct Soils less than 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 4 lime concretions on fragments; violently percent effervescent; moderately alkaline. Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Range in Characteristics Major Component Description Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth to the Bk horizon: 5 to 15 inches Drainage class: Well drained A horizon Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Native plant cover type: Forest land Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Flooding: None Texture: Loam or clay loam Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches 368 Soil Survey

A typical description with range in characteristics is Elevation: 4,700 to 8,600 feet included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Management For management information about this map unit, Composition see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Components Whitore and similar soils: 70 percent Rock outcrop: 20 percent 91F—Whitore gravelly loam, 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony Minor Components Accola loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils less than 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 Setting percent Landform: Mountains Slope: 35 to 60 percent Major Component Description Elevation: 5,000 to 7,650 feet Whitore Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Composition Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Major Components Native plant cover type: Forest land Whitore and similar soils: 85 percent Flooding: None Minor Components Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Soils less than 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 Rock outcrop percent Definition: Exposures of limestone bedrock. Soils with slopes more than 60 percent: 0 to 5 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Component Description included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Management Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained For management information about this map unit, Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches 691E—Whitore-Sicklesteets complex, 15 to 40 percent slopes, stony A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Setting Management Landform: • Whitore—Mountains For management information about this map unit, • Sicklesteets—Mountains see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Slope: • Whitore—15 to 40 percent 991F—Whitore-Rock outcrop complex, • Sicklesteets—15 to 40 percent 35 to 70 percent slopes Elevation: 5,250 to 7,700 feet Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Setting Composition Landform: • Whitore—Mountains Major Components • Rock outcrop—Mountains Whitore and similar soils: 50 percent Slope: 35 to 70 percent Sicklesteets and similar soils: 40 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 369

Minor Components Minor Components Accola loam: 0 to 5 percent Soils less than 20 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 8 Soils less than 40 inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 percent percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Whitore Whitore Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.8 inches Sicklesteets Sicklesteets Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Dolomite colluvium Dominant parent material: Dolomite colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 6.9 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Wilsall Series 691F—Whitore-Sicklesteets complex, Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) 40 to 60 percent slopes, stony Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Landform: Hills and sedimentary plains Setting Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum Landform: Slope range: 2 to 45 percent • Whitore—Mountains Elevation range: 4,400 to 6,800 feet • Sicklesteets—Mountains Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches Slope: Annual air temperature: 37 to 43 degrees F • Whitore—40 to 60 percent Frost-free period: 80 to 110 days • Sicklesteets—40 to 60 percent Elevation: 5,150 to 7,100 feet Taxonomic Class: Clayey, smectitic, frigid, shallow Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Typic Argiustolls Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Typical Pedon Composition Wilsall clay loam, in an area of Billman-Wilsall clay Major Components loams, 8 to 25 percent slopes, in an area of rangeland, Whitore and similar soils: 50 percent 900 feet south and 700 feet east of the northwest Sicklesteets and similar soils: 40 percent corner of sec. 21, T. 1 S., R. 7 E. 370 Soil Survey

A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/3) clay Landform: Alluvial fans, stream terraces, and hills loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Parent material: Limestone alluvium or limestone moderate fine granular structure; hard, friable, colluvium very sticky, and very plastic; many very fine and Slope range: 0 to 60 percent fine and common medium roots; 5 percent Elevation range: 4,150 to 7,100 feet cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; neutral; clear Annual precipitation: 15 to 22 inches smooth boundary. Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Bt—3 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very Taxonomic Class: Loamy-skeletal, carbonatic, frigid hard, firm, very sticky, and very plastic; common Typic Calciustolls very fine, fine, and medium roots; common distinct Typical Pedon clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent pebbles; slightly Windham gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an alkaline; clear wavy boundary. area of rangeland, 100 feet south and 300 feet west of Cr1—10 to 15 inches; semiconsolidated shale, grayish the northeast corner of sec. 17, T. 3 N., R. 5 E. brown (10YR 5/2) moist; violently effervescent. A—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Cr2—15 to 60 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) semiconsolidated gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) shale, dark gray (5Y 4/1) moist; violently moist; moderate medium granular structure; effervescent. slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; 10 Range in Characteristics percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; strongly Soil temperature: 39 to 45 degrees F effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches or boundary. between 4 inches and the paralithic contact Bk1—6 to 14 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Mollic epipedon thickness: 6 to 12 inches, including all gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak or part of the argillic horizon medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Depth to weakly consolidated shale or sandstone: 10 friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very to 20 inches fine and fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 15 percent pebbles; disseminated lime, common A horizon distinct lime crusts and pendants on rock Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR fragments; violently effervescent; moderately Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Chroma: 2 or 3 Bk2—14 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) extremely Clay content: 30 to 40 percent cobbly loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles hard, friable, moderately sticky, and slightly Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.3 plastic; few very fine roots; 30 percent cobbles Bt horizon and 40 percent pebbles; disseminated lime, Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR common distinct lime crusts and pendants on rock Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist fragments; violently effervescent; moderately Chroma: 2 or 3 alkaline. Texture: Clay loam, clay, or silty clay Range in Characteristics Clay content: 35 to 55 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent—0 to 5 Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F percent cobbles; 0 to 5 percent pebbles Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Mollic epipedon thickness: 7 to 10 inches Depth to the calcic horizon: 7 to 10 inches Windham Series A horizon Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma: 1, 2, or 3 Permeability: Moderate Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 371

Content of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent—5 to A typical description with range in characteristics is 10 percent cobbles; 10 to 25 percent pebbles included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 10 percent Management Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 For management information about this map unit, Bk1 horizon see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, 5, or 6 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Texture: Loam or clay loam 266D—Windham cobbly loam, Clay content: 18 to 30 percent 8 to 15 percent slopes Content of rock fragments: 15 to 60 percent—5 to 20 percent cobbles; 10 to 40 percent pebbles Setting Calcium carbonate equivalent: 35 to 60 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Slope: 8 to 15 percent Bk2 horizon Elevation: 4,850 to 5,750 feet Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, 6, or 7 moist Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 Composition Texture: Loam or sandy loam Clay content: 18 to 27 percent Major Components Content of rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent—5 to Windham and similar soils: 90 percent 30 percent cobbles; 20 to 40 percent pebbles Minor Components Calcium carbonate equivalent: 40 to 60 percent Windham very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Reaction: pH 7.9 to 8.4 Beanlake loam: 0 to 3 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 2 percent 266B—Windham cobbly loam, Major Component Description 0 to 4 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 0 to 4 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,750 to 6,000 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Windham and similar soils: 90 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Windham very cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Beanlake loam: 0 to 3 percent Soils with slopes more than 4 percent: 0 to 2 percent 366D—Windham cobbly loam, Major Component Description 8 to 15 percent slopes, stony Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 8 to 15 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,500 to 6,250 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 372 Soil Survey

Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Windham and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Windham bouldery loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description 466E—Windham cobbly loam, Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 15 to 45 percent slopes, stony Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Dominant parent material: Alluvium Landform: Hills Native plant cover type: Rangeland Slope: 15 to 45 percent Flooding: None Elevation: 4,550 to 7,000 feet Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Composition Management Major Components Windham and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Minor Components Lap stony loam: 0 to 8 percent Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent 366E—Windham cobbly loam, Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent 15 to 35 percent slopes, stony Major Component Description Setting Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Drainage class: Well drained Slope: 15 to 35 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Elevation: 4,600 to 6,400 feet Native plant cover type: Forest land Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Flooding: None Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is Major Components included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Windham and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Windham bouldery loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

Major Component Description 166C—Windham gravelly loam, Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 4 to 8 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Setting Dominant parent material: Alluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Flooding: None Slope: 4 to 8 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Elevation: 4,500 to 6,100 feet Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 373

Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Composition Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches Major Components Windham and similar soils: 85 percent A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Minor Components Beanlake loam: 0 to 5 percent Management Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent For management information about this map unit, Windham cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam 866E—Windham, stony-Hanson-Lap, Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) stony complex, 8 to 35 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium Setting Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Landform: Available water capacity: Mainly 5.1 inches • Windham—Hills • Hanson—Hills A typical description with range in characteristics is • Lap—Hills included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Slope: • Windham—8 to 35 percent Management • Hanson—8 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, • Lap—8 to 35 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Elevation: 4,700 to 7,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches Frost-free period: 65 to 100 days 166D—Windham gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Composition Major Components Setting Windham and similar soils: 40 percent Hanson and similar soils: 35 percent Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Lap and similar soils: 15 percent Slope: 8 to 15 percent Elevation: 4,450 to 5,650 feet Minor Components Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Soils with slopes more than 35 percent: 0 to 6 percent Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Rock outcrop: 0 to 4 percent Composition Major Component Description Major Components Windham Windham and similar soils: 85 percent Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Minor Components Drainage class: Well drained Beanlake loam: 0 to 5 percent Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Windham cobbly loam: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly loam Hanson Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Surface layer texture: Loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) 374 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Lap Available water capacity: Mainly 6.8 inches Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Lap Drainage class: Well drained Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Native plant cover type: Rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 1.7 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Management For management information about this map unit, 766E—Windham, stony-Lap, very see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. stony-Hanson complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes 666E—Windham, stony-Lap, very stony complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes Setting Landform: Setting • Windham—Hills • Lap—Hills Landform: • Hanson—Hills • Windham—Hills Slope: • Lap—Hills • Windham—15 to 45 percent Slope: • Lap—15 to 45 percent • Windham—15 to 45 percent • Hanson—15 to 45 percent • Lap—15 to 45 percent Elevation: 5,650 to 7,100 feet Elevation: 4,400 to 6,900 feet Mean annual precipitation: 17 to 22 inches Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Frost-free period: 65 to 100 days Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Composition Composition Major Components Major Components Windham and similar soils: 45 percent Windham and similar soils: 65 percent Lap and similar soils: 25 percent Lap and similar soils: 20 percent Hanson and similar soils: 20 percent Minor Components Minor Components Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 5 percent Soils 20- to 40-inches deep to bedrock: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes less than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Major Component Description Windham Windham Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Native plant cover type: Forest land Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 375

Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Forest land Lap Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Very cobbly loam Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Depth class: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Rock outcrop Dominant parent material: Limestone residuum Definition: Exposures of limestone bedrock. Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None A typical description with range in characteristics is Available water capacity: Mainly 1.1 inches included, in alphabetical order, in this section.

Hanson Management Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) For management information about this map unit, Drainage class: Well drained see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Dominant parent material: Limestone colluvium Native plant cover type: Rangeland Flooding: None Work Series Available water capacity: Mainly 5.2 inches Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained A typical description with range in characteristics is Permeability: Moderately slow included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Landform: Hills, alluvial fans, and stream terraces Management Parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Slope range: 4 to 35 percent For management information about this map unit, Elevation range: 4,500 to 6,150 feet see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Annual air temperature: 39 to 43 degrees F Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 966E—Windham, stony-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, frigid Typic Argiustolls Setting Typical Pedon Landform: • Windham—Hills Work clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in an area of • Rock outcrop—Hills hayland, 800 feet south and 1,000 feet east of the Slope: 15 to 45 percent northwest corner of sec. 12, T. 3 N., R. 4 E. Elevation: 5,150 to 6,800 feet Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches loam; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days strong medium subangular blocky structure Composition parting to moderate fine granular; hard, very firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Major Components common fine and few medium roots; 10 percent Windham and similar soils: 65 percent pebbles; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Rock outcrop: 20 percent Bt1—5 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Minor Components clay, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Lap very stony loam: 0 to 10 percent strong medium prismatic structure parting to Hanson loam, moist: 0 to 5 percent strong medium subangular blocky; very hard, very firm, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Major Component Description many distinct clay films on faces of peds and Windham lining pores; common very fine and few fine roots; Surface layer texture: Cobbly loam 10 percent pebbles; neutral; abrupt smooth Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) boundary. 376 Soil Survey

Bt2—9 to 13 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Bk horizons loam, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y strong medium prismatic structure parting to Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist strong medium subangular blocky; hard, very firm, Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Texture: Clay loam or loam common distinct clay films on faces of peds; Clay content: 20 to 35 percent common very fine roots; 5 percent pebbles; Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent—0 to 5 neutral; clear wavy boundary. percent cobbles; 0 to 15 percent pebbles Bk1—13 to 30 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; Reaction: pH 7.4 to 8.4 weak coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few very fine and fine roots; 5 percent 46C—Work clay loam, pebbles; common fine masses of lime; strongly 4 to 8 percent slopes effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Setting Bk2—30 to 38 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces gravelly clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) Slope: 4 to 8 percent moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Elevation: 4,500 to 5,900 feet slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, and slightly Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches plastic; few very fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days 15 percent pebbles; common fine masses of lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Composition wavy boundary. Major Components Bk3—38 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Work and similar soils: 85 percent loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Minor Components friable, slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; few very Burnel clay loam: 0 to 5 percent fine roots; 5 percent pebbles; strongly Soils with slopes more than 8 percent: 0 to 5 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline. Work gravelly clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Major Component Description Range in Characteristics Surface layer texture: Clay loam Soil temperature: 41 to 45 degrees F Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Drainage class: Well drained Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 16 inches Dominant parent material: Alluvium Depth to the Bk horizon: 12 to 30 inches Native plant cover type: Rangeland Ap horizon Flooding: None Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2 or 3 moist Available water capacity: Mainly 8.2 inches Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: Clay loam or sandy clay loam A typical description with range in characteristics is Clay content: 20 to 35 percent included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Content of rock fragments: 5 to 35 percent—0 to 5 Management percent stones; 0 to 10 percent cobbles; 5 to 25 percent pebbles For management information about this map unit, Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Bt horizons Value: 4 or 5 dry; 2, 3, or 4 moist 46D—Work clay loam, Chroma: 2 or 3 8 to 15 percent slopes Texture: Clay loam or clay Clay content: 35 to 50 percent Setting Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles; 0 to 10 percent pebbles Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Reaction: pH 6.6 to 7.8 Slope: 8 to 15 percent Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 377

Elevation: 4,500 to 5,850 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 7.6 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Work and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Work gravelly clay loam: 0 to 10 percent Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent 146D—Work gravelly clay loam, Major Component Description 8 to 15 percent slopes Surface layer texture: Clay loam Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Setting Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Alluvial fans and stream terraces Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 8 to 15 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 4,550 to 6,150 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.2 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days A typical description with range in characteristics is Composition included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Management Work and similar soils: 85 percent For management information about this map unit, Minor Components see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Tamaneen clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Work cobbly clay loam: 0 to 5 percent 346E—Work cobbly sandy clay loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, stony Major Component Description Surface layer texture: Gravelly clay loam Setting Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Hills Dominant parent material: Alluvium Slope: 15 to 35 percent Native plant cover type: Rangeland Elevation: 5,150 to 5,750 feet Flooding: None Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 19 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 8.0 inches Frost-free period: 90 to 110 days Composition A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Major Components Work and similar soils: 90 percent Management Minor Components For management information about this map unit, Reedwest sandy clay loam: 0 to 5 percent see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Work very stony loam: 0 to 3 percent Cabba sandy loam: 0 to 2 percent Yellowmule Series Major Component Description Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Surface layer texture: Cobbly sandy clay loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Permeability: Slow Drainage class: Well drained Landform: Mountains and hills Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale Native plant cover type: Rangeland residuum 378 Soil Survey

Slope range: 4 to 60 percent common distinct clay films on faces of peds and Elevation range: 5,200 to 8,800 feet lining pores; 5 percent channers, 20 percent soft Annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches shale chips; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Cr—31 to 60 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) semiconsolidated Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days shale; neutral.

Taxonomic Class: Fine, mixed, superactive Eutric Range in Characteristics Haplocryalfs Soil temperature: 34 to 40 degrees F Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Typical Pedon Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Yellowmule loam, in an area of Yellowmule-Ouselfal E1 horizon complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes, in an area of forest Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3 or 4 moist land, 2,500 feet south and 1,900 feet west of the Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4 northeast corner of sec. 10, T. 7 S., R. 3 E. Clay content: 20 to 27 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent—0 to 5 Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed leaves, needles, percent stones; 0 to 5 percent flagstones; 5 to and twigs. 15 percent channers E1—1 to 7 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine angular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly E2 horizon sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist and few medium and coarse roots; many very Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 fine, common fine and few medium pores; 10 Clay content: 20 to 27 percent percent channers; slightly acid; clear wavy Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent—0 to 5 boundary. percent stones; 0 to 5 percent flagstones; 0 to E2—7 to 11 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, 10 percent channers brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Bt1 horizon friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist many very fine and fine and few medium and Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 coarse roots; many very fine, common fine and Texture: Clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay few medium pores; 10 percent channers; Clay content: 35 to 50 percent moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to Bt1—11 to 20 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) 10 percent flagstones; 5 to 15 percent clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; strong channers medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Reaction: pH 5.6 to 6.5 very sticky, and very plastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; common very fine Bt2 horizon and few fine and medium pores; common distinct Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist percent channers; moderately acid; gradual wavy Chroma: 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 boundary. Texture: Clay loam, clay, sandy clay loam, or Bt2—20 to 31 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay sandy clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; Clay content: 35 to 50 percent moderate medium prismatic structure; hard, Content of rock fragments: 5 to 25 percent—0 to friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; 10 percent flagstones; 5 to 15 percent few very fine, fine, and medium roots; common channers very fine and few fine and medium pores; Reaction: pH 5.6 to 7.3 Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 379

