Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
KOGI STATE GOVERNMENT NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (KGS-NEWMAP) Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR ADUMU ROAD - OGUGU EROSION SITE, OLAMABORO LGA
Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL REPORT AUGUST, 2018 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
Table of Content Table of Content ...... ii LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... viii CHAPTER ONE ...... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Kogi State and Description of Proposed Intervention Site ...... 2 1.3 Objective of the Consultancy ...... 9 1.4 Tasks of the Consultant ...... 9 1.5 Methodology and Project Approach ...... 10 1.5.1 Task 1: Project Planning ...... 11 1.5.2 Task 2: Project Description and Literature Review ...... 11 1.5.3 Task 3: Field Survey ...... 11 1.5.4 Task 4: Development of an ESMP to Mitigate Negative Impacts ...... 13 1.5.5 Task 5: Reporting Requirements ...... 14 CHAPTER TWO ...... 16 2.0 POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT . 16 2.1 Introduction ...... 16 2.2 Policy Framework ...... 16 2.3 Regulatory Framework ...... 16 2.3.1 Federal Legislation ...... 16 2.3.2 Assessment of the Policy and Regulatory Framework ...... 19 2.3.3 Institutional Framework ...... 19 2.3.4 International Environmental Agreements and Conventions ...... 20 2.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 21 2.5 World Bank Safeguard and Policies Nigeria Environmental Policies ...... 22 CHAPTER THREE ...... 24 3.0 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 24 3.1 Introduction ...... 24 3.2 Physical Environment ...... 24 3.3 Soil Physical and Chemical Properties……………………………………………………………….………………….. 30 3.4 Noise Measurement …………………………………………………………………………………..………………………… 34 3.5 Ambient Air Quality………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36 3.6 Water Quality………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37 3.7 Biological Environment ...... 39 3.7.1 Plant Biodiversity ...... 39 3.7.2 Wildlife Biodiversity ...... 40 CHAPTER FOUR ...... 42 4.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH ...... 42 4.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents in the Project Area ...... 42 4.2 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………43 4.3 The Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents………………………………………………………………44 4.4 Communities Environmental Concerns (CECs)…………………………………………………………………………. 65 4.5 Impact Evaluation of the Gully Erosion Intervention Activities…………………………………………………66 4.6 Public Consultations with Stakeholders…………………………………………………………………………………..66 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
4.7 Overview of Public Consultation Programme ...... 68 CHAPTER FIVE ...... 72 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES...... 72 5.1 Assessment of Potential Adverse Impacts ...... 72 5.1.1 Introduction ...... 72 5.1.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation ...... 72 5.1.3 Positive Environmental Impacts ...... 74 5.1.3.1 Pre- Construction Phase ...... 74 5.1.3.2 Construction Phase ...... 74 5.1.3.3 Operation Phase ...... 74 5.1.4 Negative Environmental Impacts ...... 75 5.1.4.1 Pre-Construction Phase ...... 75 5.1.4.2 Construction Phase ...... 76 5.1.4.3 Operation Phase ...... 77 5.1.5 Negative Social Impacts ...... 77 5.1.5.1 Construction Phase ...... 77 5.1.5.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase ...... 78 5.2 Analysis of Alternatives ...... 95 5.2.1 Introduction ...... 95 5.2.2 Implementation Options ...... 95 5.2.3 Engineering/Technology Options ...... 96 CHAPTER 6 ...... 99 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ...... 99 6.1 Introduction ...... 99 6.2 Discussion of the Proposed Mitigation Measures ...... 99 6.2 Monitoring Plan ...... 111 6.2.1 Introduction ...... 111 6.3 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities ...... 140 6.4 Capacity Building Plan ...... 142 6.5 Summary of Responsibility for Implementation of the ESMP……………………………………………… 145 6.6 Cost of Implementation of the ESMP……………………………………………………………………………………146 6.7 Citizen Engagement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..146 6.8 Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 14647 6.9 Gender -Based Violence……………………………………………………………………………………………………….148 6.10 Workers Influx and Child Labour…………………………………………………………………………………………..151 6.11 Waste Management Plan ...... 152 6.12 Health and Safety Management Plan……………………………………………………………………………………154 6.13 Disclosures and Public Consultation Plan ...... 155 CHAPTER SEVEN ...... 156 7.0 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION ...... 156 REFERENCES ...... 158 ANNEXES ...... 159
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Detail of sample size, questionnaire administered and completed and number of FGD and town hall meetings 13 Table 2.1 Existing National Environmental Protection Regulations 18 Table 3.1 Ogugu climate – historical weather data 26 Table 3.2 The population of Kogi State by Local Government Areas 30 Table 3.3 Some physical properties of soil samples collected from different locations at Ogugu 31 Table 3.4 Laboratory analysis result of soil samples collected from different locations at Ogugu 31 Table 3.5a Result of air quality collected at location 1 34 Table 3.5b Result of air quality collected at location 2 35 Table 3 5c Result of air quality collected at location 3 35 Table 3.5d Result of air quality collected at location 4 35 Table 3.5e Result of air quality collected at location 5 35 Table 3.5f Result of air quality collected at location 6 36 Table 3.6 Result of the noise measurement at the project site 36 Table 3.7 Coordinates of water sampling points at Ogugu, Olamaboro Local Government Area 37 Table 3.8 Laboratory analysis result for water samples from Ogugu 38 Table 3.9 Plant Biodiversity in Ogugu Catchment Area 40 Table 3.10 Wildlife Biodiversity of Ogugu Catchment Area 41 Table 4.1 Sampling Characteristics 44 Table 4. 2 Date of consultations with stakeholders in the project area 68 Table 4. 3 Summary of Consultation with communities around the project site 69 Table 4.4 Some queries/observations and the responses given to the stakeholders 70 Table 5.1 Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking & Risk Matrix Tables 73 Table 5.2 Estimated emissions from construction equipment 76 Table 5.3 Summary of the Environmental and Social Impacts of the Adumu 80 Road-Ogugu Erosion Project Table 6.1 Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control Project 101 Table 6.2 Monitoring Plan for Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control Project 113 Table 6.3 Institutional/personnel responsibilities and accountabilities 140 Table 6.4 Proposed Training/Programme for the Implementation of ESMP 143 Table 6.5 Summary of Responsibility for Implementation of the ESMP 145 Table 6.6 Estimated Budget for the Implementation of ESMP 146
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1.1 Map of Kogi State showing project location 3 Fig 1.2 Satellite Imagery over Adumu-Road, Ogugu erosion site, Olamaboro LGA 4 Fig 1.3 Ogugu Erosion Control - Engineering Design Showing Proposed Drainage Pathways in Red 6 Fig 1.4 Ogugu Engineering Design Showing Sections of Proposed Drainage [Enlarged] 7 Fig 1.5 Ogugu Engineering Design Showing Cross-Sections of Proposed Drainage 8 Fig 3.1 Precipitation amounts for Adumu - Ogugu from January to December 25 Fig 3.2 Temperatures in Adumu - Ogugu Olamaboro LGA from January to December 25 Fig 3.3 Average temperatures and precipitation for Okpo town in Olamaboro LGA 26 Fig 3.4 Cloudy, sunny, and precipitation days in Okpo town, Olamaboro LGA 27 Fig 3.5 Wind speed for Adumu Road - Ogugu LGA from January to December 28 Fig 3.6 Wind rose for Okpo town in km/h 28 Fig 3.7 Map showing the soil sampling locations 34 Fig 3.8 Map showing the air and noise quality sampling locations 37 Fig 3.9 Map showing water sampling locations 38 Fig 4.1 Sex Profile of the Respondents 44 Fig 4.2 Distributions of the Respondents according to Age 45 Fig 4.3 Marital Status of the Respondents 45 Fig 4.4 Relationship to the Household Heads 46 Fig 4.5 Educational Status of the Respondents 46 Fig 4.6 Employment Status of the Respondents 46 Fig 4.7 Distribution of Respondents by their Income Level 47 Fig 4.8 Distribution of Respondents by access to Credit Facilities 48 Fig 4.9 Sources of Credit Facilities to the Respondents 48 Fig 4.10 Distribution of Respondents by access to Extension Services 49 Fig 4.11 Distribution of Respondents by Daily Expenditure on Food 50 Fig 4.12 Distribution of Respondent by their Willingness to pay 50 Fig 4.13 Amount the Respondents are willing to pay 51 Fig 4.14 Maximum Amount the Respondents are willing to pay 51 Fig 4.15 Distribution of the Respondents by the different Coping Strategies Adopted 53 Fig 4.16 Distribution of Sources of Water to the Respondents 54 Fig 4.17 Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on availability of Water Facilities in the Project Area 55 Fig 4.18 Perception of the Respondents as regards Roads to their Community 56 Fig 4.19 Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception of Roads within 57 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
their community Fig 4.20 Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on existence of Religious Facilities in the Project Area 57 Fig 4.21 Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on existence of Market Infrastructure 59 Fig 4.22 Distribution of the Respondents by their perception on availability of Solid Wastes Disposal System in the Project Area 59 Fig 4.23 Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on the existence of Sewage Disposing Facilities 60 Fig 4.24 Distribution of Respondents by their Perception on existence of Communication Facilities in the Project Area 61 Fig 4.25 Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on the Availability of Recreational Facilities in the Project Area 62 Fig 4.26 Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on existence of Public Health Institutions in the Project Area 62 Fig 4.27 Distribution of the Respondents on the existence of Educational Facilities in the Project Area 63 Fig 4.28 Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on the sources of Public Electricity 63 Fig 4.29 Distribution of the Respondents by their Primary Sources of Electricity 64 Fig 4.30 Distribution of the Respondents by their Sources of Domestic Energy 64 Fig 4.31 Distribution of Ailments/Sicknesses suffered by the Respondents 65 Fig 6.1 Conceptual Model (Adapted from National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 111 Fig 6.2 Nigeria Degree of Gender Inequality according to the Social Institutions and Gender Index 150 Fig 6.3 Various sizes of Bins/Trash Cans 154
LIST OF PLATES Plate 4.1 Ubele River a Source of Domestic Water Supply in Ogugu, Olamaboro LGA 55 Plate 4.2 Pate of Ubele River in Ogugu 56 Plate 4.3 Adamu Road under serious threat by Gully Erosion and illegal Solid Waste 58 Disposal Plate 4.4 Illegal Solid Waste Disposal in a Gully along Adumu Road, Ogugu 60 Plate 4.5 Illegal Disposal of Solid Waste along Adamu Road Ogugu 61 Plate 4.6 Pictures of public consultations at Adumu Road, OCSS, Okegbi Alumeji / Eti Aja, Unyi –Ogugu villages 71 Plate 4.7 Pictures showing ongoing consultation with men, youth and women groups of Adumu Road Ogugu 71
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
LIST OF ACRONYMS
BP Bank Policy CBOs Community Based Organizations DO Dissolved Oxygen EA Environmental Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESO Environmental Safeguard Officer FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FMWR Federal Ministry of Water Resources GBV Gender Based Violence GPS Global Positioning System ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ITD Inter Tropical Discontinuity ITF Inter Tropical Front ISDS Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet ISO International Organization for Standardization LGA Local Government Area Lmax Maximum Noise Levels Lmin Minimum Noise Levels MDAs Ministries Departments and Agencies MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements MFMP Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of Montreal Protocol NBS National Bureau of Statistics NESREA National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NEWMAP Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project NIWRMC Nigeria Integrated Water Resources Management Commission NIMET Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) NGOs Non-Governmental Organization OP Operational Policy PAPs Project Affected Persons PAD Project Appraisal Document PC Project Coordinator PIM Project Implementation Manual RAP Resettlement Action Plan SEA Sexual Exploitation and Abuse SPMU State Project Management Unit TOR Terms of Reference
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES 1.0 INTRODUCTION
ES1.1 Background The Federal Government of Nigeria initiated the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) in order to solve the perennial problem of erosion in Nigeria. Generally, the project employs a sustainable and holistic approach of combining Engineering Watershed Management and livelihood support solutions in tackling Erosion issues. Kogi is one of the fourteen states where the NEWMAP programme is being currently implemented.
The construction of Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control structures is one of the sub-projects of the Kogi NEWMAP that aims at solving the perennial problem of erosion in Adumu Road-Ogugu. As a result of the environmental impacts associated with the construction of adequately sized reinforced concrete channel, for the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion site in Ogugu subproject, the project triggered the World Bank safeguards Polices, in particular Operational Policies (OPs) 4.01 and 4.12 on Environmental Assessment. Therefore, in line with the ESMF, this ESMP is prepared as an instrument to address the set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels, including also actions needed to implement these measures on the ground. Environmental Management Plans are essential elements for Category B project.
ES1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention The project activity will involve the construction of adequate sized reinforced concrete channel to control erosion. Additionally, three (3) metres setback floodway will be provided on both sides of the reinforced concrete channel which is to be grassed with Vetiver grass and Eucalyptus trees planted along it to prevent erosion.
ES 1.3 Objective of ESMP and Task of the ESMP Consultant The objective of the environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Adumu Road- Ogugu Gully Erosion sub-project in Kogi State intervention site is to have a site – specific and well-documented set of mitigation, monitoring and institutional actions to be taken before and during implementation of an intervention to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them or reduce them to acceptable levels. Each ESMP also includes the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the intervention site.
The task of the consulting services is to prepare an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Kogi State sub-projects in Adumu Road Ogugu Intervention Site, Olamaboro L.G.A. Kogi State. The specific tasks include the following: a) Describe the biophysical and social environment including the existing status of the sub- watershed (Upper/Lower) and gullies existing status of the sub-watershed and gullies; b) Identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention; Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
c) Drawing on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); d) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; e) Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; f) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; g) Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; h) Identify monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (in a-e); i) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; j) Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; k) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and l) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.
ES 1.4 Methodology and Project Approach The methodology involved project planning, project description and literature review, field survey and development of the ESMP to mitigate negative environmental and social impacts. Field survey involved the survey of the various communities located around where civil works will take place including public consultation and identification of potential environmental and social impacts; analysis of environmental and social impact issues; and administration of questionnaire to the people living in the vicinity of the sub-project site at Adumu Road-Ogugu, discussion with the local people (focus group discussions) and officials of Kogi NEWMAP using the developed check list.
Community consultations and Focus Group Discussions were held in all the five villages. There was fair representation of every category/segment of the villages such as: elders, men, women and youths (male and female) during the consultations and Focus Group Discussions. Simple random sampling was used in selecting respondents from villages in and around the site.
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
ES 2.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Although a detailed policy, legal and institutional framework for environmental management in Nigeria was presented in detail in the ESMF, some detail of this is also presented in this ESMP. The presentation covered the key policies, namely the National Policy on Environment and the National Policy for Erosion and Flood Control. Also, the regulatory framework including the Federal Legislations on environment and existing national environmental protection regulations as well as the existing institutional framework, the international and environmental agreements and conventions and World Bank safe guard policies were also summarized. Above all, an assessment of the existing policy and regulatory framework pinpointing the shortcomings of some policies and regulations were also discussed.
ES 3.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL (PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL) CONDITIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA The result of the existing soil conditions in the project area shows that the pH of the soils measured at Ogugu locations ranged from 5.9 to 6.1 and 4.3 to 6.1 in topsoil and subsoil, respectively. These pH values indicate that the soil is slightly acidic. Nitrogen is one of the macro nutrient elements in soils that have very significant effect on plants growth. Its deficiency in plants is often quickly observed by the yellowing of leaves and stunting of the plants. The values of nitrogen varied from very low to moderate at Ogugu locations as values of 0.15%, 0.15% - 0.20%, and >2.0% are classified as low, medium, and high, respectively. The values at Ogugu ranged from 0.08 to 0.11 % at the topsoil and 0.07 to 0.14 % at the subsoil. Exchangeable cations refer to the positively charged ions which are adsorbed to the surfaces of clay particles or organic matter in the soil. Some of the cations include calcium, potassium and magnesium. The total number of these positively charged ions is known as the cation exchange capacity. Generally, the order of concentration of the base cations in the soil at Ogugu locations is as follows: K > Ca > Mg.
The air quality measurement shows that parameters of the quality of air at different points in the project area are all below the standard limit permitted by NESREA and thus will not pose any danger to those around the area. The result of noise measurement shows that the mean noise levels in virtually all the measured locations are not above the FMEnv 90dB (A) limit for 8-hour operation. Levels in excess of 60dB (A) were recorded at locations where contributions from local traffic were significant at the time of the field work. The results for the water samples show that the value of cadmium for water samples collected at Okegbi Ate, Alem Eji, Eti Aja and Sabongeri were much higher than the permissible limits by both FMEnv/WHO and the Nigeria Industrial Standard for drinking water quality. Considering that the communities drink water from the river and its tributaries, this poses a serious threat to the health of the communities.
In terms of biological environment, the open spaces are bare of vegetation and relatively eroded with a few isolated trees. The common plant types include the neem tree, fruit cotton tree, Gmelina, bush mango, Afara plant, cassia plant, etc., while the identified shrubs include Jatropha, The devil’s pepper, Christmas bush, etc., around the project corridor.
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
The most commonly seen domestic animals in the project area were local fowl, goat and sheep. Wild animals rarely seen are mona monkey, Rock hyrax, Stone Partridge, Common Kestrel, parrot and buffalo, while those under commonly seen are water frog, rough green snake, Guinea fowl and cattle egret, however those under extinction, according to the local people are chimpanzee, fox, and rhinoceros.
ES 4.0 EXISTING SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA The result of the socio-economic survey of the project locations in the area shows that the majority (50%) of the population interviewed were productive/active adults who fall within age bracket of between 31-40 years; while few 5% were youth below 20 years. Others (14%, 18% and 12%) were between 21-40 years; 41-50 years; and above 51 years, respectively. The result of educational status of people in the villages show that a majority (50%) of the respondents completed secondary education; while few (1%) had Islamic education. Only 6% of the respondents had no formal education. An assessment of the employment status of the sampled population shows that the highest proportion (15%) of the respondents were mainly crop producing farmers; who cultivated and marketed such crops like cassava, yam and cocoyam among others. About 12% were involved in agricultural trading businesses; while 10% were actively engaged in livestock farming and non-agricultural trading businesses. The respondents’ access to extension services delivery shows that majority (92%) of the respondents could not have access to extension services delivery. The result of the monthly income status of the people shows that the highest proportion (48%) earned between N21, 000 and N40, 000 per month; while few (2%) earned above N100, 000. Others (23% and 18%) earned between N41, 000 and N60, 000 and N61, 000 and N80, 000, respectively. This shows that most of the respondents are low income earners.
Furthermore, to achieve effective stakeholder participation and for promoting greater awareness and understanding of issues as regards the project, public consultation was carried out in all the villages along the project corridor.
ES 5.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
ES 5.1 Potential Environment and Social Impacts The environment and social impact is described for the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion project. The impact is described for the pre-construction, construction and operation phases. Adverse impacts are likely to occur during pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the project. These may be: pollution of water resources (surface and groundwater) and soil, degradation of landscape and soil erosion because of improper disposal of excavated materials and construction waste during the construction, use of temporary construction sites (camps, machinery sites, storage facilities, etc.), use of borrow pits; temporary air pollution (dust) related to increased truck traffic during the construction; noise and vibration disturbances during trench excavation; impacts on historic-cultural monuments or artefacts; hydrological issues because of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
improper operation maintenance of the flood control structures. On the positive angle, the construction will reduce/forestall erosion which is a regular occurrence in the area. The stakeholders during the consultation indicated that they have experienced erosion which has destroyed their farm lands and even caused drowning of people. It will also lead to job creation as unskilled youths in the area will be engaged as labourers during construction works. Other positive impacts will include: reduction in hunger through the harnessing of previously degraded land for agricultural purposes; promotion of afforestation programs (with all its benefits); provision of proper and well-designed road drainage systems; control and reduction of water body sedimentation rates due to erosion and reduced fear perception of loss of property, inhabitation and ancestral origins of the villages.
ES 5.2 Analysis of Alternatives Analysis of alternatives is normally considered when carrying out environmental impacts of a proposed project. Although the Kogi State Government through the NEWMAP project office is committed to the implementation of the project, there is need to analyse the options available as regards the implementation of the project and the engineering options that could be employed in the execution of the project. Four implementation options/alternatives considered are: the Do- Nothing or Null Alternative, Delayed Project Alternative, Immediate Project Alternative. In the meantime, there is an Alternative for Site/Location. The Immediate Project Alternative is the preferred one. The engineering options considered are the Hard Engineering which involves the use of structures such as dams/dikes, levees and channel modification; Soft Engineering which involves the use of afforestation, terracing of slopes and the re-creation of floodplains; and Trimming/Civil Engineering incorporated with flexible Structures/Vegetation which is a combination of hard and soft engineering option. It involves various articulated approach to handle safe flow of the runoff with less impact on the environment. If this option is well carried out immediately, it will help arrest and prevent further destruction of farm lands and environs and facilitate the restoration of depleted farmlands and enhance viable socio-economic activities that will improve the livelihood of the people in the area.
ES 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) The ESMP identifies impacts, mitigation measures, cost of mitigation and responsibilities for implementation, monitoring plan and schedule to ensure that environmental management goals of the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project are attained. The ESMP includes, discussion of the proposed mitigation measures, institutional responsibilities and accountabilities, capacity building plan, description of grievance redress mechanism (in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities, monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project, and costs of implementing the ESMP.
ES6.1 Impacts and Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures implementation plan articulates the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project impacts and mitigation measures and assigns responsibilities for their implementation. This helps to solve the problems of overlapping of functions and/or passiveness to actions that Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
often trail project implementations. The general mitigation measures for the sites covering pre- construction, construction and operation are detailed in Table 6.1.
ES 6.2 Monitoring Plan The monitoring plan is a schedule that itemizes the varying mitigation measures associated with each sub-project phase and how implementation will be monitored. This is done for the purpose of ensuring that compliance is made consistent with the programme of mitigation of the ESMP. The monitoring plan helps to ensure timely project completion, implementation to specification and quality as well as detecting early possible variations in items that need to be addressed in the project implementation. Items of the monitoring plan includes; (1) mitigation measures, (2) monitoring indicators, (3) parameters to be monitored/measured, (4) monitoring device/equipment, (5) frequency of monitoring, (6) monitoring responsibilities and (7) cost of monitoring (equipment, transportation and labour).
ES 6.3 Institutional Responsibilities The project team (KSG-NEWMAPSPMU) shall ensure that implementation process complies with all relevant policies and procedures of both the World Bank and Nigeria. Specifically, the Project Environmental Specialist, the Livelihoods Specialist and the Project Engineer will be directly responsible for the implementation of the ESMP in collaboration with the Directors of Pollution and Ecology of the State Ministry of Environment and Engineers in the State Ministry of Works.
ES 6.4 Capacity Building Plan To achieve the ESMP, there is need for continuous training and updating of the capacity of the officers in the SPMU and the relevant stakeholders (Kogi State Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources and staff of Kogi State Waste Management Agency) especially considering that they will be the key responsible entities that will ensure that the ESMP is well implemented. Capacity Building and training are necessary to adequately empower all stakeholders to be able to carry out the requirements of the ESMP and Monitoring plans as well as for supervisory role of mitigation measures implementation by NEWMAP SPMU. Training will be conducted in the following areas: a. Environmental Management Systems b. Emergency Response Plan training c. Waste Management d. Specific Health Safety and Environment Training (HSE) e. World Bank Safeguard Policies
Also, other stakeholders will be trained during project implementation. Community based organisations (CBOs) will assume capacity training in the area of Environmental Assessment, ESMP, E&S Process, principles, standards and commitments for them to effectively perform external monitoring functions, support aggrieved community members especially PAPs and vulnerable persons to get prompt and fair redress and enforce corrective actions.
The total cost of training is estimated at Twelve Million Naira (N12,000,000.00) only. This estimate is based on the assumption that resource persons are likely to come from other parts of the country Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
and therefore require travel allowances; participants will come from relevant institutions and will receive a per diem.
ES 6.5 Summary of Cost of Implementing the ESMP The cost of implementing the ESMP including monitoring and capacity building costs is estimated at Forty Eight Million Naira (N48, 000,000.00) only. This excludes costs provided in the project management and construction costs.
ES 6.6 Grievance Redress Mechanism and Citizen Engagement At the beginning of the construction project, the communities and all the stakeholders will be informed, through consultation (see consultation plan) as regards the process for expressing dissatisfaction, conflicts or disagreements and to seek redress as regards the implementation of the project activities through the ESMP grievance redress mechanism. Grievance redress mechanisms are increasingly important for development projects where ongoing risks or adverse impacts are anticipated.
The approach to mainstreaming Citizen Engagement (CE) in WBG-supported operations is guided by five principles: it is results-focused, it involves engaging throughout the operational cycle, it seeks to strengthen country systems, it is context-specific, and it is gradual. A number of mechanisms exist for engaging with citizens. They broadly include (a) traditional consultation and feedback mechanisms, such as focus groups and satisfaction surveys; (b) participatory mechanisms, such as community scorecards, participatory planning, and budgeting; and (c) citizen-led mechanisms, such as community management or user management committees.
ES 6.7 Gender-Based Violence Nigeria has made legally binding commitments to exercise due diligence to combat gender- based violence and discrimination and has an obligation to take all appropriate measures to prevent rape, ensure that there are adequate sanctions for rape in law and in practice, and ensure access to reparation for the victims. As such, specific measures to reduce and mitigate the risk of GBV/SEA in the project area include: a. Hiring a dedicated GBV/SEA specialist or retraining SLOs for the project, b. Including in the focal NGO’s ToR services for managing social risks associated with GBV/SEA in the project, c. Building and improving FPMU/SPMUs, local communities and other relevant stakeholders’ capacities to address risks of GBV/SEA by developing and providing guidance, training, awareness, and dissemination of relevant GBV/SEA materials to communities, d. Developing a clear KSG-NEWMAP specific internal “Reporting and Response Protocol" to guide relevant stakeholders in case of GBV/SEA incidents, e. Strengthening operational processes of KSG-NEWMAP project area on GBV/SEA, f. Identifying development partners and cultivating pragmatic partnership on GBV/SEA prevention measures and referral services, g. Developing Codes of Conduct for civil works contractors with prohibitions against GBV/SEA, h. Strengthening consultations and operationalizing GBV/SEA specific grievance redress mechanisms, Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
i. Providing financial support implementation of the GBV/SEA actions described herein, including training and awareness building for various stakeholders, j. Establishing inter-ministerial committee to advance GBV/SEA actions described above.
ES 6.8 Labour influx and child labour The project may face an influx of non-local labour and working conditions issues as skilled labourers might not be available in some of the project sites. The project is expected to take concrete measures to mitigate potential labour influx-related risks such as workers’ sexual relations with minors and resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AID, sexual harassment of female employees, child labour and abuse, increased dropout rates from school, inadequate resettlement practices, and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labour practice, and lack of road safety. These risks will require careful consideration to improve social and environmental sustainability, resilience and social cohesion. Therefore, the project will include mitigation measures such as: a. assessing living conditions of workers’ camps and ensuring appropriate living conditions; b. establishing and enforcing a mandatory Code of Conduct for the company, managers and workers, and an Action Plan for implementation; c. ensuring appropriate location for these camps; b. taking counter measures - indicated in the Social Management Plan - to reduce the impact of the labour influx on the public services; and a. devising and implementing a strategy for maximizing employment opportunities for local population, including women.
ES 6.9 Waste Management Plan The Waste Management Plan determined the Waste Streams, Sources, Management options on project site and in relation to the community where the erosion control project is located and then described a sustainable Plan of action, including measures for achieving objectives on infrastructural facility generated in line with the waste collection systems, b) waste management facilities, c) responsibilities d) economy and financing.
ES 6.10 Health and Safety Management Plan To ensure health and safety of the personnel on the site, some key issues as regards the health and safety of those, especially workers at the site, are to be ensured. These include human safety/personal protection, emergency preparedness, medical care/facilities, fire safety and workers insurance.
ES 6.11 Disclosures and Public Consultation All efforts must be made to disclose/display this ESMP to the public at strategic points (Federal and State levels) and also within the project’s area of influence so as to allow all stakeholders read and understand how they stand to be affected by the project. It should also be disclosed at the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Kogi State Ministry of Health and Environment. Public consultation should be part of the project from inception to completion.
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by states and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project initially included 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo from South-East while Kogi, Delta, Oyo, Kano, Katsina, Borno, Nasarawa, Niger, Akwa Ibom, Plateau, Gombe and Sokoto were cleared to join the project, thus making the total of NEWMAP to 19 States.
The lead agency is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management.
Kogi State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (KOGI-NEWMAP), the implementing agency in the state, has responsibility for providing Damage Control Measures to slow the expansion of targeted set of aggressive gullies across the state thereby reducing the loss to property and infrastructure and helping to cultivate community ownership; influencing the gully and flooding intervention to support integrated watershed management and move towards greater adoption of sustainable land and water management practices by local people in the sub-watershed where gullies and flood plains are located.
The Project development objective (PDO) of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. At State level, NEWMAP activities involve medium-sized civil works such as construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gullies themselves, as well as small works in the small watershed where gullies form and expand. These works trigger the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment OP 5.01; Natural Habitats OP 4.04; Cultural Property OP11.03; Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 Safety of Dams OP 4.37; Pest Management Safeguard Policy OP 4.90; and Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50.
NEWMAP investments include a strategic combination of civil engineering, vegetative land management and other catchment projection measures, and community-led adaptive livelihood initiatives. The sustainability of these investments will be reinforced by strengthening institutions and information services across sectors and states, including support to improve governance, regulatory compliance, environmental monitoring, impact evaluation, catchment and land use planning, and to strengthen Nigeria’s capacity to promote and implement climate-resilient, low- carbon development.
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The environmental and social safeguards concerns are being addressed through two national instruments already prepared under the project: an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). These framework instruments need to be translated into specific costed, measurable, and monitorable actions for specific intervention sites through the preparation of site-specific management and action plans.
As a result of the environmental impacts associated with the construction and/or rehabilitation of adequately sized reinforced concrete channel, the project triggered the World Bank safeguards Polices, in particular Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 on Environmental Assessment. An Environmental and Social Management Framework was prepared and disclosed before project appraisal, while the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), includes a framework incorporating the legal background, methodology, rules and other basic elements upon which specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) can be designed. As part of meeting the World Bank safeguard policy, environmental management plan is to be prepared for the sub-projects.
A project's environmental and social management plan (ESMP) consists of the set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan also includes the actions needed to implement these measures. Environmental Management Plans are essential elements for Category B project.
1.2 Kogi State and Description of Proposed Intervention Site
The state was created on 27th August 1991 with its administrative headquarters in Lokoja. It is structured into 21 LGAs. The common indigenous ethnic groups found in the state include, Igala, Ebira, Okun, Bassa Komo, Bassa Nge, Kakanda, Kupa, Ogori, Nupe, Oworo etc., while other groups from other parts of Nigeria such as the Igbo, Hausa, Edo etc, are also domiciled in the state. The four major languages spoken as first language in Kogi State include Igala, Ebira, Nupe and Yoruba. The official language among the many ethnic groups remains English language.
Kogi state lies on latitude 7.49°N and longitude 6.45°E and is one of the states in the middle belt identified geopolitically as the north central zone. It has a total land area of 28,313.53 square kilometres. It shares common boundaries with ten (10) states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). To the North; it shares boundaries with Niger, FCT, and Nasarawa, to the West by; Kwara, Ekiti, Ondo, Edo, and Delta, while to the East by Benue, Anambra and Enugu states.
Kogi State has a geological feature depicting young sedimentary rocks and alluvium along the river beds, which promotes agricultural activities. The state features ferrasols soil type and famous hills like Ososo hills, which spread from Edo State to the western part of Kogi State and Aporo hill on the eastern part. Another famous hill is Mount Patti, which lies in Lokoja and stands at about 750 metres above sea level.
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Kogi state has an average maximum temperature of 33.2°C and an average minimum temperature of 22.8°C, while the annual rainfall range from 1016 mm to 1524 mm. The State has two distinct weather, the dry season which last from November to February, and rainy season, which last from March to October. The vegetation of the state consist of mixed leguminous (guinea) woodland to forest savannah, and has a wide expanse of Fadama in the river basin and long stretches of tropical forest in the western and southern belt of the state.
Figure 1.1: Map of Kogi State showing project location Source: GIS Specialist on Consultant’s Team; @ GIS Unit Department of Geography, UNN.
The Adumu road gully site is located at Ogugu centre in Olamaboro LGA in the southeast of Kogi State bordering Enugu State and Benue State. It is about 23,701m2 in size, while the catchment area is about 2.2004km2 and lies within longitude 7º27’18.9E- 7º29’9.8E and latitude 7º7’58.9N - 7º10’11.6N. The gully is 465m in length and has width ranging from 10 to 15m with a depth of 3m. The gully has existed for over fifteen years and came about as a result of uncontrolled water falls from the surrounding hills and the poor drainage along Adumu road. The Adumu road linking many communities in the area has been cut off totally and residential buildings and the LGEA primary school is under serious threat; the community claims that three lives were lost as a result of the flooding of the gully in 2014.The geology of the area is made up
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of sedimentary terrain and contains laterite, clay, fine grain sandstone and coarse grain sand stones. The vegetation is mainly of guinea savannah.
The inhabitants of the area are predominantly Igalas with few non-indigenes. Their main occupation is farming, trading and civil service. Crops grown in the area are yam, cassava, oil palm, cashew and maize. The affected site enjoys ample rainfall; annual mean rainfall ranges from 1000mm to 1300mm per annum, with rainfall more intense during the month of April through October. The LGA is about 1,132km2with a population of 160,152 as at the 2006 census.
Fig 1.2: Satellite Imagery over Adumu-Road, Ogugu erosion site, Olamaboro LGA
The satellite image as annotated in red in Fig. 1.2 shows the villages under threat by erosion. In the central to southern parts, the image clearly reveals evidence of bare and eroded surfaces,
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as well as major access roads and streets which are both untarred and exposed to the erosion menace.
Besides the densely populated south-western parts of the Adumu Road - Ogugu town as shown here, there is evidence of further urban expansion into previously known farmlands and forested areas, as shown in the figure. Field observations also reveal that the entire slopes of the river valley, trending in the South-eastern direction are easily prone to erosion, especially as increased surface runoff is generated by urbanization.
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Fig 1.3: Ogugu Erosion Control - Engineering Design Showing Proposed Drainage Pathways in Red
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Fig 1.4: Ogugu Engineering Design Showing Sections of Proposed Drainage [Enlarged]
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Fig 1.5: Ogugu Engineering Design Showing Cross-Sections of Proposed Drainage
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1.3 Objective of the Consultancy
The objective of the environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Adumu Road- Ogugu Gully Erosion sub-project in Kogi State intervention site is to have a site – specific and well-documented set of mitigation, monitoring and institutional actions to be taken before and during implementation of an intervention to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them or reduce them to acceptable levels. Each ESMP also includes the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the intervention site. 1.4 Tasks of the ESMP Consultant The consultant will work in close collaboration with the engineering design consultants and NEWMAP State Project Management Unit’s (SPMU) safeguard team, and with other actors as directed by the SPMU. In that respect the sequencing of the technical/feasibility studies and the ESMP will be critical. The consultant will have to receive the draft technical/feasibility studies in order to take into account the technical variants of the proposed activities and also in return inform the technical design consultants of any major constraint that may arise due to the social and environmental situation on the ground.
In each intervention site, the consultant will visit the full sub-watershed as delimited in the given gully stabilization design. These sub-watersheds are an average of four square kilometres in southern Nigeria. The consultant will take into account the proposed civil engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed at reducing or managing runoff that would be carried out within the sub-watershed. The consultant will assess natural resources and infrastructure potentially affected during project implementation and operation and select the management strategies needed to ensure that environmental risks are appropriately mitigated. The specific tasks include the following: a) Describe the biophysical and social environment including the existing status of the sub- watershed (Upper/Lower) and gullies existing status of the sub-watershed and gullies; b) Identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention; c) Drawing on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); d) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; e) Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; f) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies;
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g) Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; h) Identify monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (in a-e); i) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; j) Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; k) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and l) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs. m) Other tasks: n) The Consultant shall assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and (ii) Disclose the finalized ESMP at National, State, LGA and Community levels.
1.5 Methodology and Project Approach In order to achieve the objectives in the tasks, the following considerations have been identified: The need for a thorough understanding of the World Bank Safeguards policies – a. OP/ 4.01 – Environmental Assessment b. The need for extensive knowledge of the project area and overall area of influence, will be addressed and, c. The need for a thorough familiarization of the National and Kogi State legislation and donors expectations. In order to achieve the tasks specified in the terms of reference (TOR) and in line with World Bank requirement on ESMP, the following broad tasks were performed: Task.1: Project Planning Task 2: Project /Process Description Task 3: Field Survey: -Field Measurements of some biophysical parameters -Environmental and Social Survey of sites of the planned work to identify environmental and social impacts -Analysis of Environmental Impact Issues Task.4: Development of an ESMP to Mitigate Negative Impacts Task 5: Reporting requirements
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1.5.1 Task 1: Project Planning
After the approval of the inception report, the consultant met/consulted with the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) of the NEWMAP and the Socio-Environmental Safeguard Officer of the Kogi State NEWMAP. In the meeting the following issues were addressed: Project and schedule expectations, and review of approach for efficient delivery of reports. The consultant carried out a comprehensive review of the existing literature and information on the scope and extent of the project’s field of influence, activities and impacts. Relevant documents were collected, such as: a. Project Appraisal Document (PAD) b. Project Implementation Manual (PIM) c. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment d. World Bank procedural manual on Environmental Assessment e. NEWMAP Environmental and Social Management Framework f. Engineering designs and tender documents for the Adumu road gully project
1.5.2 Task 2: Project Description and Literature Review
The consultant carried out the following functions: Literature review, described and evaluated the current environmental and social situation in the project area; identified areas of environmental, social and health concerns; and reviewed the existing literature and information on the scope and extent of the sub-project’s field of influence, activities and impacts. Such as: I. Project Appraisal Document (PAD) II. Project Implementation Manual (PIM) III. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment IV. World Bank procedural manual on Environmental Assessment V. Engineering designs and tender documents for the canal project
The consultant also identified sub-project sites that would be impacted as a result of the civil works and reviewed the relevant additional baseline data related to the physical environment, biological environment and socio-cultural environment.
1.5.3 Task 3: Field Survey
Specifically the consultant: 1. Undertook a survey of the various communities located around where civil works will take place including public consultation and identification of potential environmental and social impacts; 2. Identified the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the Adumu road gully project; 3. Determined Waste Streams, Sources, Management options on site and in relation to the immediate communities 4. Proposed the creation of environmental and social screening, evaluating and supervising mechanism within the SPMU with the Ministry of Environment;
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5. Developed a simple environmental and social criteria/ checklist format for identifying the potential impacts during the civil works; 6. Analyzed Environmental and Social impact issues. 7. Administered questionnaire to the people living in the vicinity of the sub-project site at Adumu road, Ogugu, discussed with the local people (focus group discussions) and officials of Kogi NEWMAP using the developed checklist.
The following elements were surveyed: 1. Physical Environment: a. Geology; b. Topography; c. Soils; d. Climate and Air quality; e. Surface and Ground water hydrology (Hydrogeology). 2. Biological Environment: a. Vegetation – rare and endangered species flora, economic plants etc.; b. Biodiversity – types and species, conservation sites, protected area; c. Wildlife- terrestrial, endemic, rare and endangered species; d. Sensitive habitats - parks or preserves, significant natural sites, etc.
