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MATEMATICA Vascosta PIANETA GALILEO 2010 A cura di Alberto Peruzzi Si ringraziano: il Comitato Scientifico di Pianeta Galileo 2010, gli Atenei toscani, le Province di Arezzo, Firenze, Grosseto, Livorno, Lucca, Massa Carrara, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato e Siena, i Comuni di Arezzo, Livorno e Prato, la Fondazione Monte dei Paschi di Siena per il contributo concesso, la Fondazione Toscana Spettacolo, il Gabinetto Scientifico Letterario G.P. Vieusseux, l’Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri - Associazione Astronomica Amici di Arcetri, l’Ufficio Scolastico regionale per la Toscana - MIUR Pianeta Galileo : 2010 / Regione Toscana, Consiglio regionale ; a cura di Alberto Peruzzi. – Firenze : Consiglio regionale della Toscana, 2011 I. Toscana. Consiglio regionale II. Peruzzi, Alberto 375.6 Scienze – Divulgazione e attività promozionali – Progetti della Regione Toscana – Pianeta Galileo – Atti di congressi CIP (Catalogazione nella pubblicazione) a cura della Biblioteca del Consiglio regionale Consiglio regionale della Toscana Settore Rappresentanza e relazioni esterne Grafica e impaginazione: Patrizio Suppa, Settore Comunicazione istituzionale, editoria e promozione dell’immagine Stampato presso il Centro Stampa del Consiglio regionale della Toscana, via Cavour, 4 - Firenze Agosto 2011 Realizzato con il contributo della SOMMARIO Presentazione - Alberto Monaci e Stella Targetti 5 Introduzione - Alberto Peruzzi 7 PROSPEZIONI MATEMATICA Matematica nascosta - Riccardo Ricci 15 Probabilità e illusioni - Ennio Peres 25 Walt Disney, i Pitagorici e la matematica - Andrea Sani 39 FI S ICA L’attività sperimentale di Enrico Fermi, tra scienza, storia ed etica - Marco Maria Massai 59 Radici quadrate e collisionatori di particelle - Roberto Casalbuoni 71 Masterclass di fisica delle particelle- Sandra Leone, Stefano Venditti 81 SCIENZE UMANE Gli Yanomami della foresta amazzonica: cultura tradizionale e storia recente nella collezione del Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università di Firenze - Francesca Bigoni, Giovanni Saffirio 91 Alla ricerca della mente: dalla res cogitans al cogito ergo sum - Francesco Romani 99 STORIA DEL P EN S IERO S CIENTI F ICO ED E P I S TEMOLO G IA La musica e la genesi del pensiero scientifico moderno- Natacha Fabbri 107 Charles Darwin: viaggio alle origini della varietà dei viventi - Anna Lepre 117 Visione scientifica e senso comune- Michele Marsonet 127 Tra universo del senso comune e universo delle scienze: oltre il conflitto- Carlo Gabbani 137 Imre Toth, sogno di un’ombra - Luigi Maierù 157 ESPERIENZE DIDATTICHE Avventura sui Vulcani: la Terra raccontata dai ragazzi - Simona Cerrato, Rossella Crescente 171 Insegnare matematica... a teatro - Rosa Santori, Alfia Lucia Fazzino, Antonella Castellini 181 Giochi matematici del Medioevo: pensare-e-agire ludicamente - Antonio Di Pietro, Michela Lorenzi, Giampaolo Mazza, Gianfranco Staccioli, Francesco Tanini 187 CONVEGNI IN F ORMATICA NELLA DIDATTICA DELL 'IN F ORMATICA Premessa - Marco Maria Massai 201 Introduzione - Maria Rita Laganà 203 La danza dei bit: dai fogli a quadretti al palcoscenico - Chiara Bodei 207 I robot: gioco nella scienza - Marco Righi 211 Olimpiadi di Informatica: le gare di programmazione come stimolo per l’autoapprendimento - Roberto Grossi 215 Esperienze sceniche di diffusione della cultura informatica - Romeo Crapiz, Giuseppina Trifiletti 219 IL P RO G ETTO "EXTREME ENER G Y EVENT S " (EEE): UN 'E sp ERIENZA DI COLLABORAZIONE TRA S CUOLE E TRA S CUOLA E UNIVER S ITÀ Introduzione - Gloria Spandre, Marco Maria Massai 233 L’esperienza delle scuole di Viareggio nell’ambito del Progetto Extreme Energy Events (EEE) - Barbara Natucci 237 Il Progetto Extreme Energy Events (EEE): costruzione dei rivelatori MRCP presso il CERN di Ginevra - Joseph Bensellam, Claudio Bessi, Onofrio Langella, Matteo Panconi, Martina Petrucci 245 Sugli effetti collaterali della ricerca fondamentale: la partecipazione di un’azienda di elettronica locale al Progetto EEE - Carlo Avanzini 249 Applicazioni di tecniche di fisica nucleare in medicina- Maria Giuseppina Bisogni 251 La Relatività Generale di Albert Einstein: una teoria geometrica per la gravitazione - David M. Lucchesi 255 PREMIO GIULIO PRETI Motivazioni per il conferimento del premio al Prof. Francis William Lawvere 277 La guida alla natura - Francis William Lawvere 281 5 PRE S ENTAZIONE Anche l’edizione 2010 ha confermato la straordinarietà di un progetto come Pianeta Galileo, chiamato a sostenere la più ampia diffusione della cultura scientifica, parti- colarmente fra le nuove generazioni. Con il cambio di legislatura, infatti, si è deciso di centrare proprio sui giovani il maggior numero delle iniziative che nell’ambito di Pianeta Galileo, in tutta la Toscana, si vanno a realizzare. Una