294F—Yellowmule-Lonniebee complex, Management 35 to 60 percent slopes, stony For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Setting Landform: 294E—Yellowmule-Lonniebee, stony • Yellowmule—Mountains complex, 15 to 45 percent slopes • Lonniebee—Mountains Slope: Setting • Yellowmule—35 to 60 percent • Lonniebee—35 to 60 percent Landform: Elevation: 5,200 to 6,650 feet • Yellowmule—Mountains Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches • Lonniebee—Mountains Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Slope: • Yellowmule—15 to 45 percent Composition • Lonniebee—15 to 45 percent Major Components Elevation: 5,200 to 6,950 feet Yellowmule and similar soils: 50 percent Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Lonniebee and similar soils: 35 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Minor Components Composition Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 8 percent Major Components Soils with slopes more than 60 percent: 0 to 5 percent Yellowmule and similar soils: 65 percent Redlodge clay loam: 0 to 1 percent Lonniebee and similar soils: 20 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Minor Components Major Component Description Redlodge silty clay loam: 0 to 5 percent Yellowmule Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 5 percent Surface layer texture: Channery loam Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 3 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Drainage class: Well drained Major Component Description Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum Yellowmule Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Loam Flooding: None Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 4.6 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Lonniebee shale residuum Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam Native plant cover type: Forest land Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Flooding: None Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum Lonniebee Native plant cover type: Forest land Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam Flooding: None Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Available water capacity: Mainly 3.2 inches Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and A typical description with range in characteristics is shale residuum included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Native plant cover type: Forest land 380 Soil Survey

Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Available water capacity: Mainly 3.2 inches shale residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land A typical description with range in characteristics is Flooding: None included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Available water capacity: Mainly 3.2 inches Management Redlodge For management information about this map unit, Surface layer texture: Silty clay see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Drainage class: Poorly drained Dominant parent material: Alluvium 294D—Yellowmule-Lonniebee, Native plant cover type: Rangeland stony-Redlodge complex, Flooding: None 4 to 15 percent slopes Water table: Apparent Available water capacity: Mainly 10.5 inches Setting A typical description with range in characteristics is Landform: included, in alphabetical order, in this section. • Yellowmule—Hills • Lonniebee—Hills Management • Redlodge—Closed depressions For management information about this map unit, Slope: see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. • Yellowmule—4 to 15 percent • Lonniebee—4 to 15 percent • Redlodge—4 to 6 percent 492E—Yellowmule-Ouselfal complex, Elevation: 5,950 to 6,300 feet 8 to 25 percent slopes Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Setting Composition Landform: Major Components • Yellowmule—Mountains Yellowmule and similar soils: 60 percent • Ouselfal—Mountains Lonniebee and similar soils: 20 percent Slope: Redlodge and similar soils: 10 percent • Yellowmule—8 to 25 percent • Ouselfal—8 to 25 percent Minor Components Elevation: 6,400 to 7,900 feet Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 5 percent Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Soils with slopes more than 15 percent: 0 to 5 percent Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Major Component Description Composition Yellowmule Major Components Surface layer texture: Loam Yellowmule and similar soils: 50 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Ouselfal and similar soils: 35 percent Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Minor Components shale residuum Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 8 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 5 percent Flooding: None Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Rubble land: 0 to 1 percent Major Component Description Lonniebee Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam Yellowmule Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Surface layer texture: Loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 381

Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 4.9 inches Ouselfal Ouselfal Surface layer texture: Very flaggy sandy loam Surface layer texture: Very channery sandy loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale residuum shale residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches Available water capacity: Mainly 1.6 inches A typical description with range in characteristics is A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Management Management For management information about this map unit, For management information about this map unit, see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Zade Series 592E—Yellowmule-Ouselfal, very stony complex, 8 to 25 percent slopes Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Setting Landform: Hills Landform: Parent material: Interbedded sandstone and shale • Yellowmule—Mountains residuum • Ouselfal—Mountains Slope range: 15 to 70 percent Slope: Elevation range: 4,950 to 7,100 feet • Yellowmule—8 to 25 percent Annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches • Ouselfal—8 to 25 percent Annual air temperature: 34 to 38 degrees F Elevation: 7,800 to 8,800 feet Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 30 inches Frost-free period: 30 to 55 days Taxonomic Class: Fine-Loamy, mixed, superactive Ustic Argicryolls Composition Typical Pedon Major Components Yellowmule and similar soils: 50 percent Zade loam, in an area of Zade-Timberlin, stony Ouselfal and similar soils: 35 percent complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes, in an area of forest land, 1,800 feet south and 500 feet east of the Minor Components northwest corner of sec. 12, T. 1 N., R. 7 E. Cowood channery sandy loam: 0 to 10 percent Soils with slopes more than 25 percent: 0 to 5 percent Oi—0 to 1 inch; slightly decomposed forest litter. A—1 to 10 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/2) loam, very Major Component Description dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate medium Yellowmule granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, Surface layer texture: Loam slightly sticky, and slightly plastic; many very fine Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) and fine and few medium and coarse roots; Drainage class: Well drained neutral; clear smooth boundary. 382 Soil Survey

Bt1—10 to 16 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 283G—Zade loam, sandy clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 45 to 70 percent slopes 3/2) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky, Setting and slightly plastic; common very fine and few medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces Landform: Hills of peds and lining pores; neutral; clear smooth Slope: 45 to 70 percent boundary. Elevation: 4,950 to 5,850 feet Bt2—16 to 37 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; moderate Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, moderately sticky, and moderately plastic; few Composition very fine roots; common distinct clay films on Major Components faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent pebbles; Zade and similar soils: 90 percent slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Cr—37 to 60 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) interbedded soft Minor Components sandstone and shale. Timberlin stony loam: 0 to 4 percent Copenhaver moist flaggy loam: 0 to 3 percent Range in Characteristics Soils with slopes less than 45 percent: 0 to 2 percent Soil temperature: 36 to 40 degrees F Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Moisture control section: Between 4 and 12 inches Mollic epipedon thickness: 10 to 16 inches Major Component Description Depth to the Cr horizon: 20 to 40 inches Surface layer texture: Loam Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) A horizon Drainage class: Well drained Value: 2 or 3 moist Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Chroma: 1 or 2 shale residuum Clay content: 15 to 25 percent Native plant cover type: Forest land Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 Flooding: None percent cobbles or flagstones; 0 to 10 percent Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches pebbles or channers Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 A typical description with range in characteristics is Bt1 horizon included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Management Value: 4 or 5 dry; 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 For management information about this map unit, Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Clay content: 25 to 35 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 percent cobbles or flagstones; 0 to 10 percent 283E—Zade-Adel complex, pebbles or channers 15 to 45 percent slopes Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Setting Bt2 horizon Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y Landform: Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist • Zade—Hills Chroma: 3 or 4 • Adel—Hills Texture: Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam Slope: Clay content: 25 to 35 percent • Zade—15 to 45 percent Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent—0 to 5 • Adel—15 to 45 percent percent cobbles or flagstones; 0 to 10 percent Elevation: 5,050 to 6,600 feet pebbles or channers Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Reaction: pH 6.1 to 7.3 Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 383

Composition Slope: • Zade—35 to 60 percent Major Components • Timberlin—35 to 60 percent Zade and similar soils: 70 percent Elevation: 5,000 to 7,100 feet Adel and similar soils: 20 percent Mean annual precipitation: 20 to 24 inches Minor Components Frost-free period: 50 to 70 days Timberlin stony loam: 0 to 4 percent Copenhaver moist flaggy loam: 0 to 3 percent Composition Soils with slopes more than 45 percent: 0 to 2 percent Rock outcrop: 0 to 1 percent Major Components Zade and similar soils: 70 percent Major Component Description Timberlin and similar soils: 20 percent Zade Minor Components Surface layer texture: Loam Copenhaver flaggy loam: 0 to 8 percent Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Rock outcrop: 0 to 2 percent Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Major Component Description shale residuum Native plant cover type: Forest land Zade Flooding: None Surface layer texture: Loam Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) Drainage class: Well drained Adel Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Surface layer texture: Loam shale residuum Depth class: Very deep (more than 60 inches) Native plant cover type: Forest land Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Dominant parent material: Alluvium or colluvium Available water capacity: Mainly 6.2 inches Native plant cover type: Forest land Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 10.8 inches Timberlin Surface layer texture: Flaggy loam A typical description with range in characteristics is Depth class: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches) included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Drainage class: Well drained Dominant parent material: Interbedded sandstone and Management shale residuum For management information about this map unit, Native plant cover type: Forest land see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication. Flooding: None Available water capacity: Mainly 2.2 inches 483F—Zade-Timberlin, stony complex, 35 to 60 percent slopes A typical description with range in characteristics is included, in alphabetical order, in this section. Setting Management Landform: • Zade—Hills For management information about this map unit, • Timberlin—Hills see appropriate sections in Part II of this publication.

385

References

Alexander, R.R., 1966. Site indexes for lodgepole pine with corrections for stand density; instructions for field use. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper RP-24.