3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment: a. Population distribution and communities; b. Social Characteristics; c. Waste management , transportation and utilities; d. Economy; e. Land use and resource harvesting; f. Specially designated areas; g. Education and social services; h. Physical infrastructure and utilities i. Cultural and historical resources;
In carrying out the socio-economic studies and public consultation, sampling of stakeholders for engagement and data collection was systematically based on the following criteria:
a. Adequate representation from the relevant social groups in the study location. b. Inclusion of groups and individuals with different population characteristics / socioeconomic status. c. Participation of those with access to relevant information. d. Evidence of different types of livelihood activities. e. Inclusion of males and females where possible. f. Inclusion of Community Based Organizations and g. Physical observations made during field visits
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Forty respondents were sampled in each community. The details of sample size, number of questionnaire administered and completed and number of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and town hall meetings are presented in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1: Detail of sample size, questionnaire administered and completed and number of FGD and town hall meetings Location Number of Questionnaire Questionnaire FGDs Town hall administered completed meetings Okegbi Alem Eji 40 40 1 1 Umoka Crescent 40 40 1 1 Ocss Odo Japan 40 40 1 1 Uyi Ogugu 40 40 1 1 Eti Aja 40 40 1 1 Total 200 200 5 5 Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
Community consultations and Focus Group Discussion were held in five villages. There was fair representation of every category/segment of the communities such as: elders, men, women and youths (male and female) during the consultation meetings and Focus Group Discussions. Simple random sampling was used in selecting respondents along the project corridor and communities. 1.5.4 Task 4: Development of an ESMP to Mitigate Negative Impacts
The consultant developed an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) by: 1. Identifying the potential environmental and social impacts of the Adumu Road-Ogugu Erosion Site; 2. Identifying avenues, feasible and cost-effective measures for which the potential adverse impacts can be avoided, mitigated or compensated for. 3. Estimating the impacts and costs of those measures, and of the institutional and training requirements to implement them. 4. Identified monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described 5. Developing a simple environmental and social criteria/checklist format for identifying the potential impacts. 6. Description of a sustainable Plan of action, including measures for achieving objectives on infrastructural facility generated waste collection systems, b) waste management facilities, c) responsibilities d) economy and financing 7. Recommend feasible and cost effective measures to prevent or reduce significant impacts to acceptable levels.
Preparing an ESMP includes the following: a. Proposed Implementation plans; b. Monitoring plan; c. Mitigation plan; d. Institutional mechanisms for monitoring and mitigation; e. Budget estimates and schedules for implementing ESMP;
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f. Time horizon of plan; g. Staffing and training requirements, and; h. Other necessary support services to implement the mitigating measures.
1.5.5 Task 5: Reporting Requirements The draft report of the ESMP has the following chapters: List of acronyms and their definitions Executive Summary
Chapter 1: Introduction • Description of the proposed intervention • Rationale for ESMP • Map
Chapter 2: Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management • Discussion of the World Bank safeguard policies triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed activity • Summary of relevant local and federal policy, legal, regulatory, and administrative frameworks
Chapter 3: Biophysical Environment • Description of the area of influence and environmental baseline conditions
Chapter 4: Socio-Economic Characteristics and Consultation with Stakeholders • Analysis of existing livelihoods opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, education, health, transport access, existing community structures – at watershed, community, household, and individual levels • Analysis of existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in and around the intervention area • Presentation of consultations with relevant stakeholders and affected persons • Other topics as relevant
Chapter 5: Assessment of Potential Adverse Impacts and Analysis of Alternatives • Methods and techniques used in assessing and analyzing the environmental and social impacts of the proposed project • Discussion of alternatives to the current project and reasons for their rejection, including short description of likely future scenario without intervention; • Discussion of the potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts of the proposed project
Chapter 6: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), including: • Discussion of the proposed mitigation measures • Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities
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• Capacity building plan • Public consultation plan • Description of grievance redress mechanism (in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities • Monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project • Costs of implementing the ESMP • Chapter 7: Summary, Recommendation and Conclusion • References • Annexure 1: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies • Annexure 2: General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts/Civil Works • Annexure 3: Summary of Consultations with Communities around the Project Site and Questions and Answers • Annexure 4: Infrastructure in the Communities around Adumu Road-Ogugu Erosion Project Site • Annexure 5: List of Flora and fauna found in the Project Location • Annexure 6: Household Questionnaire and Interview Schedule for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adamu Road, Ogugu Erosion Sites • Annexure 7: Questions Adapted from ICID Check List for ESMP • Annexure 8: Samples of list of participants at the public consultations
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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
CHAPTER TWO 2.0 POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2.1 Introduction
This section summarises the policy, regulatory, institutional and legal frameworks for environmental management in Kogi State and Nigeria. The World Bank safeguard polices and international environmental agreements and conventions were also presented.
2.2 Policy Framework National Policy on the Environment 1999 This Policy aims to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria, and in particular to: a. secure a quality of environment adequate for good health and wellbeing; b. conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations; c. restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity and the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems; d. raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkages between the environment, resources and development, and encourage individuals and communities participation in environmental improvement efforts; and e. Cooperate with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimal use of trans-boundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental degradation.
National Erosion and Flood Control Policy This policy aims to control erosion and flooding in Nigeria. The policy launched in July 2006 is a policy framework on the environment intended to promote programmes that could minimize soil erosion and flood disasters in the country. It seeks to protect the environment from degradation, especially loss of productive land through escalating crisis of soil erosion and flood. The policy document also contains the National Action Plan and Technical Guidelines for the implementation.
2.3 Regulatory Framework 2.3.1 Federal Legislation Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act 1988 The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) has taken over the functions of FEPA in administering and enforcing environmental laws in Nigeria. Other responsibilities of the ministry include: a. Monitoring and enforcing environmental protection measures; b. Enforcing international laws, conventions, protocols and treaties on the environment
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c. Prescribing standards for and making regulations on air quality, water quality, pollution and effluent limitations, atmosphere and ozone protection, control of hazardous substances; and d. Promoting cooperation with similar bodies in other countries and international agencies connected with environmental protection.
Environmental Impact Assessment Act (EIA) N0. 86 of 1992 The Act, which is a direct response to the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio in 1992, outlines the goals and objective of an EIA, the minimum content of an EIA and a list of activities that are not permitted to go ahead until FEPA, now Federal Ministry of Environment has been consulted and has given its approval. The main aim of the Act is to ensure environmentally sound and sustainable development projects. The Act makes it mandatory for an EIA to be carried out for certain types of projects comprising various industrial, mining and petroleum activities. It categorized projects to indicate the level of analysis required. Category 1 projects indicate an expectation of significant environmental impacts and need to undertake a full EIA with a comprehensive report. These are project in environmentally sensitive areas, for example, coral reefs, mangrove swamps, tropical rainforests, areas with erosion soils, natural conservation areas etc. Category 2 indicates that a proposal may have impacts of a lesser magnitude that can be more readily mitigated. Here, some level of analysis is necessary depending on the type of impacts. This involves projects in agriculture and rural development, industry and infrastructure etc. Category 3 indicates that no adverse impacts are expected and that no EIA is needed, for example, nutrition programmes, education programmes etc. The EIA procedural guideline in Nigeria involves project proposal, initial environmental examination, screening, scoping, EIA study, review, decision making, monitoring and audit. Table 2.1 summarizes the other existing regulations applicable to environmental protection while Table 2.2 presents a list of proposed legislations.
Nigerian Environmental Management Act This act was drafted following the amalgamation of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency into the Ministry of Environment but was never ratified. It repeals the 1988 Federal Environmental Protection Agency Decree N0.58 (amended N0.59 and N0.14) and establishes the FEPA as part of the Ministry with the Minister of Environment having primary responsibility for its implementation. It does not repeal any other environmentally related legislation. As well as the general environmental provisions, which include environmental sanitation and occupational health, it specifies the powers of authorised officers, penalties and fines. The Act gives the Minister the authority to grant environmental permits for prescribed activities which includes sand mining but not any other mining activities.
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) (Establishment) Act, 2007 The main aim of this act is to establish the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). The agency has responsibility for the protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources in general and environmental technology, including coordination and
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liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matters of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines. Its key role is to enforce compliance with laws, guidelines, policies and standards on environmental matters including provisions of international agreements, protocols, conventions and treaties on the environment, namely climate change, biodiversity, conservation, desertification, forestry, oil and gas, chemicals, hazardous wastes, ozone depletion, marine and wild life, pollution, sanitation and such other environmental agreements as may from time to time come into force; enforce compliance with policies, standards, legislation and guidelines on water quality, environmental health and sanitation, including pollution abatement, among others.
To enhance the operations of the ministry, some statutory provisions have been put in place: Table 2.1 summarizes the existing regulations applicable to environmental protection.
Table 2. 2: Existing National Environmental Protection Regulations S/N Regulations Year Provisions 1 Workmen Compensation Act 1987 Occupational health and safety 2 Harmful Wastes (Special 1988 Provides the legal framework for the effective Criminal Provisions etc.) Decree control of the disposal of toxic and hazardous No. 42 waste into any environment within the confines of Nigeria 3 National Environnemental 1991 The regulation makes it mandatory for industrial Protection (Effluent Limitation) facilities to install anti-pollution equipment, makes Regulations provision for effluent treatment and prescribes a maximum limit of effluent parameters allowed. 4 National Environmental 1991 Imposes restrictions on the release of toxic Protection (Pollution and substances and stipulates requirements for Abatement in Industries in monitoring of pollution. It also makes it mandatory Facilities Producing Waste) for existing industries and facilities to conduct Regulations periodic environmental audits. 5 National Environmental 1991 Regulates the collections, treatment and disposal Protection (Management of of solid and hazardous wastes from municipal and Solid and Hazardous Wastes) industrial sources. Regulations. 6 National Guideline and 1991 The regulations provide guidelines for Standard for Environmental management of pollution control measures. Pollution Control 7 Environmental Impact 1992 The decree makes it mandatory for an EIA to be Assessment Act (Decree No. carried out prior to any industrial project 86). development 8 Urban and Regional Planning 1992 Planned development of urban areas (to include Decree No 88 and manage waste sites) 9 Environmental Sanitation General environmental health and sanitation. Edicts, Laws and Enforcement Enforcing necessary laws Agencies 10 National Environmental (Soil 2011 The overall objective of this regulation is to Erosion and Flood Control) regulate all earth-disturbing activities, practices or Regulations (S. I. No. 12 of developments for non-agricultural, commercial, 2011) industrial and residential purposes.
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Other provisions are a. Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines 1995;Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 1991; b. Environmental Impact Assessment (Amendments) Act 1999; c. National Guidelines and Standards for Water Quality 1999 d. National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (EMS) 1999 e. National Guidelines on Environmental Audit in Nigeria 1999 2.3.2 Assessment of the Policy and Regulatory Framework Nigeria has adequate policy and legal provisions for environmental assessment; detailed laws, regulations and guidelines have been developed and serve as the framework for conducting EIAs in both the public and private sectors. However, due to lack of adequate enforcement, the implementation of these rules has been poor. Shortcomings of some policies and regulations are discussed below.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act An identified oversight of this Act lies in the issue of public participation. Under the Act, the public and interested third party stakeholders make an input in the assessment process only during public review, which takes place after preparation of the draft report (which is often not well publicized). Early public participation during scoping and preparation of the ToR will contribute greatly to the success of the project.
Federal Ministry of Environment Sectoral Guideline FMEnv Guideline covering infrastructural projects deals with both the procedural and technical aspects of EIA for construction projects. The guideline stresses the need to carry out an EIA at the earliest stage possible. Infrastructure Project EIAs have been conducted in rather loose form, and often taken as a supplementary requirement to overall economic and engineering issues.
National Policy on Environment The policy and its institutional arrangements have not yielded the desired results. This is principally due to weak enforcement; inadequate manpower in the area of integrated environment management; insufficient political will; inadequate and mismanaged funding; a low degree of public awareness of environmental issues; and a top–down approach to the planning and implementation of environmental programs.
2.3.3 Institutional Framework To address the multi-sectoral nature of the components of the project, the following institutions and agencies are deemed relevant.
Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) The ministry in accordance with its mandatory functions will ensure that the project implementation conforms to the Environmental (Impact) Assessment Act 1992. Within FMEnv, there is an Environmental Impact Assessment Division, headed by a Director, to take all responsibility for EIA related issues and within the EIA division in FMEnv is the Impact Mitigation Monitoring (IMM) branch, with special responsibility for monitoring the implementation of Environmental Management Plans (EMP) contained in approved EIAs.
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Other federal agencies relevant to the project include the National Emergency Management Agency, National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) and its agencies, such as River Basin development Authorities (RBDAs), National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), Nigeria Integrated Water Resources Management Commission (NIWRMC) and the Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA).
Kogi State Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources The Kogi State Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources was created in 2012 following the trend at the Federal Government. The State Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources (SMENR) was created from the movement of Department of Environment from the then Ministry of Environment, movement of Department of Forestry from the Ministry of Agriculture, Environmental Health from the Ministry of Health etc., and commenced operations in 2013. According to Osikoya (2017), before January 2016 the environment sector suffered gross neglect. In particular: a). there was evidence of very absence/ weak institutional, regulatory, policy and legal frameworks; b). the institutions had weak memories, no baseline data or information useful to guide policy or decision making, as there were no studies; c). there was no cooperation between the Ministry and its 2 Boards namely the State Environmental Protection Board (KOSEPB) and State Sanitation & Waste Management Board (KGSSWMB); and d). Collaborations with development partners and critical stakeholders was poor.
The Ministry has the responsibility for the general protection and development of the environment, conservation of biodiversity, natural resources and sustainable development of the State. The Ministry oversees the Kogi State Sanitation and Waste Management Board (KGSWMB), Kogi State Town Planning Board and Forestry Department (KSGTPBD). The Sanitation Board law 2013 has been reviewed to allow for robust private sector participation. The State Environmental Health Services Law has also been developed (draft stage). Other documents developed are: the waste management sector investor’s guard, draft tariff regulation, and sanitation policy.
The Kogi State Forestry Law is being developed by a committee of experts- in the post 25 years of state creation, the extant forestry laws are the inherited laws from Benue & Kwara States and that of Northern Nigeria of colonial era. Other state MDAs relevant to the project include Kogi State Ministry of Water Resources (KGSMWR) and its agency – the Kogi State Water Corporation (KGSWC), with its vision of providing sustainable access to safe and sufficient water resources to meet the cultural, social and economic development needs of all Nigerians, for all uses, in ways that contribute to enhancing public health, food security, poverty alleviation while maintaining the integrity of freshwater ecosystems of the nation.
2.3.4 International Environmental Agreements and Conventions Nigeria is a signatory to the following relevant international conventions and agreements: a. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 - 62 Convention on the High Seas, 1958; b. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, 1963; c. Act regarding navigation and Economic Co-operation between the States of the Niger Basin, 1963; d. Agreement Concerning the River Niger Commission and the Navigation and Transport on the River Niger, 1964;
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e. Convention on fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Sea, 1966; f. African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968; g. The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, The African Convention, 1968; h. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1969 or the Convention of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1973; i. The Ramsar Convention on the Conservation of Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971, the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Culture and Nature Heritage Convention. j. The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, The World Heritage Convention, 1972; k. The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste, MARPOL, 1972; l. Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter, 1972. m. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their destruction, 1972 Vienna Convention n. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES, 1973; o. Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region, 1984 p. Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, 1985; q. Basel Convention on the Control of Hazardous wastes and their Disposal for the protection of Ozone Layer as amended by the 1990 London Conference. r. The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992; s. Convention on the Law of the Sea t. Vienna Convention on Protection of Ozone Layer u. Convention on the Development of Lake Chad Basin v. Convention on Climate Change, 1992. w. Convention to combat Desertification, 1994 x. The Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, 1995;
2.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies The environmental assessment for a Category B project usually: a. examines the project’s potential negative and positive environmental impacts, b. recommends measures to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts, and c. recommends measures to improve environmental performance
The World Bank has 10+2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies (see Annex 1) to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making. These operational policies include:
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a. OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment b. OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitats c. OP 4.09: Pest Management d. OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement e. OD 4.20: Indigenous Peoples f. OPN 11.03: Cultural Property g. OP 4.36: Forests h. OP/BP 4.37: Safety of Dams i. OP/BP 7.50: Projects on International Waters j. OP/BP 7.60: Projects in Disputed Areas Plus 2 a. OP/BP 4.00: Use of Country System b. OP/BP 17.50: Public Disclosure
The proposed project triggered OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) and OP/BP 4.11 (Physical Cultural Resources) policies.
The screening carried out resulted to the need for an ESMP to be developed to address OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) policy. The ESMP will address the environmental assessment policy that is triggered by the project. In order to fulfil the OP 17.50, the report will be disclosed at two levels; in-country and at World Bank info shop. In-country disclosure shall be carried out in accordance with the guideline of the FMEnv.
OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment The objective of OP 4.01 is to ensure that projects financed by the Bank are environmentally and socially sustainable, and that the decision-making process is improved through an appropriate analysis of the actions including their potential environmental impacts. Environmental assessment (EA) is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property); and trans- boundary and global environmental aspects. OP 4.01 is triggered as the Adumu Road-Ogugu Erosion Site is likely to present some risks and potential adverse environmental impacts in its area of influence.
2.5 World Bank Safeguard and Policies and Nigeria Environmental Policies The key World Bank safeguard policy triggered by the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project is OP 4.0 – Environmental Assessment. The Nigeria environmental policy related to this is the EIA Act. With regard to environmental assessment, the Bank categorized projects based on the type of EA required, namely: • Category A - projects are those whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt beyond the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long term. Such projects require full EA. • Category B - projects involve site specific and immediate project environment
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interactions, do not significantly affect human populations, do not significantly alter natural systems and resources, do not consume much natural resources (e.g., ground water) and have adverse impacts that are not sensitive, diverse, unprecedented and are mostly reversible. Category B projects will require partial EA, and environmental and social action plans. • Category C - Projects are mostly benign and are likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project, although some may require environmental and social action plans. • Category FI - A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts.
On the other hand, the Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992 requires that development projects be screened for their potential impact. Based on the screening, a full, partial, or no Environmental impact assessment may be required. Guidelines issued in 1995 direct the screening process. According to these guidelines the Nigeria EIA Categories include:
• Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for projects under this category EIA is mandatory according to Decree No. 86. Projects includes large-scale activities such as agriculture (500 hectares or more), airport (2500m or longer airstrip), land reclamation (50 hectares or more), fisheries (land based aquaculture of 50 hectares or more), forestry (50 hectares or more conversion, etc. • Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and Environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an environmentally sensitive area--in which case a full EIA is required. • Category III projects are considered to have “essentially beneficial impacts” on the environment, for which the Federal Ministry of the Environment will prepare an Environmental Impact Statement.
This World Bank categorization (A, B, & C) corresponds in principle with the Nigeria EIA requirements of Category I, II and III, which in actual practice is done with regard to the level of impacts associated with a given project.
However, although the two policies stipulate that environmental assessment prior to execution of projects that will impact on the environment, the World Bank policy places more emphasis on social assessment and ensures that social assessment is well carried out unlike the Nigeria EIA Act. Thus in the review of the EIA in 2012, measures were recommended to ensure that social issues are well taken care of in environmental assessment. The ESMP for Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project took good care of social issues relating to the project. Social impacts, their mitigation measures and monitoring plan were identified and documented.
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CHAPTER THREE 3.0 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Introduction The main physical and biological characteristics of the state and project site are summarized below.
3.2 Physical Environment
3.2.1 Geology, Relief and Drainage Geology: Kogi state has two main rock types, namely, basement complex rocks of the Precambrian age in the western half of the state and extending slightly eastwards beyond the lower Niger valley and the older sedimentary rocks in the eastern half. The geology of the area is mostly sedimentary terrain comprising of Clay, fine grains and sand stones. The various sedimentary rock groups extend along the banks of Rivers Niger and Benue and south eastwards through Enugu and Anambra states, to join the Udi Plateau.
Relief and Drainage: The land rises from a about 300 meters along the Niger Benue conflute, to the heights of between 300 and 600 meters above sea level in the uplands. Agbaja Plateau, which ranges from 335 to 366 meters above sea level, and the much higher Okoro Agbo hills at Ogidi in ljumu LGA are some of the predominant to landforms of the state. The state is drained by the Niger and Benue rivers and their tributaries.
The confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers which could be viewed from the top of Mount Patti is located within the state. The Benue River is navigable as far as Garua in the rainy season floods, but up to Makurdi in Benue State in the dry season (lloeje, 1979).
The Ubele (Anambra) is the biggest river in Igala land. Ubele, Okura, Ubele and Ofu rivers run off the Dekina, Adumu Road - Ogugu, Oturkpo watershed. Osome ra Falls at Kilometre Four on Okene, Ajaokuta Road, of Ofejiji Falls in Okura, Olafia and Egeneja Warm Spring in Bassa Local Government Area are other drainage features (Benue State, 1985).
The bigger rivers have wide flood plains such as the portion of the lower Niger in Kogi state, which is more than 1,600 meters wide at Lokoja, while the small streams have narrow valleys. The general rain is undulating and characterized by high hills, Jos plateaus and numerous inselbergs and elongated ridges.
Climate: The state has an annual rainfall of between 1,100mm and 1,300mm. The rainy season lasts from April to October. The dry season, which lasts from November to March, is very dusty and cold as a result of the north-easterly winds, which brings in the harmattan.
Fig 3.1 shows that the driest month is January, with 9 mm of rainfall. With an average of 290 mm, the most precipitation falls in September. The average annual rainfall is 1468 mm.
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Fig 3.1: Precipitation amounts for Adumu - Ogugu from January to December (Source: Climate-Data.org)
Fig. 3.2 shows the highest temperature for Adumu - Ogugu and shows that the warmest month of the year is March, with an average temperature of 27.6 °C. August has the lowest average temperature of the year. It is 23.5 °C.
Fig 3.2: Temperatures in Adumu - Ogugu Olamaboro LGA from January to December (Source: Climate-Data.org)
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Table 3.1: Ogugu climate - historical weather data
Source: Climate-Data.org
Table 3.1 shows that the difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 281 mm. During the year, the average temperatures vary by 4.1 °C.
Fig 3.3 shows the average temperatures and precipitation for Okpo, a nearby town to Ogugu in Olamaboro Local Government Area.
Fig 3.3: Average temperatures and precipitation for Okpo town in Olamaboro LGA (Source: www.meteoblue.com)
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The "mean daily maximum" (solid red line) shows the maximum temperature of an average day for every month for Okpo town. Likewise, "mean daily minimum" (solid blue line) shows the average minimum temperature. Hot days and cold nights (dashed red and blue lines) show the average of the hottest day and coldest night of each month of the last 30 years.
Fig 3.4 shows the cloudy, sunny and precipitation days in Okpo town Olamaboro LGA.
Fig 3.4: Cloudy, sunny, and precipitation days in Okpo town, Olamaboro LGA (Source: www.meteoblue.com)
The graph shows the monthly number of sunny, partly cloudy, overcast and precipitation days. Days with less than 20% cloud cover are considered as sunny, with 20-80% cloud cover as partly cloudy and with more than 80% as overcast.
Fig 3.5 shows the wind speed for Okpo town in Olamaboro LGA. The Figure shows how many days within one month in Okpo town can be expected to reach certain wind speeds. Monsoons create steady strong winds on the Tibetan Plateau from December to April, but calm winds from June to October.
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Fig 3.5: Wind speed for Adumu Road - Ogugu LGA from January to December (Source: www.meteoblue.com)
Figure 3.6 shows how many hours per year the wind blows from the indicated directions.
Fig. 3.6: Wind rose for Okpo town in km/h (Source: www.meteoblue.com)
The wind rose for Okpo town shows how many hours per year the wind blows from the indicated direction.
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3.2.3 Soils and Vegetation
Soils: The flood plains of the Niger and Benue river valleys in Kogi State have the hydromorphic soils which contain a mixture of coarse alluvial and colluvial deposits (Areola, 1985). The alluvial soils along the valleys of the rivers are sandy, while the adjoining laterite soils are deeply weathered and grey or reddish in colour, sticky and permeable.
Vegetation: The vegetation is mostly of Guinea savannah. The rain forest belt (selva type) covers Dekina, Ofu, Ankpa, Olamaboro, Idah and Bassa local government areas with rich deciduous and occasional stunted trees including palms, Iroko, mahogany, akee apple and other towering trees. Other LGAs are in the guinea savannah or parkland savannah belt with tall grasses and some trees.
These are green in the rainy season with fresh leaves and tall grasses, but the land is open during the dry season, showing charred trees and the remains of burnt grasses. The trees which grow in clusters are up to six meters tall, interspersed with grasses which grow up to about three meters.
These trees include locust bean, Shea butter, oil bean and the isoberlinia trees. The different types of vegetation are, however, not in their natural luxuriant state owing to the careless human use of the forest and the resultant derived deciduous and savannah vegetation.
3.2.4 Ecological Problems
The ecological problems in the state are not necessarily peculiar to it. Some of these include leaching, erosion and general impoverishment of the soil. These problems are compounded by the annual bush burning of the savannah that further exposes the top soil to more erosion. Floods pose a problem on the flood plains during the rainy season, while aridity is a problem to several areas at short distances from the rivers during the dry season. Much damage is done to land and property as a result of these phenomena
3.2.5 Education
Kogi state is home to the Federal University Lokoja, Kogi State University Anyigba, Federal Polytechnic Idah, Kogi State Polytechnic (Lokoja), Federal College of Education (Okene), College of Education (Ankpa), College of Agriculture Kabba, Kogi State College of Education, Technical (Kabba), and The Private Salem University. There are a college of nursing and midwifery in Obangede, School of health tech in Idah and ECWA School of Nursing in Egbe.
3.2.6 Demographics
The result of the 2006 Census shows that there are a total of 3,314,043 persons in Kogi State among which 1,672,903 are males while 1,641,140 are females. Annual population growth rate in Kogi State is 3.2% (NPC, 2007).
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Table 3.2: The population of Kogi State by Local Government Areas Population Population Population
Name Status Census Census Projection 1991-11-26 2006-03-21 2016-03-21
Kogi State 2,147,756 3,314,043 4,473,500
Adavi Local Government Area 157,092 217,219 293,200
Ajaokuta Local Government Area 97,904 122,432 165,300
Ankpa Local Government Area ... 266,176 359,300
Bassa Local Government Area 88,496 139,687 188,600
Dekina Local Government Area 177,513 260,968 352,300
Ibaji Local Government Area ... 127,572 172,200
Idah Local Government Area ... 79,755 107,700
Igalamela-Odolu Local Government Area ... 147,048 198,500
Ijumu Local Government Area 66,603 118,593 160,100
Kabba/Bunu Local Government Area ... 144,579 195,200
Kogi Local Government Area 82,483 115,100 155,400
Lokoja Local Government Area ... 196,643 265,400
Mopa-Muro Local Government Area ... 43,760 59,100
Ofu Local Government Area 108,095 191,480 258,500
Ogori/Magongo Local Government Area ... 39,807 53,700
Okehi Local Government Area 146,264 223,574 301,800
Okene Local Government Area ... 325,623 439,500
Olamaboro Local Government Area 104,705 158,490 213,900
Omala Local Government Area ... 107,968 145,700
Yagba East Local Government Area 88,780 147,641 199,300
Yagba West Local Government Area 76,936 139,928 188,900 Nigeria Federal Republic 88,992,220 140,431,790 193,392,500 Source: National Population Commission of Nigeria (web), National Bureau of Statistics (web).
3.3 Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
3.3.1 Bulk density, total porosity and hydraulic conductivity
Bulk density is an important soil parameter, influencing water infiltration and plant root health. It is defined as the dry weight of soil per unit volume of soil. It affects infiltration, rooting depth/restrictions, available water capacity, soil porosity, plant nutrient availability, and soil microorganism activity, which influence key soil processes and productivity.
Soils with a bulk density higher than 1.6 g/cm3 tend to restrict root growth. Bulk density increases with compaction and tends to increase with depth. High bulk density is an indicator of
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low soil porosity and soil compaction. It may cause restrictions to root growth, and poor movement of air and water through the soil. Compaction can result in shallow plant rooting and poor plant growth, influencing crop yield and reducing vegetative cover available to protect soil from erosion. By reducing water infiltration into the soil, compaction can lead to increased runoff and erosion from sloping land or waterlogged soils in flatter areas. The bulk density, total porosity and hydraulic conductivity are presented in Table 3.3. The values are in a range suitable for plant growth and water infiltration.
Table 3.3: Some physical properties of soil samples collected from different locations at Ogugu S/N Location Coordinate Sampling Sampling Bulk Total Hydraulic OGUGU code depth density porosity conductivity (cm) (g/cm3) (%) (cm3/hr) 6 Okegbi 7.16468ON 1A 0 – 20 1.28 51.70 25.29 Alem Eji 7.47083OE 1B 20 – 40 1.53 42.26 23.60 7 Emoka 7.15965ON 2A 0 – 20 1.29 51.32 71.65 Crescent 7.46534OE 2B 20 – 40 1.49 43.77 40.46 8 Ocss Odo 7.15375ON 3A 0 – 20 1.48 44.15 55.54 Japan 7.47658OE 3B 20 – 40 1.55 41.51 10.96 9 Uyi Ogugu 7.16053ON 4A 0 – 20 1.47 44.53 34.56 7.47107OE 4B 20 – 40 1.57 40.75 25.29 10 Eti Aja 7.15249ON 5A 0 – 20 1.49 43..77 15.87 7.48514OE 5B 20 – 40 1.61 39.25 24.59
Table 3.4: Laboratory analysis result of soil samples collected from different locations at Ogugu Description/ Param FMEnv Sample Code Unit eters Permissible Limits/max permissible Limits A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Depth (Cm) 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 0-20 20- 0-20 20-40 40 pH 6.0-9.0 5.9 4.3 5.9 5.4 6.0 5.2 6.0 4.9 6.1 6.1 PH - 5.1 3.8 5.4 5.0 5.2 4.9 5.3 4.6 5.6 5.5 KCL OM (%) 2.0%* 1.18 0.79 0.79 0.92 0.46 0.26 0.98 0.26 1.38 0.92 Total N 0.20%* 0.11 0.14 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.13 0.11 (%) Exchangeable Ca2+ 10-20 2.0 1.2 1.8 1.4 1.4 2.0 1.8 2.0 3.4 3.2 Base (Cmol/kg cmol/kg Soil). Mg2+ 3-8cmol/kg** 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 (cmol/kg x K+ 0.7-1.2 10.49 6.83 11.46 11.71 12.19 14.15 18.05 5.12 22.68 13.17 390=mg/kg) cmol/kg** Zn 10- 3.2 1.6 3.4 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.4 2.2 7.8 3.2
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300mg/kg*** Cl- 200.0 248.2 124.1 159.5 141.8 159.5 177.3 177.3 177.3 177.3 159.5 Ppm Cd 0.01 21.33 31.02 3.88 42.66 11.63 29.09 31.02 29.09 29.09 29.09 (mg/kg) Cu 0.05, (2- 0.18 0.06 0.06 0.06 1.63 BDL 0.24 0.12 0.18 0.21 100mg/kg***) Fe3+ 3.0 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.02 BDL Pb 0.1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL + SO4 500 0.21 0.21 0.21 2.60 0.21 0.21 2.60 2.60 0.21 2.60 PO4 11.33 9.07 11.33 11.33 10.20 12.47 10.20 13.60 2.27 3.40 Source: Field Survey / Data Gathering Exercise, November 2017 Note: Detection limit is < 0.01 and < 0.1 (for Zn) Note : *FPDD (1990), ** Holland et al (1989), *** Bohn et al (1985) BDL = Below detection level
3.3.2 Soil pH (Reaction) Soil reaction, a measure of the free hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of soil solution is expressed term of pH values. The availability of nutrient elements and biochemical reactions in the soil are influenced by the value of the free H+ concentration in a soil. In strongly acidic soils for instance basic cation uptake by plants roots is inhibited. In addition, beneficial soil microorganisms are affected by soil reaction. Therefore, soil pH is the foundation of all essentially all soil chemistry and soil nutrient reactions.
The pH of the soils measured at Ogugu locations ranged from 5.9 to 6.1 and 4.3 to 6.1 in topsoil and subsoil respectively, while the values measured in KCl ranged from 5.1 to 5.6 and 3.8 to 5.5 for topsoil and subsoil respectively (Table 3.4). These pH values indicate that the soil is slightly acidic. The pH values measured in water were higher relative to the values measured with KCl at Ogugu locations, thus indicating that the soil is not highly degraded and as such the cation exchange site is predominated by negatively charged soil colloids (clay minerals and humus).
3.3.3 Organic Matter and Nitrogen Soil organic matter consists of dead, decayed, and decomposing animals and plants remains. Organic matter content of soils is source of nutrients such as nitrate, (oxidized form of nitrogen), phosphorus, and sulphur and also serves as source of nutrients for soil microorganisms. The organic carbon of soil is an important element in maintaining its good physical conditions and significantly affects its productivity. The organic matter (OM) content of the soils in Ogugu were 0.46 % to 1.38 % and from 0.26 % to 0.92 % at the topsoil and subsoil respectively (Table 3.4). In addition, the results show that values of organic matter were higher in the topsoil than in the subsoil at Ogugu locations. The difference in organic matter values at the topsoil and subsoil could be due to the greater release of organic matter at the topsoil during the decomposition of deposited dead organic matter and plant litter on the surface soil. However, the generally low level of organic matter may be due to the high rate of decomposition of organic matter occasioned by adequate aeration.
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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
Nitrogen is one of the macro nutrient elements in soils that have very significant effect on plants growth. Plant growth is limited by nitrogen more than by any other plant nutrient element. Its deficiency in plants is often quickly observed by the yellowing of leaves and stunting of the plants. The values of nitrogen varied from very low to moderate at Ogugu locations as values of 0.15%, 0.15% - 0.20%, and >2.0% are classified as low, medium, and high respectively. The values at Ogugu ranged from 0.08 to 0.11 % at the topsoil and 0.07 to 0.14 % at the subsoil (Table 3.4). The difference in the values of nitrogen at both soil depths followed the same trend with the organic carbon.
3.3.4 Exchangeable Cations (Nutrient Elements) Exchangeable cations refer to the positively charged ions which are adsorbed to the surfaces of clay particles or organic matter in the soil. Some of the cations include, calcium, potassium and magnesium. The total number of these positively charged ions is known as the cation exchange capacity. Several soil properties such as acidity, nutrient availability and nutrient leachability depend on the relative proportions of the cations present. The cation exchange sites of the soils at Ogugu are dominated by monovalent cations, mostly potassium (Tables 3.4). The exchangeable potassium is moderately high. While potassium ranged from 6.88 to 10.73 Cmol/kg in the topsoil and 4.88 to 5.12 Cmol/kg in the subsoil at the Ogugu soils indicated that the values ranged from 10.49 to 22.68 and from 5.12 to 14.15Cmol/kg in the topsoil and subsoil respectively. The values for calcium and magnesium are shown by Table 3.4. Generally, the order of concentration of the base cations in the soil at Ogugu locations is as follows: K > Ca > Mg.
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Fig. 3. 7: Map showing the soil sampling locations
3.4 Ambient Air Quality The ambient air quality around the proposed project was measured at five points around the project area. The air quality parameters of the project site were measured using the MultiRae™ 11 digital gas monitor. Tables 3.5a to 3.5fshows the parameters of the air quality samples collected, while Figure 3.8 shows the map of the location and sample points for the air quality samples. The analysis of the air quality samples collected from different locations along the project corridor were all below the recommended limit.
Table 3. 5a: Result of air quality collected at location 1 (N 06° 18’ 35.36’’ E 08° 8’ 37.94’’) S/N Parameters Unit NESREA RESULT METHOD REMARK 3 1 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) Mg/Nm 5 0 M40 Gas BSL 2 Carbon monoxide(CO) Mg/Nm3 500 0 Analyser BSL 3 Nitric Oxide (NO) Mg/Nm3 300 6.25 (direct BSL 3 4 Nitric dioxide (NO2) Mg/Nm 300 1.38 reading BSL 5 Sulphur dioxide Mg/Nm3 500 1.13 method) BSL
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3 6 Ammonia (NH3) Mg/Nm NS 3.13 (MGA) BSL 3 7 Chlorine (Cl2) Mg/Nm NS 1.25 BSL 8 Oxygen Mg/Nm3 NS 20.80 BSL
Table 3.5b: Result of air quality collected at location 2 (N 06° 18’ 42’.87’’ E 08° 5’44.55’’) S/N Parameters Unit NESREA RESULT METHOD REMARK 3 1 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) Mg/Nm 5 0.00 M40 Gas BSL 2 Carbon monoxide(CO) Mg/Nm3 500 0.00 Analyser BSL 3 Nitric Oxide (NO) Mg/Nm3 300 6.25 (direct BSL 3 4 Nitric dioxide (NO2) Mg/Nm 300 1.38 reading BSL 5 Sulphur dioxide Mg/Nm3 500 1.12 method) BSL 3 6 Ammonia (NH3) Mg/Nm NS 3.13 (MGA) BSL 3 7 Chlorine (Cl2) Mg/Nm NS 1.25 BSL 8 Oxygen Mg/Nm3 NS 20.80 BSL
Table 3 5c: Result of air quality collected at location 3 (N 06° 18’ 84’.66’’ E 08° 5’55.35’’) S/N Parameters Unit NESREA RESULT METHOD REMARK 3 1 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) Mg/Nm 5 0.00 M40 Gas BSL 2 Carbon monoxide(CO) Mg/Nm3 500 0.00 Analyser BSL 3 Nitric Oxide (NO) Mg/Nm3 300 6.25 (direct BSL 3 4 Nitric dioxide (NO2) Mg/Nm 300 1.38 reading BSL 5 Sulphur dioxide Mg/Nm3 500 1.12 method) BSL 3 6 Ammonia (NH3) Mg/Nm NS 3.13 (MGA) BSL 3 7 Chlorine (Cl2) Mg/Nm NS 1.25 BSL 8 Oxygen Mg/Nm3 NS 20.80 BSL
Table 3.5d: Result of air quality collected at location 4 (N 06° 18’ 42’.05’’ E 08° 7’0.21’’) S/N Parameters Unit NESREA RESULT METHOD REMARK 3 1 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) Mg/Nm 5 0.00 M40 Gas BSL 2 Carbon monoxide(CO) Mg/Nm3 500 0.00 Analyser BSL 3 Nitric Oxide (NO) Mg/Nm3 300 6.25 (direct BSL 3 4 Nitric dioxide (NO2) Mg/Nm 300 1.38 reading BSL 5 Sulphur dioxide Mg/Nm3 500 1.12 method) BSL 3 6 Ammonia (NH3) Mg/Nm NS 3.13 (MGA) BSL 3 7 Chlorine (Cl2) Mg/Nm NS 1.25 BSL 8 Oxygen Mg/Nm3 NS 20.80 BSL
Table 3.5e: Result of air quality collected at location 5 (N 06° 18’ 23’.41’’ E 08° 7’24.63’’) S/N Parameters Unit NESREA RESULT METHOD REMARK 3 1 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) Mg/Nm 5 2.90 M40 Gas BSL 2 Carbon monoxide(CO) Mg/Nm3 500 15.50 Analyser BSL 3 Nitric Oxide (NO) Mg/Nm3 300 29.04 (direct BSL 3 4 Nitric dioxide (NO2) Mg/Nm 300 1.38 reading BSL
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5 Sulphur dioxide Mg/Nm3 500 0.60 method) BSL 3 6 Ammonia (NH3) Mg/Nm NS 3.13 (MGA) BSL 3 7 Chlorine (Cl2) Mg/Nm NS 1.25 BSL 8 Oxygen Mg/Nm3 NS 20.8 BSL
Table 3.5f: Result of air quality collected at location 6 (N 06° 18’ 06’.51’’ E 08° 8’34.21’’) S/N Parameters Unit NESREA RESULT METHOD REMARK 3 1 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) Mg/Nm 5 0.00 M40 Gas BSL 2 Carbon monoxide(CO) Mg/Nm3 500 0.00 Analyser BSL 3 Nitric Oxide (NO) Mg/Nm3 300 6.25 (direct BSL 3 4 Nitric dioxide (NO2) Mg/Nm 300 1.38 reading BSL 5 Sulphur dioxide Mg/Nm3 500 1.12 method) BSL 3 6 Ammonia (NH3) Mg/Nm NS 3.13 (MGA) BSL 3 7 Chlorine (Cl2) Mg/Nm NS 1.25 BSL 8 Oxygen Mg/Nm3 NS 20.80 BSL BSL Below standard limit. MGA = M40 Gas Analyser. Mg/Nm3. = Milligram per Newton meter cube.