scelta consapevolmen- te assunta nella certezza che proprio dall’avvicinamento dei giovani allo straordinario mondo scientifico vivo e presente in Toscana potranno realizzarsi importanti prospet- tive per il futuro della nostra comunità. Una comunità che vuole tornare a crescere e prosperare, in un contesto di diritti e opportunità, solidarietà e rispetto dell’ambiente. L’amore, lo abbiamo detto tante volte, che oggi può nascere in un giovane nei confron- ti della scienza, del sapere, della tecnologia, della conoscenza continua di nuove cose, proprio grazie ad un’esperienza come Pianeta Galileo, sarà certamente domani un con- tributo fondante a questo modello di sviluppo che vogliamo tornare ad affermare. Questo volume raccoglie straordinari contributi legati agli eventi dell’edizione 2010 di Pianeta Galileo, contributi che offrono al lettore un’immagine esauriente della com- plessità e del fascino di questo progetto in cui Consiglio Regionale e Giunta toscana hanno deciso di continuare a credere. Uno spaccato importante dell’offerta di cono- scenza posta, tramite un approccio particolarmente accattivante (ma che niente paga in termini di rigore del percorso di studio e di ricerca che ad essa sta dietro) all’attenzione di moltissimi giovani delle nostre scuole. Giovani ai quali va il nostro ringraziamento per la partecipazione e l’entusiasmo con cui annualmente si rapportano a questa inizia- tiva, una pagina bella delle nostre Istituzioni che rafforza, crediamo, anche il legame di fiducia che ci deve essere fra queste e i cittadini. Una pagina che vogliamo, sicuramente, continuare a scrivere, anche grazie al con- tributo importantissimo di tutte quelle donne e quegli uomini di scienza che hanno scelto di mettere il loro sapere ed il loro lavoro al servizio di questo progetto. ALBERTO MONACI STELLA TARGETTI Presidente del Consiglio regionale della Toscana Vicepresidente della Regione Toscana 6 PIANETA GALILEO 2009 7 INTRODUZIONE ALBERTO PERUZZI Università di Firenze, Coordinatore scientifico di Pianeta Galileo L’edizione 2010 di Pianeta Galileo, di cui qui si raccolgono gli atti, ha visto un’impor- tante novità sotto il profilo istituzionale. La manifestazione è stata infatti realizzata sulla base di una convenzione tra il Consiglio regionale della Toscana, i tre atenei – Università di Firenze, Università di Pisa e Università di Siena – e l’Ufficio Scolastico Regionale del Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca. Tale convenzione ha reso possibile il coinvolgimento diretto di tutti e tre gli atenei toscani fin dalle prime fasi progettuali e un più diretto e fattivo contatto con le scuole di ciascuna provincia grazie all’apporto dell’Ufficio Scolastico Regionale. La nuova modalità di collaborazione ha favorito il conseguimento degli scopi di Pianeta Galileo: promuovere un raccordo tra mondo della scuola e mondo della ricerca, favorire la diffusione della cultura scientifica, fornire ai giovani l’opportunità di partecipare a esperimenti e a progetti di ricerca ma anche aiutarli ad acquisire maggiore consapevolezza del ruolo che la ricerca scientifica ha avuto nella nostra storia, dei suoi legami con lo sviluppo economico e dei suoi rap- porti con altri ambiti (dall’arte alla filosofia, dalla medicina alla tutela dell’ambiente). L’edizione 2010 ha visto crescere il numero degli istituti di istruzione superiore che hanno partecipato e il numero dei centri di ricerca, presenti sul territorio regionale in Toscana, che si sono fatti promotori di iniziative. La distribuzione degli eventi è stata ancor più capillare rispetto alle edizioni precedenti di Pianeta Galileo e la partecipa- zione delle scuole interessate alle iniziative in programma non si è esaurita in occasioni isolate, suggerendo per il futuro l’opportunità di percorsi formativi che, oltre a propor- re tematiche non incluse nei curricula, sviluppino quello spirito esplorativo e collabora- tivo che fin dalla prima edizione nel 2004 la manifestazione si propone di coltivare. Le modalità comunicative sono state varie, come attestano i contributi al presente volume, andando da “lezioni-incontro” che offrono una succinta panoramica su parti- colari aree di ricerca a convegni sulla metodologia didattica, da resoconti sullo stato di avanzamento di un progetto di ricerca a riflessioni storiche e filosofiche sul significato di alcuni concetti fondamentali della matematica, della fisica, della chimica e della biologia, soffermandosi anche su alcune figure eminenti nella storia del pensiero scien- tifico. Seppur in nuove forme, le idee di fondo da cui è nata la manifestazione sono rima- ste inalterate e i saggi qui raccolti ne sono ulteriore conferma. Pianeta Galileo continua infatti a proporre ai giovani un modo di avvicinarsi al sapere che si contraddistingue 8 PIANETA GALILEO 2009 per lo stimolo
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