Alexander, R.R., 1967. Site indexes for Engelmann spruce. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Research Paper, RP-32

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. 14th edition, 2 volumes.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487-00.

Baker, F.S. 1925. Aspen in the Central Rocky Mountain Region. United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 1291.

Brickell, J.E. 1968. A method for constructing site index curves from measurements of tree age and height—Its application to inland Douglas-fir. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station Research Paper INT-RP-47.

Brown, P.L. and G.R. Carlson. 1990. Grain yields related to stored soil water and growing season rainfall. Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Special Report Number 35.

Chojnacky, D.C. 1991. Forest statistics for land outside national forests in Southwestern Montana, 1989. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station Resource Bulletin INT-RB-75.

Conner, R.C. 1993. Montana’s forest resources. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station Resource Bulletin INT-RB-81.

Custer, S.G. 1991. Ground-water potential in the Bozeman-Fan Subarea Gallatin County, Montana.

Dahms, W.G. 1964. Gross and net yield tables for lodgepole pine. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Research Paper PNW-8. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR. 386

DeYoung, W. and L.H. Smith. 1931. Soil Survey of the Gallatin Valley Area, Montana. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. Series 1931, Number 16.

Meyer, W.H. 1938. Yield of even-aged stands of ponderosa pine. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 630. Washington, DC.

Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation (DNRC) 1979. Timber Resources of Gallatin, Park and Meagher counties. DNRC, Working Circle 9.

Pfister, R.D., B.L. Kovalchik, S.F. Arno, and R.C. Presby. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station General Technical Report INT-GTR-34.

Sauerwein, W.J. 1979. Site index for black cottonwood. Compiled from British Columbia Forest Service data. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Western Region.

Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18.

Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Keys to soil taxonomy. 8th edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436.

Stickney, M.C. Personal communication. Director, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Earthquake Studies Office. Butte, Montana.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Montana Field Office Technical Guide, Section II.

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Glossary

Ablation till. Loose, permeable till deposited during Available water capacity (available moisture the final downwasting of glacial ice. Lenses of capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water crudely sorted sand and gravel are common. available for use by most plants. It is commonly Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air defined as the difference between the amount of from the atmosphere. The air in a well-aerated soil water at field moisture capacity and the soil is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed a poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. in inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single is expressed as: mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as Very low ...... 0 to 3.75 granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Low ...... 3.75 to 5.0 Clods are aggregates produced by tillage or Moderate ...... 5.0 to 7.5 logging. High ...... more than 7.5 Alkali (sodic) soil. (See Sodic (alkali) soil.) Alluvial fan. A body of alluvium, with overflow of Avalanche chute. The track or path formed by an water and debris flow deposits, whose surface avalanche. forms a segment of a cone that radiates Backslope. The geomorphic component that forms downslope from the point where the stream the steepest inclined surface and principal emerges from a narrow valley onto a less sloping element of many hillslopes. Backslopes in profile surface. Source uplands range in relief and areal are commonly steep and linear and descend to a extent from mountains to gullied terrains on footslope. In terms of gradational process, hillslopes. backslopes are erosional forms produced mainly Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, by mass wasting and running water. deposited on land by streams. Badland. Steep or very steep, commonly nonstony, Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in barren land dissected by many intermittent 1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the drainage channels. Badland is most common in presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A semiarid and arid regions where streams are positive reaction indicates a type of redox feature. entrenched in soft geologic material. Local relief Animal-unit-month (AUM). The amount of forage generally ranges from 25 to 500 feet. Runoff required by one mature cow of approximately potential is very high, and geologic erosion is 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for active. 1 month. Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree, Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness generally referring to the section at breast height characterized by saturation, reduction, and redox and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of features. stand density, commonly expressed in square Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim feet. after the removal of soil for construction and other Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the uses. Revegetation and erosion control are ice. extremely difficult. Base saturation. The degree to which material Argillite. Weakly metamorphosed mudstone or shale. having cation-exchange properties is saturated Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. with exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous and K), expressed as a percentage of the total areas geographically associated in a cation-exchange capacity. characteristic repeating pattern and defined and Base slope. A geomorphic component of hills delineated as a single map unit. consisting of the concave to linear (perpendicular 388 Soil Survey

to the contour) slope that, regardless of the Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a lateral shape, forms an apron or wedge at the nearby central area for transport to a processing bottom of a hillside dominated by colluvium and facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of slope-wash sediments (for example, slope a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an alluvium). arrangement similar to that of a rod and reel used Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5-millimeters for fishing. To reduce friction and soil disturbance, thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, felled trees generally are reeled in while one end lacustrine, or marine sediment. is lifted or the entire log is suspended. Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium other unconsolidated material or that is exposed carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium at the surface. carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with Bedrock-floored plain. An extensive nearly level to cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. gently rolling or moderately sloping area that is Caliche. A more or less cemented deposit of calcium underlain by hard bedrock and has a slope of 0 to carbonate in soils of warm-temperate, subhumid 8 percent. to arid areas. Caliche occurs as soft, thin layers in Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of the soil or as hard, thick beds directly beneath earth constructed on or nearly on a contour, the solum, or it is exposed at the surface by supported by a barrier of rocks or similar erosion. material, and designed to make the soil suitable California bearing ratio (CBR). The load-supporting for tillage and to prevent accelerated erosion. capacity of a soil as compared to that of standard Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or crushed limestone, expressed as a ratio. First most of the soil material has been removed by standardized in California. A soil having a CBR of the wind. A blowout has a flat or irregular floor 16 supports 16 percent of the load that would be formed by a resistant layer or by an supported by standard crushed limestone, per accumulation of cobbles or gravel. In some unit area, with the same degree of distortion. blowouts, the water table is exposed. Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See Board foot. A unit of measure of the wood in lumber, Crown.) logs, or trees. The amount of wood in a board Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil 1 foot wide, 1 foot long, and 1 inch thick before particles and in tiny spaces between particles. finishing. Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, capillary water in the soil. subject to flooding. Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet electricity. The common soil cations are calcium, (60 centimeters) in diameter. potassium, magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. Bouldery. Refers to a soil with .01 to 0.1 percent of Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of the surface covered with boulders. exchangeable cations that can be held by the Bouldery soil material. Soil that is 15 to 35 percent, soil, expressed in terms of milliequivalents per by volume, rock fragments that are dominated by 100 grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some fragments larger than 24 inches (60 centimeters) other stated pH value. The term, as applied to in diameter. soils, is synonymous with base-exchange Breaks. The steep and very steep broken land at the capacity but is more precise in meaning. border of an upland summit that is dissected by Channeled. Refers to a drainage area in which ravines. natural meandering or repeated branching and Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above convergence of a streambed have created deeply the ground surface; the point on a tree where incised cuts, either active or abandoned, in diameter measurements are ordinarily taken. alluvial material. Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, Channery soil material. A soil that is, by volume, or biological methods to reduce or eliminate more than 15 percent thin, flat fragments of competition from woody vegetation and thus to sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as allow understory grasses and forbs to recover or much as 6 inches along the longest axis. A single to make conditions favorable for reseeding. Brush piece is called a channer. management increases forage production and Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation thus reduces the hazard of erosion. It can through the use of chemicals. improve the habitat for some species of wildlife. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 389

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning more soil-penetrating points that shatter or or establishing terraces, diversions, and other loosen hard, compacted layers to a depth below water-control structures on a complex slope is normal plow depth. difficult. Cirque. A semicircular, concave, bowl-like area that Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of has steep faces primarily resulting from erosive soil or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate activity of a mountain glacier. pattern or so small in area that it is not practical Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles to map them separately at the selected scale of less than 0.002 millimeters in diameter. As a soil mapping. The pattern and proportion of the soils textural class, soil material that is 40 percent or or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less all areas. than 40 percent silt. Concretions. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various Clayey soil. Silty clay, sandy clay, or clay. sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the concentrated compounds or cemented soil surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root grains. The composition of most concretions is channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. unlike that of the surrounding soil. Calcium Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that carbonate and iron oxide are common contains much more clay than the horizons above compounds in concretions. it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and Conglomerate. A coarse-grained, clastic rock plastic or stiff when wet. composed of rounded or subangular rock Clearcut. A method of forest harvesting that removes fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It the entire stand of trees in one cutting. commonly has a matrix of sand and finer-textured Reproduction is achieved artificially or by natural material. Conglomerate is the consolidated seeding from the adjacent stands. equivalent of gravel. Climax plant community. The stabilized plant Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in community on a particular site. The plant cover combination with needed cultural and reproduces itself and does not change so long as management practices. In a good conservation the environment remains the same. cropping system, the soil-improving crops and Closed depression. A low area completely practices more than offset the effects of the soil- surrounded by higher ground and having no depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems natural outlet. are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. practices in a conservation cropping system Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly include the use of rotations that contain grasses rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to and legumes and the return of crop residue to the 25 centimeters) in diameter. soil. Other practices include the use of green Cobbly soil material. Material that has 15 to manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper 35 percent, by volume, rounded or partially tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest rounded rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to control. 25 centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil Conservation tillage. Any tillage and planting material has 35 to 60 percent of these rock system in which a cover of crop residue is fragments, and extremely cobbly soil material maintained on at least 30 percent of the soil has more than 60 percent. surface after planting in order to reduce the Codominant trees. Trees whose crowns form the hazard of water erosion. In areas where soil general level of the forest canopy and that blowing is the primary concern, a system that receive full light from above but comparatively maintains a cover of at least 1,000 pounds of flat little from the sides. residue of small grain or the equivalent during the COLE (coefficient of linear extensibility). (See critical erosion period. Linear extensibility.) Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to moved by creep, slide, or local wash and deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes deposited at the base of steep slopes. resistance of soil material to rupture and to Commercial forest. Forestland capable of producing penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness 20 cubic feet or more per acre per year at the of puddled soil material; and the manner in which culmination of mean annual increment. the soil material behaves when subject to 390 Soil Survey