3.5 Noise Measurement
Loss of hearing is certainly the most well-known adverse effect of noise, and probably the most serious. Other detrimental effects of noise include tinnitus (ringing in the ears), interference with speech communication and perception of warning signals, disruption of job performance, annoyance and extra-auditory effects. Considering that the equipment that will be used for construction in the site will generate some noise, relatively high nose level in some areas such as Okegbi – Alem Eji and Eti Aja even without the machines at work suggests that the noise level will be too high when construction starts. The map showing the noise sample location is presented in figure 3.8, while the result of the noise level is presented in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6: Result of the noise measurement at the project site S/N Location GPS Coordinates Digital Sound Level 1. Okegbi Alem Eji 7O9.255’N; 7O28.695’E 69.0- 75.7dba 2.. Umoka Crescent 7O9.265’N; 7O28.528’E 42.4- 52.7dba 3. Ocss Odo Japan 7O9.404’N; 7O28.926’E 40.8- 60.4dba 4. Uyi Ogugu 7O9.497’N; 7O27.952’E 46.4- 50.7dba 5. Eti Aja 7O8.892’N; 7O28.916’E 72.5- 77.7dba Source: Measurement at the project site, November 2017 The result of noise measurement shows that the mean noise levels in virtually all the measured stations are not above the FMEnv 90dB (A) limit for 8-hour operation. Levels in excess of 60dB (A) were recorded at locations where contributions from local traffic were significant at the time of visit
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Fig. 3. 8: Map showing the air and noise quality sampling locations
3.6 Water Quality Surface and borehole water quality of the project site was measured during the course of the field work. The coordinates of water sampling points and result is presented in Tables 3.7 and 3.8 below. Considering that the water samples were collected from flowing streams/river and boreholes, and are often used as drinking water by the residents of the communities around them, the maximum permitted by Nigeria Industrial Standard for drinking water quality and the health impacts were also included. All the collected samples were analysed at the Soil Science Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
The results for the water samples show that the value of cadmium for water samples collected at Okegbi Ate, Alem Eji, Eti Aja and Sabongeri were much higher than the permissible limits by both FMEnv/WHO and the Nigeria Industrial Standard for drinking water quality and hence will have serious health impacts for these areas.
Table 3. 7: Coordinates of water sampling points at Ogugu, Olamaboro Local Government Area S/N Sample Code Location Coordinate Source 1 Ogugu 1 Okegbi Ate 7.16468ON; 7.47083OE Underground Water (Borehole) 2 Ogugu 2 Uyi Ogugu 7.15909ON; 7.46257OE Underground Water (Borehole) 3 Ogugu 3 Alem Eji 7.15393ON; 7.47733OE Underground Water (Borehole) 4 Ogugu 4 Eti Aja 7.15996ON; 7.47191OE Underground Water (Borehole) 5 Ogugu 5 Sabongeri 7.14765ON; 7.48149OE Surface Water (River) Source: Measurement at the project site, November 2017
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Fig. 3. 9: Map showing water sampling locations
Table 3.8: Laboratory analysis result for water samples from Ogugu S/N Parameter O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 FMEnv/WHO Nigeria Industrial Health Impact Permissible Standard for limit drinking water quality- maximum permitted 1 pH 5.2 5.0 4.3 4.2 4.8 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 None 2- 2 Sulphate (SO4 ) Trace BDL BDL 10.417 BDL 200 100 None (mg/L) 3 Chlorides 0.038 0.038 0.075 0.075 0.053 250 250 None (mg/L) 4 Colour Haze 17500 17500 17500 20000 17500 15 TCU Unit 5 Phosphate 1.813 0.907 BDL BDL 4.533 - (PO4 ) (mg/L) 6 Odour (TON) NIL ABSENT 7 Manganese 0.20 0.12 0.28 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.2 Neurological (mg/L) disorder 8 Iron (Fe2+) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.3 0.3 None (mg/L) 9 Zinc (Zn2+) 0.12 0.44 0.36 0.44 0.16 - 3 None (mg/L) 10 Cadmium (Cd2+) 3.49 BDL 1.551 1.939 1.551 0.01 0.003 Toxic to the
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(mg/L) Kidney 11 Cupper (Cu2+) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 1 1 Gastrointestinal (mg/L) disorder 12 Lead (Pd2+) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.01 Cancer, (mg/L) interference with vitamin D metabolism, affect mental development in infants, toxic to the central and peripheral nervous system 13 Dissolved 8.2 9.7 9.9 10.6 8.8 7.5 Oxygen (DO), (mg/L) 14 BOD (mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 80 15 Total Hardness 0.24 0.40 0.44 0.44 0.20 200 (mg/L) 16 Temperature oC 32 31 31 32 32 <40 Note: Detection limit is < 0.01 and < 0.1 (for Zn) BDL = Below detection level
3.7 Biological Environment
3.7.1 Plant Biodiversity The identified trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses are found downstream around the gully discharge areas, with a few scattered species of tropical plants around the residential areas in the catchment. The summary of the plant biodiversity in the project community in the watershed is presented in Table 3.9. The common plant types include the neem tree, fruit cotton tree, Gmelina, bush mango, Afara plant, cassia plant, etc. (Baseline Survey, 2017), while the identified shrubs include Jatropha, The devil’s pepper, Christmas bush, etc. See Table 3.9 below for more details on the plant species found in Ogugu catchment area.
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Table 3.9: Plant Biodiversity in Ogugu Catchment Area Height of No. of No. of tallest Stem Shrubs Trees trees diameter Trees species Common Name Family (0.5- 4m) (˃4m) (m) (cm) Azzadiracta indica Neem Meliaceae 3 16.5 38.2 Ceiba pentendra Cotton tree Malvaceae 1 35 89.1 Morus mesozygia Black mulberry Morcaceae 1 30 30.3 Gmelina arborea Gmelina Lamiaceae 2 32 57.3 Parkia elappertonia Parkia Leguminosae 1 27.5 55.7 Terminalia superba Afara Combretaceae 1 30 38.2 Irvingia senegal Bush mango Irvingiaceae 1 7 28.7 Mangifera indica Mango Anacardiaceae 1 35 102 Citrus sp Sweet orange Rutaceae 3 7 28.7 Newbouldia lavis Newbouldia Bignoniaceae 1 8.5 17.5 Irvingia Senegal Bush mango Irvingiaceae 1 15 27.4 Sour-sop Sour sop Annonaceae 1 4 20.7 Cassia siamea Cassia Fabaceae 4 16 30.3 Shrubs Alchornea cordifolia Christmas bush Euphorbiaceae Clump Musa species Banana Musaceae Clump Jathropha indica Jatropha Euphorbiaceae Clusters The Devils’s Rawolfia vormitoria pepper Apocynaceae Clumps Herbs Musaceae Common Colocassia esculenta Elephant ear Araceae Schrankia leptocarpa Sensitive plant Fabaceae Common Sporobolus pyramidalis Cat's tail Poaceae Centrosema pubeseens Centro Fabaceae Common Chromolaena odorata Siam weed Asteraceae Grass Imperatacylindrica Blady grass Poaceae Panicum maximum Guinea grass Poaceae Source: Baseline Survey, 2017.
3.7.2 Wildlife Biodiversity The study of the diversity of wildlife in Ogugu catchment area was based on direct observations or sightings, the feedbacks obtained from the community members during the stakeholders and community consultations and discussions and one-to-one interview of key informants in the area. All wildlife sightings both by the study team and the locals occur mostly in the thick brushes along the drainage channel that runs around the area. Table 3.10 below shows the findings of the wildlife survey in the project area and within the Ogugu catchment.
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Table 3.10: Wildlife Biodiversity of Ogugu Catchment Area Abundance Mammals Scientific Names Order Family Status Mona monkey Cercopithecus mona Primate Cercopithecidae Rare Grass cutter Thyronomys Rodentia Thryonomyidae Rare /greater cane rat swinderianus Rock hyrax Procavia capensis Hyracoidea Procaviidae Rare Nigerian mole-rat Fukomys foxi Rodentia Bathyergidae common Birds Stone partridge Ptilopachus petrosus Galliformes Odontophoridae Rare Guinea fowl Agelastes niger Galliformes Numididae Common Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Common Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Falconiformes Falconidae Rare Reptiles &
Amphibians Rough green Opheodrys aestivus Squamata Colubridae Common snake Common water Eleutherodactylus Anura Leptodactylidae Common frog marnockii Common agama Agama agama Squamata Agamidae Common Chamaeleo Chameleon Squamata Chamaeleonidae Common calyptratus Snails common Invertebrates Grasshoppers Orthoptera Euschmidtiinae Common Beetles Coleoptera Curculionidae Common Sawflies Hymenoptera Pergidae Common Bees Hymenoptera Apoidea Common Wasps Hymenoptera Formicedae Common Butterflies Orthoptera Papilionoidea Common Moths Orthoptera Common Source: Baseline Survey, 2017.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS
4.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents in the Project Area The socio-demographic information gathered from the proposed Adumu Road Ogugu gully erosion intervention project site in Olamaboro L.G.A of Kogi State provides a picture of the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and their communities and covers a wide range of diverse but interconnected aspects and variables relating to a group of social and economic factors of the community members who will be affected by the project.
The socio-economic aspects and variables were grouped into various categories such as demographic, economic, public services and social. The social aspects involved project affected communities lives as well as social and cultural attitude and values as the case may be. Meanwhile, community services were concerned with housing and requirement for public services such as water, communications, solid waste disposal as well as health and educational services. Demographic aspects include population growth structures and distribution. Similarly, economic factors contained general characteristics, structures and changes of various economic activities and employment of the communities within the project area.
It is evident that the proposed project activities would impact directly and indirectly on environment and settlements within the area due to the nature of the location and the scope of the project. It is in this regard that the World Bank requires an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) in order to make the project sustainable. To this end, this section provides information on the socio-economic baseline conditions as a critical contextual component to benchmark existing conditions and to facilitate the identification and assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Ogugu gully erosion intervention.
This report was undertaken to ensure that the significant environmental and social impacts of the proposed project at the construction and operation stages have been considered and assessed at the project planning phase. It offers the background to the proposed project and serves as an assessment of their possible environmental and social impacts, both positive and negative. Proposed development and mitigation measures are drawn together with responsibilities for their implementation. The information presented was obtained during desktop studies and through the results of primary data collected through a sample, natural resource assessments, socio-economic surveys, focus group discussions and consultations with the community members which were undertaken between November and December, 2017. The socio-economic assessment is anticipated to: a. Assess the prevailing socio-economic conditions in the project area. This includes provision of a baseline study and characterizing the existing state of the study site. This will assist in identifying the main areas of concerns;
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b. Analyze the impacts of the prevailing environmental conditions on the socio-economic structure of the study sites; and c. Develop a set of guidelines for establishing viable communities. The following section concerns with listing all possible socio-economic impacts and the indicators used to estimate their magnitude. It also includes a general discussion of the methodology employed in conducting socio-economic analysis. Based on this methodology, an operational work plan is provided for the study.
4.2 Methodology The socio-economic assessment gives an insight into the social, cultural, economic and political conditions of stakeholders including individuals, groups, communities and organizations through the administration of structured questionnaires for households. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) for stakeholders and in-depth interviews. A blend of investigative methods which includes the following, were used to acquire the socio-economic data: a. Review of secondary data; b. Reconnaissance survey to identify all communities that will be directly or indirectly affected and to alert the communities’ leaders and residents on the proposed project; c. In-depth interviews with community leaders of the identified communities (traditional leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and youth leaders); d. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with stakeholders and project affected communities; e. Field observations by the consultants and interviewers; f. Democratic tools used during FGDs, specially community mapping, and paired needs ranking and case studies formulation; and g. Structured questionnaire to collect baseline information and the perception of the PAPs on the intervention. Simple random sampling was used for the administration of the questionnaire. The administration was done in such a way that the required number of questionnaires was actually returned in each of the communities. Population estimation was based on the combinations of questionnaire survey and projection from 2006 census figures by the National Population Commission (NPC). In all, a total number of 200 questionnaires were administered and returned. h. Adequate representation from the relevant social groups in the project area; i. Inclusion of groups and individuals with different population characteristics/socio- economic status; j. Participation of those with access to relevant information; k. Evidence of different types of livelihood activities; and l. Inclusion of males and females view where possible in all the activities
It should be noted that the public consultation meetings held in each village has representatives from all the affected villages and stakeholders including youth and women leaders. The vulnerable members of the communities who will receive direct impacts of the project were not neglected.
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Table 4.1: Sampling Characteristics Village Questionnaire Questionnaire FGD Community Administered Returned Consultation Meetings Omoka 40 40 3 1 Crescent O.C.S.S 40 40 3 1 Ate-Aja 40 40 3 1 Unyi Ogugu 40 40 3 1 Okegbe 40 40 3 1 Alimeji Total 200 200 15 5
4.3 The Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
Socio-economic status of the project community was assessed through the administration of a structured questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions. The results obtained are presented in this section.
4.3.1 Sex Profile The sex composition of the respondents is presented in Figure 4.1 below. The result shows that there are more males (62%) than females (38%) that responded to the survey/copies of the questionnaire.
Fig. 4.1: Sex Profile of the Respondents Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
4.3.2 Age Profile The knowledge of the age structure of a population is vital for planning and organization of welfare programmes in any development oriented society. Figure 4.2 shows the age distribution of the respondents. Result shows that majority (50%) of the population interviewed were
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productive/active adults who fall within age bracket of between 31-40 years; while few 5% were youths below 20 years. Others (14%, 18% and 12%) were between 21-40 years; 41-50 years; and above 51 years respectively. This shows that most of the respondents were adults who are within their productive age.
Fig. 4.2: Distributions of the Respondents according to Age Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
4.3.3 Marital Status The result of marital status of the respondents as presented in Figure 4.3 shows that majority (65%) of the people interviewed were married; while few (17%) were single. Others (8% and 10%) were divorced/separated; and widows /widowers. This shows that most of the respondents were married and can be regarded as responsible people; since marriage improves social status of individuals in the project area and married people are regarded as being responsible.
Fig. 4.3: Marital Status of the Respondents Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
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4.3.4 Relationship of the Respondents to Household Heads The result presented in Figure 4.4 shows that most (79%) of the respondents were household heads; while very few 2% were siblings and other family members respectively. Others (8% and 5%) were spouses and children of the household heads; whereas 4% were non-family members. Thus, their views, responses and opinions can represent the views of the entire households.
Fig. 4.4: Relationship to the Household Heads Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
4.3.5 Educational Status of the Respondents Educational status of the sampled individuals and households was ascertained to know the literacy level of the respondents. The result presented in Fig. 4.5 shows that majority (50%) of the respondents completed secondary education; while few (1%) had Islamic education. Others (32%, 8% and 3% of the respondents) completed primary, tertiary and adult literacy training, respectively. Only 6% of the respondents had no formal education. This shows that there is high literacy level among the respondents.
Fig. 4.5: Educational Status of the Respondents Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
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4.3.6 Employment Status of the Respondents An assessment of the employment status of the respondents was made to know the diversity of occupation among the sampled individuals. The result is presented in Fig. 4.6 and it shows that the highest proportion (15%) of the respondents were mainly crop producing farmers; who cultivated and marketed such crops like cassava, yam, cocoyam among others. The least 1.5% were Artisans who are involved in welding, carpentry, mechanic repairs among others. About 12% of the respondents were involved agricultural trading business; while 10% were actively engaged in livestock farming and non-agricultural trading business. Also, about 11% were engaged in transportation; while 7% and 9% were public and private sectors employees. Agricultural processing was undertaken by 8% of the respondents. Only 4% were involved in construction activities. Harvesting of forests products and domestic duties were undertaken by 3% of the respondents. Only 2% were students in school and miners. The result generally suggest that the respondents are actively engaged in various occupations as means of livelihood.
Fig. 4.6: Employment Status of the Respondents Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
4.3.7 Income Level of the Respondents The income status of an individual or households refers to the average income a person receives daily, weekly, and monthly for engaging in an economic activity by either working personally or as an employee. It shows the economic status of a particular population. The average income status of the respondents was estimated on monthly basis and graphically presented in Figure 4.7. Result shows that the highest proportion (48%) of the respondents earned between N21, 000 and N40, 000 per month; while few (2%) earned above N100, 000. Others (23% and 18%) earned between N41, 000 and N60, 000 and N61, 000 to N80, 000, respectively. This shows that most of the respondents are low income earners.
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Fig. 4.7: Distribution of Respondents by their Income Level Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
4.3.8 Access to Credit Facilities The respondents’ access to credit facilities was examined and result presented in Figure 4.8. It shows that majority (88%) of the respondents did not have access to credit facilities; while few (12%) had access to both formal and informal credit facilities. This implies that the level of access to credit facilities among the respondents is poor.
Fig. 4.8: Distribution of Respondents by access to Credit Facilities Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
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4.3.9 Sources of Credit The respondents’ formal and informal sources of credit facilities were examined. The result obtained is shown in Figure 4.9 and it shows that majority (78%) of the respondents’ sourced credit from their relatives, friends and family members; followed by 19% who sourced from their cooperative associations. The least (1%) sourced credit from commercial banks; while only 2% sourced from microfinance banks. This implies that most of the respondents sourced credit from informal sources. This is true because as at the time of the field survey, there were no functional commercial bank or microfinance banks in the project area.
Fig 4.9: Sources of Credit Facilities to the Respondents Source: Field Survey, December 2017
4.3.10 Access to Agricultural Extension Service Delivery Result shows that majority (92%) of the respondents do not have access to agricultural extension services delivery; whereas few 8% had frequent access. This shows that there is low level of access to extension services in the area. This may affect dissemination of improved agricultural technologies in the area and as well affect agricultural productivity since the area is an agrarian community.
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Fig. 4.10: Distribution of Respondents by access to Extension Services Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
4.3.11 Daily Expenditure on Food The result of daily expenditure on food was examined and presented in Figure 4.11. Majority (42%) of the respondents spent between N1, 100 to N2, 000 daily on food consumption in their families; while few 2% spent above N5, 000. Others (33%, 10%, 9% and 4%) spent between N2, 100 and N3, 000; below N1, 000; between N4, 100 and N5, 000 and between N3, 100 and N4, 000 respectively.
Fig. 4.11 Distribution of Respondents by Daily Expenditure on Food Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
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4.3.12 Willingness to Pay/Contribute to NEWMAP Intervention The respondents’ willingness to pay or contribute towards NEWMAP Intervention was examined. The result presented in Figure 4.12 shows that majority (85%) of the respondents were willing to pay/contribute to NEWMAP intervention; while very few (15%) were not willing to do so. This shows that most of the respondents were willing to contribute to the implementation of the civil works.
Fig. 4.12: Distribution of Respondent by their Willingness to pay Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
4.3.13 Amount Willing to Pay The amount the respondents are willing to pay per quarter was examined and presented in Fig. 4.13. Result shows that majority (40%) of the respondents were willing to pay between N500 and N1, 000; while few 6% are willing to pay above N2000. Others (23%, 19% and 16%) are willing to pay between N1, 000 and N1, 500, N1, 500 and N2, 000 and above N2000 respectively. This indicates that there is willingness to contribute towards the progress of the project by the respondents.
Fig. 4.13: Amount the Respondents are willing to pay Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
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4.3.14 Maximum Amount Willing to Pay Further analysis reveals that majority (52%) of the respondents were willing to pay maximum amount of between N2, 100 and N4, 000; while few (1%) were willing to pay above N10, 000. Others (22%, 21% and 2%) were willing to pay below N2000, between N4, 100 and N6, 000, N6, 100 and N8, 000. This shows that the respondents are willing to contribute to the project implementation as the project is meant to benefit them most.
Fig. 4.14: Maximum Amount the Respondents are willing to pay Source: Field Survey, December 2017
4.3.15 Coping Strategies Adopted by the Respondents The result of coping strategies adopted to ameliorate the effects of flood and/or erosion in the area is presented in Fig. 4.15. Result shows that majority (85%) of the respondents planted vegetation to reduce water flow; while 81% used improved crop varieties as coping strategies; followed by 72% who harvested and processed all tuber crops. Change in timing of farm operations was undertaken by 69% of the respondents; while 68% relocated from floodable areas to avoid flood hazards. Other coping strategies undertaken by the respondents to deal with the issues of erosion in the areas include: raising house foundation high enough to keep above flood water (69%); frequent removal of sand in blocked drainage (85%); terracing hillside to slow down water flow (81%); construction of embankment (68%) and construction of drainages (72%).
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Fig. 4. 15: Distribution of the Respondents by the different Coping Strategies adopted Source: Field Survey, December 2017
4.3.16 Perception of the Respondents as regards Sources of Water in the Community The social infrastructural facilities in the project area were assessed through field survey (See Annexure 4). It was also necessary to ascertain the views of the respondents on existence, adequacy and functionality of the surveyed infrastructural facilities. The results obtained are discussed in this section.
The major sources of water to the respondents was examined and presented in Figure 4.16. Result shows that majority (45%) of the respondents sourced their drinking water from
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commercial boreholes; followed by 25% who depended mainly on harvested rain water. Others (12%) sourced their water from river, while 4% of the respondents sourced from commercial water suppliers. Only 3% of the respondents depended fully on well water, whereas 2% had private boreholes and as well depended on pipe borne water. This suggests the availability of various sources of water for domestic use in the study area.
Fig. 4.16: Distribution of Sources of Water to the Respondents Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
4.3.17 Perception of the Respondents as regards availability of Water Facilities in the Project Area The result in Figure 4.17 reveals that majority (55%) of the respondents agreed that portable water was available but inadequate in the area; followed by 30% who agreed that it was adequate but unreliable and 10% agreed that it is adequate and reliable. However, only 5% agreed that it is not existent. This shows that there is inadequate supply of portable water in the project area.
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Fig. 4.17: Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on availability of Water Facilities in the Project Area
Plate 4.1: Ubele River a Source of Domestic water Supply in Ogugu, Olamaboro LGA
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Plate 4.2: Part of Ubele River in Ogugu, Olamaboro LGA
4.3.18 Perception of the Respondents as regards Roads to their Communities The result of field survey in Figure 4.18 reveals that majority (80%) of the respondents agreed that roads to their communities were existent but inadequate; followed by 10% who perceived that they were adequate but unreliable; while others 5% agreed that the roads are adequate and reliable and non-existent respectively. This shows that most of the roads to the various communities are inadequate.
Fig. 4.18: Perception of the Respondents as regards Roads to their Community
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4.3.19: Perception of the Respondents as regards Roads within their Community Results in Figure 4.19 shows that majority (79%) of the respondents agreed that roads within their communities are in existent and inadequate; while 8% agreed that they were adequate and unreliable. Others 7% and 6% respectively perceived that they are non-existent and adequate and reliable. This shows that most of the roads within the community are inadequate.
Fig. 4.19: Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception of Roads within their community
4.3.20 Perception of the Respondents as regards availability of Religious Facilities in the Project Area Figure 4.20 shows that majority (53%) of the respondents perceive religious facilities such as mosques and church buildings as adequate and reliable; followed by 25% who agreed that they are adequate and unreliable. Others (12% and 10%) agreed that they were not in existence and existence but inadequate respectively. This entails that the people are satisfied with the existence of religious facilities in the study area.
Fig. 4.20: Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on existence of Religious Facilities in the Project Area
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Plate 4.3: Adumu Road under serious threat by gully Erosion and illegal disposal of solid waste
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4.3.21 Perception of the Respondents as regards the existence of Market Facilities in the Project Area. The result as regards perception of the respondents on the availability of market facilities in the project area (Figure 4.21) shows that majority (55%) of the respondents agreed that market facilities were not existent in the area; while few (5%) agreed that they are adequate and reliable. Others (25% and 15%) agreed that market facilities were existent but inadequate and adequate but unreliable, respectively. This shows that there is absence of organized market facilities in the area; except for road sides markets which were more prominent than organized marketing system. There is need to improve the marketing system in the area to ensure easy evacuation of agricultural produce.
Fig. 4.21: Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on existence of Market Infrastructure
4.3.22 Perception of the Respondents as regards availability of Solid Waste Disposal The result represented in Figure 4.22 shows that majority (83%) of the respondents perceived that legal solid wastes disposal sites were not existent; while very few (2%) agreed on its adequacy and reliability. Others (10% and 5%) were of the opinion that the solid waste disposal sites were existent but inadequate and adequate but unreliable, respectively. No legal public waste disposal equipment were found in the area; except that provided by the NEWMAP focal NGO strategically position in one of the prominent roads leading to Okegbe Alimeji village. But, a close field observation reveals that the waste pins were not in use as at the time of field survey.
Fig. 4. 22: Distribution of the Respondents by their perception on availability of Solid Wastes Disposal System in the Project Area
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4.3.23 Perception of the Respondents as regards availability of Sewage Disposal Sites Results (Figure 4.23) show that majority (59%) of the respondents agreed that the facilities for sewage disposal in the area were not existent; while few (1%) agreed on its adequacy and reliability. Others (35% and 5%) agreed that these were in existent but inadequate and in existence but unreliable. There was no public legal sewage disposing medium seen in the area except soak away pits built into residential homes of individuals living in the area.
Fig. 4. 23: Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on the existence of Sewage Disposing Facilities
Plate 4.4: Illegal Solid Wastes Disposal in a Gully at Adumu Road, Ogugu
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Plate 4.5: Illegal disposal of solid waste along Adumu Road, Ogugu
4.3.24 Perception of the Respondents as regards Communication Facilities Figure 4.24 reveals that most of the respondents (63%) perceived communication facilities as being adequate but unreliable; while very few (7%) perceived it as non-existent. Others (20% and 10%) perceived it as being adequate and reliable and existent but inadequate, respectively.
Fig 4.24: Distribution of Respondents by their Perception on existence of Communication Facilities in the Project Area
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4.3.25 Perception of the Respondents as regards existence of Public Recreational Facilities Figure 4.25 shows that majority (76%) of the respondents agreed that recreation facilities were non-existent; while very few (3%) agreed on their adequacy and reliability. Others (14% and 7%) were of the opinion that these facilities existed; but were inadequate and adequate but unreliable, respectively.
Fig. 4. 25: Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on the Availability of Recreational Facilities in the Project Area
4.3.26 Perceptions of the Respondents on the availability and existence of Public Health Institutions The result presented in Fig. 4.26 shows that most of the respondents 70% agreed that public health institutions are not in existence; followed by 14% who agreed that they are adequate and reliable. Others 13% and 3% respectively believed that they are adequate and unreliable and adequate and reliable respectively. This implies that the public health institutions in the project area are inadequate.
Fig. 4.26: Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on existence of Public Health Institutions in the Project Area. Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
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4.3.27 Perception of the Respondents as regards the existence of Schools/Educational Facilities Results shows that majority (65%) of the respondents agreed that schools/educational facilities were existent but inadequate followed by 26% who perceived its adequacy and unreliability. Others 6% and 3% agreed that they were adequate and reliable and non-existent respectively.
Fig.4.27: Distribution of the Respondents on the existence of Educational Facilities in the Project Area Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
4.3.28 Perception of the Respondents as regards Sources of Electricity The result in Fig. 4.28 reveals that majority (65%) of the respondents agreed that the national grid was the major source of electricity; followed by private generators used for lighting as reported by 20% of the respondents. Others (15%) used hurricane lantern especially for lighting in the night.
Fig. 4.28: Distribution of the Respondents by their Perception on the sources of Public Electricity
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4.3.29 Perception of the Respondents as regards availability and Existence of Public Electricity Results of field survey shows that majority (75%) of the respondents perceived electricity in the area as being existent but inadequate; while very few (5%) perceived it as adequate and reliable and non-existent, respectively. About 15% agreed that it is adequate but unreliable. This shows that public electricity is in existence but inadequate in the project area.
Fig. 4.29: Distribution of the Respondents by their Primary Sources of Electricity Source: Field Survey, December 2017.
4.3.30 Perception of the Respondents as regards Sources of Fuel for Cooking Figure 4.30 shows that firewood is the major source of domestic energy used for cooking by majority (90%) of the respondents. This is followed by 5% who used kerosene and cooking gas for cooking. This implies that felling of firewood is the most readily means employed by the people to get their source of fuel for cooking. This could lead to environmental hazards as it encourages deforestation.
Fig. 4.30: Distribution of the Respondents by their Sources of Domestic Energy
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4.3.31 Ailments/Sicknesses Suffered by the Sampled Respondents The results of ailments/sicknesses suffered by the respondents’ households are presented in Fig. 4.31. It shows that the most prevalent ailment/sickness suffered always by majority (68%) of the respondents was malaria; followed by 50% who suffered typhoid. Others suffered various sicknesses as enumerated in the Figure 4.31. This shows that most people in the area are exposed to different illness due to unhealthy environmental conditions they are exposed.
Fig. 4.31: Distribution of Ailments/Sicknesses suffered by the Respondents
4.4 Communities Environmental Concerns (CECs) One of the most prominent environmental challenges facing the world is flooding and gully erosion. Its impact on human live is tremendously, it could curtail livelihood and even lead to death if left unchecked or uncontrolled. Its impact can also be intensified by the global climate change phenomenon. The project area is not immune to these impressions. It is on this background that the proposed project becomes inevitable as human lives, properties and sources of income become susceptible to the devastating effect of the incessant erosion, most especially during the yearly rainy season.
Despite the fact the communities embraced the commencement of the proposed project, some environmental and socio-economic concerns were raised (See minutes of the consultation meetings in the Annexure 3). Erosion problems have had much impact on the generality of the livelihood, lifestyle and the environment of the entire area. This is followed by destruction of public infrastructure; flood induced surface water pollution, poor drainage, environmental degradation and soil fertility. However, during the period of construction and other related civil works, there will be environmental challenges that will be introduced into the project area. The potential environmental concerns raised with respect to the construction phase of the proposed intervention project include loss of farm produce, destruction of public infrastructure, air, surface water, ground water and noise pollution, possible environmental degradation, poor drainage and soil infertility. There are traces of degraded land. Only a handful of these environmental
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distresses were highlighted for the operation and maintenance phase of the project. The major concern expressed by the residents of the project area is related to air, surface water, ground water and noise pollution and degraded land as well as environmental degradation.
4.5 Impact Evaluation of the Gully Erosion Intervention Activities For every development project activities, there are perceived implications at the community level. At this scale, community perceptions will go a long way to underpin the extent of success such a project would have for the proposed intervention project area, relevant questions were used to screen the respondents on their perceptions of the project. Awareness about the NEWMAP intervention project is high in the communities as the respondents concur that through the NEWMAP site and Community Association consistent and continuous information have been disseminated to virtually all concerned stakeholders about the erosion and flood activities and the proposed intervention project activities. The medium of community information dissemination is through the consistent community gathering made possible through the focal NGO of Kogi State NEWMAP.
In fact, the respondents claimed that the community members gather as soon as matters of urgency arise. Therefore, most of them claimed to have attended the community meetings where the proposed intervention project was discussed in detail. Members of the community affirmed that the community is diplomatic. It is affirmed that the proposed intervention project would not necessarily stimulate any form of youth restiveness as the case may be.
4.6 Public Consultations with Stakeholders The submissions, concerns and expectations of the communities during construction and operation phases of the proposed intervention include these: a. erosion has come to be an annual hazard in the project area; b. its frequent occurrence continues to accelerate gully erosion occurrence in the area; c. the impact of flood and gully erosion is multi-faceted among which are: destruction of farms and buildings; d. threats to the safety of all residents of all ages especially children and aged persons/elders; e. massive damage to lives and property especially during peak of rainfall
Public Consultation as a critical ingredient of project successful implementation was carried out as part of the preparation of the ESMP for the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control site. The main objective of the public consultation is to achieve effective stakeholder participation and to promote greater awareness and understanding of issues so that the project is carried out effectively within budget and on-time to the satisfaction of all concerned. The specific objectives include to:
1. Inform the residents about the purpose of the ESMP and to obtain their inputs; 2. Help define responsibility arrangement for implementation of the ESMP; 3. Determine the existing socio-economic conditions in the Adumu Road-Ogugu Erosion Site location;
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4. Identify together with stakeholders, the associated and potential environmental and social impacts of sub-projects and the need for timely and proper mitigation measures; and 5. Discuss and agree on the way out of identified challenges.
Public consultation is considered the best measure to promote sustainability of all World Bank and other International donor partners assisted projects. Consultation is the process of informing the Community of the need for project in their domain, the scope and the need for the Community to own and safeguard the project as beneficiaries and stakeholders.
Community participation was used in the entire process as a fundamental tool for managing two- way communication between the SPMU and the public; building understanding and improving decision- making among relevant stakeholders, especially the project affected persons and organizations with the hope of reducing the likelihood for conflicts that would arise from the proposed project implementation activities. Stakeholder involvement in the project is expected to continue in a manner that gives the communities and the project affected persons (PAPs) the opportunity to make contributions aimed at strengthening the development project while avoiding negative impacts and or reducing possible conflicts.
Keeping in mind the objective of minimizing adverse impacts of the project, consultations were held with the various stakeholders in five communities. The approach was to identify the stakeholders and engage them in critical consultations which are aimed at improving decisions that will ensure effective implementation of the ESMP. The key stakeholders consulted were chiefs and elders of the communities, men groups, women groups, youths, cooperative societies, community based organisations/non-governmental organisations (CBOs/NGOs), members of community development association and landlords and land owners and tenants living along the corridor. An in-depth Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held after the consultation meetings with the elders, men, women and youths of the communities to ascertain their specific concerns about the intervention project.
The following process guided the public consultations: a. The social safeguard team first identified the project areas particularly the Erosion corridor where the temporary benchmark coordinates are located. b. Name of village, the administrative organisation and leadership structure were sought, and subsequently a visit was made to the leaders and or representatives of the five villages c. Public forum (consultation meeting) with Stakeholders from the five (5) villages on the project area was held d. Identification of PAPs and their socio-economic baseline conditions e. Inventory of PAPs and affected assets.
With regard to the proposed intervention, expectations of the people during construction and operation phases include: a. Employment of the locals during the construction and operation phases of the project;
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b. Adequate compensation to people whose property will be lost due to the intervention, especially along the channel of the intervention project;
With regard to the impact of the potential intervention project on the community, they noted that the temporary potential adverse impact of the project should not stop the intervention project; No specific cultural or social issues can trigger or disrupt the project implementation. When any of such arise, they would be treated in such a way as not to jeopardise the successful execution of the project.
The community members are ready to give their best advice, skills and other required assistance to the contractors in the intervention project. Specifically, a. The landlords are ready to accommodate those coming for the project in their buildings at a reasonable rate b. The youths are ready to render their services since most of them are artisans c. The women are ready to render cutlery services to the camp
Also, the communities assured of their total cooperation with the Kogi State NEWMAP contractors and consultants. They promised adequate security and protection of lives, properties and equipment during construction and operation phases of the proposed intervention project. (See minutes of meetings for details).
4.7 Overview of Public Consultation Programme Four structured public consultations with stakeholders were held in the project area (Table 4.2). While summaries of the key minutes of the town hall meetings and focus group discussions at the four villages (Adumu Road, OCSS, Okegbi Alumeji/ Eti Aja, Unyi -Ogugu) are presented on Annexure 3. Table 4.5 summarises the queries/observations made during consultation meetings and how they were addressed.
Table 4.2: Date of consultations with stakeholders in the project area Date Village Venue of Meeting N0. of N0. of Total N0.of Female Male Persons that Attended 8th December Adumu Road LGEA (RCM) 73 67 140 2017 School 8th December OCSS Odo Japan/Candid 69 84 153 2017 Avenue 9th December Okegbi Alumeji/ Under Mango tree 98 97 195 2017 Eti Aja (by Living Faith Church) 9th December Unyi -Ogugu Obodo /Adumu 88 86 174 2017 Road Total number of people that participated in the public 328 334 662 consultation
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1. General concerns- being concerns and request made across board in most of the communities. 2. Specific concerns- being concerns that are unique or specific to only one community in the project site.
The summary of the general and specific concerns is presented in Table 4.3. Based on the outcome of the independent consultations, concerns and inputs as well as challenges to the implementation of ESMP the concerns were harmonized and classified as follows:
Table 4.3: Summary of Consultation with communities around the project site Agenda of a. To inform the residents about the purpose of the ESMP and to obtain their inputs. Consultations b. To help define responsibility arrangement for implementation of the ESMP c. To determine the existing socio-economic conditions in the Adumu Road-Ogugu Erosion Site location d. To identify together with stakeholders the associated and potential environmental and social impacts of the sub-project and the need for timely and proper mitigation measures e. To discuss and agree on the way out of identified challenges Find Out - The key general concern is erosion. The participants indicated that the Adumu Road-Ogugu General erosion, during the rainy season, cause flooding of their farms, blocking of roads, and get Concerns children drawn and so on. They also indicated that the erosion also destroyed their residential buildings, fences and other important properties; leading to increase in their poverty status. Find out - In the different villages, the participants expressed some concerns as follows: Special a. The project would affect them socio-economically because it will take away some of their concerns farm lands. b. They also indicated that it will also affect them socio-economically if the unskilled labourers are not employed from their community especially their youths; who are mostly unemployed. c. The community members were concerned that the project will take away many of their economic trees permanently. d. The project will equally lead to removal of their palm trees, banana and plantain, and other economic trees. It will also take away their vegetation as well as animals living along the corridor. e. They also indicated that if boreholes are not constructed at strategic points, it will also affect them. f. They also expressed concern that the sounds and smokes from the heavy machines and machineries will pollute their environment and the vibration of the ground as a result of the machineries and machines activities which may affect their structures. g. They expressed concerns about the possibilities of contractors and hired workers impregnating their young girls/ daughters and abusing their wives sexually during the implementation of the project. Find Out key Some of the key comments are as follows: Comments a. Security personnel should be employed to help secure the equipment. The youths indicated that they will help provide security. b. They thanked KSG-NEWMAP, Federal Government of Nigeria and World Bank for their intervention because erosion has been destroying their crops, and rendering their fertile land infertile. They promised that they will support the project and prayed for God’s blessings on all partners involved in NEWMAP work and wished the consultant and his team journey mercies. Source: Field survey November – December 2017
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Table 4.4: Some queries/observations and the responses given to the stakeholders S/ N Stakeholders Views/ Concerns How it was Addressed 1. Mrs. Elizabeth Ayegba wanted to know if The Consultant responded that the women and youths will be employed to provide services of the village members will be food to the contractors and unskilled labour. needed during the civil works. 2. Ladi Paul pleaded that the contractors should The Consultant assured her of capturing please stay off the married women in the the request in his report to NEWMAP community and also be humble and polite to them so that peace will reign. 3. David. J. David was concerned that the project The Consultant said that the project will might be abandoned half way and this might be completed because Kogi State cause more harm to the issue at hand. Government has paid its counterpart fund; alongside with the federal government. World Bank is not associated with project abandonment. 4. Ezikiel Ojonuwa pleaded with NEWMAP to The Consultant answered by saying that it ensure that the project is engineered from and is part of the reason the consultations towards the people’s perspective and were being held, so that such concerns community based organization (CBO) should will be properly documented in the report. be formed to protect the project. 5. Miss Esther shared her doubts of that the The Consultant said that the project will project may not be completed due to previous be completed because Kogi State experiences. Government has paid its counterpart fund;
alongside with the federal government.
World Bank is not associated with project abandonment. 6. Mr. Paul Idoko the Madaki of the community The Consultant said that the project will asked where the project will start and where it follow the engineering design as is ending and when the project will commence. specified. 7. Omuchoko Ekele asked if NEWMAP project is The Livelihood officer replied by saying centred on the erosion gullies alone or also that NEWMAP project centres on both targeted towards the construction of the Erosion gullies and the roads. community roads
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Plate 4.6 shows pictures of public consultations at Adumu Road, OCSS, Okegbi Alumeji/ Eti Aja, Unyi – Ogugu villages.
The Chairman of the Community Association (Mr. Negedu Question and answer session during a focus group discussion at
Emmanuel) enumerating measures for the sustainability of the Unyi -Ogugu Community, Olamaboro, and L.G.A. Kogi State project during the consultation meeting at Omoka Crescent, Ogugu, Olamaboro LGA, Kogi State
Group photograph of the consultants with men of Unyi- Ogugu, Olamaboro LGA, Kogi State after their focus group and consultation meetings
Plate 4.7: Pictures showing ongoing consultation with men, youth and women groups of Adumu Road Ogugu
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CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
5.1 Assessment of Potential Adverse Impacts 5.1.1 Introduction This section contains a summary of the potential environmental and social impacts that are likely to result from the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project as a result of the interaction between the project components and the environmental elements. The environmental and social impact is described for the pre-construction, construction and operation phases. Adverse impacts are likely to occur during pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the project. These maybe: pollution of water resources (surface and groundwater) and soil, degradation of landscape and soil erosion because of improper disposal of excavated materials and construction waste, spillage of oil and toxic substances during the construction, use of temporary construction sites (camps, machinery sites, storage facilities, etc.), use of borrow pits; temporary air pollution (dust) related to increased truck traffic during the construction; noise and vibration disturbancesduring trench excavation; impacts on historic-cultural monuments or artefacts; hydrological issues because of improper operation maintenance of the flood control structures. On the positive angle, the construction will reduce/forestall flooding which is a regular occurrence in the area. The stakeholders during the consultation indicated that they have experienced flooding which had destroyed their farmlands and even caused drowning of children. It will also lead to job creation as unskilled youths in the area will be engaged as labourers during construction works.
The impact of each phase is assessed qualitatively through the relevant environmental and social media which are: a. Environmental media – flora and fauna, Soil and Vegetation, Air, Water, b. Social media - Community Structure, Livelihood, Community Infrastructure, Population/Demographics, Public Health, and Land Use.
The detail of the method employed for impact identification and evaluation is presented below.
5.1.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation The identification and management of impacts associated with work activities were based on a risk assessment method which involves: • Identification of intervention activities that may interact with the site environment. • Implementing controls to reduce the risk of impacts. • Monitoring the effectiveness of the controls.
The key activities of the proposed intervention work were identified and then interacted through the path-ways (or events) that may cause impacts on the environment. The associated potential impacts where then identified and listed. The risk of the impacts occurring was analysed by determining the conse-quence severity of the impacts and the likelihood of consequences
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occurring. The severity of the consequences was determined using a Consequence Severity Table and the likelihood of an impact resulting from a pathway was determined with a Likelihood Ranking Table and then the level of risk was determined using a Risk Matrix (Table 5.1).
To prevent or minimise the impacts, controls were placed on the pathways in this order of priority: • Elimination of the activity. • Substitution with a lower risk activity. • Best solutions (engineering and administrative) to reduce the impact of the event and/or control the activity. • Clean up or remediation measures to mitigate impacts after an event.
Table 5.1: Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking & Risk Matrix Tables Consequence Severity Table Level Consequence 1 Insignificant No detective impact to the existing environment 2 Minor Short term or localized impact 3 Moderate Prolonged but recoverable impact on the environment and commercial industries 4 Major Prolonged impact to the environment which may not be recoverable and threatens an ecological community, the conservation of species or the sustained viability of commercial industries 5 Catastrophic Non-recoverable change to existing environment leading to loss of endangered species or creation of human health risk
Likelihood Ranking Table Level Likelihood A Almost certain The incident is expected to occur most of the time (i.e. every time) B Likely The incident will probably occur in most circumstances (i.e. regularly, weekly) C Moderate The incident could occur at some time (1.e. quarterly) D Unlikely The incident could occur at some time during the life of the project E Rare The incident may occur only in exceptional circumstances and may never happen Risk matrix Table Likelihood Consequences Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic A Almost Certain S S H H H B Likely M S S H H C Moderate L M S H H D Unlikely L L M S H E Rare L L M M S Where ➢ H (High impact) - Senior management involvement and planning needed ➢ S (Significant impact) - Senior management attention needed and careful planning and implementation ➢ M (Moderate) - Impact Management responsibility must be specified ➢ L (Low impact) - Manage by routine procedures. Source: Adapted from ESMP Nguzu Edda Gully Erosion Site in Ebonyi State
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5.1.3 Positive Environmental Impacts 5.1.3.1 Pre- Construction Phase
Livelihoods The project will lead to creation of employment for local people who will be involved in the clearing of the site. This will thus enhance the income and livelihoods of the people and reduce poverty.
5.1.3.2 Construction Phase Livelihoods-Increase in Business Opportunities and Employment (Social Benefit): There would be increased business opportunities for local enterprises which would be able to win subcontracts from the contractor during the project. Also, there would be employment opportunities for local people, in particular youth and women, because of demand for labour for un-professional jobs, increased demand for food, drinks, and manufactured consumer products especially telephone card from the construction workers.
Environmental Stability The construction of the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control structures will stabilize the environment. First the incidence of flood disaster in the area will be considerably reduced thus leading to soil stabilization reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity. Also, watershed management through planting of vegetative cover for soil protection will also provide carbon sequestration and help prevent erosion.
5.1.3.3 Operation Phase Social and Health Benefits: Reduced flooding will lead to reduction in mosquito infestation and resultant malaria attack on the communities around the project site. This will thus lead to enhanced economic activity as loss of days of work due to malaria infestation will be forestalled. Also, the livelihoods of the community people will be enhanced especially as the local people will be trained on maintenance of the structures.
Community Infrastructure The intervention will facilitate the sustainability of road and culverts in the area there by enhancing the welfare of the community.
National Development: The impacts of the project on national development are largely positive. The project will alleviate poverty, improve economic well-being and health conditions of the people and will contribute to the attainment of the sustainable development goals.
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5.1.4 Negative Environmental Impacts 5.1.4.1 Pre-Construction Phase Flora and Fauna Some plant species may be crushed by heavy duty equipment during movement to site thereby retarding their growth or even death of the plants. Also, noise and vibration from vehicles and equipment during movement to site could scare away animals and lead to displacement of fauna around the project site. Vegetation cover in the site will be removed during clearing operation which may lead to loss of flora and fauna species especially insects that cannot move like mammals.
Soil and Land Degradation Movement of heavy duty equipment to site can lead to soil compaction and equally predispose the area to soil erosion. Soil compaction reduces root growth and inhibition of phosphorous and potassium uptake. During clearing of the site, there is also tendency for the productive top soil to be removed affecting plant growth and equally predisposing the area to erosion. There could also be Soil contamination resulting from the release of chemicals (lubricant, fuel, paint) from the machineries during land clearing.
Air Quality Release of dust and emissions from vehicles transporting equipment to site will deteriorate local air quality. Also, Land clearing prior to construction works will lead to generation of dust particles from exposed soil with resultant deterioration in air quality as well as the deposition of dust particles on the surface of plants leaves, reducing thus the capturing of sunlight and limiting the photosynthesis function of green plants, with its consequence in the purification of the air
from the CO2. In addition, gaseous emissions from equipment and machineries used in clearing could also contribute to poor air quality.
Noise Pollution Movement of heavy duty vehicles transporting equipment could generate noise and vibration. This could impact negatively on the health of the workers and those living in the vicinity of the construction site. Also, as earlier stated, noise and vibration from vehicles and equipment during movement to site could scare away animals.
Water and Access to water Land clearing will expose soils to runoffs and siltation of surface water bodies resulting in reduced water quality and reduced access and use. Oil spills could also contaminate surface and underground water.
Public Health and Safety Including Health of Site Workers The transport/movement of construction materials will introduce a number of heavy trucks on the access road and this could increase the risk of motor accidents and result in vehicular- pedestrian conflicts. Also, exposure to dusts and gaseous emissions (as indicated above) could give rise to respiratory and eye related problems while continuous exposure to noise could adversely affect the health and quality of life of workers. In addition, exposure of workers to
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poisonous plants, insects and wild animals, for example snakes, during site clearing could lead to health problems. 5.1.4.2 Construction Phase Flora and Fauna The construction of Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control structures would likely delay or even stop the re-growth of cleared vegetation during the pre-construction phase, disturbance of the natural landscape and disfiguring of the natural morphology. Also, as a result of these, the habitat’s associated fauna will be completely lost. On the other hand, planting of vegetative cover as part of watershed management will lead to some restoration of flora and fauna species.
Soil and Land Degradation Earth-moving equipment such as excavators will be used in cutting and excavation during the construction of the flood control structures. This equipment will affect soil quality and stability exposing the soil to erosion. Also, the use of the equipment will lead to soil compaction resulting in the breakdown of soil structure which will potentially decrease the drainage of the areas. Furthermore, oil or grease and other hazardous products from construction machinery also constitutes potential sources of soil pollution. In addition, burrow pits created during construction especially as a source of laterite if not covered after construction works could also predispose the area to erosion.
Waste Management Activities at construction sites will produce construction wastes such as excavated soils and debris. Excavated waste piles on road sides could obstruct the general public, the movement of residents, vehicular traffic and workers as well as affect the aesthetics of the environment. Also, wastes generated from project activities such as cement bags, paint drums and debris and household waste from construction camp will also result in pollution of the environment.
Air Quality The construction could result in the emission of dust and other odours that may lead to the reduction of air quality. Air Quality will also be impacted by emissions from vehicles, earthmoving equipment and released particulate matters as various equipment rated between 200-600 horsepower and burning diesel fuel will be operated during construction activities. The USA EPA AP-42 Emission Factors for diesel industrial engines was used to estimate emissions from construction equipment. Table 5.2 shows estimated emission from construction site.
Table 5.2: Estimated emissions from construction equipment Constituents Quantity Emitted (kg/day) Nitrates 160 Carbon monoxide 6400 Sulphates 10 Particulates less than 10m 10 Caron dioxide 15300 Aldehydes 10 Source: Estimations based on USA EPA AP-42 Emission Factors
Noise Pollution Loud noise and vibrations may result from the use of excavating machines and heavy generators.
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Access to water and water pollution Also, considering that Ubele River along Adumu Road-Ogugu is a major source of water for the communities, the people may no longer have access to the river during and possibly after the construction. There is also possibility of water pollution resulting from the release of chemicals (lubricant, fuel, and paint) from the machineries. Also, runoff from spoils into surface water bodies could result in pollution and damage to aquatic ecosystem. Run-off erosion may occur from unprotected excavated areas, especially burrow pits, during heavy rain resulting to sedimentation of the nearby water-bodies. There could also be contamination of surrounding water bodies through improper disposal of wastewater and sewage during construction.
Public Health and Safety Including Health of Site Workers Public health hazard may arise from pollutions in air, water and noise as a result of construction work sites, in particular, excavations as well as transportation and obstruction of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. The processes of construction such as handling of concrete mixing equipment, casting of concrete, iron bending and form work etc. might result in injuries for workers. Also, air and noise pollution which can trigger health risks for workers. The civil work contractor will have to establish and operate a camp which will house offices, workshops, etc. Potential impacts disposal of liquid and solid wastes, theft, alcoholism and sexually transmitted diseases (especially HIV/AIDS) and other communicable diseases due to free movement/ influx of construction workers into the communities.
5.1.4.3 Operation Phase Soil and Land During the operation phase, there could be hydrological issues of flooding, low flow, water stagnation and water logging especially if the flood structures are not maintained by clearing of blockages and de-silting. Also, flooding may re-occur if there is damage to the flood control structures.
Flora and Fauna Clearing of trees/bush around the flood control structures during maintenance operation could lead to depletion of flora and fauna species
Solid Waste Also, waste from de-silting of flood control structures could pose environmental problem if not properly disposed. Also, waste will be produced by clearance of trees/bush around the flood control structures during maintenance operation.
5.1.5 Negative Social Impacts 5.1.5.1 Construction Phase Land Use Land acquisition may cause conflict if there is no adequate plan in place to address resettlement issues.
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Livelihoods The construction of the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control structures will also impact on the socio-economic life of the people in the area. Some economic activities and small businesses are carried out in the vicinity of the project site and these will likely be disrupted during the construction work leading to loss of income and resultant increase in poverty. Also, there is possibility of loss of some economic crops especially palm trees, mango and cashew, and other economic trees, properties, and sources of livelihood due to construction work.
Community Infrastructure and Community Structure Short-term social adverse impactsmay occur as a result of dislocation and demolishment, as needed, of private holdings appearing within the alienation zone of the project (temporary and permanent structures, trees, etc.) that may hinder the construction works. The project is not expected to impact on community structure as public consultation as part of this ESMP (see chapter 4) indicates that the communities welcomed the project as there are no conflicts in the communities as a result of the project.
Population/Demographics It is likely that there will be increase in population during the construction as many people, especially (influx of) construction workers, will move into the area. This may result to some social vices and spread of diseases.
Public Health The construction will also impact on the health of the people and animals in the location especially on water source. There will also be a high risk of sexually transmitted diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS as a result of movement of a lot of people, especially construction workers influx, into the area.
5.1.5.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase Livelihoods The operation and maintenance of the facility will equally impact on the livelihoods of the people in the communities as the maintenance work may not permit the locals who depend on the river for fishing to fish during the period thus leading to income loss.
Population/Demographics There may be influx of people to take advantage of the fact that flooding has been dealt with in the area, which may result to communal clash and increase in crime and communicable diseases.
Occupational Health and Safety There may be dangers to operation and maintenance workers for example, there could be falling and tipping during maintenance
Furthermore, in presenting the summary of the impacts (Table 5.4), three criteria were used to summarize the impact on environment:
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a. The Severity of the impact on the existing environment (High (H), Medium (M), or Low (L)) b. The Likelihood of the impact occurring (High (H), Medium (M), or Low (L)) c. The Effect of the impact, whether beneficial (+) or adverse (-)
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Table 5.3: Summary of the Environmental and Social Impacts of the Adumu Road-Ogugu Erosion Project
Phase Activities Environm of Environmental Severi Likelih Eff Social Seve Likelihoo ental Social Media Effect Operat Impacts/Issues ty ood ect Impacts/Issues rity d Media ion Air Air pollution due to M H - Community None None None None emissions from Structure equipment during movement Water None Livelihood None None None None
Soil Movement of heavy M M - Community None None None None
equipment could Infrastructure
site
construction phase construction
- lead to soil
compaction Pre predisposing the
Erosion area to erosion Flora and This could lead to M H - Public Health Movement of M H - Fauna crushing of plants construction leading to retarded vehicles and of growth or death. heavy trucks Noise from increase the risk of machines could motor accidents scare fauna and result in species leading to vehicular- their displacement pedestrian conflicts. Also, exposure to dusts and gaseous emissions could give rise to respiratory and eye related
Movement of construction equipment to equipment construction of Movement problems
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Noise Movement of heavy M H - duty vehicles transporting equipment could generate noise and vibration. This could impact negatively on the health of the workers and those living in the vicinity of the construction site. Fauna species may also be scared away. Land Use Land acquisition H H - may cause conflict if there is no adequate plan in place to address resettlement Population/ None Demographics
Clearing Air Land clearing M H - Community None None None None of site prior to Structure prior to construction construct works will lead to ion generation of dust particles from exposed soil with resultant deterioration in air quality. In addition, gaseous emissions from
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equipment and machineries used in clearing could also contribute to poor air quality
In addition, waste generated during the clearing could pollute the environment. Water Land clearing will M H - Livelihood The project will M M + expose soils to lead to creation of runoffs and employment for siltation of local people who surface water will be involved in bodies resulting clearing of the site. in reduced water This will thus quality and enhance the reduced access income and and use. Oil spills livelihoods of the could also people and reduce contaminate poverty. surface and underground water.
In addition, waste generated could lead to water pollution. Soil During clearing of M H - Community None None None None the site, there is Infrastructure also tendency for the productive top soil to be
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removed affecting plant growth and equally predisposing the area to erosion. There could also be Soil contamination resulting from the release of chemicals (lubricant, fuel, paint) from the machineries during land clearing Vegetation Vegetation cover H H - Public Health Dust and gaseous M M - in the site will be emissions from removed during equipment and clearing operation machineries used which may lead to in clearing could loss of flora and affect the heath of fauna species workers and especially insects community people that cannot move for example like mammals causing respiratory problems.. In addition, exposure of workers of workers to poisonous plants, insects and wild animals, for example snakes, during site clearing
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could lead to health problems.
Land Use None None None None Population/ None None None None Demographics
Excavatio Air The construction M H - Community The project is not L L - n and could result in the Structure expected to impact Civil emission of dust on community works and other odours structure as public that may lead to consultation as the reduction of part of this ESMP ( air quality. Air see chapter 4) Quality will also indicates that the
Construction Phase Construction be impacted by communities emissions from welcomed the vehicles, project as there earthmoving are no conflicts in equipment and the communities released as a result of the particulate project. matters Groundwater Considering that M H - Livelihood Some economic M H - Mabolo river is a activities and small major source of businesses are water for the carried out in the communities, the vicinity of the people may no project site and longer have these will likely be access to the disrupted during river during and the construction possibly after the work leading to construction. loss of income and There is also resultant increase possibility of in poverty. Also
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water pollution there is possibility resulting from the of loss of some release of economic crops chemicals especially palm (lubricant, fuel, trees, banana and and paint) from plantain, and other the machineries. economic trees, Also, runoff from properties, and spoils into surface sources of water bodies livelihood due to could result in construction work. pollution and The project may damage to lead to loss of two aquatic major Shrines in ecosystem. Run- the area. As off erosion may indicated by the occur from community people unprotected during public excavated areas, consultation, especially burrow bamboos pits, during heavy plantations will rain resulting to entirely and sedimentation of permanently be the nearby water- lost; thereby bodies. affecting yam staking. Also, the project will affect fishing and hunting activities; thereby rendering those who directly depend on fishing and hunting as the only means of livelihood unemployed.
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Livelihoods There would be H H + -Increase increased in Business business Opportuniti opportunities for es and local enterprises Employme which would be nt able to win subcontracts from the contractor during the project. Also, there would be employment opportunities for local people, in particular youth and women, because of demand for labour for un-professional jobs, increased demand for food, drinks, and manufactured consumer products especially telephone card from the construction workers.
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Soil and Heavy equipment M H - Community Short-term social M H - Land will affect soil Infrastructu adverse impacts Degradation quality and re may occur as a stability exposing result of the soil to dislocation and erosion. Also the demolishment, as use of the needed, of private equipment will holdings lead to soil appearing within compaction the alienation zone resulting in the of the project breakdown of soil (temporary and structure which permanent will potentially structures, trees, decrease the etc.) that may drainage of the hinder the areas. construction Furthermore, the works. risk of accidental Environme The construction H H + spills of paints, oil ntal of the Ankpa or grease and Stability erosion control other hazardous structures will products from stabilize the construction environment. First machinery also the incidence of constitutes flood disaster in potential sources the area will be of soil pollution. In considerably addition, burrow reduced thus pits created leading to soil during stabilization construction reduced loss of especially as a agricultural land source of laterite and productivity. if not covered Also watershed after construction management
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work could also through planting of predispose the vegetative cover area to erosion. for soil protection will also provide carbon sequestration and help prevent erosion
Flora and The construction M H - Public Public health H H - Fauna of Ankpa Health hazard may arise erosion control from pollutions in structures would air, water and likely delay or noise as a result of even stop the re- construction work growth of cleared sites, in particular, vegetation during excavations as the pre- well as construction transportation and phase, obstruction of disturbance of the roads may cause natural landscape safety problems to and disfiguring of the general public. the natural The processes of morphology. Also construction such as a result of as handling of these, the concrete mixing habitats equipment, casting associated fauna of concrete, iron will be completely bending and form lost work etc. might result in injuries for workers. The civil work contractor will have to establish and operate a camp
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which will house offices, workshops etc. Potential impacts disposal of liquid and solid wastes, theft, alcoholism and sexually transmitted diseases (especially HIV/AIDS) and other communicable diseases due to free movement of construction workers into the communities.
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Waste Activities at H H - manageme construction sites nt will produce construction wastes such as excavated soils and debris. Excavated waste piles on road sides could obstruct the general public, the movement residents, vehicular traffic and workers as well as affect the aesthetics of the environment. Also, wastes generated from project activities such as cement bags, paint drums and debris and household waste from construction camp will also result in pollution of the environment. Noise and Loud noise and M H - Land Use Land acquisition H H + vibrations vibrations may may cause conflict result from the if there is no use of excavating adequate plan in machines and place to address heavy generators. resettlement
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issues.
Population/ It is likely that M M - Demograp there will be hics increase in Solid and Waste especially M H - population during dangerous debris is likely to the construction as wastes be generated many people, through especially excavation of soil, construction household wastes workers, will move from those living into the area. This in construction may result to site. Also some social vices dangerous waste and spread of may be diseases for generated example through cement HIV/AIDs. and chemicals used in construction.
Air None Community None None None nce
structure
Operationand Maintena Phase Water/ None Livelihoods The livelihoods of M M + Groundwater the community people will be enhanced especially as the local people will be trained on maintenance of the structures.
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The operation and M M - maintenance of the facility will equally impact on the livelihoods of the people in the communities as the maintenance work may not permit the locals who depend on micro businesses during the period thus leading to income loss. Soil During the M M - Community The intervention M M + operation phase, Infrastructu will facilitate the there could be re sustainability of hydrological road and culverts issues of flooding, in the area there low flow, water by enhancing the stagnation and welfare of the water logging community. especially if the flood structures are not maintained by clearing of blockages and de-silting. Also, flooding may re- occur if there is damage to the flood control structures Flora and Clearing of L L - Public Reduced flooding H H +
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Fauna trees/bush health will lead to around the flood reduction in control structures mosquito during infestation and maintenance resultant malaria operation could attack on the lead to depletion communities of flora and fauna around the project species site. This will thus lead to enhanced economic activity as loss of days of work due to malaria infestation will be forestalled. Noise None Occupation There may be M M - al Health dangers to and Safety operation and maintenance workers for example; there could be falling and tipping during maintenance and even drowning in the river. Solid Waste Also, waste from M M - Population There may be M M - de-silting of flood and influx of people to control structures Demograp take advantage of could pose hics fact that flooding environmental has been dealt problem if not with in the area, properly which may result disposed. Also, to communal clash waste will be and increase in produced by crime and
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clearance of communicable trees/bush diseases. around the flood control structures during maintenance operation.
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5.2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
5.2.1 Introduction
Analysis of alternatives is normally considered when carrying out environmental impacts of a proposed project. Although the Kogi State Government through the NEWMAP project office is committed to the implementation of the project, there is need to analyse the alternatives available as regards the implementation of the project and the engineering options that could be employed in the execution of the project.
5.2.2 Implementation Alternatives Four implementation alternatives are considered. These are as follows:
The Do-Nothing or Null Alternative The Null Alternative implies that the current state of erosion will continue to such a deplorable condition that it would become unsafe for the general public. It will also result in loss of livelihoods. The community people, during public consultation observed that the erosion problems, during the rainy season, cause flooding of their farms (Cassava, Yam, Pumpkin, Pepper, Amaranthus spp, etc.), blocking of roads, etc. They also indicated that the erosion also destroyed their residential buildings, fences and other important properties, leading to increase in their poverty status. Therefore, the do nothing alternative will worsen the present situation and worsen poverty at the same time. This is not a viable alternative.
Delayed Project Alternative This alternative implies postponing the proposed activities. This is not advisable considering the severity of the persistent erosion in Adumu Road-Ogugu and its environs and since the prevailing economics (funding) and the political environment is favourably disposed towards the project.
The implication, therefore of delaying the project will mean that all processes that have been put in place for the project implementation will have to be demobilised. Also, because of the inflationary trends in economy, such a delay may result in unanticipated increases in project costs. These, and other related problems make it unattractive to adopt the delayed project alternative.
Immediate Project Alternative This alternative means that the proposed Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project intervention works will take off without any further delay. The “immediate project” option will help prevent further flooding of farm lands, blocking and destruction of roads and culverts, getting children drawn, destruction of residential buildings, fences and other important properties etc., and restoration of depleted farmlands to productive uses and enhance viable socio-economic activities to improve the livelihood of the people in the area which ultimately will lead to poverty Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
reduction. Also, the ecosystem and microclimatic condition of the area will be improved substantially. This is the option that should be adopted.
Alternative Site/Location Option The erosion and the tributaries are considered the source of flooding in the area. Thus, the objective of reducing/stopping flooding in the area cannot be achieved if the project is moved to another area. This is not an option.
5.2.3 Engineering/Technology Options Three engineering/technology options are considered as follows:
Hard Engineering This involves the use of structures such as dams, levees and channel modification. Hard engineering structures are point specific. Channel widening increases the channel capacity but may lead to increased siltation. In urban areas, land may not be available for widening. Channel deepening can be achieved through dredging or narrowing the channel. It may, however, lead to increased bank instability. Channel straightening removes meanders in rivers, steepening the gradient and increasing water velocity, and therefore reducing the flood stage. In contrast, sinuous channels have low channel efficiency. Flood relief channels are used to by-pass existing urban areas where straightening is not an option. Large concrete channels are expensive to build, damage the river ecology and are visually unattractive, especially at low flow.
Levees on the other hand increase the carrying capacity of the channel but may increase the risk of flooding downstream. They may also increase sedimentation in the channel after the flood peaks have passed. In extreme conditions the level of the riverbed may rise so much that the riverbed level is higher than the floodplain. Levees are expensive, so are used to protect high-value property and vulnerable communities.
Also, various types of dam can be used to control and regulate water flow. These include: a. Retarding dams are simple structures that have an outlet at the base, allowing water to drain out at a set rate. They cannot hold back water permanently. b. Detention basins are used to store water in times of floods. They are used for farming (pastoral) and other low-intensity purposes, such as recreation, but not for buildings or other valuable purposes. c. Storage dams have gates or valves to store and regulate water flow.
Some of the disadvantages of dams include dam failure and flooding of upstream locations. In addition, the storage capacity of a dam decreases with time, as sedimentation fills the area behind it.
Hard engineering has a lot of environmental and ecological impacts. The main one is as regards the nature of natural rivers. Natural rivers have highly variable flow regimes with a variety of pools, riffles, meanders, inner cliffs and slip-off slopes, however, river engineering produces a
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more uniform condition and a consequent reduction in biodiversity. Thus, hard engineering alone is not a reliable option.
Soft Engineering Soft engineering techniques include the use of afforestation, terracing of slopes and the re- creation of floodplains. They are more extensive in area. Some of the methods used include topographical manipulation, surface and underground storage, gully control, vegetation cover management and flood proofing. Topographic manipulation involves altering the length of the slopes. A long slope produces more run-off and erosion than a shorter one, since water velocities increase down slope. Topographic manipulation techniques include: a. Terraces – artificial vertical layers on a slope designed to reduce water movement. They increase infiltration and sediment deposition. b. Contour ploughing – this involves the ploughing of surfaces along the contours to reduce overland run-off. c. Strip cropping – alternate strips of different crops are grown to produce variations in interception and run-off. Surface and underground water storage mostly occurs naturally such as in small lakes and swamps, but some may be artificial such as ponds. This technique is a process whereby surface flows from flash floods are diverted by dykes to increase infiltration and protect areas from flooding. Gully control involves the building of dams to reduce the flow of water especially in mountainous areas.
Vegetation cover management helps to reduce flooding through increased interception, increased evaporation and evapotranspiration, increased infiltration and reduced run-off. In addition to providing above-ground protection from rain-drop impact, vegetation adds organic matter to the soil and binds the soil particles together.
Although soft engineering proves to be very useful in totality of flood control, it cannot completely be used to manage flood especially when they are heavy thus this is not a reliable option to be used in this case.
Trimming/Civil Engineering incorporated with flexible Structures/Vegetation This is a combination of hard and soft engineering. It involves various articulated approach to handle safe flow of the water with less impact on the environment. First is the trimming of the water meander to obtain a relatively uniform flow and uniform velocity along the channel. This process involves excavating both within the water and on land which will result in aligned flow channel.
After the trimming, a combination of connecting drain and gabion wall (flexible structure) will be put in place to form the new water channel, thereafter re-vegetation of exposed soil followed. This technology is cost effective, high efficiency and environmental friendly, as such it is considered most viable and sustainable.
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If this option is well carried out immediately, it will help arrest and prevent further encroachment of the flood into farm lands and environs and facilitate the restoration of depleted farmlands and enhance viable socio-economic activities that will improve the livelihood of the people in the area. It will equally improve the microclimate condition of the area, preserve threatened farmland and infrastructure (roads and culverts); ease the fear and anxiety of people living in the project area and ultimately enhance the livelihoods of the people and reduce poverty.
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CHAPTER 6 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
6.1 Introduction The ESMP identifies impacts, mitigation measures, cost of mitigation and responsibilities for implementation, monitoring plan and schedule to ensure that environmental management goals of the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project are attained. The ESMP will include: a. Discussion of the proposed mitigation measures b. Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities c. Capacity building plan d. Description of grievance redress mechanism (in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities e. Waste management plan f. HSE Plan g. Disclosure and Stakeholder Consultation h. Monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project i. Costs of implementing the ESMP
6.2 Discussion of the Proposed Mitigation Measures The mitigation implementation plan articulates the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project impacts and mitigation measures and assigns responsibilities for their implementation. This helps to solve the problems of overlapping of functions and/or passiveness to actions that often trail project implementations. Timeline for implementation is also scheduled. The last item of the mitigation implementation plan is the costing of mitigation requirements. The essence of this is to assess all mitigation measures that have financial costing and integrate the costs into decision plan of KSG-NEWMAP projects so that proper and concise budget plan be made to avert delay or abandonment of the implementation as a result of funding constraints. The general mitigation measures for the sites covering pre-construction, construction and operation is first presented.
Construction Phase Mitigation Generally, measures to prevent and/or minimize the degradation of landscapes and soil erosion, pollution ofsurface and groundwater resources and soils by construction of run-off shall be implemented by the contractor during the construction phase. This shall include, but may not be limited to, the use of already existing disposal sites; clear delineation of the zones for storage of materials and accumulation of wastes that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and othercomponents of the environment should be maintained by the contractor; ditches with gradient over 5% shall be reinforced by surface protection, steep slopes, if applicable, shall be strengthened by vegetation, grassand plants, concrete plates or gabions to avoid erosion; sites for storage of oil and chemicals shall be properly equipped tominimize the risks of polluting soils and waters; dust and noise from the construction site shall be minimized, especially in resident
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areas, public places, near schools, etc. In the project areas adjacent to specially protected areas, machinery shall not go beyond thealienation zone. There shall be no waste accumulations and waste disposal sites in the same areas.There shall be no use and storage of explosives and toxic and chemical substances.
Operation Phase Mitigation During operation it is essential that flood control structures be periodically maintained to ensure proper water flow, to avoid stagnation, to prevent flooding and damages caused by frost.
Detailed and specific impacts and mitigation measures, responsible unit, cost and timing for each of the mitigation actions for Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project is presented in the section below.
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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road-Ogugu Erosion Sites in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Draft Report)
The impact and mitigation measures, unit responsible and cost for Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project is presented in Table 6.1
Table 6.1 Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control Project Project Type of Impact Potential Negative Impact Mitigation Measure Institutional Cost Activity Responsibility (N)/Comment Pre-construction Phase Movement of Environmental Destruction of plant • Plant and restore vegetation after Contractor Part of construction impacts species/vegetation by heavy completion of construction work implementing the construction equipment to duty equipment during project cost Adumu Road- movement to site thereby Ogugu retarding their growth or even erosion site death of the plants Noise and vibration from • Minimize continuous movement of heavy Contractor Part of vehicles and equipment during machines to site. Movement can be done implementing the construction movement to site could scare once instead of several times project cost away animals and lead to • Construction workers to wear personal displacement of fauna around protective equipment-PPE (face masks, ear the project site. Also effect on plugs, boots, hats and gloves, etc.) environmental quality and health of workers and residents Soil compaction due to • Compaction is increased if there is steady Contractor Part of movement of heavy equipment movement thus continuous movement of implementing the construction heavy machines to site. Movement can be project cost done once instead of several times Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
Release of dust and gaseous • Equipment and materials should be Contractor Part of emissions from vehicles properly covered during transportation implementing the construction transporting equipment to site. . • There should be adequate watering to project cost control dust Movement of heavy duty • Noise standards to be enforced to protect Contractor Part of vehicles transporting equipment construction workers implementing the construction could generate noise and • Ensure that silencers are installed on all project cost vibration exhaust systems. • Ear plugs to be worn by construction workers • Turn off construction equipment when not in use Transport/movement of • Design and implement safety measures Contractor Part of construction materials could • Traffic control measures should also be implementing the construction increase the risk of motor implemented project cost accidents and result in vehicular-pedestrian conflicts. Clearing of Environmental Land clearing will lead to • Periodically use water to spray areas under Contractor Part of Site impacts generation of dust particles construction implementing the construction from exposed soil with resultant • Construction workers to wear PPE (face project cost deterioration in air quality and it masks, ear plugs and gloves, etc.) will affect health of workers. In • Ensure that all equipment and materials addition, gaseous emissions loaded on trucks are covered during from equipment and transportation machineries used in clearing • Ensure appropriate maintenance of could also contribute to poor air equipment to reduce emissions quality Land clearing will expose soils • Install sediment retention basins, silt fences Contractor Part of to runoffs and siltation of or other similar devices at strategic implementing the construction surface water bodies resulting locations to prevent run-offs of sediment/silt project cost in reduced water quality and to surface water.
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reduced access and use. Oil • Ensure appropriate maintenance of spills could also contaminate equipment to reduce oil spill soil, surface and underground water. Vegetation cover in the site will • Undertake selective clearance, limiting Contractor Part of be removed during clearing clearing strictly to necessary areas so as to implementing the construction operation which may lead loss minimize the destruction of flora and fauna project cost of flora and fauna species and thus prevent ecological damages. especially insects that cannot • Re vegetate areas likely to be impacted move like mammals with indigenous plant species immediately Exposure of soil to erosion and • Avoid removal of vegetation and trees to Contractor Part of loss of soil quality from the extent possible. implementing the construction devegetation. Also, Soil • Protect all vegetation not required to be project cost contamination resulting from removed against damage. the release of chemicals • Re vegetate exposed soil as quickly as (lubricant, fuel, paint) from the possible machineries during land • Ensure appropriate maintenance of clearing equipment to reduce oil spill Social Impacts Exposure of workers to • Workers should wear protective clothing Contractor Part of poisonous plants, insects and and avoid working or moving in the night. implementing the construction wild animals, for example • Implement site HSE project cost snakes, during site clearing could lead to health problems Land acquisition may cause • Ensure the implementation of the RAP NEWMAP SPMU Detailed in the conflict if there is no adequate developed for the project and World Bank RAP plan in place to address Office resettlement Construction Phase
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Excavation Environmental Improper disposal of excavated • Removal of old cements linings and • Contractor Part of and Civil Impacts materials and construction accumulated silt. Test for hazardous waste implementing construction Works wastes could cause pollution or materials in silt accumulation. the project. cost especially of water and soil, • Maintain zones of preliminary accumulation and degradation of landscapes. of wastes that will cause no damage to the • Kogi State State waste vegetation cover and other components of Waste management the environment Management budget • Arrange transport and disposal of wastes Agency according to the established traffic management plan, procedure and in the approved dump sites designated for the specific purpose. • Maintain appropriate operating rules for the camps in identified suitable sites, including safe handling of silt material, control of access, adequate drainage, and rehabilitation after construction.