compression. Terms describing consistence are Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations defined in the “Soil Survey Manual” (Soil Survey tend to cave in or slough. Division Staff, 1993). Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range Consolidated sandstone. Sandstone that disperses plants. Because they are the most palatable, they within a few hours when fragments are placed in are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing. water. The fragments are extremely hard or very Deep soil. A soil that is 40 to 60 inches deep over hard when dry, are not easily crushed, and bedrock or to other material that restricts the cannot be textured by the usual field method. penetration of plant roots. Consolidated shale. Shale that disperses within a Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting few hours when fragments are placed in water. grazing land for a prescribed period. The fragments are extremely hard or very hard Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over when dry and are not easily crushed. bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches Contour stripcropping (or contour farming). deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; Growing crops in strips that follow the contour. moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to Strips of grass or close-growing crops are 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches. alternated with strips of clean-tilled crops or Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the summer fallow. surface for the specified use. Control section. The part of the soil on which Dip slope. A slope of the land surface, roughly classification is based. The thickness varies determined by and approximately conforming to among different kinds of soil, but for many it is the dip of the underlying bedrock. that part of the soil profile between depths of Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, 10 inches and 40 or 80 inches. generally a terrace, built to protect downslope Coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat). Fecal areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. material deposited in water by aquatic organisms. Divided-slope farming. A form of field stripcropping Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical in which crops are grown in a systematic action that dissolves or weakens concrete or arrangement of two strips, or bands, across the uncoated steel. slope to reduce the hazard of water erosion. One Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to strip is in a close-growing crop that provides improve and protect the soil between periods of protection from erosion, and the other strip is in a regular crop production, or a crop grown between crop that provides less protection from erosion. trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. This practice is used where slopes are not long Crop residue management. Returning crop residue enough to permit a full stripcropping pattern to be to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, used. organic matter content, and fertility and helps to Dominant trees. Trees whose crowns form the control erosion. general level of the forest canopy and that Cropping system. Growing crops according to a receive full light from above and from the sides. planned system of rotation and management Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency practices. and duration of periods of saturation or partial Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting saturation during soil formation, as opposed to farming operations on sloping farmland in such a altered drainage, which is commonly the result of way that tillage is across the general slope. artificial drainage or irrigation but may be caused Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including by the sudden deepening of channels or the the living branches and their foliage. blocking of drainage outlets. Seven classes of Culmination of the mean annual increment natural soil drainage are recognized: (CMAI). The average annual increase per acre in Excessively drained.—These soils have very high the volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the and high hydraulic conductivity and a low water- total volume of the stand by its age. As the stand holding capacity. They are not suited to crop increases in age, the mean annual increment production unless irrigated. continues to increase until mortality begins to Somewhat excessively drained.—These soils reduce the rate of increase. The point where the have high hydraulic conductivity and a low water- stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth holding capacity. Without irrigation, only a narrow is called the culmination of the mean annual range of crops can be grown, and yields are low. increment. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 391

Well drained.—These soils have an intermediate Dune. A mound, ridge, or hill of loose, windblown water-holding capacity. They retain optimum granular material (generally sand), either bare or amounts of moisture, but they are not wet close covered with vegetation. enough to the surface or long enough during the Ecological site. An area where climate, soil, and growing season to adversely affect yields. relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a distinct Moderately well drained.—These soils are wet natural plant community. An ecological site is the close enough to the surface or long enough that product of all the environmental factors planting or harvesting operations or yields of responsible for its development. It is typified by an some field crops are adversely affected unless a association of species that differ from those on drainage system is installed. Moderately well- other ecological sites in kind and/or proportion of drained soils commonly have a layer with low species or in total production. hydraulic conductivity, a wet layer relatively high Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution in the profile, additions of water by seepage, or or colloidal suspension from one place to another some combination of these. within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost Somewhat poorly drained.—These soils are wet material through eluviation are eluvial; those that close enough to the surface or long enough that have received material are illuvial. planting or harvesting operations or crop growth Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in is markedly restricted unless a drainage system which all horizons between the upper boundary is installed. Somewhat poorly drained soils of saturation and a depth of 2 meters are commonly have a layer with low hydraulic saturated. conductivity, a wet layer high in the profile, Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material additions of water through seepage, or a accumulated through wind action; commonly combination of these. refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in Poorly drained.—These soils commonly are so blankets on the surface. wet, at or near the surface, during a considerable Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, part of the year that field crops cannot be grown that flows only in direct response to precipitation. under natural conditions. Poorly drained It receives no long-continued supply from melting conditions are caused by a saturated zone, a snow or other source, and its channel is above layer with low hydraulic conductivity, seepage, or the water table at all times. a combination of these. Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a Very poorly drained.—These soils are wet to the perched water table in a soil in which saturated surface most of the time. The wetness prevents layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated the growth of important crops (except rice) unless layers within 2 meters of the surface. a drainage system is installed. Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by from an area. such processes as gravitational creep. Drainageway. An area of ground at a lower elevation Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic than the surrounding ground and in which water processes acting over long geologic periods and collects and is drained to a closed depression or resulting in the wearing away of mountains and lake or to a drainageway at a lower elevation. A the building up of such landscape features as drainageway may or may not have distinctly flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural incised channels at its upper reaches or erosion. throughout its course. Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid Drumlin. A low, smooth, elongated oval hill, mound, than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of or ridge of compact glacial till. The longer axis is human or animal activities or of a catastrophe in parallel to the path of the glacier and commonly nature, such as fire, that exposes the surface. has a blunt nose pointing in the direction from Erosion pavement. A layer of gravel or stones that which the ice approached. remains on the surface after fine particles are Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of removed by sheet or rill erosion. mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope that is in the process of decomposition and or cliff breaking the general continuity of more includes everything from the litter on the surface gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from to underlying pure humus. erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. 392 Soil Survey

Esker. A long, narrow, sinuous, steep-sided ridge First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, composed of irregularly stratified sand and gravel subject to frequent or occasional flooding. that were deposited by a subsurface stream Flaggy soil material. Material that has, by volume, flowing between ice walls or through ice tunnels 15 to 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil of a retreating glacier and that were left behind material has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and when the ice melted. Eskers range from less than extremely flaggy soil material has more than a mile to more than 100 miles in length and from 60 percent flagstones. 10 to 100 feet in height. Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, Even aged. Refers to a stand of trees in which only slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches small differences in age occur between individual (15 to 38 centimeters) long. trees. A range of 20 years is allowed. Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the a stream and is subject to flooding unless soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel protected artificially. or sand for construction purposes. Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river Excess salt (in tables). Excess water-soluble salts in action, as a fluvial plain. the soil that restrict the growth of most plants. Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. properties restrict the growth of plants. Footslope. The geomorphic component that forms Extrusive rock. Igneous rock derived from deep- the inner, gently inclined surface at the base of a seated molten matter (magma) emplaced on the hillslope. The surface profile is dominantly earth’s surface. concave. In terms of gradational processes, a Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore footslope is a transitional zone between an productivity through accumulation of moisture. upslope site of erosion (backslope) and a Summer fallow is common in regions of limited downslope site of deposition (toeslope). rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. tilled for at least one growing season for weed Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants control and decomposition of plant residue. (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition provide plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and and development because of given physical and in proper balance, for the growth of specified biological factors by which it may be differentiated plants when light, moisture, temperature, tilth, from other stands. and other growth factors are favorable. Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of porosity and content of organic matter and low or all organic soil material. Peat contains a large moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. amount of well-preserved fiber that is readily A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher the lowest bulk density and the highest water bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. content at saturation of all organic soil material. When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a pressure rather than to deform slowly. soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has moisture. Frost action can damage roads, drained away; the field moisture content 2 or buildings and other structures, and plant roots. 3 days after a soaking rain; also called normal Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers field capacity, normal moisture capacity, or especially to the processes or soil-forming factors capillary capacity. responsible for the formation of the solum, or true Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to Giant ripple mark. The undulating surface sculpture stop or help control creeping or running fires. It produced in noncoherent granular materials by also serves as a line from which to work and to currents of water and by the agitation of water in facilitate the movement of firefighters and wave action during the draining of large glacial equipment. Designated roads also serve as lakes, such as Glacial Lake Missoula. firebreaks. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 393