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Spillage of oil or toxic • Implement the measures to control spillage Contractor Part of substances of toxic substances that will be included in implementing the construction construction contracts, including: guidelines project cost for the proper storage and sitting of hazardous material such as oil, grease, fuel, asphalt, or ignitable and corrosive materials; lubricants will be collected in clearly marked containers and reused if possible, or disposed of at properly regulated offsite locations; water samples will be taken and tested for oil when there is a risk of spills or leakages to river, surface waters, or groundwater. Temporary air pollution (dust) • Use closed/covered trucks for Contractor Part of related to the transportation of transportation of construction materials and implementing the construction construction materials and truck wastes. Depending on season, wash truck project cost traffic Noise and vibration tires as appropriate to control tracking disturbances mud and dust onto paved roads. • Clean the surrounding area from dust by water sprinkling, remove excess materials and clean the sites upon completion of activities. • Provide workers who deal with hazardous materials or are exposed to dust with necessary protection gear, and follow applicable regulations and procedures as established by the Government authorities. • Terminate the works at the established time (e.g. work in daylight time), and avoid increase of noise -during rest time and night. Consult with local authorities
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Activities at construction sites • Develop a Waste Management Plan Contractor Part of will produce construction • Ensure all waste and materials associated implementing the construction wastes such as excavated soils with construction activities are disposed of. project cost and debris. Excavated waste • Daily life rubbish and waste materials piles on road sides could associated with construction activities obstruct the general public, the should be daily collected and disposed of in movement of residents, suitable approved dumpsites. vehicular traffic and workers as • Ensure that solid wastes are not disposed well as affect the aesthetics of of in water courses. the environment. Also, wastes • Provide adequately located and maintained generated from project latrines activities such as cement bags, debris and household waste from construction camp and improper sanitation will also result in pollution of the environment. Noise Disturbance of • Noise standards to be enforced to protect Contractor Part of individuals in the vicinity during construction workers implementing the construction construction works Employees • Ensure that silencers are installed on all project cost and communities exposed to exhaust systems. high noise level • Ear plugs to be worn by construction workers • Turn off construction equipment when not in use • Use appropriate well serviced machinery to reduce noise output • Avoid noise disturbance during rest time and night. • There is also possibility of • Maintain equipment and machineries to avoid Contractor Part of water pollution resulting from spilling of lubricants and fuel implementing the construction
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the release of chemicals project cost (lubricant, fuel, oil residues) from the machineries. Also, runoff from spoils into surface water bodies could result in pollution and damage to aquatic ecosystem. • Run-off erosion may occur • Protect excavated area with appropriate Contractor Part of from unprotected excavated blockages for example sand bags or implementing the construction areas, especially burrow pits, concrete moulds to prevent run-off. project cost during heavy rain resulting to • Install sediment retention basins, silt fences sedimentation of the nearby or other similar devices at strategic water-bodies locations to prevent run-offs of sediment/silt to surface water Social Impacts Landscape degradation and • Arable land will not be used as earth Contractor Part of soil erosion borrowing. If unavoidable the topsoil will implementing the construction be removed, kept and refilled after project, cost construction is over. • Dump excavated soils and substances only within the areas designated for that purpose. • Restore landscape to quasi original vegetation cover after completion of rehabilitation works Impacts on safety of personnel • Workers will have and use safety equipment Contractor Part of (PPE) during cement pouring and while implementing the construction using heavy equipment. project/HSE of the cost • Develop and implement of Site Specific contractor HSE/Emergency Response Plan
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Temporary or permanent • Develop and implement a Resettlement State Project RAP already taking of land, property or Action Plan (RAP), the construction works Management Unit developed productive will start after the compensations are paid to – NEWMAP and assets, including peoples’ the project affected persons (PAPs) and World Bank access to such assets, servitudes acquired. (including tree cutting) that • If demolition and/or dislocation is required, appear within the alienation the project affected persons will be zone that hinder construction compensated for in accordance with WB works OP4.12 before the construction starts. Temporary or permanent • Compensate project affected persons in line State Project Detailed in RAP disruption of business during with the RAP. Management Unit the construction work leading to • Credit facilities can be provided to the small – NEWMAP and loss of income and resultant business owners to start their business in a World Bank increase in poverty. Also, different location losses of economic crops especially palm trees, banana and plantain, and other sources of livelihoods. Dislocation and demolishment, • Compensate project affected persons in line State Project Detailed in RAP as needed, of private holdings with the RAP. Management Unit appearing within the alienation – NEWMAP and zone of the project (temporary World Bank and permanent structures, trees, etc.) that may hinder the construction works. • Considering that Ubele is a • Provide alternative source of water for the State Project N750,000.00 major source of water for the communities, for example, bore hole and Management Unit each village communities, the people may hand pump (village level hand pump). – NEWMAP, hand pump no longer have access to the MDAs, RAP river during and possibly after the construction.
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The project may lead to loss of • Refer to Implementation of RAP State Project Cost provided some major businesses in the Management Unit in RAP community as indicated by the – NEWMAP and people during public World Bank consultation. • Provide compensation and alternative livelihood in line with RAP recommendations It is likely that there will be • Counsel workers to control their behaviour Contractor Part of increase in population during and maintain high level moral life implementing construction the construction as many • Penalize any worker found to misbehave project, State cost and people, especially construction especially indulging in illicit sex. Ministry of Health, through workers, will move into the • Awareness education for STDs and provision ESO, SLO, convention with area. This may result to some of condoms for protective sex to project FoNGO the MHP social vices, for example workers workers impregnating women in the area and also spread of diseases for example HIV/AIDs. Operation and Maintenance Phase Environmental Hydrological issues of low flow, • Maintain the structures to minimize the risk NEWMAP SPMU N500,000 Impacts water stagnation and water for over topping and collapsing and and Kogi State quarterly for five logging and clearing potential water saturation in adjacent fields. Ministry of years out of the • Clear and maintain the flood structures to Environment state structural ensure continuous flow and avoid blockage maintenance • Regularly clean silt from the flood budget – structures and dispose of the removed silt N10,000,000 in the approved waste disposal sites. The removed silt can be also applied in the farm-fields as a fertilizer. Waste from Households Develop waste management plan NEWMAP SPMU/ Refer to waste disposed into the river State Min Env management plan
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Clearing of trees/bush around Limit area cleared during maintenance NEWMAP SPMU N300,000.00 the flood control structures operation to forestall depletion of flora and and SMEnv quarterly for five during maintenance operation fauna species years = could lead to depletion of flora N6,000,000.00 and fauna species There may be dangers to Provide HSE/Emergency Response plan NEWMAP SPMU N750,000.00 operation and maintenance during operation and maintenance and SMEnv workers for example; there could be falling and tipping during maintenance and even drowning in the river. Social Impacts There may be influx of people Proper stakeholder consultation during the NEWMAP SPMU See RAP for to take advantage of fact that operation phase will forestall communal and CBOs details flooding has been dealt with in clashes. Sexual education and distribution of the area, which may result to condoms for protective sex. increase of land value, rent increase, communal clash and The village vigilante groups and police should increase in crime and be involved to prevent crime. communicable diseases, etc. Total Estimated Cost of mitigation measures implementation N17, 500,000 plus project management costs and cost of RAP implementation. Total Cost Estimate for both construction and maintenance 17,500,000.00
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6.2 Monitoring Plan
6.2.1 Introduction The monitoring plan is a schedule that itemizes the varying mitigation measures associated with each sub-project phase and how implementation will be monitored. This is done for the purpose of ensuring that compliance is made consistent with the programme of mitigation of the ESMP. The monitoring plan helps to ensure timely project completion, implementation to specification and quality as well as detecting early possible variations in items that need to be addressed in the project implementation. Items of the monitoring plan includes; (1) mitigation measures, (2) monitoring indicator, (3) parameters to be monitored/measured, (4) monitoring device/equipment, (5) frequency of monitoring, (6) monitoring responsibilities and (7) cost of monitoring (equipment, transportation and labour).
A fundamental approach in monitoring and evaluation segment of this project will avoid the linear conceptual model, in which monitoring and evaluation come in the end of the implementation processes; however, it is recommended that monitoring will be a continuous process. Figure 6.1 shows the conceptual model for the monitoring process.
Fig. 6. 1: Conceptual Model (Adapted from National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), 2004)
Generally, the parameters to be monitored during the pre-construction phase are flora and fauna (loss of flora and fauna), air quality, impact on soil, borrow pits and dump sites, and access roads and movement, oil spills/contamination etc. During the construction phase, parameters to be monitored include water and soil quality, suspended solids, oils, pH value, noise level, Air pollution/dust, Staff safety (protective equipment), Overall workers’ campsite conditions, number of structures demolished and owners compensated etc. In addition, during Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
the operation phase, parameters to be monitored include waste disposal, quarterly clearing of canals, maintenance of canal beds and hydraulic structures, repair of collapsing sections etc. The site-specific monitoring plan for each of the construction phases is presented in Tables 6.2.
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Table 6.2: Monitoring Plan for Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control Project Nature Potential Mitigation Parameters Where the How the Frequency Unit Supervision Estimate of of Negative Measures to be parameters parameter will of Responsible Monitoring Impact Impact Monitored/ will be be Monitoring Cost Indicators monitored monitored/mo nitoring equipment Pre-Construction Phase Environ Destruction of • Plant and • Size of At work site Visual Within the KSG- Kogi State Part of mental plant restore area after Inspection first week NEWMAP Ministry of project species/vegeta vegetation covered construction after State Project Environment, management tion by heavy with work construction Management ESO, Natural cost duty planted and one Unit (SPMU)/ Resources equipment Vegetation month control Officer and during (flora) interval for Engineer World Bank movement to species (in three site thereby meters). months retarding their growth or even death of the plants Environ Noise and • Minimize • Noise Level Route of Use of noise Daily SMEnv/ KSG- mental vibration from continuous below movement meter Control NEWMAP vehicles and movement 90DBA Engineer, State equipment of heavy ESO Project during machines to • Controlled Manageme Part of movement to site. • Movement nt Unit project site could Movement of vehicle/ (SPMU)/ management scare away can be done • equipment Visual Daily SMEnv animals and once to site At work site inspection and lead to instead of checking of KSG- Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Adumu Road Erosion Site in Olamaboro LGA under NEWMAP (Final Report)
displacement several store to ensure NEWMAP KSG- of fauna times • Number of availability of State Project NEWMAP around the • Construction workers face masks Management State project site. workers to wearing and gloves Unit (SPMU) - Project Also, effect on wear face face masks Livelihood Manageme environmental masks and and gloves Officer, nt Unit quality and gloves Environmental (SPMU) - health of • Restrict • An officer Officer and Project workers and movement with duty to NRO Coordinator residents around the monitor site movement in site Environ Soil • Compaction • Soil - Area At work site Soil sampling After KSG- project mental compaction is increased of soil movement SMEnv/ NEWMAP management due to if there is compacted of Control State movement of steady measured equipment Engineer, Project heavy movement in meters and ESO Manageme equipment thus material nt Unit continuous (SPMU)/ movement of SMEnv- heavy machines to site. Movement can be done once instead of several times Environ Release of • Equipment • Air quality – Route of Use of air Daily SMEnv and KSG- project mental dust and and materials Covered movement quality Environment NEWMAP management emissions from should be transportatio metre/Visual al Officer of State
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vehicles properly n vehicles inspection KSG- Project transporting covered NEWMAP Manageme equipment to during nt Unit site. transportation • Suspended (SPMU)/ • There should Particulates SMEnv be adequate (TSP, PM10, Project watering to or smaller), Coordinator control dust SO2, NOx, CO, THC
• Area (in meters) watered during clearing Environ Movement of • Noise • Noise Level Route of Use of noise Daily Control KSG- and project mental heavy duty standards to under movement meter Engineer NEWMAP management vehicles be enforced recommende State transporting to protect d DBA- Project equipment construction 90DBA Manageme could generate workers Project site – Visual Daily and nt Unit noise and • Ensure that project inspection Environment (SPMU)- vibration silencers vehicles and al Officer of SMEnv are installed movable KSG- on all • Installed equipment NEWMAP, Project exhaust silencers Daily SMEnv Coordinator, systems. Project site Visual NESREA KSG- • Ear plugs to inspection FMEnv NEWMAP be worn by • Ear plugs and construction work by Environment Project workers construction al Officer of Coordinator,
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• Turn off workers KSG- KSG- construction NEWMAP NEWMAP equipment when not in use Social Transport/mov • Design and • Safety and Project site Visual Weekly Control Livelihood project ement of implement traffic control inspection Engineer, Officer and management construction safety measures Livelihood Environmen cost materials could measures implemented Officer and tal Officer of increase the • Traffic Environment KSG- N4,000,000 risk of motor control • Copy of al Officer of NEWMAP/ for accidents and measures traffic KSG- SMinTransp SMin Transp result in should also management NEWMAP vehicular- be plan. pedestrian implemented conflicts. • Number of motor accidents recorded Social Land clearing • Periodi • Area cleared, Project site Visual After Control Livelihood project will lead to cally use available inspection clearing Engineer, Officer and management generation of water to spray watering SMEnv Environmen cost dust particles areas after equipment tal Officer of from exposed clearing During site KSG- Part of soil with • Constr • Workers At project site Visual clearing NEWMAP project resultant uction wearing face inspection and Livelihood management deterioration in workers to masks and checking of Officer and Project cost air quality and wear face gloves store to ensure Environment Coordinator will affect masks and availability of al Officer of - KSG- health of gloves • Instruction face masks KSG- NEWMAP/ workers. • Ensure pasted on and gloves NEWMAP SMinEnv Part of
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that all machines to At project site project equipment show last Weekly management Environ In addition, and materials date of during visit Project cost mental gaseous loaded on maintenance Visual to site Coordinator emissions from trucks are and next inspection Environment - KSG- equipment and covered date of al Officer of NEWMAP machineries during equipment KSG- used in transportation maintenance NEWMAP clearing could • Ensure . also contribute appropriate to poor air maintenance quality of equipment to reduce emissions Environ Land clearing • Install • Surface • Discharge In-Situ Daily • KSG Part of mental will expose sediment Water point, mid- /Labouratory NEWMAP, project soils to runoffs retention Quality (pH, stream & Measurements Control SMEnv, management and siltation of basins, silt TDS, TSS, downstream Engineer, FMEnv, cost surface water fences or BOD, COD, SMEnv, NESREA bodies other similar Turbidity, Visual SPMU EO resulting in devices at THC • Work office at inspection Weekly • Project reduced water strategic • Equipment the site Coordinator quality and locations to maintenance - KSG- Part of reduced prevent run- and handling NEWMAP project access and offs of routine management use. sediment/silt pasted at • Project cost Oil spills could to surface strategic Visual Weekly Coordinator also water. location at • Duty Roaster inspection KSG- contaminate • Ensure the site at site NEWMAP soil, surface appropriate • An officer and maintenance assigned to underground
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water. of equipment ensure that to reduce oil maintenance spill routine is followed.
Social Land • Ensure the • ARAP/RAP EB-NEMAP Visual Once at the KSG- World Bank, Part of acquisition implementati Document Office inspection beginning of NEWMAP Stakeholder project may cause on of the • List of actual work Livelihood s including management conflict if there ARAP/RAP beneficiaries (clearing) Officer, SMin community cost is no adequate developed with Land association plan in place to for the signatures and Focal N2,000,000 address project showing Point allocated to resettlement compensatio personnel Ministry of n received and NGOs Lands based on ARAP/RAP Social Exposure of • Workers • Number of At project site Visual Daily Project project workers to should were protective inspection Control Coordinator management poisonous protective clothing at Duty roaster at Engineer, - KSG- cost plants, insects clothing and the site site SMEnv NEWMAP, and wild avoid office. Environmen animals’ bites, working or • Number of tal office for example moving in workers and snakes, during the night. wearing Livelihoods site clearing • Implement protective officer could lead to site HSE clothing at health the site problems during working period • Copy of site
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HSE document • An officer assigned to ensure implementati on of site HSE Environ Vegetation • Undertake • Size of At work site Visual Within the Control KSG- Part of mental cover in the selective area after Inspection first week Engineer, NEWMAP project site will be clearance, cleared construction after SMEnv, State Project management removed limiting during work construction SPMU EO Management cost during clearing clearing clearing and one Unit (SPMU), operation strictly to operation month Kogi State which may necessary • Size of interval for Ministry of lead to loss of areas so as area three Environment flora and fauna to minimize covered months and Mineral species the with Resources especially destruction of planted and World insects and flora and Vegetation Bank earthworms fauna and (flora) that cannot thus prevent species (in move like ecological meters). mammals damages. • Re vegetate areas likely to be impacted with indigenous plant species
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immediately
Environ Exposure of • Avoid • Size of At work site Visual Within the KSG- Part of mental soil to erosion removal of area after Inspection first week Control NEWMAP project and loss of vegetation cleared construction after Engineer, State management quality from and trees to during work construction SMEnv, Project cost de-vegetation. the extent clearing and one SPMU EO, Manageme Also, Soil possible. operation month NRO nt Unit contamination • Protect all • Size of interval for (SPMU), resulting from vegetation area three Kogi State the release of not required covered months Ministry of chemicals to be with Environment (lubricant, fuel) removed planted and Mineral from the against Vegetation • Work office at Visual Resources machineries damage. (flora) the site inspection Weekly Control and World during land • Re vegetate species (in Engineer, Bank clearing exposed soil meters). SMEnv, quickly • Equipment SPMU EO • Ensure maintenance Part of appropriate and handling project maintenance routine • Duty roaster Visual • Project management of equipment pasted at at site inspection Weekly Coordinator cost to reduce oil strategic - KSG- spill location at Control NEWMAP the site Engineer, • An officer SMEnv, assigned to SPMU EO • Project ensure that Coordinator maintenance - KSG- routine is NEWMAP followed.
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Construction Phase Environ Pollution of • Removal of • Waste At work site Once after • KSG- Part of mental water and soil, old cements collected and waste Visual removal Control NEWMAPS project degradation of linings and and site it dump inspection Engineer, PMU and management landscapes as accumulated was SMEnv, supervising expenses a result of silt. Test for dumped, SPMU EO consultant/ and improper hazardous laboratory SMEnv consultant disposal of waste or result of fee– excavated materials in test Daily/Weekly N10,000,000 materials and silt Visual as the case • KSG- construction accumulation At work site Inspection may be NEWMAP Part of wastes . • Area SPMU and project • Maintain designated Supervising management zones of for consultant cost preliminary preliminary accumulation waste of wastes accumulati that will on cause no damage to • Copy of the Traffic vegetation Manageme cover and nt Plan other components • Copy of of the Waste environment Manageme • Arrange nt Plan transport and disposal of • Available wastes waste
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according to disposal the dump established traffic • Written management rules plan, placed in procedure strategic and in the position in approved the site dump sites designated for the specific purpose. • Maintain appropriate operating rules for the camps in identified suitable sites, including safe handling of silt material, control of access, adequate drainage, and rehabilitation
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after construction. Environ Spillage of oil Implement the • Ground At work site Inspection and Monthly Control KSG- Part of mental or toxic measures to waterpolluti during Laboratory Engineer, NEWMAPS project substances control spillage on construction Results SMEnv PMU and management of toxic • (water and Supervising cost substances soilquality, consultant/ that will be Suspended SMEnv included in solids, oils, construction pHvalue). contracts, including: • Contract guidelines for document the proper with storage and guidelines sitting of for the hazardous proper material such storage and as oil, grease, sitting of fuel, asphalt, hazardous or ignitable material and corrosive materials; • Test results lubricants will of water be collected in samples, clearly marked containers and • containers reused if for safe possible, or storage of disposed of at oils, properly lubricants regulated
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offsite etc. locations; water samples will be taken and tested for oil when there is a risk of spills or leakages to river, surface waters, or groundwater. Environ Temporary air • Use closed/ • Covered At work site Visual At the time Control KSG- Part of mental pollution (dust) covered trucks as during Inspection of start of Engineer/ NEWMAPS project related to the trucks for part of construction project SMEnv PMU and management transportation transportation equipment construction Supervising cost of of consultant construction construction materials and materials and truck traffic wastes. Noise and Depending on vibration season, wash Part of disturbances truck tires as Control project appropriate to Engineer/ management control SMEnv KSG- cost tracking mud • Designated Weekly NEWMAPS and dust onto officers for Roster of PMU paved roads. cleaning the workers Part of • Clean the site upon showing duties project surrounding completion of Control management area from each activity Engineer/ cost SMEnv
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dust by water sprinkling, Monthly KSG- remove • Safety NEWMAPS excess equipment Un-announced PMU materials and provided- inspection of clean the Fire site and sites upon Extinguishers material completion of inspection activities. records, Spill • Provide Kit, Personal workers who Protective deal with Equipment hazardous inspection Part of materials or checklist project are exposed records, First management to dust with Aid Shower, Control cost necessary Eyewash and Engineer/ protection Box SMEnv gear, and Inspection follow records) applicable regulations • Work and programme Weekly KSG- procedures and time NEWMAPS as table pasted PMU established at Visual by the conspicuous Inspection Government location at authorities. site • Terminate the works at the
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established time (e.g. work in daylight time), and avoid increase of noise and number of peak hours. Consult with local authorities Social Impacts on • Workers will • Samples of At work site Visual Monthly Control KSG- Part of safety of have and use Safety and during Inspection Engineer/ NEWMAPS project personnel safety protective construction SMEnv PMU management equipment equipment cost during provided cement pouring and • Copies of while using HSE and heavy Emergency equipment. Response • Develop and plan implement of Site Specific • Emergency HSE/ response Emergency plan and Response drills/ Plan Chemical Spill
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response drill records, Emergency Fire Alarm drill records Environ Noise • Noise • Installed on At work site Visual Weekly Control KSG- Part of mental Disturbance of standards to all exhaust inspection/obs Engineer/ NEWMAPS project individuals in be enforced systems ervation SMEnv PMU, management the vicinity to protect SMEnv cost during construction NESREA, construction workers FMEnv works • Ensure that • Samples of Employees silencers are ear plugs at and installed on the site store communities all exhaust exposed to systems. high noise • Ear plugs to • Machinery on In-situ level be worn by site, Noise measurement construction level in the of noise level workers surrounding, • Turn off noise level construction should not equipment exceed when not in 90dBA use (FMENV) • Use • Records of appropriate Equipment well serviced Maintenance machinery to reduce noise output
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Environ Landscape • Arable land Evidence that At work site Visual Monthly and Control KSG- Part of mental degradation will not be arable land inspection at the end Engineer/ NEWMAPS project and soil used as was not used of SMEnv PMU, management erosion earth for burrowing construction SMEnv, cost burrowing. If FMEnv unavoidable the topsoil will be Provided removed, sites for kept and dumping refilled after materials construction is over. • Dump excavated soils and Size of area substances replanted only within with the areas vegetative designated cover after for that construction purpose. works has • Restore ended landscape to quasi original vegetation cover after completion of construction works Social Temporary or • Develop and Copy of KSG- Visual Before KSG- World Bank Cost as
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permanent implement an ARAP/RAP NEWMAP Inspection commence NEWMAP and FMEnv detailed in taking of land, Abridged Office ment of Livelihood the RAP property or Resettlement construction Officer, State productive Action Plan Ministry of assets, (ARAP), the List of Land, NGOs including construction projects Community peoples’ works will affected access to such start after the persons assets, compensatio (PAP) (including tree ns are paid compensated cutting) that to the project appear within affected the alienation persons zone that (PAPs) and hinder servitudes construction acquired. works • If demolition and/or dislocation is required, the project affected persons will be fully compensated in accordance with WB OP4.12 before the construction starts.
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.Social Temporary or • Compensate List of KSG- Visual Before KSG- World Bank, Cost as permanent project projects NEWMAP Inspection commence NEWMAP SMEnv and detailed in disruption of affected affected Office ment of Livelihood FMEnv the RAP business persons in persons construction Officer, during the line with the (PAP) NGOs and construction ARAP/RAP. compensated Community work leading to • Credit loss of income facilities can Number of and resultant be provided small increase in to the small businesses poverty. Also, business provided with loss of owners to credit economic start their facilities crops and business in a other sources different of livelihoods location Social Dislocation and • Compensate List of project KSG- Visual Before KSG - World Bank Cost as demolishment project affected NEWMAP Inspection commence NEWMAP and FMEnv detailed in as needed, of affected persons Office ment of Livelihood the RAP private persons in (PAP) construction Officer, holdings line with the compensated NGOs and appearing ARAP/RAP. Community within the alienation zone of the project (temporary and permanent structures, trees, etc.) that may hinder the construction
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works. Social Activities at • Develop a Copy of At work site Visual Weekly Control KSG- Part of construction waste Waste inspection Engineer, NEWMAPS project sites will management Management SPMU EO, PMU, management produce plan Plan(WMP) SMEnv SMEnv, cost construction • Ensure all FMEnv wastes such waste earth Level of as excavated and materials contractors soils and associated compliance debris. with with waste Control Excavated construction disposal in Engineer, waste piles on activities are line with the SPMU EO, road sides disposed. WMP SMEnv could obstruct • Daily life the general rubbish and public, the waste movement of materials Availability of residents, associated latrines/toilet vehicular traffic with at work site and workers as construction well as affect activities the aesthetics should be Control of the daily Engineer, environment. collected and SPMU EO, Also, wastes disposed of SMEnv generated from in suitable project approved activities such dumpsites. as cement • Ensure that bags, and solid wastes debris and are not household
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waste from disposed of construction in water camp and courses. improper • Provide sanitation will adequately also result in located and pollution of the maintained environment. latrines/toilet • Considering • Provide Number of At work site Visual Weekly KSG- SPMU, Part of Social that Ubele alternative installed and inspection NEWMAPEO SMEnv, project River a major source of in-use hand and FMEnv management source of water for the pump and Livelihood cost. water for the communities, bore hole Officer, communities, for example, NGOs and the people bore hole Community may no and hand longer have pump access to the (village level river during hand pump). and possibly after the construction. Control Engineer, • Run-off SPMU EO, erosion may Manual and SMEnv Environ occur from • Maintain routine for mental unprotected equipment equipment excavated and maintenance areas, machineries especially to avoid burrow pits, spilling of
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during heavy lubricants rain resulting and fuel to sedimentatio n of the nearby water-bodies Control Engineer, • There is also SPMU EO, Environ possibility of SMEnv mental water Compliance pollution with resulting protection of from the excavated At excavated Weekly KSG- Part of release of area /burrowed Visual NEWMAPS project chemicals sites inspection Control PMU, management (lubricant, Engineer, cost fuel, and Surface SPMU Env other Water Quality Officer, toxicants) • Protect (pH, TDS, At work site SMEnv KSG- from the excavated TSS, BOD, and burrowed Monthly NEWMAPS machineries. area with COD, sites In-situ PMU, Also, runoff appropriate Turbidity, measurement SMEnv, from spoils blockages for THC, heavy and laboratory FMEnv and into surface example sand metals) analysis NESREA water bodies bags or results could result concrete in pollution moulds to and damage prevent run- to aquatic off. ecosystem. • Install sediment
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retention basins, silt fences or other similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run- offs of sediment/silt to surface water . The project • Provide new Relocated New location Visual At the end KSG- SMEnv project may lead to location for the Shrines to of shrine Inspection of NEWMAP management loss of some shrines with area chosen construction Livelihood cost major Shrines the by the Officer, Social in the area. As cooperation of community NGOs and indicated by the Community the community communities people during SMEnv public New site for Visual At the end consultation • Replant replanted inspection of KSG- bamboos for Planted bamboo construction NEWMAP Also, the the bamboos at Livelihood Cost as project will communities in area chosen Officer, detailed in affect fishing locations by the NGOs and the RAP and hunting chosen by community KSG- Community activities; them. NEWMAP thereby • Implement List of project Office Visual Before KSG- World Bank rendering ARAP/RAP affected inspection commence NEWMAP and FMEnv those who persons ment of Livelihood directly depend (PAP) construction Officer, on fishing and compensated NGOs and hunting as the Community
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only means of • Provide livelihood compensation unemployed. and alternative livelihood in Bamboo line with plantations will ARAP/RAP entirely and recommendati permanently ons be lost; thereby affecting yam staking. Social It is likely that • Counsel Number/list Work site List of At any time KSG- KSG- project there will be workers to of workers counselled during the NEWMAP NEWMAP management increase in control their counselled workers in the project Livelihood cost population behaviour and site office Officer, during the maintain high NGOs and construction as level moral life Number/list Communities Community many people, • Penalize any of workers in the site Report from especially worker found penalized for location the construction to misbehave. bad communities Part of workers, will behaviour KSG- Project move into the • Worker forced Number NEWMAP Management area. This may to marry any teenagers Livelihood KSG- Cost result to some teenager impregnated Officer, State NEWMAP- social vices, impregnated and married MinHP, Project for example by the NGOs and Coordinator workers • Community & offender Community impregnating workers sexual women in the sensitization area and also and education, spread of
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diseases for distribution of example condoms to HIV/Aids. construction workers
Operation and Maintenance Phase Environ Hydrological • Maintain the Maintenance Constructed Visual Monthly KSG- KSG- 500,0000 mental issues of low structures to routine plan structures inspection NEWMAP NEWMAP quarterly - flow, water minimize the Env Officer and SMEnv 10,000, 000 stagnation risk for over Data/record and SMEnv for 5 years and water topping and on the logging and collapsing and maintenance clearing potential of the water structures saturation in and clearing KSG- adjacent of flood NEWMAP fields. structures of Env Officer • Clear and silt and SMEnv maintain the flood structures to Well flowing ensure flood continuous structures flow and avoid without KSG- blockage blockage NEWMAP • Regularly Env Officer clean silt from and SMEnv the flood Well cleaned structures and and flowing dispose the flood
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removed silt in structures the approved without waste disposal blockage sites. The removed silt can be also applied in the farm-fields as a fertilizer. Environ Waste from Develop waste Copy of At KSG- Visual Weekly KSG- KSG- 250,000 mental Households management Waste NEWMAP inspection NEWMAPSP NEWMAPS quarterly disposed into plan (WMP) Management Office and at MU- PMU- 5,000, 000 the river Plan(WMP) the river Environment Project for 5 years causing Monitor & especially al Officer and Coordinator pollution educate the Officer around the Livelihoods and SMEnv communities to designated flood control Officer avoid disposal for structures Part of of waste into the monitoring project river and its management tributaries cost Environ Clearing of Limit area Size of Flood control Visual Monthly KSG- KSG- 250,000 mental trees/bush cleared during cleared area structures area inspection NEWMAPSP NEWMAPS quarterly – around the maintenance MU- PMU- Total 5,000, flood control operations to Environment Project 000 for 5 structures forestall al Officer Coordinator years during depletion of and SMEnv maintenance flora and fauna operation species could lead to depletion of flora and fauna
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species Social There may Provide HSE/ Copy of KSG- Visual At the KSG- SMEnv Nil be dangers Emergency HSE/Emerge NEWMAP inspection beginning of NEWMAPSP to operations Response plan ncy SPMU office operation MU- Project and during operation Response and maintenance and plan maintenanc workers for maintenance e example; there could be falling and tipping during maintenance and even drowning in the river. Social There may be Proper Evidence of KSG- Visual At regular KSG- KSG- Nil influx of stakeholder consultation NEWMAPSPM inspection intervals NEWMAPSP NEWMAP people to take consultation for example U office and during MU- Project advantage of during the pictures of Health centres operation Livelihood Coordinator the fact that operation phase consultation phase officer, and flooding has will forestall with MinHP livelihood been dealt communal communities Officer with in the clashes. area, which Evidence of may result to The village involvement of communal vigilante groups vigilante clash, and police groups and increase in should be police for land value, involved to example house rental, prevent crime. letters of increase in Police crime, STD Commissioner
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and communicable diseases Total Monitoring cost N36,000,000 Besides Management cost
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6.3 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities
The resources required for implementing the ESMP are basically personnel and finance. The key stakeholders in the ESMP implementation are the KSG-NEWMAP SPMU, project engineers, contractor/consultants, State Ministry of Environment, State Ministry of Works, NGOs and Community Based Organizations and local communities in the project site and the World Bank.
The project team (KSG-NEWMAP SPMU) shall ensure that implementation process complies with all relevant policies and procedures of both the World Bank and Nigeria. Specifically, the Project Environmental Specialist, the Livelihoods Specialist and the Project Engineer will be directly responsible for the implementation of the ESMP in collaboration with the Directors of Pollution and Ecology of the State Ministry of Environment and Engineers in the State Ministry of Works. The breakdown of roles and responsibilities of the different stakeholders is presented in table 6.3.
Table 6.3: Institutional/personnel responsibilities and accountabilities S/No Institution/Personnel Responsibilities and Accountabilities 1 State Project Management Implementing authority, has the mandate to: Unit • Coordination, liaison with and monitoring of the contractors for the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control Project • Ensure overall implementation of the ESMP especially the prescribed mitigation and monitoring programmes. • Compilation and preparation of periodic environmental reports for submission to the World Bank • Cooperate with the Steering Committee that provided guidance to the technical aspects of all project activities • Maintain and manage all funds in line with the procurement plan to facilitate effective implementation of the project. • Liaise with other stakeholders to ensure the implementation of the project 2 World Bank • Overall responsibility of ensuring that it’s Safeguards Polices are complied with. • Final review and clearance of the ESMP • Assess implementation of the ESMP and the project during implementation support and supervision missions. • Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance. • Approve all proposed expenditures for the ESMP implementation and that of the entire project
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3 State Ministry of Environment Lead role to ensure adherence to this ESMP and applicable environmental legislations, regulations and standards, environmental and social liability investigations, monitoring and evaluation process and criteria. 4 Kogi State Ministry of Works Site assessment and monitoring of works and engineering activities 5 Kogi State Ministry of Lands, Compliance overseer at State level, on matters of Land Acquisition and Survey and Urban compensation and other resettlement issues. Development 6 Kogi State Ministry of Finance Provides some level of financial supervision of financial matters especially as regards counterpart funds 7 Site Manager • Overall management of site operations to ensure compliance with the environmental guidelines and potential mitigation actions in line with the ESMP. • Inspect the construction and operation of erosion and sediment control devices and initiate repair or maintenance as required. • Ensure that employees and contractors properly maintain and operate the erosion and sediment control devices in line with the site erosion and sediment control plan. • Ensure proper site waste management. Provide adequate on-site waste collection bins, ensure proper disposal, so as not to create environmental nuisance. 8 Contractor • Compliance to Bill of Quantity specification in procurement of material and construction of the flood control structures. • Ensures that the roles outlined in the ESMP for proper mitigation of environmental issues are adhered to. 9 Consultant Engineer • Responsible for ensuring that the contractors comply strictly with the engineering design of the project and BOQ. • Performs the role indicated in the ESMP as regards monitoring and supervision. 10 Site Engineers/Supervisors Provide oversight function during construction and de-commissioning to ensure adherence to good practice and the ESMP 11 Olamaboro Local Government • Promote environmental awareness Area Administration • Assist and liaise with other stakeholders to ensure that land taking does not result in conflict. • Support with comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed projects, amongst the various communities and other relevant grassroots interest groups 12 Site Committee • Monitoring and supervision of work at the site to ensure adherence to the Bill of Quantities, good practice and the ESMP. 13 CDA/Town Unions • Ensure community participation by mobilizing and sensitizing community members.
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14 NGOs/CBOs • Help mobilize the communities and other stakeholders to ensure responsive action as regards the project and the ESMP. • Institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter. • Project impact mitigation measures, awareness campaigns. 15 Others/General Public • Support project impact and mitigation actions and campaigns. • Identify and communicate to the appropriate authority issues that could derail the project
6.4 Capacity Building Plan To achieve the ESMP, there is need for continuous training and updating of the capacity of the officers in the SPMU, Kogi State Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources and responsible staff of Kogi State Waste Management Agency especially considering that they will be the key responsible personnel that will ensure that the ESMP is well implemented. Capacity Building and training are necessary to adequately empower all stakeholders to be able to carry out the requirements of the ESMP and Monitoring plans as well as for supervisory role of mitigating implementation by NEWMAP SPMU. In this regard, the training that will be covered and personnel that will be trained are detailed below. The training needs were identified based on interview of the categories of actors involved. Training will be conducted in the following areas: a. Environmental Management Systems b. Emergency Response Plan training c. Waste Management d. Specific Health Safety and Environment Training (HSE) e. World Bank Safeguard Policies Also, other stakeholders will be involved during project implementation. Community based organisations (CBOs) will resume capacity training in the area of Environmental Assessment, ESMP, E&S Process, principles, standards and commitments for them to effectively perform external monitoring functions, support aggrieved community members especially PAPs and vulnerable persons to get prompt and fair redress and enforce corrective actions.
Personnel Environmental Management Training Environmental management personnel (Environment Officer) and Project Engineer of Kogi NEWMAP SPMU and staff of Kogi State Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources will be trained. The training modules will cover the following:
a. Relevant Environmental regulatory requirements and laws in Nigeria (Roles of NEWMAP SPMU and KSGMEnv) b. Environmental and Social Management Plan and Monitoring Plan implementation c. Environmental Audit (inspections and measurement) d. Environmental Benefit Cost Analysis e. Impact prediction, evaluation and mitigation
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f. Health, safety and Environment- Hazard identification and Incident reporting/investigation, Basic Safety Equipment (BSE) and Personal Protection Equipment(PPE) g. Public Communication and Consultation h. World Bank Safeguard Policies OP4.01 (Environmental Assessment), OP4.12, (Involuntary Resettlement) and OP4.11 (Cultural Physical Resources)
Personnel Waste Management Training Waste management personnel will be trained on the principles of waste management. Training shall include: 1. Identification and handling of waste materials 2. Health, safety and environmental concerns related to waste handling 3. Benefits of proper waste management 4. Methods used in segregating, characterizing and minimizing waste 5. The choice of final disposal option.
Specific Health Safety Environment (HSE) training The Project Engineers are acquainted with the supervision and monitoring of civil works in general but are not familiar with the up-to-date environmental management practices.
Specific training for the Project Engineers (control engineer and site engineer) should contain a theoretical module, explaining the general principles of Health Safety Environment (HSE) Management, in particular it’s ‘why’ and ‘how’. And a more practical session on the execution of HSE field audits. With regard to the former, an overview should be presented of the various steps involved like: scoping, collection of baseline data, assessment of impacts, HSE management plans, public consultation, etc.
The practical session should focus on construction readiness audits (to check whether the Contractor has everything in place to assure adequate HSE management) and HSE performance audits. It is recommended that both sessions will also be attended by the Environmental Supervising Engineer and by the senior staff of the SPMU. A five days training is foreseen for this, and the training should be organised before the start of the actual execution of the works.
Table 6.4: Proposed Training/Programme for the Implementation of ESMP Module Purpose and Description Participants Leader Duration Estimated Budget(₦) Module I Project Start up: Staff relevant Consultant Within 10 3,000,000.00 • ESMP, ESA and related Federal, State & with support days World Bank safeguard local agencies; from SPMU Policies Contractor • Project Overview Management • Project organization team; • Project Schedule stakeholders • Environmental and Social group
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Impacts Module II Consultant and Communication • Staff KSG Consultant Within 1,500,000.00 • Community ownership and SPMU with support 5days stewardship of Project • E&S KSG- from SPMU • Environmental performance NEWMAP, monitoring • CBOs/NGOs, • Role of internal and external Stakeholders monitoring group • Coordination with all • Construction stakeholders management • Role of site Project committee team Module Emergency and Response • Staff KSG SPMU Consultant Within 3,000,000.00 III Procedure: • E&S KSG- with support 10days • Awareness of construction NEWMAP, from SPMU HSE • CBOs/NGOs, • Social Responsibility in Stakeholders construction works group • Public Health and safety • Construction • Personal protection management Equipment team Module Monitoring and Reporting • Staff KSG SPMU Consultant Within 1,500,000.00 IV Responsibilities: • E&S KSG- with support 5days • Incidents, Accidents, disaster NEWMAP, from SPMU reporting procedure • CBOs/NGOs, • Nonperformance and Stakeholders corrective action group • Construction Conflict/grievance redress management mechanism team • Roles and Responsibilities for monitoring of impacts and mitigation measures. Module V Social Responsibilities Staff KSG SPMU Consultant Within 1,500,000.00 • Inductive training for workers • E&S KSG- with support 5days • Recruitment of workers from NEWMAP, from SPMU communities • State& Local • Environmental pollution and relevant agencies control • Construction • Responsibility for management maintenance of project upon team completion • Stakeholders • Post-project audit group Module VI Waste Management Staff KSG SPMU Consultant Within 5 1,500,000.00 Identification and handling of • E&S KSG- with support days waste materials NEWMAP, from SPMU • Health, safety and • State& Local environmental concerns relevant agencies related to waste handling • CBOs/NGOs, • Benefits of proper waste Stakeholders
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management group • Methods used in segregating, characterizing and minimizing waste • The choice of final disposal option. Total Within 12,000,00.00 45 days
The total cost of training is estimated at Twelve Million Naira (N12,000,000.00) only. This estimate is based on the assumption that resource persons are likely to come from other parts of the country and therefore require travel allowances; participants will come from relevant institutions and will receive a per diem.
6.5 Implementation Schedule The activities contained in the ESMP have to be integrated into the various phases of the project construction. The key elements of the implementation schedule are presented in Table 6.5 below:- a. Inclusion of the ESMP in bid documents and contract b. Development and approval of Contractor’s ESMP c. Preparation and submission of Construction Schedule d. Programme for all aspects of project construction e. Preparation of mitigation and monitoring guidelines f. Performance monitoring and reporting procedures for ESMP Implementation.
Table 6.5: Summary of Responsibility for Implementation of the ESMP Project Cycle Phase Activities Responsibilities Planning Scoping and • Clearance and final disclosure of Consultant Supervision Screening ESMP by KSG-NEWMAP • Review and approval of SPMU. World Bank Contractors ESMP and construction schedule • Preparation of mitigation and monitoring guidelines and procedures • Identification of environmental and social issues • Action plan • WB No-objection Design Preparation of • Consultations Consultant Supervision ESMP and • Communication and awareness by KSG-NEWMAP Consultations SPMU Completion and • Final version of ESMP Consultant Supervision Integration • Inclusion of ESMP by KSG-NEWMAP • Contract documents SPMU • WB No-objection
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Construction Implementation • Dredging Contractors and Monitoring • Retention ponds/locations Consultant Supervision • Trimming incorporated with by KSG-NEWMAP flexible structures/vegetation SPMU, EBS- • Monitoring and reporting on MDAs/Community Environmental and Social mitigation measures (performance monitoring) • Effects monitoring and reporting of ESMP and livelihood issues • Non-conformance and corrective action/measures Operation (Post Operations and • Maintenance Contractors : Implementation) Maintenance • Monitoring and Reporting on Supervision by KSG- Environmental and Social NEWMAP SPMU/EB- sustainability issues MDAs/Community • Postponement auditing
6.6 Cost of Implementation of the ESMP The effective implementation of the ESMP would require use of equipment logistics and expert/professional services to achieve objectives of good engineering construction and overall sound environmental and social sustainability in the project area. These would require money to execute. The total estimated cost for the ESMP implementation is Forty Eight million Naira (N48, 000,000.00) only (Table 6.6).
Table 6.6: Estimated Budget for the Implementation of ESMP S/N Item Responsibilities Estimated Budget (N) 1 Mitigation Contractor To be included in Contract Sum 2 Monitoring KSG-NEWMAP, KSG MDAs, 36,000,000.00 FMEnv, Federal MDAs 3 Capacity Building KSG-NEWMAP 12,000,000.00 Total 48,000,000.00
6.7 Citizen Engagement The World Bank Group (WBG) Strategy adopted in 2013 sets a framework to align all WBG public and private sector interventions to the two goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity, in a sustainable and inclusive manner. The strategy incorporates citizen engagement, specifically in its treatment of inclusion. Part of the inclusion entails empowering citizens to participate in the development process and integrating citizen voice in development programs to help accelerate to achieving results. In essence, Citizen Engagement is defined as the two-way interaction between citizens and governments or the private sector within the scope of WBG interventions—policy dialogue, programs, projects, and advisory services and analytics—that gives citizens a stake in decision-making with the objective of improving the intermediate and final development outcomes of the intervention. The spectrum of citizen
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engagement includes consultation; collaboration and participation; and empowerment. Access to information is a necessary enabling condition, but it typically implies a one-way interaction only. Information-sharing and awareness-raising activities alone, therefore, do not meet the definition of citizen engagement. Closing the feedback loop (i.e., a two-way interaction providing a tangible response to citizen feedback) is required to meet citizens’ expectations for change created by their engagement, use their input to facilitate improved development outcomes, and justify the cost of engaging with them.
The approach to mainstreaming CE in WBG-supported operations is guided by five principles: it is results-focused, it involves engaging throughout the operational cycle, it seeks to strengthen country systems, it is context-specific, and it is gradual. Growing evidence confirms that under the right conditions, citizen engagement can help governments achieve improved development results. The framework includes a comprehensive review of existing literature which found positive links between citizen engagement and improved public service delivery, public financial management, governance and social inclusion/empowerment.
A number of mechanisms exist for engaging with citizens. They broadly include (a) traditional consultation and feedback mechanisms, such as focus groups and satisfaction surveys; (b) participatory mechanisms, such as community scorecards, participatory planning, and budgeting; and (c) citizen-led mechanisms, such as community management or user management committees. In addition, third-party monitoring mechanisms include social audits, citizen report cards, public expenditure tracking surveys, and working with independent monitoring entities such as information commissions, ombudsmen, or supreme audit institutions.
6.8 Grievance Redress Mechanism At the beginning of the construction project, the communities and all the stakeholders will be informed, through consultation (see consultation plan) as regards the process for expressing dissatisfaction and to seek redress as regards the implementation of the ESMP, the grievance redress mechanism. Grievance redress mechanisms are increasingly important for development projects where ongoing risks or adverse impacts are anticipated. For the KSG-NEWMAP ESMP, grievances are likely to arise due to the following:
1. failure to identify all categories of PAPs 2. losses not identified/quantified correctly; 3. inadequate assistance or not as per entitlement matrix; 4. dispute about ownership; 5. delay in disbursement of assistance; and 6. Improper distribution of assistance 7. Implementation of project without settling or resolving compensation matters
The grievance redress mechanisms 1. Provide a way to reduce risk for projects, 2. Provide an effective avenue for expressing concerns and achieving remedies for communities, and
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3. Promote a mutually constructive relationship. 4. Prevent and address community concerns, and 5. Assist larger processes that create positive social change.
There is no ideal model or one-size-fits-all approach to grievance resolution. The best solutions to conflicts are generally achieved through localized mechanisms that take account of the specific issues, cultural context, local customs and project conditions and scale.
In its simplest form, grievance mechanisms can be broken down into the following primary components: a. Receive and register a complaint b. Screen and assess the complaint c. Formulate a response d. Select a resolution approach e. Implement the approach f. Settle the issues g. Track and evaluate results h. Learn from the experience and communicate back to all parties involved.
The detail of grievance redress mechanism for the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project is provided in the RPF and RAP.
6.9 Gender-Based Violence Nigeria acceded to the core international human rights treaties and is a party to the major regional human rights instrument which obliged States to respect, protect and fulfil human rights of all persons within the territory and subject to the jurisdiction of the State, without discrimination. As a State party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the “Maputo Protocol”), Nigeria has made legally binding commitments to exercise due diligence to combat gender-based violence and discrimination.
In essence, Nigeria has an obligation to take all appropriate measures to prevent rape, ensure that there are adequate sanctions for rape in law and in practice, and ensure access to reparation for the victims. Furthermore, several human rights instruments require Nigeria to take special measures to protect the rights of individuals who are vulnerable to sexual violence, namely women, children, and persons with disabilities.
The United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women provided guidance on States’ due diligence obligations in combating sexual violence, noting that it must be implemented at both individual and systemic levels. Individual due diligence focuses on the needs of individual survivors and “places an obligation on the State to assist victims in rebuilding their lives and moving forward,” for instance through the provision of psychosocial services. Individual due diligence “requires States to punish not just the perpetrators, but also
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those who fail in their duty to respond to the violation. On the other hand, the systemic due diligence includes ensuring a holistic and sustained model of prevention, protection, punishment and reparations for acts of violence against women. The different existing human rights treaties are as follows:
1. International Treaties a. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (2004) b. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) (2004) c. The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) (1993) d. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (1984) e. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1990), and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) (2012) f. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1976)
2. Regional Treaties a. The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) (1982) b. The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) (2007) c. The Protocol to the ACHPR on the Rights of Women in Africa (the “Maputo Protocol”) (2007)
3. National polices a. The National Action Plan for the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2009); b. The National Gender Policy (2010)
According to UNDP (2016) Nigeria is among the 10 percent of countries worldwide that exhibit the highest levels of gender discrimination according to the OECD’s Social Institutions and Gender Index (figure 6.2), with an assessment of “high” or “very high” in all of the evaluated categories (discriminatory family code, restricted physical integrity, son bias, restricted resources and assets, restricted civil liberties). It also falls into the group of countries with highest gender inequality in human development outcomes.
Gender-Based Violence (GBV) remains pervasive and underreported in the country, largely constraining women’s autonomy and life chances. The 2013 Demographic Health Survey (DHS) indicates that nationally 38 percent of women between the ages of 15-49 have experienced some form of physical or sexual violence from the age of 15, and 11 percent experienced physical violence within the 12 months prior to the survey. While, 45 percent of women who experienced violence never sought help or never told anyone about the violence. Besides interpersonal and sexual violence, child marriage and Female Genital Mutilation are the other culturally harmful practices prevalent across Nigeria. Conflict in the North East has further contributed to a steep rise in targeted violence against women and children by Boko Haram increasingly for abduction and violence. Women are increasingly being used as instruments of
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war, making them vulnerable to stigmatization and rejection from their families and communities. Figure 6.2 below illustrates pervasiveness of GBV in Nigeria in relation to other countries.
South Nigeria Niger Mali Namibia Vietnam Brazil Thailand Africa Overall Discriminatory family code Restricted physical integrity Son bias Restricted resourcs and assets Restricted civil liberties
Legend: very low medium very high low high Figure 6.2: Nigeria Degree of Gender Inequality according to the Social Institutions and Gender Index
GBV Risk Management Mechanisms
Specific measures to reduce and mitigate the risk of GBV/SEA in the project include the followings: a. GBV/SEA assessment of project; b. mandatory contractors’ code of conduct on sexual harassment; c. appointment of NGO to monitor GBV/SEA in NEWMAP-AF; d. community and workers’ sensitization on GBV/SEA; e. provision of referral units for survivors of GBV/SEA; f. provisions in contracts for dedicated payments to contractors for GBV/SEA prevention activities against evidence of completion; and g. contractor and SPMU requirement to ensure a minimum target of female employment with incremental rewards of the obtainment of this target.
The following actions are recommended for implementation: a. Hiring a dedicated GBV/SEA specialist or retraining SLOs for the project, b. Including in the focal NGO’s ToR services for managing social risks associated with GBV/SEA in the project, c. Building and improving FPMU/SPMUs, local communities and other relevant stakeholders’ capacities to address risks of GBV/SEA by developing and providing guidance, training, awareness, and dissemination of relevant GBV/SEA materials to communities, d. Developing a clear NEWMAP specific internal “Reporting and Response Protocol" to guide relevant stakeholders in case of GBV/SEA incidents, e. Strengthening operational processes of NEWMAP states project area on GBV/SEA, f. Identifying development partners and cultivating pragmatic partnership on GBV/SEA prevention measures and referral services,
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g. Developing Codes of Conduct for civil works contractors with prohibitions against GBV/SEA, h. Strengthening consultations and operationalizing GBV/SEA specific grievance redress mechanisms, i. Providing financial support implementation of the GBV/SEA actions described herein, including training and awareness building for various stakeholders, and j. Establishing inter-ministerial committee to advance GBV/SEA actions described above.
Overall, GBV risks in the project target areas might include Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), public harassment including harassment, verbal insults, physical abuse, rape, harmful widowhood practices and women and child trafficking. Targeted support to women under the program could likely exacerbate these risks. Development and implementation of specific GBV risk prevention and mitigation strategies, tailored to local contexts, will be critical. Guidelines for situation analysis of GBV and safe reporting guidelines in line with international best practices should be implemented. Further, all risks related to labour influx will have to be mitigated by participation of project beneficiaries/communities, and involvement of project contractors and contractors’ workers and consultant employees, in identifying mitigation and implementing measures, including developing mitigation instruments such as “Labour Influx Management Plan” and “Workers Camp Site Management Plan”.
6.10 Workers Influx and child-Labour Management
The project may face an influx of non-local labour and working conditions issues as skilled labourers might not be available in some of the project sites. The project is expected to take concrete measures to mitigate potential labour influx-related risks such as workers’ sexual relations with minors and resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AID, sexual harassment of female employees, child labour and abuse, increased dropout rates from school, inadequate resettlement practices, and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labour practice, and lack of road safety. These risks will require careful consideration to improve social and environmental sustainability, resilience and social cohesion. Therefore, the project will include mitigation measures such as: b. assessing living conditions of workers’ camps and ensuring appropriate living conditions; c. establishing and enforcing a mandatory Code of Conduct for the company, managers and workers, and an Action Plan for implementation; d. ensuring appropriate location for these camps; c. taking counter measures - indicated in the Social Management Plan - to reduce the impact of the labour influx on the public services; and, a. devising and implementing a strategy for maximizing employment opportunities for local population, including women.
The following guidelines lays out the principles that are key to properly assessing and managing the risks of adverse impacts on project area communities that may result from temporary NEWMAP induced labour influx.
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a. The SPMU will have to hire, to the maximum extent, skilled and unskilled workers from affected communities in the project area. The SPMU will adopt or implement all possible measures to avoid if not minimize labour influx into the project area. b. The SPMU will assess and manage labour influx risk, based on appropriate instruments such as those based on risks identified in the ESIA and the Bank’s sector-specific experience in the country. c. Depending on the risk factors and their level, appropriate mitigation instruments need to be developed such as Site-specific Labour Influx Management Plan and/or a Workers’ Camp Management Plan, d. Risk factors to the SPMU that should be considered, include: • weak institutional capacity of the implementing agency; • predominant presence of contractors without strong worker management and health and safety policies; • anticipated high volumes of labour influx; • pre-existing social conflicts or tensions; • weak local law enforcement; • prevalence of gender-based violence and social norms towards it in the community (acceptance of gender based violence); • prevalence of transactional sex; • local prevalence of child and forced labour; • existing conflict situation between communities; • absorption capacity of workers to the community e. The SPMU will be required to incorporate social and environmental mitigation measures into the civil works contract and responsibilities for managing these adverse impacts. This will be a binding contractual obligation on the SPMU, with appropriate mechanisms for addressing non-compliance
The Supervision Consultant shall be responsible for monitoring the contractor performance and adherence to the labour influx guideline and that of its Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) obligations, with a protocol in place for immediate, timely, mandatory and confidential reporting in case of incidents to project community. This allows the SPMU to enforce the implementation of such mitigation measures, which are required to ensure the consultant’s own compliance with Bank policy requirements. While the Bank reviews and clears project-level safeguard instruments such as the ESIA/ESMP, it is the SPMU’s responsibility to: i. ensure the safeguard instruments are reflected in the contractor’s ESMP (CESMP), and ii. ensure the project is implemented in accordance with the CESMP, safeguard instruments and other relevant contractual provisions.
6.11 Waste Management Plan Objectives of the Waste Management Plan The overarching objectives of this Waste Management Plan are: a) Determination of Waste Streams, Sources, Management options on project site and in relation to the community where flooding project are located.
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b) Description of a sustainable Plan of action, including measures for achieving objectives on infrastructural facility generated waste collection systems, b) waste management facilities, c) responsibilities d) economy and financing.
Specifically, the Waste Management Plan a. Identifies the waste streams generated from the project locations; b. Indicates source reduction opportunities for each waste stream; c. Specifies means to collect, store, and transport waste prior to disposal; d. Identifies waste treatment, recycle/reuse opportunities; e. Specifies the waste disposal facilities for each waste stream; and f. Emphasizes strict documentation and manifestation of waste management activities.
Type of Wastes Found in the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control Project Environment Waste materials found in and around the canals area fall into the following categories: a. Inert Waste - Waste that is physically, chemically or biologically inert. Examples include construction and demolition (C&D) debris or landscaping trash; b. Non-Hazardous Waste-Waste that is within the legal limits for discharge or release into the environment. c. Domestic Waste- Waste that is generated from human activities, including solid (e.g., food remnants, food containers, office waste, etc.), liquid (e.g. used cooking oils, etc.), or sanitary waste (e.g., waste from toilets, bathrooms, and kitchen drains). d. Hazardous Waste- Waste that has physical or chemical properties exceeding legal disposal limits (e.g. spent transformer oils).
These wastes are generated mainly during construction and from households living in and around the project thus the highest proportion of the wastes are domestic wastes.
Waste Management Procedure for the Project Location Waste management strategy for the canal locations is to first sensitize the residents of the localities on proper waste management procedure; waste collection and categorize waste into types; while waste reduction and pre- treatment options are explored before final treatment or disposal.
Awareness Plan In order to forestall disposal of refuse into the canals, there should be general awareness to sensitize the residents of the canal locations on the culture of sound waste management. The residents should be educated on proper refuse disposal, regular waste collection from the area, ensuring that the residents use disposal bags and bins, etc. Awareness plan and requirements should include: a. Waste reduction or minimization options b. Proper options for discarding various waste materials Although the Kogi State Waste Management Authority are carrying out some sensitization programmes, the programmes should be intensified in the project location to further control dumping of refuse in the project area and subsequent increase in flooding.
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Waste Collection Plan a. KSGSWMA should continue to encourage the residents to bag their wastes in cellophane bags. b. KSGSWMA should also encourage the residents to segregate their wastes. c. Waste receptacles/bins with cover should also be used. It is advisable that the cellophane bags are put inside the bins so that wastes are collected and the bags tied after they are filled with wastes. d. Waste bins (small sizes) will be made available in the living rooms (for residents) and office areas and schools class rooms (for schools I the locations). e. The medium bins will be within the kitchen area. f. Safety boxes will be positioned at the consulting rooms in the clinics/hospitals in the project location. g. After collection, the wastes should be disposed in waste collection bins kept along the streets which will evacuated daily by KSGSWMA. Fig 1 Annexure 2 shows the various sizes of waste bins that can be used. It is important that KGSSWMA keep separate bins for different types of wastes so as to encourage waste segregation. h. Also, bagged wastes can be disposed directly into the compactor trucks that are operated by KSGSWMA.
Fig 6.3: Various sizes of Bins/Trash Cans
6.12 Health and Safety Management Plan
To ensure health and safety of the personnel on the site, some key issues as regards the health and safety of those, especially works at the site, are to be ensured. These include human safety/personal protection, emergency preparedness, medical care/facilities, fire safety and workers insurance.
Human Safety/Personal Protection Personal protection as a tool for minimizing exposure risks in the construction site. Workers must wear protection during work hours at the project location. Some facilities, for example, boots, rain coats, overall wears, goggles etc., should be provided as part of the health safety procedure
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Emergency Preparedness/First Aid First aid kits and equipment (such as emergency safety showers and eye washes) should be procured for site use. Contents of first aid kits should be regularly replenished and kept up to date. All workers in the site must be taught basic first aid techniques and oriented on how to use first aid equipment. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) containing information on the nature, effects and emergency response strategies to be employed at the site should be obtained and kept for easy accessibility to the workers.
Medical Care/Facilities Persons working in or around the sites should be notified of the nearest medical facilities and should have access to them. A list of all nearby medical facilities should be clearly displayed in all OP stores.
Fire Safety The site store should have functional and reliable fire fighting equipment such as portable fire extinguishers. Fire fighting equipment should be regularly checked, serviced and refilled to ensure continuing functionality. Workers in stores should be trained on how to operate fire fighting equipment.
Worker Insurance All staff used on site will be required to have a Workers Insurance scheme as stipulated in the Nigerian Workman Compensation Act. All Contractors to be used on the site must show evidence of adequate Staff Welfare and Insurance; HSE policy document; proof of workers health surveillance screening; and training & prior experience in working handing emergency health issues.
6.13 Disclosures and Public Consultation Plan All efforts must be made to disclose/display this ESMP to the public at strategic points within the project’s area of influence so as to allow all stakeholders read and understand how they stand to be affected by the project. It should also be disclosed at the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Kogi State Ministry of Health and Environment
A key element of sustaining stakeholders’ support in any project execution is to consult and communicate with the stakeholders effectively and to engage them as early as possible with the project which has been done in the course of preparation of the intervention work and further enhanced during the preparation of this ESMP.
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CHAPTER SEVEN 7.0 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
The Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion sites which is located in Olamaboro Local Government Area, is one of the sub-project intervention sites under the NEWMAP project. The aim of the project is to solve the perennial problem of erosion in Adumu Road-Ogugu. The project activity will involve constructing adequately sized reinforced concrete channel along the project corridor. Additionally, three (3) metres setback floodway will be provided on both sides of the reinforced concrete channel which is to be grassed with Vetiver grass and Eucalyptus trees planted along it to prevent erosion. As a result of the environmental impacts associated with the construction of adequately sized reinforced concrete channel, the project triggered the World Bank safeguards polices, in particular Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 on Environmental Assessment. Therefore, in line with the ESMF, this ESMP is prepared as an instrument to address OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) policy.
The ESMP identified the potential positive and negative impacts and how the negative impacts will be ameliorated including the monitoring plan for the mitigation action. The key potential positive environmental impacts as a result of the project are identified as follows:
1. Improved Erosion flow and amelioration of flooding episodes, 2. Reduction in losses of agricultural land due to flooding and enhancement of agricultural productivity, 3. Improved microclimatic conditions, 4. Restoration of floral habitat, ecological balance and conservation as a result of planting of vegetative cover to combat flooding, 5. Soil stabilization and regeneration and; 6. Reduced vulnerability to soil erosion.
In addition, the key potential negative environmental impacts are as flows: a. The destruction flora and fauna species as a result of clearing prior to construction and during construction activities, b. Air, noise and water pollution as a result of movement of construction equipment, construction activities, Emission of pollutants (NOx, SOx, CO, THC) from the construction machineries, and release of chemicals (lubricant, fuel, paint) from the machineries, run-off of hazardous construction waste (lubricants, cements, other toxic materials and fuels), among others and; c. Landscape degradation due to land take, destruction of immovable structures (buildings), and movable structures and removal of vegetation, among others,
Some of the significant social impacts identified includes employment opportunities due to construction activities, enhanced incomes from increased demand for food and drinks by construction workers, diversification of livelihoods, land disputes and communal clash over resettlement issues, occupational accidents and injuries, HIV/AIDS and other STDs and even
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resultant cases of teenage pregnancy arising from interactions between construction workers and the host communities, destruction of some sources of livelihoods due to construction work. It is important to note that the negative impacts will be largely localised, short in duration, and be effectively managed through implementation of appropriate mitigation measures, good engineering construction and supervision practises. The mitigation action and monitoring plan including responsibility for implementation and supervision has been identified and it is part of chapter six of the document.
In conclusion, the analysis carried out in this ESMP indicates that the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project will positively and substantially impact on the environment and livelihoods of the surrounding communities while the negative impacts will be localised, short in duration and can be avoided if the mitigation action plan is adhered to. Thus, it is important that all the stakeholders are mobilized and cooperate to ensure that the Adumu Road-Ogugu erosion control project is executed successfully. This will substantially ameliorate the problem of erosion in Adumu Road-Ogugu and environs and improve the livelihoods of the people.
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References
Bohn H.L., B.L. M.C. Neal, and G, A. O’connor (1985) Soil Chemistry. New York: John Wiley and Sons Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project
Fertilizer Procurement and Distribution Division (FPDD) (1990) Literature review on soil fertility investigations in Nigeria (in five volumes). Produced by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lagos
Holland, M.D., R.K.G. Allen, D. Barten and S.T. Murphy, 1989. Land evaluation and agricultural recommendation for Cross River National Park, Oban Division. Report Prepared by the Overseas Development Resources Institute in Collaboration with WWF for the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Cross-River State Government
Osikoya, R. O. (2017) Governor Yahaya Bello’s Achievement in the Environment Sector March 2016 – April 2017. The Commissioner for Environment and Natural Resources, Hon. Rosemary Ojochenemi Osikoya to Executive Intelligent Management On Friday April 28, 2017, Banquet Hall, Government House Lokoja
Project Appraisal Document for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)
Project Implementation Manual for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)
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ANNEXES ANNEXURE 1: SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES
1. Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all sub-projects to be funded by SESP.
2. Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its sitting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified. Should the sub-project-specific ESMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the proposed sub-project activities with suitable mitigation measures, such sub-projects will not be funded under the SESP?
3. Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. This policy will most likely not apply to SESP.
4. Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. This policy will most likely not apply to SESP as this project will not entail taking of land or restriction of access to sources of livelihood.
5. Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub- projects that would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded under SESP.
6. Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats. If a project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its siting, and comprehensive
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analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, the Bank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. Sub-projects that are likely to have negative impacts on forests will not be funded under SESP.
7. Cultural Property (OP 11.03). The term “cultural property” includes sites having archaeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank’s general policy regarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically, the Bank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage; and (ii) will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. The government’s attention should be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site and appropriate agencies, NGOs, or university departments should be consulted; if there are any questions concerning cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken in the field by a specialist. SESP will not fund sub- projects that will have negative impacts on cultural property.
8. Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams. Small dams are normally less than 15 m in height; this category includes, for example, farm ponds, local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. This policy does not apply to SESP since the policy is not triggered under the project.
9. Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparian is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparian making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways. This policy will not apply to SESP.
10. Disputed Areas (OP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur between the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute. This policy is not expected to be triggered by sub-projects. This policy is unlikely to be triggered by sub-projects to be funded by SESP.
11. The Country Systems Policy (OP 4.00) is intended to allow countries to apply their own social and environmental safeguard systems if they are judged to be equivalent to the Bank’s own standards.
12. Disclosure Policy (OP 17.50). This policy requires that all safeguards policy documents prepared for projects funded by the Bank be disclosed to the public at two levels: 1) In- Country disclosure at domains accessible to stakeholders, 2) At World Bank info shop.
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ANNEXURE 2: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.
2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to:
(a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. (d) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. (e) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. (f) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (g) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. (h) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers (i) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long-distance transportation. (j) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.
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3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed
4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions.
5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the SE for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socioeconomic disruption resulting from implementation of any works.
Worksite/Campsite Waste Management 1. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bonded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed of at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 2. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 3. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed of appropriately at designated sites or be reused or sold for re-use locally. 4. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 5. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 6. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. 7. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 8. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 9. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. 10. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites.
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Source Separation/Segregation of Waste Waste segregation at source of generation is critical to proper waste management. For this purpose, colour -coding of bins should be adopted especially for offices and industries in the canal locations. The following protocol should be adopted: a. General waste e.g. packaging materials must be put in BLACK bin b. Food/Garden waste in GREEN bin c. Electric bulbs, fluorescent tubes and glass waste in BLUE bin d. Paper waste: to be shredded in BLACK PLASTIC BAGS e. IT Consumables e.g. toners, cartridges in WHITE bin f. Metal junk must be put into the YELLOW coloured bins g. Waste plastic containers in BROWN bin h. Spent batteries, empty drums (oil/chemical) in GREY bin i. Contaminated soil, absorbent in PURPLE bin
It is important to note that sorted wastes should be stored in the appropriate labelled bins; bio-hazard wastes should not be sorted but put inside the safety box; and as much as possible re-use of papers, bottles and plastics should be encouraged
Waste Transportation and Disposal a. Waste collection from final storage point should be undertaken by KSGSWMA or accredited private operators. b. Waste disposal must be done in a government designated sites.
Management of Hazardous Waste a. Hazardous wastes MUST be put in separate bags/boxes, closed and coded with red or brown colour as ‘HAZARDOUS WASTES’. b. Hazardous waste will be treated before final disposal into channels designated for disposal c. Hazardous waste shall not be disposed together with non-hazardous wastes.
Management of Biohazard Waste Bio-hazardous waste must be done with extreme care. These wastes come from the clinics and hospitals in the locations and include sharp object - syringes and blades. Figure 6.3 demonstrate the safety use of hand glove in handling/disposing of bio-hazardous waste in safety box. The final disposal of sharps waste should be in autoclave or an incinerator a. Health care workers are to minimize their interaction with sharps waste by disposing of it in a sealable container b. If the sharps waste incorporates an additional part, such as a syringe, tube, or handle, the whole unit should be disposed together.
Fig. 1 Annexure 2: Safety Box
Documentation of Waste Management
KSGSWMA is required to: a. Keep accurate records that track the amount of waste generated and the management strategies used
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b. Waste generating facilities must use the Waste Tracking Log. The log includes the date and Type(s) and Quantity of waste manifested and transferred for handling/disposal. The Supervisor of the waste generating facility ensures that all records of waste transferred are logged. c. Ensure that all waste shipments are accompanied by a Waste Manifest. The Supervisor of the waste generating facility ensures that waste transferred from his facility is properly manifested.
Cost of Waste Management It is recommended that the State Ministry of Environment should provide funds for waste collection and disposal.
Water Resources Management 1. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 2. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 3. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 4. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 5. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 6. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 7. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.
Traffic Management 1. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 2. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 3. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions
Training of Contractor’s Personnel • The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS- MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP.
General topics should be: a. HSE in general (working procedures); b. Emergency procedures; and a. Social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues).
Contractor’s Health, Safety and Environment Management Plan (HSE-MP) 1. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any
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specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes: 2. For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE management, and as an operational manual for his staff. 3. For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s HSE performance. 4. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least: 5. A description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP.
HSE Reporting 1. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on: 2. HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; 3. Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); 4. Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; 5. Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and 6. Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings.
It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi- weekly reports. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client.
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ANNEXURE 3: SUMMARY OF CONSULTATION WITH COMMUNITIES AROUND THE PROJECT SITE AND QUESTION AND ANSWERS
MINUTES OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING ORGANIZED BY ESMP CONSULTANT FOR KOGI STATE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT S/N AGENDA DESCRIPTION 1.0 Community Ogugu Community Secondary School (O.C.S.S) Community-Ogugu- Adumu Road 2.0 Date 08th December, 2017 3.0 Venue Candid Avenue/Odo Japan 4.0 Time 01.54pm prompt 5.0 Language of Igala dialect, Igbo, Pidgin English and English Language Communication 6.0 Attendance The attendance list is attached 7.0 Participants ❖ ESMP Consultant and his team ❖ ESMP Field Officers and Supervisors ❖ Kogi NEWMAP Livelihood Officer- Mrs. Vivian Yunusa ❖ The project Quantity Surveyor – Mrs. Jacinta Omonu ❖ Ogugu-Adumu Road Community Association Leaders and Members ❖ Ogugu-Adumu Road NEWMAP Site Committee Members ❖ O.C.S.S Chiefs and Elders ❖ O.C.S.S Village/Clan Heads and Representatives ❖ O.C.S.S Women leaders and Representatives ❖ O.C.S.S Youth leaders and Representatives ❖ Vulnerable Groups ❖ Landlords, Land owners and tenants living along the corridor 8.0 Opening Prayer On arrival of the Consultant and his team, the people of O.C.S.S were already seated. The opening prayer was said by Hon. Ekele Philip Daniel at 01.54pm; and the meeting started. 9.0 Opening Miss. Chidimma Ifeonu, a member of the consulting team, greeted and Remarks welcomed the people. She introduced the consulting team and the Chief consultant to the people of O.C.S.S. 10.0 Consultant’ The Chief Consultant greeted and welcomed the people of O.C.S.S, he Speech thanked the Site Committee Chairman and his members for their organization and appreciated them for coming within short notice. He told them that the reason for their visit is because of NEWMAP project which is concerned about the erosion problem they are facing in the community and to consult with them ahead of time. He explained vividly what ESMP report entails, he said issues bothering on proposed intervention works affects the environment economically, socially and have some impacts that are either negative or positive and they would want to capture these impacts as perceived by the community in the report, which after evaluation will guide NEWMAP in their next line of action which involves civil works. He went further to tell them that field officers and the consultant will move from house to house to administer copies of the questionnaire for ESMP. He pleaded that the community members should accord all the necessary support and cooperation and answer the questions truthfully with open mind as it is important for ascertaining the socio-economic characteristics of the people around the community.
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11.0 Consultant’s The following basic questions were asked by the chief consultant Questions Question 1: In what ways specifically has the perennial flood affected and Responses this community and the entire area at large? from Community Responses: Members • Mr. Shehu Agene said it has affected so many houses in the community rendering them inhabitable.
• Mr. Monday Omale said he was directly affected, as the flood destroyed all his properties rendering him and his household homeless.
• Ekele Philip Daniel said that the whole community loses sleep as soon as the rain starts especially at night. He gave an instance of a woman that lost all her goods in her shop as everything was submerged in the flood.
• Chief Andrew Abu said that the erosion has caused them a lot of damage, they have lost their land for agricultural production and building of houses.
• Mrs. Adejo Rachael said as business women when they buy their goods and it is raining, they cannot bring their goods into the community as everywhere will be flooded and impassable and sometimes the goods get submerged before it gets into their shops. That they are so grateful for this intervention.
Question 2: Are you aware of the proposed NEWMAP intervention? Response: The community said Yes
Question 3: Are the people of the community happy with the project? Response: Yes
Question 4: Are you willing to support the project to its completion? Response: They chorused Yes
Question 5: Do you believe you are the ones to benefit from this project? Response: They answered Yes
Question 6: Are you people willing to secure the equipment and contractors that would manage the project? Responses: • Hon. Ekele Philip Daniel a stakeholder in the youth cycle and a member of the security committee said they will make sure that the equipment and lives of the contractors are safe. • Shehu Agene said there is no cause for alarm as they will handle their security with highest efficiency.
Question 7: What would the community do to person(s) that would want to stop this project?
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Responses: • Mr. Sunday Omale said they will imprison such person or group. • Mr. Shehu Agene said they have leaders in the community who they will report such matters to and they will settle the issue amicably. • Itodo Emmanuel said they will set up a vigilante group that will take charge and control such excesses. • Mr. Matthew Ekpa said when something good is coming to the community and somebody or a group wants to stall the project that they will mobilize their selves in prayers and commit such person/s to God.
Question 8: What kind of assistance do you think NEWMAP including their consultants and contractors might receive during the project implementation? Responses: • Hon. Ekele Philip Daniel said they will provide descent accommodation for the contractors. • Chief Andrew Abu said they will assist the contractors to get some materials like stones, sands and will also borrow them equipment. He went ahead to say that they will accord them all the necessary assistance they will require. • Cecilia Matthew said they will be generous to the contractors especially in the area of feeding and make the community conducive for them. • Elizabeth Ayegba said the community can even organize entertainment in groups for the contractors and their workers from time to time.
Question 9: Is there any dispute in the community that may stall the project? Responses: They replied No
Question 10: What are the existing dispute settlement instruments in the community? Responses: Mr. Monday Omale said they have traditional leaders and chiefs who they report matters to and they resolve it amicably.
Question 11: Are there cases of previously uncompleted projects in your community? Responses: • The Site Committee secretary Mr. Matthew Onuh and Hon. Ekele Philip Daniel said that the road (Adumu-Ikem) has been awarded severally by the state government but has not been completed. • Chief Andrew Abu said electrification project in the community (Adumu road) has been abandoned as they just erected poles and mounted cables without any electricity by the state government.
Question 12: Are you concerned that this project may not be completed? Responses:
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• Mr. Daniel Sule said they are entertaining some fear because when some projects start they are not always completed like the two projects mentioned above. • Elder David Husseini said he has no doubt/fear at all because this is not the first time World Bank is embarking on projects in this country and that any project they are involved in is always completed according to international standard and that they have heard of other states that Bank has successfully completed the project.
Question 13: How will your group/community assist the NEWMAP in ensuring sustainability of the project including assistance during construction? Responses: • Hon. Ekele Philip Daniel said that before the arrival of NEWMAP, the community has communally maintained their roads to prevent erosion from causing havoc. So, if NEWMAP successfully completes this project the community will as usual take charge and maintain it so that it can serve them well.
Question 14: What other concerns do you have about the NEWMAP project in your community Responses: • Hon. Ekele Philip Daniel said that in their tradition one does not temper with a married woman, so he is pleading that the contractors and his workers should be informed so they do not go about messing with married women as it can generate a lot of issues between them as they value their women and children.
Elder David Husseini made an appeal that the youths should be involved when the civil work starts as unskilled labour as this will empower them and build their capacity. 12.0 FGD There was an in-depth Focus Group Discussion concurrently for the Elders/Men, women, and youth of O.C.S.S, in order to ascertain their own opinion, concerns, support and interest as group about the intervention. There was group photograph after the FGD. 13.0 Vote of Mr. Negedu Emmanuel the Community Association chairman thanked the Thanks/Closing Chief consultant, his team members, KSG-NEWMAP, Federal Remark Government of Nigeria and World Bank for their intervention because flood has always been a perennial problem and its effect has been devastating on the community he stated. He promised that they will support the project. He prayed for God’s blessings on all partners involved in NEWMAP work and wished the consultant and his team journey mercies.
14.0 Closing Prayer Closing Prayer was said by Revd. John Enemali at 03:21pm. 15.0 Field Officers Agada Paschal Akowe Sarah Urede Ekele Omachoko J Sani. M. Sani Onu Anthony
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Achile Eleojo Amedu A.E Emmanuel Onu Martins
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD) An in-depth Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held after the consultation with the elders, men, women and youths of O.C.S.S to ascertain their specific concerns about the intervention project. The result of the FGD is summarized. Summary of Focus Group Discussion Category Questions from ESMP Responses from the Community Members of People Consultant and His Team Elders/Men The consultant asked if there They echoed None of O.C.S.S are any shrines/family altars, sacred trees, or grave yard located along the corridor and how they can be relocated before project’s execution.
Do you people like the project and are you willing to support They answered Yes it and take care of the equipment and contractors?
What particular roles will men The men said will be involved in providing security services play during the execution of and some artisan works. the project?
What would you recommend The security head answered that they will ensure maximum to ensure smooth execution security to ensure smooth execution of the project. of the project? Women of Are you aware of the They chorused Yes O.C.S.S NEWMAP project?
Do you like the project and They all answered Yes, that they love the project and so are you willing to support it? willing to support it.
Do you think the project will They said Yes benefit your community?
What will be your Mrs. Cecilia Matthew said that they will gladly give them contributions to the success whatever they need and assist when necessary of the project? Mrs. Rhoda Abu said they will help in various ways like providing them with potable water, feeding, broom to sweep and so on.
Do you see the project They answered No. impacting negatively on your community and its environment? The women said there have been cases of uncompleted/abandoned project in the community.
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Are there cases of previously Mrs. Ladi Paul said that Adumu-Ikem road was abandoned uncompleted projects in the even the electricity project was left uncompleted. community? They replied No and said they are prayerfully hoping that Are you concerned that this the project will be completed. project may not be completed? Mrs. Elizabeth Ayegba said that they should be employed What level of involvement in to provide food to the contractors and be used as unskilled the NEWMAP project do you labour. require? They answered No Are there security issues that may hinder the execution of the project? The women said No and that God will not make it possible. Is there any dispute in the Momoh Agnes said they will not allow the dispute to community that may stall the escalate and will always settle amicably with the project? contractors as it is in their tradition to treat visitors well.
Rhoda Abu advised all stakeholders involved in the project What would you recommend to pray fervently for the success and completion of the to ensure smooth execution project. of the project?
What other concerns do you Ayegba Elizabeth said that the contractors coming to their have about the NEWMAP community should please have the love of the community project in your community? at heart and it is only with that they will with humility and patience execute the project well. Ladi Paul pleaded that the contractors should please stay off the married women in the community and also be humble and polite to them so that peace will reign. Rebecca Jacob said they will do their own part by curbing their children’s excesses and advice them on good conduct when the contractors come to avoid dispute and contacting sexually infected diseases.