Glacial drift. Pulverized and other rock material depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary transported by glacial ice and then deposited. tillage. Also, the sorted and unsorted material deposited Gypsum. A mineral consisting of hydrous calcium by streams flowing from glaciers. sulfate. Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly Habitat type. An aggregation of all land areas stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater. capable of producing similar climax plant Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift communities. consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated transported and deposited by glacial ice. except by blasting or by the use of special Glaciated uplands. Land areas that were previously equipment that is not commonly used in covered by continental or alpine glaciers and that construction. are at a higher elevation than the flood plain. Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey and subsequently sorted and deposited by and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium streams flowing from the melting ice. The carbonate, or other substance. deposits are stratified and occur as kames, Head out. To form a flower head. eskers, deltas, and outwash plains. Heavy metal. Inorganic substances that are solid at Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from ordinary temperatures and are not soluble in fine clay to sand derived from glaciers and water. They form oxides and hydroxides that are deposited in glacial lakes mainly by glacial basic. Examples are copper, iron, cadmium, zinc, meltwater. Many deposits are interbedded or manganese, lead, and arsenic. laminated. Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, material intermediate in degree of decomposition resulting in the reduction of iron and other between the less decomposed fibric material and elements in the profile and in gray colors. the more decomposed sapric material. Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue grass as protection against erosion. Conducts from these crops can be used to control erosion surface water away from cropland. until the next crop in the rotation is established. Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock These crops return large amounts of organic as much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to matter to the soil. 7.6 centimeters) in diameter. An individual Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as piece is a pebble. much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, Gravelly soil material. Soil that is 15 to 35 percent, commonly of limited summit area and having a by volume, rounded or angular rock fragments up well-defined outline; hillsides generally have to 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Very slopes of more than 8 percent. The distinction gravelly soil is 35 to 60 percent gravel, and between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is extremely gravelly soil is more than 60 percent dependent on local usage. gravel by volume. Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to Grazeable forestland. Land capable of sustaining the surface, having distinct characteristics livestock grazing by producing forage of sufficient produced by soil-forming processes. In the quantity during one or more stages of secondary identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter forest succession. represents the major horizons. Numbers or Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving lowercase letters that follow represent crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage subdivisions of the major horizons. An of maturity or soon after maturity. explanation of the subdivisions is given in the Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of “Soil Survey Manual” (Soil Survey Division Staff, the material below the water table. 1993). The major horizons of mineral soil are as Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by follows: running water and through which water ordinarily O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a decaying plant residue. gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to surface in which an accumulation of humified be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. 394 Soil Survey

Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are was originally part of a B horizon. andesite, basalt, and granite. E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one main feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, aluminum, or some combination of these. material is removed from an upper horizon and B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A or deposited in a lower horizon. E horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or transition from the overlying A to the underlying roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is C horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive absolutely impervious to air and water all the characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, time. sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or increase in amount as the more desirable plants browner colors than those in the A horizon; or are reduced by close grazing. Increasers (4) a combination of these. commonly are the shorter plants and the less C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, palatable to livestock. excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the by soil-forming processes and does not have the immediate surface of soil or other material, as properties typical of the overlying soil material. contrasted with percolation, which is movement The material of a C horizon may be either like or of water through soil layers or material. unlike that in which the solum formed. If the Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which material is known to differ from that in the solum, water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the conditions. letter C. Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates Cr horizon.—Sedimentary beds of consolidated the surface of the soil at any given instant, sandstone and semiconsolidated and usually expressed in inches per hour. The rate consolidated shale. Generally, roots can can be limited by the infiltration capacity of the penetrate this horizon only along fracture planes. soil or the rate at which water is applied at the R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. surface. The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the but it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial Humus. The well-decomposed, more or less stable rate; the rate decreases with application time. part of the organic matter in mineral soils. Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped a constant but is a variable depending on the net according to their runoff-producing irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in characteristics. The chief consideration is the inches per hour, is expressed as follows: inherent capacity of soil bare of vegetation to Less than 0.2 ...... very low permit infiltration. The slope and the kind of plant 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low cover are not considered but are separate factors 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low in predicting runoff. Soils are assigned to four 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate groups. In group A are soils having a high 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high infiltration rate when thoroughly wet and having a 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high low runoff potential. They are mainly deep, well More than 2.5 ...... very high drained, and sandy or gravelly. In group D, at the other extreme, are soils having a very slow Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, infiltration rate and thus a high runoff potential. that flows for prolonged periods only when it They have a claypan or clay layer at or near the receives ground-water discharge or long, surface, have a permanent high water table, or continued contributions from melting snow or are shallow over nearly impervious bedrock or other surface and shallow subsurface sources. other material. A soil is assigned to two Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an hydrologic groups if part of the acreage is area and grow after the climax vegetation has artificially drained and part is undrained. been reduced by grazing. Generally, plants Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a invade following disturbance of the surface. molten or partially molten state. Major varieties Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 395

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in is composed chiefly of rock fragments derived production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: from the valley walls by glacial abrasion and Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level plucking or by mass wasting. plains surrounded by levees or dikes. Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a or other material by percolating water. strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled Linear extensibility. Refers to the change in length by small earth ridges called border dikes, or of an unconfined clod as moisture content is borders. decreased from a moist to a dry state. Linear Controlled flooding.—Water is released at extensibility is used to determine the shrink-swell intervals from closely spaced field ditches and potential of soils. It is an expression of the volume distributed uniformly over the field. change between the water content of the clod at 1 1 Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely /3- or /10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- and oven dryness. Volume change is influenced growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in by the amount and type of clay minerals in the only one direction. soil. The volume change is the percent change for Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and the whole soil. If it is expressed as a fraction, the under low pressure to the surface of the soil or resulting value is COLE, coefficient of linear into the soil through such applicators as emitters, extensibility. porous tubing, or perforated pipe. Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made passes from a plastic to a liquid state. by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay tree and row crops. particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface than 52 percent sand particles. through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. Loamy soil. Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, fine Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, silt or tile lines until the water table is raised enough loam, silt, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay to wet the soil. loam. Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is Loess. Fine-grained material, dominantly of silt-sized allowed to flow onto an area without controlled particles, deposited by wind. distribution. Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for Kame. A moundlike hill of glacial drift, composed silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from chiefly of stratified sand and gravel. these crops is not adequate to control erosion Kame terrace. A terracelike ridge consisting of until the next crop in the rotation is established. stratified sand and gravel that were deposited by These crops return little organic matter to the soil. a meltwater stream flowing between a melting Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to glacier and a higher valley wall or lateral moraine support loads. and that remained after the disappearance of the Marl. An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consisting ice. It is commonly pitted with kettles and has an chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay in irregular ice-contact slope. approximately equal amounts. Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil and exposed when the water level is lowered or matrix that do not have a clearly defined the elevation of the land is raised. boundary with the surrounding soil material and Lake plain. A surface marking the floor of an extinct cannot be removed as a discrete unit. Common lake, filled in by well-sorted, stratified sediments. compounds making up masses are calcium Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass carbonate, gypsum or other soluble salts, iron of soil and loose rock, generally when wet or oxide, and manganese oxide. Masses consisting saturated. The speed and distance of movement, of iron oxide or manganese oxide generally are as well as the amount of soil and rock material, considered a type of redox concentration. vary greatly. Mean annual increment (MAI). The average annual Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches increase in volume of a tree during its entire life. (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical adversely affect the specified use of the soil. equipment for seeding, brush management, and Lateral moraine. A ridgelike moraine carried on and other management practices. deposited at the side margin of a valley glacier. It 396 Soil Survey