Youths of Are the youths of O.C.S.S The youths chorused Yes O.C.S.S aware of NEWMAP project
Do you like the project? Agene Paul on behalf of the youth said Yes
Are they willing to support it? Husseini Sunday answered Yes on behalf of the youth and assured the consultant of their full support.
Are you people willing to Husseini Sunday said that the community youth will protect secure the equipment and the contractors and the equipment for civil work. contractors that would manage the project? David. J. David was concerned that the project might be What are your concerns abandoned half way and this might cause more harm to the about this project (socially? issue at hand.
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Environmentally and economically?) What particular roles will men Agene Paul said the youth will provide security for the play during the execution of contractors and the machineries more than the older men. the project?
MINUTES OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING ORGANIZED BY ESMP CONSULTANT FOR KOGI STATE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT S/N AGENDA DESCRIPTION 1.0 Community Omoka Crescent, Ogugu 2.0 Date 8th December, 2017 3.0 Venue R.C.M. School 4.0 Time 11:31am prompt 5.0 Language of Igala dialect, Pidgin English and English Language Communication 6.0 Attendance The attendance list is attached 7.0 Participants ❖ ESMP Consultant and his team ❖ ESMP Field Officers and Supervisors ❖ Omoka Crescent, Ogugu Development Union ❖ Omoka Crescent, Ogugu Chiefs and Elders ❖ Omoka Crescent, Ogugu Traditional Head ❖ Omoka Crescent, Ogugu Village/Clan Heads and Representatives ❖ Omoka Crescent, Ogugu Women leaders and Representatives ❖ Omoka Crescent, Ogugu Youth leaders and Representatives ❖ Omoka Crescent, Ogugu Major Stakeholders ❖ Landlords, Land owners and tenants living along the corridor 8.0 Opening Prayer On arrival of the Consultant and his team, the people of Omoka Crescent, Ogugu were already seated. The opening prayer was said by Elder Jerimiah Ayegba in English language at 10:41 am; and the meeting started. 9.0 Opening The Site committee secretary (Mr Onuh Mathew) welcomed all guest and Remarks members of the community present to the consultation meeting, after which he handed over to the Team Leader. He informed the participants that the Consultant was appointed by Kogi NEWMAP to carry out environmental and social management plan (ESMP). He assured them that the consultant is well-experienced and will do the job well. He thereafter invited the Chief Consultant for his Speech. 10.0 Consultant’ The Chief Consultant appreciated the people of Omoka Crescent, Ogugu Speech for their massive and prompt response to his invitation. He disclosed to them the reasons for his engagement and the need to sensitize and consult them concerning ESMP. He explained vividly the meaning of ESMP and its purpose in relation to the proposed project. He informed the members of the community that ESMP focuses on issues about the environment and its aim is to find out how the execution of the civil work will affect the households in the area; to capture the possible environmental, social and economic impact as a result of erosion and of the proposed intervention on the community; especially those living and working close to the proposed canals. He further urged them to be sincere in the entire process and provide necessary information to ensure accuracy. He urged members of the community not to entertain fear as
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World Bank has the capacity to execute the project till completion. He finally gave them some instances of other states that have benefited from the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) with the assistance of the World Bank and other agencies thereafter assuring them of same. 11.0 Consultant’s The following basic questions were asked by the chief consultant Questions Question 1: Can anyone give a brief history, causes and impact of and Responses erosion in Omoka Crescent Ogugu community? from Community Responses: Members • John Onogu traced the history of erosion in Ogugu community to far back as 1973. He started by saying “before 1973, this places that have been affected by the gully erosion in this community used to be a main road”. He added that the erosion was caused by people who started building big houses on the hills without drainage which led to serious flooding from the hills down to the highly prone areas (valley). He concluded by saying that erosion has destroyed a lot of things in this community and has even destroyed the roads linking the community to other neighbouring communities. • Adijath Ishiaka said that in 2007, there was a heavy rain in this community on one market day which carried over 4 kegs of oil. She said that efforts were made by the men in the community to retrieve back the gallons of oil from the flood but only. • Negadu Emmanuel (Community Association Chairman) said that the flood has impeded the free flow of water from the stream in this community. • Jerimiah Ayegba said that the community has made several efforts to make a culvert to cocktail the flood but to no avail. • Pascal Agada added that the flood has blocked the linkage between Ogugu community and other neighbouring communities which has led to no access roads during market days. • Justina Ekele added that there have been so many records of loss of lives due to the gully erosion menace in Ogugu community.
Question 2: Are the people of Omoka Crescent Ogugu aware of NEWMAP project? Response: Yes • Johnson Ugwu said that the community has heard of NEWMAP and he has severally heard about NEWMAP from the radio and how it has intervened in solving erosion problems in many states. • Pastor Ochai said he has heard of NEWMAP and has even seen and filled their questionnaire some years back.
Question 3: Is the community happy and willing to support the project till its completion? Response: Yes • John Onogu said that the community is happy about NEWMAP and its intervention and are so eager to see the completion of the project. He added that since World Bank is involved they are sure of completion.
Question 4: Do you people believe that you were the ones to benefit
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from the project? Response: Yes Question 5: Are you people willing to secure the equipment and contractors that would manage the project? Response: Collective Yes • John Onoga (Site committee Chairman) said that the joy of Ogugu community is immeasurable on seeing the team. He added that the community will volunteer to bring some persons who would secure the equipment of the workers and assured the team of security. • John Idoko (Assistant youth leader of Adumu Road) assured the team of securing the NEWMAP equipment during the execution process. He assured the team that the community youths are capable to safeguard the equipment. Question 6: What would your community do to persons that would want to stop the project? Response: • Rev. John Ememali assured the team that in case of any obstruction, such a person would be taken to the chief of the community and would be dealt with accordingly. Question 7: What type of challenges or resistance do the people think that NEWMAP would encounter in the cause of the project? Response: None • Amadu Frances (Secretary of the Community Association) said that only in a situations whereby the project affected persons (PAPs) are not compensated before execution of the work if not there won’t be any obstruction of the project • Mrs Lucy Ikwuji R. (Women Leader) said that there won’t be any obstruction of the project except if the construction workers involve themselves in frivolous activities such as fornication and adultery with their children or husbands. • Agnes Onoja (Assistant women leader) said that the construction workers should be well tutored and disciplined. Question 8: What measures would the community put in place to resolve differences with contractors? Response: • Amadu Frances said that there are executives who would handle such issues and if such dispute can’t be settled by them, it will be referred to a higher authority. • Agnes Onoga said that the community is a Christian community and pleaded with the members of the community to pray during the execution process to ensure that the project becomes a success. Question 9: What type of support will the community provide for NEWMAP during the execution of the project? Responses: • John Onogu said one of the ways to render assistance is by providing free accommodation for the contractors. He urged the team to ensure that the workers are well cautioned and disciplined. • Ali Yusuf said that they community will assist the contractors in any area they will need help as long as it is within their reach and the community members are aware of such problems.
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• Ohiemi Catherine assured the team of feeding the workers and giving them free accommodation. • Johnson Ugwu assured the team that the youths will ensure that the contractors are well protected. • Pastor Adekpe Hussein said that the community will provide the basic things needed by the contractors such as food, accommodation, water, protection, security, protection of their equipment and assured them of safety. Question 10: How would the community help in the sustainability of the project? Response: • Mr John Idoko (Assistant Site Youth Leader) assured the team that the youth would ensure that the gutters are kept clean at all times. • Jeremiah Ajegbe said that the various villages have heads which would delegate people to keep watch over the canals. • Negedu Emmanuel said that the community will seek for assistance from the local government for regular debris removal in order to avoid people from dumping dirt’s in the canals. • Mathew Onu (Project site secretary) said that there would be a squad from the youths to ensure waste management in the various communities to avoid inadequate waste disposal for sustainability of the project. 12.0 Comments, • Comment 1: Ezikiel Ojonuwa said that NEWMAP should ensure that Questions and the project is engineered from and towards the peoples perspective and Answers community based organization (CBO) should be formed to protect the project. 13.0 Vote of Thanks The Chairman of the Community Association (Chief Negedu Emmanuel) thanked the Chief consultant, his team members, KG-NEWMAP, Federal Government of Nigeria and World Bank for their intervention because flood has always been destroying their crops, rendering their fertile land infertile as he stated. He promised that they will support the project. He prayed for God’s blessings on all partners involved in NEWMAP work and wished the consultant and his team journey mercies. 14.0 Closing Prayer Closing Prayer was said by the Women Leader Mrs. Lucy Ikwuji at 1:31pm after which group photograph was taken. 15.0 Field Officers Agada Pascal Ekele Omachoko J. Sani M. Sani Onu Anthony Amedu Emmanual A.E. Onu Martins O. Achile Eliojo Akowe Sarah Uredo
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD) An in-depth Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held after the town hall meeting with the elders, men, women and youths of Omoka Crescent Ogugu to ascertain their specific concerns about the intervention project. The result of the FGD is summarized.
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Summary of Focus Group Discussion Category Questions from ESMP Responses from the Community Members of People Consultant and His Team Elders Are the elders of this • They elders replied yes in oneness. community aware of NEWMAP?
Are the elders happy about • Loudly echoed “Yes”. the project and are they willing to support it?
Is there any kind of shrine/ • The Community Association Chairman (Mr Negedu family alter to be affected Emmanuel said that there is no shrine or spiritual trees at in your land by the the erosion corridor. NEWMAP invention?
Is there any communal • Collectively echoed “No community burial ground”. burial ground in this community?
If the men like the project • Mathew Onu (Project site secretary) responded that the men and are willing to support will take care of the workers and ensure that their equipment it, what will be their is secured. contribution to the success • The Community Association Chairman (Mr Negedu of the project? Emmanuel) also added that they men will help in first aid assistance. He said that they will also caution their children.
Is there any dispute in the • Loudly echoed (No) community that may stall the project? • Mathew Onu (Project site secretary) responded that they
have traditional rulers who would settle any disputes that
may arise except in rare cases where they refer to the
government security agencies. The Consultant wanted to • The Community Association Chairman (Mr Negedu know whether there are Emmanuel) advised that the contractors should respect due recommendations /advice protocols in the community and maintain all the channels of the elders can give for the communication. He added that the community will try to project’s sustainability? maintain peace to ensure smooth execution of the project.
• Mr. Mathew Onu (Project site secretary) also advised that the contractors should identify with the executives and should listen only to the instituted authorities. • Mr Amedu also stressed that all protocols should be duly maintained. • Mr John Ememali said that the contractors should integrate the village youths in the civil work.
• The chief consultant added that NEWMAP will ensure that value is added to the community thereby leaving the community better than it met it. He advised that the site executives should ensure that the contractors do the right
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thing.
• The Community Association Chairman (Mr Negedu Emmanuel) requested that the community members be engaged in the entire process.
• The chief consultant assured the men that the community youths would be engaged.
• Mr. John also said that NEWMAP should make available the standards set for the project so that the people will ensure that the contractors stick to the standards put in place. Women of Do you people like the • Collective Yes Omoka, project and are you willing Ogugu to support it?
How will you contribute to • Mrs. Catherine Oyemi said that the women will feed the the success of the project? contractors and provide water for the construction workers during the execution of the project. • Mrs Lucy Ikwuji R. (women Leader) said that the women will assist the women construction workers with accommodation. • Mrs Mamu Isiaka said that it is of great advantage to their community that their roads and drainages would be constructed therefore it would be their duty to support the workers with everything they can. • Justina Ekele said that the women are indeed happy with the entire project but their concern is that the construction workers might start flirting with their teenage girls. What are your concerns • Mrs Lucy Ikwuji R. (Women Leader) said that their concern about this project? is that during the project execution, they will suffer a lot of Socially? Environmentally health challenges due to excessive dust from the entire and economically? process which will lead to total discomfort. She also added that they will suffer a lot of economic loss in the areas of business disruptions and destructions of economic trees and some houses. She said “a tree fell today is a great loss because it would take many years to grow another that would bear fruits”. • Adijeti Isiaka said that they will lose their business customers during the process which would be an economic loss and concern to them.
Are there cases of Response: Collective Yes previously abandoned • Mrs Lucy Ikwuji R. (Women Leader) explained that the projects in this community? Ogugu-Adumu road project was awarded some time ago but
few days after the beginning of the project, the contractors
disappeared with reasons unknown to the community.
What level of involvement • Memu Isiaka said that the women would like to be involved in NEWMAP do the in areas such as food vendors, sand suppliers, rod suppliers
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women require? or even supplying bottled water to the construction workers during the execution process. • Joy Ememale said that the women would want to be involved in any activity that would help the process such as helping the construction workers to cook food which they can buy from them. • Justina Ekele said that they women should be involved in the NEWMAP project as unskilled labourers. • Adijatu Isiaka said that she would personally want to be supplying bottled water to the construction workers during the process.
Any other concern not • Mrs Lucy Ikwuji R. (Women Leader) said if NEWMAP can captured by NEWMAP? help their community in addition to the road project to provide portable water for their community, provide motherless babies home to accommodate babies whose mothers died at the verge of giving birth to them and create job opportunities for their unemployed youths, they would be extremely grateful. Is there any dispute in the community that may stall • Mrs Justina Ekele said that there is no dispute in their the project? community but the only thing that can cause dispute or stall the project is if the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) are not In case of dispute, what settled properly before the project execution. are the methods of • Mrs Ruth Agada said that the community has leaders who resolving it? will help resolve issues immediately as they arise. She also added that the women around at the time of dispute would help resolve such immediately but if the situation is above their ability, they would refer to the elders for settlement. Youth of Do you people like the • Ekele Esther replied “yes” adding that the youths will assist Omoka, project and are you willing the team as much as they can on site. Ogugu to support it? • Amedu E. corroborated Ekele’s reply adding that the youths will contribute to unskilled labour supply and would also provide security to all that the project will bring. • Miss Jane said she just started hearing about the NEWMAP project and she is very happy because it is for the betterment of their community and assured the team of the youth support. • Eleojo Amedu said that he likes the project and has been involved in the project right from the first consultation. Do you people think that the project will benefit the • Idoko John responded by saying that NEWMAP project will youth as well as the definitely benefit the youth and the entire community as it will community? help to improve their livelihood as well as their environment.
How will you contribute to the success of the project • Pascal Agada said that the youths will help in ensuring that and what roles will the the workers as well as their working equipment are secured youth of the community and protected. He also added that they will help in providing play during the project unskilled labour as the need arises.
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implementation? • Idoko John said that the youths will help in any area during the project execution especially in providing labour. What are your concerns about this project? • Ekele Omachoko said that the erosion has caused a lot of damage to the community and most farmlands have been affected too and his concern is that during the project execution the roads may be blocked totally which will prevent neighbouring communities from bringing farm produce to them. Are there cases of previously abandoned • Amedu Eleojo said yes there have been several cases of projects in this community? uncompleted projects in their community and the reason was due to underfunding of the project. He added that in most cases they contractors were not completely paid which made them to abandon the project. Due to several cases of uncompleted project in this • Miss Esther replied “Yes we are having doubts of that this community, are the youths project may not be completed due to previous experiences. concerned that this project may not be completed?
MINUTES OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING ORGANIZED BY ESMP CONSULTANT FOR KOGI STATE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT S/N AGENDA DESCRIPTION 1.0 Community Unyi Ogugu Community 2.0 Date 9th December, 2017 3.0 Venue Obodo Square 4.0 Time 01.25pm prompt 5.0 Language of Igala dialect, Igbo, Pidgin English and English Language Communication 6.0 Attendance The attendance list is attached 7.0 Participants ❖ ESMP Consultant and his team ❖ ESMP Field Officers and Supervisors ❖ The project Quantity Surveyor ❖ NEWMAP Livelihood Officer- Mrs. Vivian Yunusa ❖ Ogugu-Adumu Road Community Association Leaders and Members ❖ Ogugu-Adumu Road NEWMAP Site Committee Members ❖ Unyi Ogugu Chiefs and Elders ❖ Unyi Ogugu Village/Clan Heads and Representatives ❖ Unyi Ogugu Women leaders and Representatives ❖ Unyi Ogugu Youth leaders and Representatives ❖ Vulnerable Groups ❖ Landlords, Land owners and tenants living along the corridor 8.0 Opening Prayer On arrival of the Consultant and his team, the people of Unyi Ogugu were already seated. The opening prayer was said by NEWMAP site committee chairman- Mr. John Onugu at 01.25pm; and the meeting started. 9.0 Opening Miss. Chidimma Ifeonu, a member of the consulting team, greeted and
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Remarks welcomed the people. She introduced the consulting team and the Chief consultant to the people of Unyi Ogugu 10.0 Consultant’ The Chief Consultant greeted and welcomed the people of Unyi Speech Ogugu, he thanked the Site Committee Chairman and his members, the community association chairman and his executive for being with the team all through the consultation meetings in the five communities and for their organization. He told him that they are consultants for Kogi NEWMAP and gave them the full meaning which means Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project. He said their job is focused on one key area which is ESMP and their major focus is the erosion in Ogugu-Adumu road. He said ESMP is carried out because they believe that the erosion has caused some problem in terms of social, environmental, and economical so they want to capture the diversity of these problems in their report and submit the report to NEWMAP as this will help them to see the areas of intervention in the community. He also said there will be data collection from household which will be administered by the field officers and he pleaded with the community members to cooperate with them and give them accurate information when asked. He then urged them to get ready and participate fully. 11.0 Consultant’s The following basic questions were asked by the chief consultant Questions Question 1: Are the people of the community happy with the project? And Responses Response: They echoed yes From Community Question 2: Are you willing to support the project to its completion? Members Response: They chorused Yes
Question 3: Do you believe you are the ones to benefit from this project? Response: They answered Yes
Question 4: Are you people willing to secure the equipment and contractors that would manage the project? Responses: • The community answered yes while Comrade Linus Agada said they have active vigilante group that will ensure the security of the equipment and the contractors. • Emmanuel Godwin said apart from the vigilante groups, that the community youth will also mobilize themselves to secure the equipment and the contractors. • Matthew Ekpa said they will first of all provide accommodation for the contractors and a place to keep their equipment for proper and close monitoring.
Question 5: What would the community do to person(s) that would want to stop this project? Responses: • Mrs. Agnes Momoh said if any person or group tries to stop the project, they will take such person or group to their traditional ruler.
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Question 6: Do you think the project will impact the community negatively? Responses: • Agada Patrick Usman said the way it will affect them is when the work starts and it is not completed. • Matthew Ekpa said every good thing has positive and negative effect therefore, the negative effect of the project on the community will be when contractors come and they go after their wives who are still young and pretty.
Question 7: Are there cases of previously uncompleted government projects in your community, if yes why? Responses: • Agada Patrick Usman said Adumu road has been contracted for over three years and it was abandoned after working on it for some time. He also said the borehole erected in the community has never worked since after it dug five years ago. He said the reason why these projects are abandoned is because it was politically motivated for campaigns during election and after the election they abandon it.
• John Zakari said electrification project in the community (Adumu road) has been abandoned as they just erected poles and mounted cables without any electricity by the state government.
• Ekele Esther said sometimes the projects are abandoned as result of lack of fund to complete the project.
Question 8: Are you concerned that this project may not be completed? Response: They said No and God will not allow it
Question 9: Is there any dispute in the community that may stall the project? Response: They replied No
Question 10: What are the existing dispute settlement instruments in the community? Response: Linus Agada said when there is dispute in the community they traditional leaders who they report to settle accordingly. The leadership in the community starts from the Madaki to the Gago (the appointee of the government but elected by the community), to the Onochogu the overall custodian of the tradition.
Question 11: In what ways specifically has the perennial flood affected this community and the entire area at large? Responses: • Comrade Linus Agada said it blocks their road totally, people coming from the community Adumu to Ede market (a main market that attracts people far and near), cannot pass there again as the road has been cut off by the flood making it difficult for business
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men and women to about their livelihood. • John Zakari said the flood has claimed three lives. One of them was a man who came out at night to urinate and everywhere was flooded and it carried him. The second person was a woman that came from Lagos and went to the stream to fetch water and it started raining heavily, and the flood took her away. The third person was coming back at night as it was raining and he mistakenly fell inside a gutter and that was the end. • Agnes Momoh and Macheni Adamu said the flood has claimed their farm crop and economic trees.
Question 12: What of assistance do you think NEWMAP including their consultants and contractors might receive during the project implementation? Responses: • Agada Linus said that accommodation will be provided for the contractors and their workers • John Zakari said they can serve as cheap labour during civil work. • Agnes Momoh said they will make tasty food for to them buy at site so they will have strength to work.
Question 13: What other concerns do you have about the NEWMAP project in your community? Responses: • Agada Linus said they have a tradition in their community; they do not allow men from outside touch their wives and if they bring their girls, their men will be sensitized not to touch the girls as there is wide spread of sexually transmitted disease. He said that the contractors should be enlightened on this matter as the community will not tolerate such behaviour from them.
Question 14: How will your group/community assist the NEWMAP in ensuring sustainability of the project? Response: Agada Patrick said they will set up an environmental day for cleaning the gutters and sensitize the community members on the need to maintain the project by not littering it.
Question 15: What advice especially on environmental sustainability and social inclusiveness do you have for the NEWMAP intervention of this gully. Response: • Agada Patrick Usman said when the construction starts they should consider the seasons on the year that if the contractors finish the civil during the dry season, they should come back during rainy season to monitor their work for some time to ensure the problem is solved. • They also advised NEWMAP to use quality materials to do the civil work so the project can last. Mrs. Vivian Yunusa, NEWMAP Livelihood Officer said it is the major
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reason why they setup NEWMAP site committee and community association as they cannot be in Lokoja and see what the contractors are doing. She said NEWMAP has been given the contract and specifications on what they are going to use. Therefore, it is left for the community members to watch out for the quality of materials for them to use and they have the right to ask them. She also admonished them to stop burning refuse inside the gutter as they are weakening the concrete used in constructing them. 12.0 Comments, Question 1: Mr. Paul Idoko the Madaki of the community asked where Questions and the project will start and where it is ending and when the project will Answers commence. He also added that the community is very happy with the project and prayed that God will bless all those involved in the project. Response: The site committee secretary, Mr. Matthew Onuh answered him saying that the construction will start from the beginning of Adumu to the centre of the erosion, stretching down Adumu road. 13.0 FGD There was an in-depth Focus Group Discussion concurrently for the Elders/Men, women, and youth of Unyi Ogugu, in order to ascertain their own opinion, concerns, support and interest as group about the intervention. There was group photograph after the FGD. 14.0 Vote of Mr. John Onugu the site committee chairman thanked the Chief Thanks/Closing consultant, his team members, KSG-NEWMAP, Federal Government Remark of Nigeria and World Bank for their intervention because flood has always been a perennial problem and its effect has been devastating on the community he stated. He promised that they will support the project. He prayed for God’s blessings on all partners involved in NEWMAP work and wished the consultant and his team journey mercies.
15.0 Closing Prayer Closing Prayer was said by Mr. Agada Patrick Usman at 03:00pm 16.0 Field Officers Agada Paschal Akowe Sarah Urede Ekele Omachoko J Sani. M. Sani Onu Anthony Achile Eleojo Amedu A.E Emmanuel Onu Martins
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD) An in-depth Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held after the consultation with the elders, men, women and youths of Unyi Ogugu to ascertain their specific concerns about the intervention project. The result of the FGD is summarized.
Summary of Focus Group Discussion Category Questions from ESMP Consultant Responses from the Community Members of People and His Team Elders/Men The chief consultant started by of Unyi appreciating the men for their
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Ogugu patience, openness and making them fully aware of the dos and don’ts in the community to guide the contractors when they come.
The consultant asked if there are any shrines/family altars, sacred trees, or They echoed None grave yard located along the corridor and how they can be relocated before project’s execution. He promised then that any affected structures will be fully compensated.
Do you people like the project and are you willing to support it and take They answered Yes care of the equipment and John Ekele said overtime, various projects have contractors? been initiated in their community but are always abandoned halfway so this made then sceptical. But now the project is becoming clearer and seem to be realistic, they promise to their full support from now onwards. Are you aware of the NEWMAP They chorused Yes project? Women of Unyi Do you like the project and are you They all answered Yes, that they love the project Ogugu willing to support it? and so willing to support it.
Do you think the project will benefit They said Yes your community?
What will be your contributions to the Mrs. Agnes Momoh said once the work success of the project? commences, they will support in terms of helping to bring materials like drums for fetching water, pots for preparing food and will even prepare food for them. Chief Alimo Edicha said she is very happy for this meeting, she said when a visitor is coming that it is there work to accommodate the person and make the person comfortable and one of the ways to achieve that is by foods, drinks and entertainment.
Do you see the project impacting They answered No. negatively on your community and its environment? They replied No and said they are prayerfully Are you concerned that this project hoping that the project will be completed. may not be completed?
What are your concerns about this Mrs. Agnes said for example she is selling bean project (socially? Environmentally cake (akara) along the road and if the drainage
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and economically?) will pass through her shop then her business will be disrupted and source of income will not be available or where she is cultivating cassava and drainage passes through it, she cannot cultivate there again.
What level of involvement in the Jane Alfa Jacob said once the work commences, NEWMAP project do you require? they have young men and women who are unemployed so they would want that this work will benefit them by engaging them to provide labour for them.
What other concerns do you have Memunat Ishaka said that she would like the about the NEWMAP project in your contracts to supply materials like rod, sand and community? so on to site be given to indigenes of their community. What would you recommend to ensure smooth execution of the Ruth E. Agada said that things are very difficult in project? the country especially in Kogi state, so the contractors should not expect that they will bring bags of rice or other food stuffs and be cooking for them but that provision should be made for some of the women to cook food and sell to the workers while they are working and drinks too.
Mrs. Mary Momoh wished everyone journey mercies back to their destination and that the good intent of the project be accomplished. Youths of Are the youths of Unyi Ogugu aware Emmanuel Godwin and Juliet Odiniya said yes Unyi of NEWMAP project? on behalf of the youth Ogugu Do you like the project? Onoja Inalegwu on behalf of the youth said Yes as the project will be of immense benefit to the community.
Are they willing to support it? Emmanuel Godwin answered yes on behalf of the youth and assured the consultant of their full support.
What particular roles will the youths Onoja Inalegwu said running of errands and play during the execution of the showing them around their community. project? Monday Daniel said they will assist in securing and protecting their equipment. James Michael said they will serve as labourers when the work commences. Safiatu Akogwu said they can help in providing water for the workers. Juliet Odiniya said they are ready to help NEWMAP in every way.
In what ways specifically has the Onoja Inalegwu that it has affected business men
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perennial flood affected this and women from bringing their goods/services community and the entire area at into their market. large? . James Michael asked after the control of erosion will there be control of channels in the road as Are you concerned that this project the road is bad. He also asked if NEWMAP will may not be completed? also assist in building of hospital/ medical facilities.
The consultant answered him saying that constructing the road and the drainage will be done. They will also communicate to NEWMAP their request about the issue of having a hospital What are your concerns about this project (socially? Environmentally Onoja Inalegwu said since NEWMAP has and economically?) promised that they will deliver, but it will be so sad if it is not completed.
Emmanuel Godwin said he is concerned that the money meant for this project might be looted without accomplishing the project. The Chief consultant and his team took photographs with the different groups
MINUTES OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING ORGANIZED BY ESMP CONSULTANTS FOR KOGI STATE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT S/N AGENDA DESCRIPTION 1.0 Community Eti-Aja and Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu 2.0 Date 9th December, 2017 3.0 Venue Community village meeting point beside living Faith Church 4.0 Time 10:40am prompt 5.0 Language of Igala dialect, and English Language Communication 6.0 Attendance The attendance is attached 7.0 Participants ❖ ESMP Chief Consultant and his team ❖ NEWMAP Livelihood officer ❖ ESMP Field Officers and Supervisors ❖ Eti-Aja and Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu community Association Leaders and Members ❖ Eti-Aja and Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu Site committee members ❖ Eti-Aja and Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu Chiefs and Elders ❖ Eti-Aja and Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu Village/Clan Heads and Representatives ❖ Eti-Aja and Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu Women leaders and Representatives ❖ Eti-Aja and Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu Youth leaders and Representatives ❖ Eti-Aja and Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu major Stakeholders ❖ Landlords, Land owners and tenants living along the project corridor
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8.0 Opening Prayer On arrival of the ESMP consultant and his team, the people of Eti-Aja and Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu were already seated. The opening prayer was said by a Christian representative Mr John Oguchi in the community local dialect (Igala) at 10:43 am prompt. 9.0 Opening The Site Committee secretary (Mr Onuh Mathew) welcomed all guest Remarks and members of the community present to the consultation meeting, after which he handed over to one of the consultant’s supervisors Miss Ifeonu Chidimma Frances who properly introduced the Chief Consultant and his team members to the community. The secretary then pleaded with the community members to treat the team (Chief consultant and his team) with utmost dignity. He assured the community that the teams visit was important and significant to their community. He urged them to stand by the team and provide full cooperation where necessary. He informed the people that the consultant’s visit was for a World Bank assisted project and not one of those political visits and as such should be treated with all seriousness and dedication. He once again welcomed the team to their community and assured them of the community’s full support, after which he invited the Chief Consultant for his Speech. 10.0 Consultant’ The Chief Consultant greeted the elders and people of Eti-Aja and Speech Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu communities and thanked them for their massive and prompt response to his invitation. He told them that the meeting is a community consultation which is for the purpose of the NEWMAP’s Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). He disclosed to the community that the aim of ESMP is to avoid the problems of erosion usually recorded in the state during rainy season. He added that ESMP also focuses on finding out the environmental, social or economic impacts of erosion and the probable impact of the proposed project on the community. He urged the members of the community to ensure that adequate information is provided in order to produce a credible report. He added that this consultation is a necessary requirement that needs to be met before the civil work can commence. He said that this type of consultation has to take place to seek the consent of the people before any work can be carried out in any community; after which he urged the people for their full cooperation. He concluded by saying “it is important to know that the intention of NEWMAP is to leave this community better than it was when it met it. 11.0 Consultant’s The following basic questions were asked by the chief consultant Questions and Responses Question 1: Are members of this community aware of the NEWMAP from project and are they happy about the project? Community Response: chorused “Yes”. Members Question 2: Do you people think that this project will benefit your community and are you willing to support the project till completion? Response: Yes
Question 3: would the community secure the equipment of NEWMAP during the project execution? Response: Yes
Question 4: What would the community do to person(s) that would want
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to stop the project? Responses: • Jumai Mohammed said that Ogugu community has suffered from erosion menace for many years; therefore, anyone who tries to stop this intervention project would die in order for the project to take place. • Chief Agada Gabriel Musa said that there are people at the hem of affairs in ogugu community, therefore if anyone tries to stop the project from been executed, such individuals would be dealt with accordingly. He then urged the team not to entertain any form of fear as the elders of the community are willing and available to protect the team and their equipment. • Chief Mrs Amego and Mrs Agnes Onoga both said at different times that anyone who tries to stop the project would be sent instant death. • Mr Amadu Francis (Project Site Committee Assistant Secretary) said that “as a member of this community, I know that one of the things that could warrant a person obstructing an important project execution is when such project commences without due compensation”. He requested that the government should try as much as possible to compensate all those that would be affected before the execution of the project.
Question 5: Are there cases of previously uncompleted projects in this community? Response: • Mrs Comfort Oguche said that there have been several cases of uncompleted projects in their community of which their reasons have not been known. She cited the MDG Community Borehole project which was started and never completed. • Dele Amodu cited the uncompleted electricity problem in the community of which there wasn’t a known reason for the project being abandoned.
Question 6: Due to the above mentioned uncompleted projects in this community, is the community afraid that this NEWMAP project may not be completed? Response: Chorused “No”
Question 7: Are there security issues or any dispute in the community that may hinder or stall the execution of the project? Response: No They echoed that the present administration has taken care of all security issues in the community.
Question 8: What measures would the community put in place to resolve differences with contractors? Responses: • John Michael Ogueche said that whenever there is a dispute in their community the hierarchy of the traditional rulers present in their community takes care of such issues.
• Chief Omamaya Akon Ode said that problems in their community
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usually go to the appropriate dispute settlement centres available within their community for settlement. • Chief Agada Jerimiah Musa said that every dispute has diverse centres for settlement and all disputes would be settled as such. • Dele Amodu said that the only way in which dispute could arise between the contractors and the community is only when the contractors messes around with their wives or daughters; if not there won’t be dispute of any sort. Question 9: Is the community willing and ready to take ownership of the project and how would they ensure sustainability of the project after completion?
Responses: • Chief Rabiu Isaa said that once this project is completed, the community would put hands together to take care of it. • Mr John Caleb said that the youths will provide support for the project in any way they can especially in ensuring that the canals are kept clean at all times. • Nasara Haruna and Okoh Ojonugwa on different occasions assured the consultant that in order to secure the project, the gutters would be always be kept clean by the youth.
Question 10: What are the impacts of the erosion menace in this community? Responses: • Adijath Yahaya said that the gully erosion has taken many lives. Specifically, she said in 2006, a reasonable number of people lost their lives. She added that “presently, where I am living now the flood carried a little child. Severally, many people have suffered from this menace in one way or the other”. • Chief Omamaya Akon Ode said specifically that in 2010 a lady who visited their community fell into the gully and died instantly.
• Nasara Haruna added that erosion has affected his farmlands which
led to his not engaging in agricultural production activities in the past
farming season. He also stressed that the menace has led to lack of
roads which has caused the inability of farmers from neighbouring
communities to bring in their farm produce for sales.
• Chief Omamaya Akon Ode also cited a case of a tanker which fell into the gully some time ago. • Question 1: Titus Attah asked what requirements would be needed 12.0 Comments, for compensating the PAPs. Questions and Response: Answers • The NEWMAP livelihood officer in the person of Mrs Vivienne Yunusa explained to the community that those whose lands or properties would be affected, would be required to produce all evidence of ownership, Identification Cards and necessary documents needed for certification for proof of ownership during enumeration and capturing and also during the compensation process.
• Question 2: Omuchoko Ekele asked if NEWMAP project is centred on
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the erosion gullies alone or also targeted towards the construction of the community roads. Response: The Livelihood officer replied by saying that NEWMAP project centers on both Erosion gullies and the roads. 13. Vote of Thanks The Chairman of the Community Association (Chief Negedu Emmanuel) thanked the Chief consultant and his team members for their visit. He expressed relief over the whole intervention process and also thanked the World Bank for coming to their rescue. He thereafter presented the refreshment items provided by the team to the community and prayed for God’s blessings on all partners involved in NEWMAP work thereafter wishing the consultant and his team journey mercies. He urged the members of Eti-Aja and Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu communities to cooperate with the team during the entire process and ensure that they give their full support to the consultants and the NEWMAP team whenever the need arises. 13. Closing Prayer Closing Prayer was said by a Muslim representative Abdullahi Sule at 12:43pm after which group photographs was taken. 14. Field Officers Agada Pascal Ekele Omachoko J. Sani M. Sani Onu Anthony Amedu Emmanual A.E. Onu Martins O. Achile Eliojo Akowe Sarah Uredo
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD) An in-depth Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held after the town hall meeting with the elders, men, women and youths of Eti-Aja and Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu communities to ascertain their specific concerns about the intervention project. The result of the FGD is summarized. Summary of Focus Group Discussion Category of Questions from RAP Responses from the Community Members People Consultant and His Team Elders Are the elders of this • They elders replied yes in oneness. community aware of NEWMAP?
Are the elders happy about • Loudly echoed “Yes”. the project and are they willing to support it?
Is there any kind of shrine/ • The collectively replied by saying “none” as they mainly family alter to be affected Christians in your land by the NEWMAP invention or any • There is no communal burial ground or sacred places communal burial ground in along the project corridor in their community. this community? What particular roles will • Chief Omamaya Akon Ode assured the team that the the men play during the men will provide accommodation, security and casual
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execution of the project? labour to the contractors during the entire process.
Are there security issues • Collective “No” that might hinder the execution of the project?
Is there any dispute in the • Widely echoed “None”. community that may stall the project?
What do you recommend • Mr Onogwu John said that in order for the project to go that will make this project smoothly, the community will accommodate the go smoothly? contractors but they should not go any close to the wives. • The men echoed that the contractors should ensure that they do not interact with the bad boys and girls of the community in order to avoid theft of equipment by those bad gangs. • Mathew Onu (Site Committee Secretary) said that the workers should also listen to the advice of their community elders when cautioned towards the right direction. • The chief consultant concluded by urging the community elders and men to come out in mass during enumeration and also to ensure that the rightful owners of the affected properties be present for capturing as that could delay the compensation process. He also urged them not to inflate their asset value as that could lead to delay of the entire process. He stressed the fact that the NEWMAP aims at leaving the community better than it met it. Women of Are the women aware of • Collective Yes Eti-Aja and the NEWMAP project? Okegbe Alimeji Do the women like the • Collective Yes Ogugu project and are they willing communities to support it?
Do you people think that • Collective Yes the project will benefit the women as well as the community?
What will be your • Mrs. Comfort Oguche said that the women will provide any contributions as women to help needed by the contractors within their reach; such as the success of the project? food, accommodation, and provision of unskilled labour. • Agnes Onoja said that the women are all very happy with the proposed civil work and assured the consultants that they will prepare in prayers and group themselves to cook for the contractors when. the work commences • Chief Mrs Rabi Isa said that the women will help in fetching of water, providing of food, making of “kunu” their
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traditional drink and also assist in providing labour when needed. She added that the women will also take the contractors to the community heads for recognition and support them with prayers. • Chief Mary Amego said “the painful thing to us is that, for a long time our community have heard and seen several interventions happening in other communities but have not had any of such in ours. Therefore, we will support the work with prayers and provide necessary assistance needed”. • Hanna Thomas said that the presence of the team in their community has brought hope to their community. She assured the team that the women will not relent in rendering their total support in every way possible. She stated that her concern is that “the women in our community have been deprived in so many ways which could still be the case in this NEWMAP project”.
What are your concerns • Ruth Agada added that concern is that many businesses about this project? would be disrupted during the execution of the project. She Socially? Environmentally stressed that many economic trees would be destroyed of and economically? which the compensation cannot be compared with the benefits that would have been accrued from the affected tree. • Rebecca James said that the women are happy at the project and requested that electricity and public water supply should be put in place as well.
What level of involvement • Mrs Lucy Ikwuje also requested that they women should in NEWMAP do the be involved during the execution of the NEWMAP project women require? as unskilled labourers.
Are they women Response: No concerned that this project • They women responded in oneness saying that they have will not be completed? no doubts and so much believe in NEWMAP and World Bank intervention projects.
Do the women have any • Mrs Lucy Ikwuje requested that NEWMAP should assist other contribution or their community in providing orphanage homes as there advice for the team? are many cases of women dying in the process of giving birth to their babies thereby leaving many children helpless. She also added that if portable water supply can be provided for the community considering the fact that the erosion menace in the community has totally destroyed the only available source of water in their community. Finally she requested that NEWMAP come to their aid in assisting the vulnerable and aged in their community. • Salome Oguche said that all the roads in ogugu are totally condemned and have no linkages with neighbouring communities. She therefore requested that NEWMAP
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drainage should cover the entire roads in the community. Youth of Eti- Are the youths aware of • Patience Sunday said that most of the youths in Eti-Aja Aja and NEWMAP PROJECT? and Okegbe Alimeji Ogugu communities heard of Okegbe NEWMAP project two months ago. Alimeji • Godwin Momoh said that he only got to know about Ogugu NEWMAP few months ago. communities • Godwin Momoh said that he was thankful to NEWMAP for this intervention project in their community and as such is overwhelmed at just knowing that Ogugu community has been selected as one of the communities to benefit from NEWMAPs intervention.
Do you people like the • Also, Monday Epeh said that the youths like the project project and are you willing and will provide anything needed as long as it is within the to support it? reach of their community and the project is to the benefit of their community. • Vivian Sunday said that the youths will assist the workers doing the civil work. • Onu Martins Ojochegbe said that the youth will ensure that the materials, equipment and the lives of the contractors would be protected. • Pascal said that the youths will pray for the successful completion of the project and will ensure that the P.R.O. passes information to the general community about ensuring maximum cooperation.
• Esther Ekele said that the youths will safeguard the
materials, equipment and the lives of the workers during
the entire process.
• Vivian Sunday said that the community will benefit Do the youths think that immensely from the project as there won’t be any further this project will benefit their regular occurrence of accidents in their community. community?
What are your concerns • Esther Ekele said that the project will affect the about this project? community socially and positively as the road will be Socially? Environmentally constructed to the benefit of the community. and economically? • Vivian Sunday added that despite the fact that the project would be beneficial to the community in many areas such as road and canal constructions etc. their concern is that during the construction, there would be enough dust in the environment which could result to ill health. • John Caleb said that his concern is positive in the sense that the project will improve the durability of their cars. • Omuchoko Ekele added that his social concern is that during the compensation process many people would begin to lay claims on irrelevances which could disrupt or delay the execution process. Source: Field survey December 2017
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Some Pictures of public consultations within the study area
Focus group discussion with men at Okegbi One of the participants taking an attendance at Alimeji and Eti Aja community after a Okegbi Alimeji and Eti Aja community during consultation meeting consultation meeting
Group photograph of the consultants with the One of the consultants anchoring the community members of Unyi Ogugu after a consultation meeting through an interpreter at consultation meeting and focus group Ogugu Community Secondary School discussion
Group photograph with field officers (recruited from Focus group discussion with women at Unyi the communities) and other youth members at Unyi Ogugu community after a consultation meeting Ogugu community after a consultation meeting 194 | P a g e
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Group photograph of the consultants with Focus group discussion with men at Unyi the youth of Omoka Crescent after a Ogugu community after a consultation consultation meeting and focus group meeting discussion
Group photograph of the consultants with the Group photograph of the consultants with the community Community members of Omoka Crescent after a members of Okegbi Alimeji and Eti Aja after a consultation meeting and focus group discussion consultation meeting and focus group discussion
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ANNEXURE 4: INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE COMMUNITIES AROUND ADUMU ROAD-OGUGU EROSION PROJECT SITES Infrastructure Survey Ogugu S/N Name Of Structure Communities Type Category Location Status Longitude Latitude Elevation Emoka Along Adumu 1 Catholic Church Crescent Private Religious Facilities Road Functional 7.47389 E 7.15504 N 219 Emoka Educational Along Adumu 2 Ube Secondary School Crescent Private Facilities Road Functional 7.47420 E 7.15487 N 220 Enyojo Hospital & Emoka Along Adumu 3 Maternity Crescent Private Health Facilities Road Functional 7.47456 E 7.15448 N 219 Oil Palm Processing Emoka Agro Processing Along Adumu 4 Centre Crescent Private Facility Road Functional 7.47653 E 7.15393 N 216 Emoka Along Adumu 5 Living Faith Church Crescent Private Religious Facilities Road Functional 7.47729 E 7.15400 N 230 Emoka Educational Along Adumu 6 Central Primary School Crescent Private Facilities Road Functional 7.47711 E 7.15372 N 220 Emoka Beside Central 7 MDG's Borehole Crescent Public Source Of Water Primary School Functional 7.47761 E 7.15394 N 219 Alliance Cooperative Emoka Around The 8 Society Crescent Private Financial Institution Round About Not Functional 7.47811 E 7.15426 N 220 Opposite In Bad Roundabout, Condition, Not 9 Transformer Eti - Aja Private Electricity Ogugu Centre Functional 7.47855 E 7.15409 N 233 Unyogba Microfinance Opposite 10 Bank Ltd Eti - Aja Private Financial Institution Transformer Not Functional 7.47829 E 7.15389 N 229 Nigeria Security & Civil Beside Ede 11 Defence Corps Eti - Aja Private Security Facilities Market Functional 7.47899 E 7.15318 N 230 Kogi Agric. Agricultural 12 Development Project Eti - Aja Public Establishments Beside Court Not Functional 7.47962 E 7.15350 N 221 Behind Kogi In Bad Odoma Clinic & ADP, Ogugu Condition, Not 13 Maternity Eti - Aja Private Health Facilities Station Functional 7.47979 E 7.15404 N 224 Beside Kogi In Bad ADP, Ogiugu Condition, But 14 Court Eti - Aja Public Legal Facilities Station In Use 7.47941 E 7.15314 N 226 Opposite United MDG's 2013 Project ( Evangelical 15 Transformer) Eti - Aja Public Electricity Church Functional 7.48055 E 7.15125 N 211 16 Ede Market Eti - Aja Public Markets Opposite Functional 7.47958 E 7.15214 N 209
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Achogwu Borehole Behind Ede 17 Ojo Alolun Health Clinic Eti - Aja Private Health Facilities Market Functional 7.47933 E 7.15166 N 208 Round About Connecting Ikeje, Adumu Road & 18 Sabongari Eti - Aja Public Roads Ogugu Centre Functional 7.47841 E 7.15429 N 222 Recreational Behind Central 19 Black Film Hall Eti - Aja Private Centre School Functional 7.47876 E 7.15336 N 221 Road Leading To Along Eti -Aja - 20 Alaicha Eti - Aja Public Roads Alaicha Road Untarred 7.48216 E 7.14887 N 214 No 1 Sabongari, 21 Transformer Eti - Aja Public Electricity Adupi Road Functional 7.48228 E 7.14855 N 211 Beside Apeh's 22 Apeh's Borehole Eti - Aja Private Source Of Water Borehole Functional 7.48055 E 7.15087 N 208 PDP Secretariat Ogugu Beside Apeh's 23 Ward Iii Eti - Aja Public Housing Facilities Borehole Functional 7.48059 E 7.15075 N 206 Opposite United Evangelical 24 Mosque Eti - Aja Public Religious Facilities Church Functional 7.48053 E 7.15094 N 210 Opposite PDP United Evangelical Secretariat 25 Church ( Uec ) Eti - Aja Private Religious Facilities Ogugu Ward Iii Functional 7.48076 E 7.15119 N 214 The Redeemed Along Adumu 26 Christian Church Eti - Aja Public Religious Facilities Road Functional 7.48119 E 7.14988 N 208 27 Achogwu Borehole Eti -Aja Private Source Of Water Beside Court Functional 7.47995 E 7.15288 N 224 Along Adumu 28 Agaba's Borehole Japan Private Source Of Water Road Not Functional 7.47259 E 7.15547 N 216 Along Adumu 29 Mtn Mast Japan Private Telecommunication Road Not Functional 7.47339 E 7.15525 N 217 Ogugu Community Science Secondary Educational Along Adumu 30 School OCSSS Public Facilities Road Functional 7.46627 E 7.15812 N 219 Along Adumu Dilapidated & 31 OCSSS Guest House OCSSS Public Housing Road Not In Use 7.46871 E 7.15666 N 229 United Evangelical Okegbi Educational Along Adumu 32 Church Primary School Alimeji Public Facilities Road Functional 7.48111 E 7.15084 N 195 33 Uec Borehole Okegbi Public Source Of Water Behind UEC Functional 7.48143 E 7.15213 N 225
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Alimeji Advanced Compassionate Okegbi Educational Opposite UEC 34 Initiative Alimeji Public Facilities Borehole Functional 7.48164 E 7.15206 N 225 Constituency Project ( Okegbi Dilapidated & 35 Borehole ) Alimeji Public Source Of Water Beside UEC Not In Use 7.48230 E 7.15153 N 226 Behind Advanced Q.I.C. Secondary Okegbi Educational Compassionate 36 School Alimeji Private Facilities Initiative Functional 7.48371 E 7.15253 N 243 Behind Q.I.C. Okegbi Secondary Dilapidated & 37 Oji Aja Borehole Alimeji Private Source Of Water School Not In Use 7.48385 E 7.15205 N 226 Beside Q.I.C. UEC Nur/Primary Okegbi Educational Secondary 38 School Alimeji Public Facilities School Functional 7.48385 E 7.15320 N 240 Opposite Ojima Okegbi Ojo Investment 39 Borehole Alimeji Private Source Of Water Ltd Functional 7.48605 E 7.15418 N 218 Opposite Ojima Assemblies Of God Okegbi Ojo Investment 40 Church Alimeji Private Religious Facilities Ltd Functional 7.48751 E 7.15371 N 218 Behind Okegbi Assemblies Of 41 Borehole Alimeji Private Source Of Water God Church Functional 7.48767 E 7.15427 N 221 Okegbi Opposite Early 42 Borehole Alimeji Private Source Of Water Life College Functional 7.48822 E 7.15563 N 224 Early Life Primary & Okegbi Educational 43 College Alimeji Private Facilities Okegbi Alimeje Functional 7.48992 E 7.15808 N 256 Along Early Life Sunday Agro Okegbi Agro Processing Primary & 44 Processing Centre Alimeji Private Facility College Road Functional 7.48677 E 7.15597 N 236 No 1 Faith Faith Gospel Church Okegbi Avenue, Alaicha 7.115617 45 Inc. Alimeji Public Religious Facilities Road Functional 7.48443 E N 236 No 2 Faith Kingdom Hall Of Okegbi Avenue, Alaicha 46 Jehovah Witness Alimeji Public Religious Facilities Road Functional 7.48412 E 7.15619 N 238 Faith Gospel Primary Okegbi Educational Opposite Faith 47 School Alimeji Private Facilities Gospel Church Functional 7.48469 E 7.15881 N 241
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Inc. Beside Faith Holy Ghost & Fire Okegbi Gospel Primary 48 Gospel Centre Alimeji Private Religious Facilities School Functional 7.48280 E 7.15881 N 246 Off Early Life Salifu Agro Processing Okegbi Agro Processing Primary & 49 Centre Alimeji Private Facility College Road Functional 7.48095 E 7.15805 N 250 Four Square Gospel Along Okegbe 50 Church Okegbi Ate Private Religious Facilities Ate Functional 7.47864 E 7.15912 N 251 Opposite Four Square Gospel 51 Paul Monday Borehole Okegbi Ate Private Source Of Water Church Functional 7.47867 E 7.15918 N 246 Opposite Four Paul Monday Oil Palm Agro Processing Square Gospel 52 Processing Centre Okegbi Ate Private Facility Church Functional 7.47848 E 7.15926 N 245 Along Uec Road, 53 Boby Borehole Okegbi Ate Private Source Of Water Okegbe Ate Functional 7.47779 E 7.15938 N 250 United Evangelical Along Okegbe 54 Church, Okegbe Ate Okegbi Ate Private Religious Facilities Ate Functional 7.47672 E 7.15983 N 256 Opposite Okegbe Dilapidated & 55 Police Station Okegbi Ate Public Security Facilities Ate Water Station Not In Use 7.47361 E 7.16042 N 244 Opposite Police Okegbe Ate Water Station Okegbe Dilapidated & 56 Station Okegbi Ate Public Source Of Water Ate Not In Use 7.47273 E 7.16196 N 252 Beside Palace Of Ayegba Umbi Educational Hrh Aideko Anya Dilapidated & 57 Nur/Primary School Okegbi Ate Private Facilities Odari Not In Use 7.47183 E 7.16807 N 230 Government Cottage Opposite Glo Dilapidated & 58 Hospital Okegbi Ate Public Health Facilities Mast Not In Use 7.47785 E 7.15537 N 221 Beside Government 59 Muzab Oil & Gas Nig. Ltd Okegbi Ate Private Filling Station Cottage Hospital Functional 7.47726 E 7.15586 N 228 Opposite Muzab 60 Glo Mast Okegbi Ate Private Telecommunication Oil & Gas Ltd Functional 7.47693 E 7.15613 N 231 Mai Progress Filling Beside Muzab Oil 61 Station Okegbi Ate Private Filling Station & Gas Ltd Functional 7.47769 E 7.15674 N 234 Opposite OCSS, 62 The Apostolic Church Unyi Ogugu Private Religious Facilities Adumu Road Functional 7.46891 E 7.15723 N 215 Oil Palm Processing Agro Processing Opposite OCSS, 63 Centre Unyi Ogugu Private Facility Adumu Road Not Functional 7.46722 E 7.15800 N 217
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PHOTO GALLERY OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURES INOGUGU NEWMAP PROJECT AREA
Salifu Agro Processing Centre Holy Ghost &Fire Gospel Centre Four Square Church
Paul Ajaba Agro Processing Centre Monday Ajaba Borehole Ate Okegbi Water Station
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Dilapidated OCSSS Guest House Agaba’s Borehole (Functional) Non-functional MTN Mast
Catholic Church under Rehabilitation UBE Secondary School Enyojo Hospital and Maternity
Alliance Cooperative Society (Not functional) Government Cottage Hospital Non-functional Community Borehole
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Fig. 1 Annexure 4: Ogugu Project Location Infrastructure Map
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ANNEXURE 5: LISTS OF FLORA AND FAUNA FOUND IN THE PROJECT LOCATION
Plant Biodiversity in Ogugu Catchment Area Height of No. of No. of tallest Stem Shrubs Trees trees diameter Trees species Common Name Family (0.5- 4m) (˃4m) (m) (cm) Azzadiracta indica Neem Meliaceae 3 16.5 38.2 Ceiba pentendra Cotton tree Malvaceae 1 35 89.1 Morus mesozygia Black mulberry Morcaceae 1 30 30.3 Gmelina arborea Gmelina Lamiaceae 2 32 57.3 Parkia elappertonia Parkia Leguminosae 1 27.5 55.7 Terminalia superba Afara Combretaceae 1 30 38.2 Irvingia senegal Bush mango Irvingiaceae 1 7 28.7 Mangifera indica Mango Anacardiaceae 1 35 102 Citrus sp Sweet orange Rutaceae 3 7 28.7 Newbouldia lavis Newbouldia Bignoniaceae 1 8.5 17.5 Irvingia Senegal Bush mango Irvingiaceae 1 15 27.4 Sour-sop Sour sop Annonaceae 1 4 20.7 Cassia siamea Cassia Fabaceae 4 16 30.3 Shrubs Alchornea cordifolia Christmas bush Euphorbiaceae Clump Musa species Banana Musaceae clump Jathropha indica Jatropha Euphorbiaceae Clusters The Devils’s Rawolfia vormitoria pepper Apocynaceae Clumps Herbs Musaceae Common Colocassia esculenta Elephant ear Araceae Schrankia leptocarpa Sensitive plant Fabaceae Common Sporobolus pyramidalis Cat's tail Poaceae Centrosema pubeseens Centro Fabaceae Common Chromolaena odorata Siam weed Asteraceae Grass Imperatacylindrica Blady grass Poaceae Panicum maximum Guinea grass Poaceae
Source: Baseline Survey, 2017.
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Wildlife Biodiversity of Ogugu Catchment Area Abundance Mammals Scientific Names Order Family Status Mona monkey Cercopithecus mona Primate Cercopithecidae Rare Grass cutter Thyronomys Rodentia Thryonomyidae Rare /greater cane rat swinderianus Rock hyrax Procavia capensis Hyracoidea Procaviidae Rare Nigerian mole-rat Fukomys foxi Rodentia Bathyergidae common Birds Stone partridge Ptilopachus petrosus Galliformes Odontophoridae Rare Guinea fowl Agelastes niger Galliformes Numididae Common Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Common Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Falconiformes Falconidae Rare Reptiles &
Amphibians Rough green Opheodrys aestivus Squamata Colubridae Common snake Common water Eleutherodactylus Anura Leptodactylidae Common frog marnockii Common agama Agama agama Squamata Agamidae Common Chameleon Chamaeleo calyptratus Squamata Chamaeleonidae Common Snails common Invertebrates Grasshoppers Orthoptera Euschmidtiinae Common Beetles Coleoptera Curculionidae Common Sawflies Hymenoptera Pergidae Common Bees Hymenoptera Apoidea Common Wasps Hymenoptera Formicedae Common Butterflies Orthoptera Papilionoidea Common Moths Orthoptera Common Source: Baseline Survey, 2017.
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ANNEXURE 6: HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR ADAMU ROAD, OGUGU AND ANKPA EROSION SITES The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-Sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) with the assistance of the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The Kogi State Erosion and Watershed Management Project (KSG-NEWMAP) is constructing canals to help check erosion in these areas of the State. The aim is to avoid the problems of erosion usually recorded in the state during rainy seasons. The project will affect the population living in those locations where the operation will take place especially those living close to the watershed. This interview is part of an environmental social management of the project. The aim is to find out how the project civil work activities will affect the households in the areas especially those living and working close to the proposed canals. We need your cooperation in answering the questions asked below. Your answers will be treated as confidential.
Section A. IDENTIFICATION 1. Identification Number:______2. Town/Location of Interview: ______3. Language of Interview:______4. Name and Signature of Interviewer:______5. Name and Signature of Supervisor:______6. Date: ______7. Time Interview Started:______8. Time Ended:______
Section B: Household Composition Please report the household composition. Please note: A “household” includes all members of a common decision making unit (usually within one residence) that are sharing the same household resources. These include dependents who are away from home.
PID* Name of hh Age Relationship Gender Level of Primary Number of member to household 1=male education2 Activity3 years in above 16 head1 2=female school years old 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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PID* Name of hh Age Relationship Gender Level of Primary Number of member to household 1=male education2 Activity3 years in above 16 head1 2=female school years old 8 9 10 11 * PID = Personal identification number 1 Relationship to head: 1=head, 2=spouse, 3=child, 4=siblings, 5=other family member, 6=non-family member, 99=others 2 Level of education: 1=no formal education, 2= adult literacy training, 3=some primary education, 4=completed primary education, 5=some secondary education (incl. junior secondary school), 6=completed secondary education, 7=post-secondary education, 8=Koranic education, 99=others 3 Primary activity: 1=crop production, 2=livestock production, 3= fisheries, 4=forest production and/or harvesting 5=Agricultural Trading business 6=Non-Agricultural Trading business 7 = Transportation business 8 = Agricultural processing 9 = Formal private employment 10= Construction 11 = Mining/quarrying 12 = Public sector employment/ 13 = Domestic duties 14 = student In school (any type), 15=Retired, 16=unemployed, 17=handcraft, 18=artisans (incl. mechanics), 19=traditional medical practitioners 99=Others (specify
A 2. Children below 16 years Total Female Male 1. Household members 10 - 15 years old 2. Household members 5 -9 years old 3. Household members below 5 years old
12. How much do you spend on food on average every day in your household ------13. How much does your household spend on food in the last seven days ------14 Have you experienced flooding in your vicinity in the last one year? Yes ……………………. No……………… 15. If yes did you lose anything due to flooding? Yes …………… No……………………….…
16. Which of these coping strategies do you adopt to ameliorate these effects of erosion? S/N Coping strategies Yes No a. Construction of drainages ( ) ( ) b. Change in timing of farm operations ( ) ( ) c. Occupational diversification ( ) ( ) d Construction of embankment ( ) ( ) e. Planting of vegetation to reduce water flow ( ) ( ) f. Flood disaster preparedness plan ( ) ( ) g. Terracing hillsides to slow down water flow ( ) ( ) h. Use of improved crop varieties ( ) ( ) i. Avoiding bush burning ( ) ( ) j. Frequent removal of sand in blocked drainages ( ) ( ) k. Relocation from floodable areas to avoid flood hazard ( ) ( ) l. River re-channelization to checkmate risk of flooding ( ) ( )
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m. Raising house foundation high enough to keep above flood ( ) ( ) water n. Harvesting and processing of all tuber crops before flooding to minimize rot of tubers ( ) ( ) n. Disconnection from your means of livelihood ( ) ( )
17. What is the distance from the household (in km) to the nearest or proposed NEWMAP project site………………………………………………………………… (Enumerator to determine)? 18. The erosion incidences in the area usually disrupt economic activities of the area, while in some cases result in the loss of lives and property. This thereby requires its control through a sustainable watershed management possibly with community participation. Given the above scenario, will you be willing to pay some money in other to solve this perennial problem in your locality. a) Yes------b) No------19. If No why?------20. If yes, how much will you be willing to pay quarterly a.) Below N500.00 b) Between N500.00 to N1, 000.00 c.) Between N1, 000.01 to N1, 500.00 d.) Between N 1,500.01 to N2, 000.00 e.) Above N2, 000.00 21. What is the maximum amount you are willing to pay to help solve this flooding problem ----- 22. Have you been visited by an Agricultural Extension Agent in the last one year? a.) Yes b.) No 23. If yes, how many times were you visited by an Extension Agent in the last one year?------
Section C: Sources of income 1. What is your regular source of income ------2. How much did you earn in the last one month ------3. If you are in a wage employment, how much do you receive monthly ------4. Please indicate source and status of income Monthly Income (N’000) Less 5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 above 30,000
Wage employment a Civil service c Construction d Mining/Quarrying e Domestic duties f Retired Informal Employment g Artisan (mechanic, electrician, furniture maker etc.) h Trading i Transportation business j Builder/contractor k Consultancy. Agricultural Employment (Activities) l Crop production (E.g. Rice, Cassava, yam etc.) m Livestock production
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n Fishing o Forest production or harvesting P Agricultural processing (cassava milling, rice processing etc.) q Others ………………………………………………. Non formal and informal Employment r Relatives family members away from home s Friends t Charitable organizations outside community u Mutual support groups (local)
Other sources of income (This excludes wage and salary employment, including agricultural employment on others farms) Non-farm activities 6. Did you engage in non-farm income activities in the last 12 months? Yes = 1, No = 2 ______7. If yes, how much did you realize? ------8. Do you have access to credit facilities? Yes = 1, No = 2 9. What are your sources of credit facilities? 1 Relatives, friends & family members------(2) Microfinance Banks ------(3) Commercial Banks ------(4) Cooperative association ------
Section D: Physical Infrastructure/ Social Facilities in the Community. 11. Indicate social amenities/ facilities S/ Amenity 6 5 4 3 2 1 N /facility A Source of Pipe borne Bore hole Rain water River Storm water Water water water water runoff vendor
B Sources Public Generators Gas lamp Kerosene Wike lamp Fire wood of energy Electricity lantern
C Disposal Public legal Illegal dump Burying/ Dump into Compound others of solid dump site sites Burning River dumpsite waste D Disposal Septic /soak Ventilated Pit latrines Open Dump into Others of sewage away improved land/ bush River latrines
E Roads Tarred Concrete Graded Wide foot path Others Asphalt paved Road earth road
f Treatment Hospital/Healt Clinic Private Dispensary Maternity Self- Traditiona of h centre medication l healing diseases chemist home
g Education Post- Secondary/Te Primary Nursery/ Adult Informal al facilities secondary chnical/ school kindergart education education schools vocational en
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h Market Built lockup Built open Unbuilt Night Regio Others facilities stalls market /open market nal village mark market et
i Religions Church Church Church Makeshift Mosque Shrines/ facilities cathedral Buildings spaces in structure Groves orthodox Residenti for al churches Buildings
12. Indicate condition and access to community facilities S/N Facility Condition Time taken to reach facility (mins) Good Less 11- 21- 41-60 Above Bad than 20 40 60mins 10 A Primary Nursery schools B Secondary/Technical/Vocational schools C Public hospital/Health centre D Private clinics E Dispensary/ maternity F Community/Regional Market G Village market H Pipe borne water/borehole/mono pump I River/pond/lake/well J Public recreational facilities k Postal services/courier services
13. How would you describe the condition of the following amenities in the town you live/ community? Please use the most applicable of the phrases provided: Amenities Non- Existent Adequate Adequate existent but but and Reliable inadequate unreliable Roads to your locality Roads within your locality Schools / educational facilities in the locality Public health institutions Portable water Public electricity Communication facilities (postal service, telephone) Public recreation facilities Public legal solid waste disposal site Disposal of sewage Market facilities Religion facilities
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14. What are the major sources of water available to your household? i. River ………………………....… vi. Borehole_ (commercial) ______ii. Pond ………………………….... vii. Borehole (private) ______iii Rain water …………………….... viii. Commercial tanker______iv Public pipe-borne water ………… ix. Water Vendor ______v Mono pump ……………………… x. Well water______xi Package water xii Others (specify)
15. If a public pipe borne water, how regular does the tap flow in the week? (i) Often ------(ii) Occasionally ……….. (iii) Rarely …………………
16. What is the primary source of electricity/light to your town/community? i. Hurricane lamp iv. State Government Utilities board ii. Private generators v. Company/Companies operating in your community iii. Community generators vi. NEPA (National grid) 17. What is the main fuel used for cooking? i. Firewood v. Electricity ii. Charcoal vi. Crop residue/ saw dust iii. Kerosene/oil vii. Animal wastes iv. Gas viii. Others (specify)
Section E: Health Status 1. Please tick one or more of the under mentioned ailment / sickness you suffer from most? S/N Degree of Ailment Always Sparingly Seldom Never 1 Tuberculosis 2 Dysentery 3 Diarrhoea 4 Hypertension 5 Pile 6. Sexually transmitted disease 7. Rheumatism 8. Rashes 9. Malaria 10 Typhoid 11. Eczema 12. Eye pains 13. Epilepsy 14. Ringworm 15. pneumonia 16. Asthma 17. Cholera 18. Congestive health problem 19. Cataract 20. Glaucoma
Section F: Impact of Proposed NEWMAP Project 1. Indicate type of loss you will suffer due to the proposed project implementation S/N Asset Type Loss Type Yes/No Remarks A. Physical Assets 1. Land Land (vacant) Residential Agricultural
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Commercial Industrial use Others (specify) 2, Structures Main building Ancillary building Fence walls Shops, kiosks etc. Pavements Concrete kerbs, concrete well Reservoirs B. Income and Livelihood 1. Farm (Economic Grazing land Trees)food crops Food (seasonal) crops Economic or perennial trees Others
2. Business Rental income Clientele /customers Business income Wage income (for employment) Fees from trainees or apprentices 3. Opportunity to Loss of training or apprenticeship livelihood Loss of business Loss of residence Loss of accommodation or room C. Disturbance / Disruptions Temporary structures Loss of location Access to Utilities Disconnection of utility services Disturbance temporary Movable assets – incurring removable structures expenses Loss of peaceful enjoyment of property Loss of customers and companions
2. Indicate category and level of losses you will suffer from proposed NEWMAP project implementation S/N Extent of Loss Yes No % of loss affected asset Remark < 30% 30 -50% 51 – >70% 70% 1. Permanent loss 2 Temporary loss 3. Full loss 4. Partial loss 5. Minimal loss 6. Significant loss
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3. Indicate type of Project Affected Persons (PAP) S/N Persons Definitions Yes / No Remarks 1. Individual Individuals who risk losing assets, investments, land property and /or access to natural and/or economic resources as a result of a sub - project 2. Households One or more persons –men, women, children, dependent relatives and tenants; vulnerable individuals who may be too old or ill to farm along with the others; in so far as displacement due to the sub – project activities create challenges for which these people are ill prepared 3. Vulnerable a. internally displaced persons persons/group b. Elderly persons c. Persons living with HIV/AIDs d. Orphans and street children e. Unmarried women and /or widow f. female headed households g. Small scale female farmers h. Dependent persons i. The physically challenged j. Others, specify 2. Squatters Lack of legal title or legal occupancy rights to the /other land land they occupy as illegal occupants occupiers Corporate Organization Entity
Name of respondent ……………………………………………………………… Phone No………………………………………………………………………
GPS Readings: Longitude……………………………………………. Latitude…………………………………………….. Elevation…………………………………………… 27. Street Address of respondent ------
28. What is the occupancy status of the dwelling used?
(i) Owns the dwelling ------(ii) Rents the dwelling------
(iii) Pays nominal/subsidized rent ------(iv) Uses without paying rent------
(v) Nomadic or temporary dwelling ------
29. What type of document do you have to back your occupancy status? (i) Certificate of occupancy-
Leasehold------(ii) Freehold------
(iii) Tenancy agreement------(iv) Receipt for payment------(v) None------
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ANNEXURE 7: QUESTIONS ADAPTED FROM ICID CHECK LIST FOR ESMP 1. Hydrological changes 1.1 Low flow regime
Is the flow regime of the river substantially changed by the Project and its dams (by more than +/- 20% in low flow periods)? If so, does this change benefit or impair aquatic ecosystems, existing or potential downstream abstractions, hydropower, navigation or recreational uses?
1.2 Flood regime Is the flood regime of the river (peak discharge and stage, speed of flood waves, flood super- position with joining rivers, duration or extent of floodplain inundations downstream) substantially changed by the Project as a result of changes in abstractions, retention storage, reservoir releases, flood protection works, new road/rail routes, river training or surface drainage works? If so, does this change benefit or impair aquatic and flood-affected ecosystems, lead to an increase or decrease in flood damage or change land use restrictions outside the Project?
1.3 Fall of water table Does the Project cause a fall of the water table (from groundwater abstractions, reduced infiltration due to river training, drainage or flood protection works)? If so, does this fall lead to increased potential for groundwater recharge (from seasonal rainfall) and improved conditions for land use; or lead to depletion of the groundwater system, affecting wells, springs, river flows and wetlands?
1.4 Rise of water table Does the Project cause a rise of the water table (from increased infiltration or seepage from irrigation, seepage from reservoirs and canals, or increased floodplain inundation)? If so, does this rise lead to improved yield of wells and springs and improved capillary rise into the root zone; or lead to water logging of agricultural or other land in the Project area or vicinity?
2. Organic and inorganic pollution 2.1 Solute dispersion
Are the Project and its dams leading to changes in the concentrations of organic or inorganic solutes in the surface water due to changes to the pattern of water abstraction and reuse in the basin or flow regulation? If so, do the changes benefit or impair biological communities or domestic, agricultural or industrial water users in the basin?
2.2 Toxic substances Are significant levels of toxic substance accumulating or being introduced, mobilized and transmitted due to the construction and operation of the Project and its dams, or are levels being reduced? Substances such as pesticides, herbicides, hydrogen sulphide, oil derivatives, boron, selenium and heavy metals in irrigation supplies or surface, draining and ground waters should be considered.
2.3 Organic Pollution Are nutrients, organic compounds and pathogens being reduced or introduced and concentrated, due to the Project, its dams and its associated domestic settlements? If so, does the change result in a reduction or increase in environmental and water use problems in the Project area or downstream (in rivers, canals, reservoirs, and lakes, evaporation wet lands, depressions, deltas, estuary regions) or in the groundwater?
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2.4 Anaerobic effects Is the Project reducing or creating anaerobic conditions or eutrophication in any impoundments, natural lakes, pools or wetlands due to changed input or accumulation of fertilizers, other nutrients and organic matter or due to changed water quality resulting from dams, river abstractions and drainage flows?
2.5 Gas Emissions Is the Project, either directly or through associated industrial processing, causing decreased or increased gas emissions which contribute to air pollution (O3, SO3, H2S, NOx, NH4, etc.) or the greenhouse effect (CO2, CH4, NOx, etc.)?
3. Soil Properties and salinity effects 3.1 Soil salinity Is the Project leading to progressive accumulation of salts in the soils of the project area or the vicinity because of prevailing high salt content in the soil, the groundwater, or the surface water; or can a progressive leaching effect be expected?
3.2 Soil properties Is the Project leading to changes in soil characteristics within the Project area or the vicinity due to such activities as irrigation, the application of fertilizers or other chemicals, cultivation practices or dewatering through drainage? Changes which can improve or impair soil structure, workability, permeability, fertility association with nutrient changes, humus content, pH, acid sulphate or hard pan formation or available water capacity should be considered.
3.3 Saline groundwater Are changes to the rates of seepage, percolation or leaching from the Project and its dams increasing or decreasing the concentrations of chlorides, nitrates or other salts in the groundwater?
3.4 Saline drainage Are changes to the concentrations of chlorides, nitrates or other salts in the runoff or drainage water from the Project area in danger of affecting biological communities or existing or potential downstream users (particularly during low flow conditions)?
3.5 Saline Intrusion Are the Project and its dams leading to changes in saline water (sea water) intrusion into the estuary or into groundwater due to changes in low flow, groundwater use, dredging or river training? If so, are the changes likely to affect biological communities and water users in the Project vicinity and other areas?
4. Erosion and sedimentation 4.1 Local erosion Is increased or decreased soil loss or gully erosion being caused within or close to the Project area by changes in land gradient and vegetative cover, by irrigation and cultivation practice, from banks of canals, roads and dams, from areas of cut and fill or due to storm drainage provision?
4.2 Hinterland effect Are the Project and its dams leading to changes in natural vegetation, land productivity and erosion through changes in population density, animal husbandry, dry land farming practices, forest cover, soil conservation measures, in the region?
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4.3 River morphology Is the regime of the river(s) changed by the Project and its dams through changes in the quantity or seasonal distribution of flows and flood peaks in the river(s), the abstraction of clear water, and changes in sediment yield (caused by 4.1 and 4.2), the trapping of sediments in reservoirs or the flushing of sediment control structures? If so, do these changes benefit or impair aquatic ecosystems or existing or potential users downstream?
4.4 Channel structures Is scouring, aggradation, or bank erosion in the river(s),endangering the Project’s river head works, off take structures, weir or pump inlets, its canal network, drainage or flood protection works, the free flow of its drainage system or structures and developments downstream? Consider effects associated with changes noted in 4.3 as well as those caused by other existing and planned upstream developments.
4.5 Sedimentation Are the changes noted in 4.1 – 4.4 causing increased or decreased sediment deposition in irrigation or drainage canals, hydraulic structures, storage reservoirs or on cultivated land, either via the irrigation systems or the river(s)? If so, do these changes benefit or impair soil fertility, Project operation, land cultivation or the capacity and operation of reservoirs?
4.6 Estuary erosion Are the Project and its dams leading to changes in the hydrological or sediment regimes of the river which can affect delta formation or estuary and coastal erosion? If so, do these changes benefit or impair aquatic ecosystems (estuarine or marine), local habitation, navigation or other uses of the estuary?
5. Biological and ecological changes Is the Project, its dams or its associated infrastructure causing substantial and permanent changes (positive or negative) within the habitats listed in 5.1 – 5.5? 5.1 natural ecology (habitat, vegetation, terrestrial animals, birds, fish and other aquatic animals and plants), 5.2 areas of special scientific interest 5.3 biological diversity Include the likely ecological benefit of any new or modified habitats created and of any protective or migratory measures adopted (such as nature reserves and compensatory forests). – Project lands, water bodies, surrounding area
5.4 Valleys & shores River and canal banks, lake, reservoir and sea shores and the offshore marine environment.
5.5 Wetlands & plains Floodplains or permanent wetlands including deltas and coastal swamps.
5.6 Rare species Is the existence of any rare, endangered or protected species in the region enhanced or threatened by the changes noted in 5.1-5.5?
5.7 Animal migration Does the Project, its dams or new road/rail routes affect the migration patterns of wild animals, birds or fish? Make allowance for the compensatory effect of any additional provision within the Project (canal crossings, fish passes, spawning locations, resting or watering places, shade, considerate operation).
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5.8 Natural industry Are commercial or subsistence activities depending on the natural terrestrial and aquatic environment benefited or adversely affected by the Project through ecological changes or changes in human access? Changes affecting such activities as fisheries, harvesting from natural vegetation, timber, game hunting or viewing and honey production should be considered.
6 Socio-Economic impacts 6.1 Population change Is the Project causing significant demographic changes in the Project area or vicinity which may affect social harmony? Changes in population size/density and demographic/ethnic composition should be considered.
6.2 Income and amenity Is the Project introducing significant economic/political changes which can increase or decrease social harmony and individual well-being? Changes in the general levels of employment and income, in the provisions of local infrastructure and amenities, in the relative distribution of income, property values and Project benefits (including access to irrigation water) and in the demand for labour and skills (particularly in relation to family/political hierarchy and different sexes and social groups) should be considered.
6.3 Human migration Has adequate provision been made for any temporary or migratory population influx to avoid social deprivation, hardship or conflicts within these groups or between the permanent and temporary groups? Human migration arising both from the demand for skills/labour during construction and from the requirements for seasonal agricultural labour should be considered.
6.4 Resettlement Has adequate provision been made for the resettlement, livelihood and integration of any people displaced by the Project and its dams or losing land, grazing or other means of income due to the Project? Also, has adequate provision been made for the subsistence farming needs of people settled on or associated with the Project?
6.5 Women’s role Does the Project change the status and role of women (positively or negatively) in relation to social standing, work load, access to income and heritage and marital rights?
6.6 Minority groups Are the Project and its dams causing changes to the lifestyle, livelihoods or habitation of any social groups (particularly minority groups) leading to major conflicts with, or changes to their traditional behaviour, social organization or cultural and religious practices?
6.7 Sites of Value Is access improved or hampered to places of aesthetic and scenic beauty, sites of historical and religious significance or mineral and paleontological resources? Also, are any such sites being destroyed by the Project?
6.8 Regional Effects Are the economic, infrastructural, social and demographic changes associated with the Project likely to enhance, restrict or lead to unbalanced regional development? Also, has adequate
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provision been made for new transport, marketing and processing needs associated with the Project?
6.9 User Involvement Has there been adequate user and public participation in project planning, implementation and operation to ensure Project success and reduce future conflicts? The potential for incorporating within the Project existing systems of land tenure, traditional irrigation, and existing organizational and sociological structures and for the provision of new or extended facilities for credit, marketing, agricultural extension and training should be considered.
6.10 Recreation Are the Project and its dams creating new recreational possibilities (fishing, hunting, sailing, canoeing, swimming, scenic walks, etc.) and are existing facilities impaired, preserved or improved?
7. Health Consider each of the items 7.1-7.9 in relation to the local population, the labour force during construction and their camp followers, the resettled and newly resettled populations and migratory labour groups.
8. Ecological Imbalances 8.1 Pests & weeds: Are crop pests or weeds likely to increase or decrease (particularly those favoured by irrigation/drainage/flood control) affecting yields, cultivation and requirements for pesticides or herbicides?
8.2 Animal diseases: Are domestic animals in the Project or vicinity more or less exposed to hazard diseases and parasites as a result of the Project and its dams?
8.3 Aquatic weeds Are reservoirs, rivers or irrigation and drainage canals likely to support aquatic vegetation or algae? If so, can these plants be harvested or controlled, or will they reduce the storage/conveyance capacity, interfere with the operation of hydraulic structures or lead to oxygen-oversaturated or anaerobic water bodies?
8.4 Structural damage: Is there a danger of significant damage being caused to dams, embankments, canal banks or other components of the irrigation/drainage/flood control works through the action of plants and animals (including rodents and termites) favoured by the Project?
8.5 Animal imbalances Does the Project cause zoological imbalances (insects, rodents, birds and other wild animals) through habitat modification, additional food supply and shelter, extermination of predators, reduced competition or increased diseases?
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ANNEXURE 8: SAMPLES OF LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS
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