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated silt loam, or silt. mass or in a group forming a chain or range. Merchantable trees. Trees that are of sufficient size Muck. Dark, finely divided, well-decomposed organic to be economically processed into wood soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) products. Mudstone. Sedimentary rock formed by induration of Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in silt and clay in approximately equal amounts. mineralogical composition, chemical composition, Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. of three simple variables—hue, value, and Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is Microhigh. An area that is 2 to 12 inches higher than a color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma the adjacent microlow. of 4. Microlow. An area that is 2 to 12 inches lower than Naturalized pasture. Forestland that is used the adjacent microhigh. primarily for the production of forage for grazing Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and by livestock rather than for the production of low in organic material. Its bulk density is more wood products. Overstory trees are removed or than that of organic soil. managed to promote the native and introduced Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop understory vegetation occurring on the site. This production and prevention of soil damage. vegetation is managed for its forage value Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no through the use of grazing management natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. principles. Miscellaneous water. A sewage lagoon, an Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. industrial waste pit, a fish hatchery, or a similar (See Reaction, soil.) water area. Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, Moderately deep soil. A soil that is 20 to 40 inches magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, deep over bedrock or to other material that boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and restricts the penetration of plant roots. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay air and water. loam, or silty clay loam. Observed rooting depth. Depth to which roots have Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface been observed to penetrate. horizon (or horizons) that has high base Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil saturation and pedogenic soil structure. It may in various stages of decomposition. The content include the upper part of the subsoil. of organic matter in the surface layer is described Moraine. An accumulation of glacial drift in a as follows: topographic landform of its own, resulting chiefly Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent from the direct action of glacial ice. Some types Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent are lateral, recessional, and terminal. Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent including the texture, structure, porosity, High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent and biological properties of the various horizons, and the thickness and arrangement of those Outwash plain. An extensive area of glaciofluvial horizons in the soil profile. material that was deposited by meltwater Mottling, soil. Areas of color that differ from the streams. matrix color. These colors are commonly Overstory. The trees in a forest that form the upper attributes retained from the geologic parent crown cover. material. (See Redox features for indications of Oxbow. The horseshoe-shaped channel of a former poor aeration and impeded drainage.) meander, remaining after the stream formed a Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, cutoff across a narrow meander neck. rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area the movement of water and the growth of roots. (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 397

For example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed plowpan, and traffic pan. depressions. Unless the soils are artificially Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and drained, the water can be removed only by mineral material in which soil forms. percolation or evapotranspiration. Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid permeability undecomposed organic matter, that has or an impermeable layer near the surface, the soil accumulated under excess moisture. (See Fibric may not adequately filter effluent from a waste soil material.) disposal system. Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse-grained soil or soil granule, a prism, or a block. material consisting mainly of particles of nearly Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called the same size. Because there is little difference in “a soil.” A pedon is three dimensional and large size of the particles, density can be increased enough to permit study of all horizons. Its only slightly by compaction. area ranges from about 10 to 100 square feet Potential natural community (PNC). The biotic (1 square meter to 10 square meters), depending community that would become established on an on the variability of the soil. ecological site if all successional sequences were Percolation. The movement of water through the soil. completed without interferences by man under Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water the present environmental conditions. Natural through the soil, adversely affecting the specified disturbances are inherent in its development. The use. PNC may include acclimatized or naturalized Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables nonnative species. water or air to move downward through the Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). profile. Depth to which roots could penetrate if the Terms describing permeability are: content of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has no properties restricting the Very slow ...... less than 0.06 inch penetration of roots to this depth. Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch Prescribed burning. The application of fire to land Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch under such conditions of weather, soil moisture, Moderate ...... 0.6 to 2.0 inches and time of day as presumably will result in the Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches intensity of heat and spread required to Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches accomplish specific forest management, wildlife, Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches grazing, or fire hazard reduction purposes. Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and producing a specified plant or sequence of plants alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) under specific management. Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending features that affect its use and management, through all its horizons and into the parent such as slope, stoniness, and flooding. material. Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that or pipelike cavities by water moving through the maintains enough cover to protect the soil and soil. maintain or improve the quantity and quality of Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil the desirable vegetation. This practice increases changes from semisolid to plastic. the vigor and reproduction capacity of the key Plasticity index. The numerical difference between plants and promotes the accumulation of litter the liquid limit and the plastic limit. The range of and mulch necessary to conserve soil and water. moisture content within which the soil remains Quartzite, metamorphic. Rock consisting mainly of plastic. quartz that formed through recrystallization of Playa. The generally dry and nearly level lake plain quartz-rich sandstone or chert. that occupies the lowest parts of closed Quartzite, sedimentary. Very hard but depressional areas, such as those on unmetamorphosed sandstone consisting chiefly intermontane basin floors. Temporary flooding of quartz grains. occurs primarily in response to precipitation and Range condition. The present composition of the runoff. plant community on a range site in relation to the Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directly below the plowed layer. 398 Soil Survey

potential natural plant community for that site. change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after (See Similarity index.) exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A Range site. (See Ecological site.) type of redox feature. Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural Regeneration. The new growth of a natural plant vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike community, developing from seed. plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered browsing. It includes natural grasslands, rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, loose earth material above the solid rock. tundras, and areas that support certain forb and Relict stream terrace. One of a series of platforms shrub communities. in or adjacent to a stream valley that formed prior Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a to the current stream system. soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in surface, considered collectively. reaction because it is neither acid nor alkaline. Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, The degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as weathered or partly weathered mineral material pH values, are: that accumulated as consolidated rock Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 disintegrated in place. Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 machinery. Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 Riser. The relatively short, steeply sloping area below Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 a terrace tread that grades to a lower terrace Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 tread or base level. Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 Riverwash. Unstable areas of sandy, silty, clayey, or Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 gravelly sediments. These areas are flooded, Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher washed, and reworked by rivers so frequently that they support little or no vegetation. Recessional moraine. A moraine formed during a Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical temporary but significant halt in the retreat of a means during road construction. It is commonly glacier. on the uphill side of the road. Red beds. Sedimentary strata that are mainly red Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having and are made up largely of sandstone and shale. a diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, Redox concentrations. Nodules, concretions, soft boulders, stones, cobbles, and gravel. masses, pore linings, and other features resulting Rock outcrop. Exposures of bare bedrock other than from the accumulation of iron or manganese lava flows and rock-lined pits. oxide. An indication of chemical reduction and Root zone. The part of the soil that can be oxidation resulting from saturation. penetrated by plant roots. Redox depletions. Low-chroma zones from which Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The iron and manganese oxide or a combination of soil is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts iron and manganese oxide and clay has been roots. removed. These zones are indications of the Rubble land. Areas that have more than 90 percent chemical reduction of iron resulting from of the surface covered by stones or boulders. saturation. Voids contain no soil material and virtually no Redox features. Redox concentrations, redox vegetation other than lichens. The areas depletions, reduced matrices, a positive reaction commonly are at the base of mountain slopes, to alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, and other features but some are on mountain slopes as deposits of indicating the chemical reduction and oxidation of cobbles, stones, and boulders left by Pleistocene iron and manganese compounds resulting from glaciation or by periglacial phenomena. saturation. Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in channels from an area. The water that flows off situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). the surface of the land without sinking into the The chemical reduction results from nearly soil is called surface runoff. Water that enters the continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a soil before reaching surface streams is called Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 399

ground-water runoff or seepage flow from ground They are higher on the landscape than the flood water. plain. Saline soil. A soil containing soluble salts in an Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through amount that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified use. does not contain excess exchangeable sodium. Semiconsolidated sedimentary beds. Soft geologic Salinity. The electrical conductivity of a saline soil. It sediments that disperse when fragments are is expressed, in millimhos per centimeter, as placed in water. The fragments are hard or very follows: hard when dry. Determining the texture by the Nonsaline ...... 0 to 4 usual field method is difficult. Slightly saline ...... 4 to 8 Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon Moderately saline ...... 8 to 16 and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Strongly saline ...... more than 16 Eluviation.) Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral are almost alike, except for differences in texture fragments from 0.05 to 2.0 millimeters in of the surface layer or of the underlying material. diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As All the soils of a series have horizons that are a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or similar in composition, thickness, and more sand and not more than 10 percent clay. arrangement. Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of sand-sized particles. a clay deposit. Sandy soil. Sand or loamy sand. Shallow soil. A soil that is 10 to 20 inches deep over Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly bedrock or to other material that restricts the decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck penetration of plant roots. has the least amount of plant fiber, the highest Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer bulk density, and the lowest water content at of soil material from the land surface by the saturation of all organic soil material. action of rainfall and surface runoff. Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or Shelterwood system. A forest management system positive pressure of the soil water. Under requiring the removal of a stand in a series of conditions of saturation, the water will flow from cuts so that regeneration occurs under a partial the soil matrix into an unlined auger hole. canopy. After regeneration, a final cut removes Sawlogs. Logs of suitable size and quality for the the shelterwood and allows the stand to develop production of lumber. in the open as an even-aged stand. The system is Scarification. The act of abrading, scratching, well suited to sites where shelter is needed for loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to regeneration, and it can aid regeneration of the increase water absorption or to provide a more more intolerant tree species in a stand. tillable soil. Shoulder. The uppermost inclined surface at the top Scribner’s log rule. A method of estimating the of a hillside. It is the transitional zone from the number of board feet that can be cut from a log of backslope to the summit of a hill or mountain. The a given diameter and length. surface is dominantly convex in profile and Sedimentary plain. An extensive nearly level to erosional in origin. gently rolling or moderately sloping area that is Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when underlain by sedimentary bedrock and that has a dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and slope of 0 to 8 percent. swelling can damage roads, dams, building Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles foundations, and other structures. It can also deposited from suspension in water. The chief damage plant roots. kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, Side slope. A geomorphic component of hills formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from consisting of a laterally planar area of a hillside. sand; shale, formed from clay; and limestone, The overland waterflow is predominantly parallel. formed from soft masses of calcium carbonate. Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The There are many intermediate types. Some wind- mineral form is called quartz. deposited sand is consolidated into sandstone. Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles Sedimentary uplands. Land areas of bedrock that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay formed from water- or wind-deposited sediments. (0.002 millimeters) to the lower limit of very fine 400 Soil Survey

sand (0.05 millimeters). As a soil textural class, surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less than blocks, prisms, and columns; and in swelling 12 percent clay. clayey soils, where there is marked change in Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly moisture content. silt-sized particles. Slickspot. A small area of soil having a puddled, Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic crusted, or smooth surface and an excess of criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, exchangeable sodium. The soil generally is loamy and have similar conservation needs or or clayey, is slippery when wet, and is low in management requirements for the major land productivity. uses in the survey area. Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the Similarity index. A similarity index is the percentage horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical of a specific vegetation state plant community distance divided by horizontal distance, then that is presently on the site. multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. limestone has been dissolved. In this survey the following slope classes are Site class. A grouping of site indexes into five to recognized: seven production capability levels. Each level can Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent be represented by a site curve. Gently sloping ...... 2 to 4 percent Site curve (50-year). A set of related curves on a Moderately sloping ...... 4 to 8 percent graph that shows the average height of dominant Strongly sloping ...... 8 to 15 percent or dominant and codominant trees for the range Moderately steep ...... 15 to 25 percent of ages on soils that differ in productivity. Each Steep ...... 25 to 45 percent level is represented by a curve. The basis of the Very steep ...... more than 45 percent curves is the height of dominant or dominant and codominant trees that are 50 years old or are Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special 50 years old at breast height. practices are required to ensure satisfactory Site curve (100-year). A set of related curves on a performance of the soil for a specific use. graph that shows the average height of dominant Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water or dominant and codominant trees for a range of into the soil. ages on soils that differ in productivity. Each level Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, is represented by a curve. The basis of the curves resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. is the height of dominant or dominant and Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than codominant trees that are 100 years old or are 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small 100 years old at breast height. stones adversely affect the specified use of the Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site soil. based on the height of the dominant stand at an Sodic (alkali) soil. A soil having so high a degree arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the of alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a average height attained by dominant or dominant percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent and codominant trees in a fully stocked stand at or more of the total exchangeable bases), or the age of 50 years is 75 feet, the site index is 75. both, that plant growth is restricted. Skid trails. Pathways along which logs are dragged Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by to a common site for loading onto a logging truck. exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a Slash. The branches, bark, treetops, reject logs, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation broken or uprooted trees left on the ground after extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The logging. degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios Slickens. Accumulations of fine textured material, are: such as material separated in placer-mine and Slight ...... less than 13:1 ore-mill operations. Slickens from ore mills Moderate ...... 13-30:1 commonly consist of freshly ground rock that has Strong ...... more than 30:1 undergone chemical treatment during the milling process. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). A measure of the Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces amount of sodium (Na) relative to calcium (Ca) produced by one mass sliding past another. In and magnesium (Mg) in the water extract from soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip saturated soil paste. It is the ratio of the Na Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 401

concentration divided by the square root of one- Strath terrace. A surface cut formed by the erosion half of the Ca + Mg concentration. of hard or semiconsolidated bedrock and thinly Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with mantled with stream deposits. trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and Stream channel. The hollow bed where a natural other equipment commonly used in construction. stream of surface water flows or may flow; the Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s deepest or central part of the bed, formed by the surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has main current and covered more or less properties resulting from the integrated effect of continuously by water. climate and living matter acting on earthy parent Stream terrace. One of a series of platforms in a material, as conditioned by relief over periods of stream valley, flanking and more or less parallel time. to the stream channel. It originally formed near Soil separates. Mineral particles less than the level of the stream and is the dissected 2 millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging remnants of an abandoned flood plain, between specified size limits. The names and streambed, or valley floor that were produced sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in during a former stage of erosion or deposition. the United States are as follows: Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 arrangement of strips or bands that provide Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 vegetative barriers to soil blowing and water Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 erosion. Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 particles into compound particles or aggregates. Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 The principal forms of soil structure are platy Clay ...... less than 0.002 (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), C horizon, in which the processes of soil and granular. Structureless soils are either single formation are active. The solum in soil consists grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or of the A, E, and B horizons. Generally, the massive (the particles adhering without any characteristics of the material in these horizons regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). are unlike those of the material below the solum. Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on The living roots and plant and animal activities the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects are largely confined to the solum. the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after Species. A single, distinct kind of plant or animal harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the having certain distinguishing characteristics. next crop, and during the early growing period of Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a the new crop. soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part surface. In a cross section, the line may be one of the solum below plow depth. fragment or more thick. It generally overlies Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, material that weathered in place and is overlain ordinarily to shatter or loosen a layer that is by recent sediment of variable thickness. restrictive to roots. Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. 60 centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, 24 inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. or EB) below the surface layer. Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during that interfere with tillage, or stones cover .01 to the summer to control weeds and allow storage 0.1 percent of the surface. Very stony means that of moisture in the soil for the growth of a later 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the surface is covered crop. A practice common in semiarid regions, with stones. Extremely stony means that 3 to where annual precipitation is not enough to 15 percent of the surface is covered with stones. produce a crop every year. Summer fallow is Stony soil material. Soil that is 15 to 35 percent, by frequently practiced before planting winter grain. volume, rock fragments that are dominated by Summit. A general term for the top, or highest level, fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 centimeters) of an upland feature, such as a hill or mountain. It in diameter. 402 Soil Survey

commonly refers to a higher area that has a Till plain. An extensive, nearly level to gently rolling gentle slope and is flanked by steeper slopes. or moderately sloping area that is underlain by Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or or consists of till and that has a slope of 0 to its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in 8 percent. depth from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the related to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling “Ap horizon.” emergence, and root penetration. Tailwater. The water directly downstream of a Toeslope. The outermost inclined surface at the base structure. of a hill. Toeslopes are commonly gentle and Talus. Rock fragments of any size or shape, linear in profile. commonly coarse and angular, derived from and Too arid (in tables). The soil is dry most of the time, lying at the base of a cliff or very steep rock and vegetation is difficult to establish. slope. The accumulated mass of such loose, Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most broken rock formed chiefly by falling, rolling, or favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily sliding. rich in organic matter and is used to topdress Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. series recognized in the classification system. Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, Such soils are named for a series they strongly zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to soils in extremely small amounts. They are that series because they differ in ways too small essential to plant growth. to be of consequence in interpreting their use Trafficability. The degree to which a soil is capable and behavior. of supporting vehicular traffic across a wide Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that range in soil moisture conditions. generally marks the termination of important Tread. The relatively flat terrace surface that was cut glacial advances. or built by stream or wave action. Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight volcanic ash and dust. angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts Understory. Any plants in a forest community that surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or grow to a height of less than 5 feet. flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than field generally is built so that the field can be the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage the lowlands along streams. has a deep channel that is maintained in Valley. An elongated depressional area primarily permanent sod. developed by stream action. Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in flat or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In sea. nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by Terracette. Small, irregular step-like forms on steep heavily loaded streams. hillslopes, especially in pasture, formed by creep Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors or erosion of surficial materials that may or may assumed to be inherited from the parent material not be induced by trampling of livestock such as rather than to be the result of poor drainage. sheep or cattle. Varve. A sedimentary layer or a lamina or sequence Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, of laminae deposited in a body of still water within and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic a year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded textural classes, in order of increasing proportion glaciolacustrine layers seasonally deposited, of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay other body of still water in front of a glacier. loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and Very deep soil. A soil that is more than 60 inches clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam deep over bedrock or to other material that classes may be further divided by specifying restricts the penetration of plant roots. “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” Very shallow soil. A soil that is less than 10 inches Thin layer (in tables). A layer of otherwise suitable deep over bedrock or to other material that soil material that is too thin for the specified use. restricts the penetration of plant roots. Gallatin County Area, Montana—Part I 403

Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of areas that are excavated at an angle across a coarse-grained particles that are well distributed sloping road. They are used to reduce the over wide range in size or diameter. Such soil downward velocity of water and divert it off and normally can be easily increased in density and away from the road surface. Water bars can bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with easily be driven over if constructed properly. poorly graded soil. Water-spreading. Diverting runoff from natural Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The channels by means of a system of dams, dikes, moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at or ditches and spreading it over relatively flat which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so surfaces. much that it does not recover when placed in a Weathering. All physical and chemical changes humid, dark chamber. produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the Windthrow. The action of uprooting and tipping over earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These trees by the wind. changes result in disintegration and decomposition of the material. Accessibility Statement

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