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An Ozdessey in Plato

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An Ozdessey in Plato Volume 19 Number 4 Article 5 Fall 10-15-1993 An Ozdessey in Plato Michael Johnson Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore Part of the Children's and Young Adult Literature Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Michael (1993) "An Ozdessey in Plato," Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 19 : No. 4 , Article 5. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol19/iss4/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Mythopoeic Society at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature by an authorized editor of SWOSU Digital Commons. An ADA compliant document is available upon request. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To join the Mythopoeic Society go to: http://www.mythsoc.org/join.htm Mythcon 51: A VIRTUAL “HALFLING” MYTHCON July 31 - August 1, 2021 (Saturday and Sunday) http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-51.htm Mythcon 52: The Mythic, the Fantastic, and the Alien Albuquerque, New Mexico; July 29 - August 1, 2022 http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-52.htm Abstract Applies “a Platonic filter ot the major plot line of The Wizard of Oz [...] construe[s] Baum’s book as if Plato had conceived it as one of his own myths.” Pays particular attention to Plato’s ideas of the human soul and psychology. Additional Keywords Baum, L. Frank. Oz books; Plato. The Republic; Platonism in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz This article is available in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol19/iss4/5 p A .e e 22 issue 74 AUTUCDK] 1993 JWvTt)LoRe P k i I p t o r ® CPlCt)AGL JOt)MSOKJ Proponents of several critical approaches have dis­ and scientists up to the age of Copernicus himself. Although sected The Wizard ofOz and sought to bring the book into the geocentric model in the Timaeus was dramatically super­ their service. Some published analyses virtually place the seded, Plato's insistence on a reasonable and mathematical work within the tongue-twisting catalog of thespian ver­ basis for natural scientific laws was a major contribution to satility that Polonius describes to Hamlet as the acting the foundations of the modem scientific method. With re­ troupe arrives at the palace. The players are good, he says: spect to its focus on human physiology, the Timaeus provided "... either for tragedy, comedy, history, pastoral, pas­ a dominant model for understanding human psychology toral-comical, historical-pastoral, tragical-historical, that essentially received no major expansion or elaboration tragical-comical-historical-pastoral." until the late nineteenth century. Indeed, in certain basic Hamlet II.2.406-408) respects, it still has not undergone much improvement. So too is The Wizard of Oz, if we recall that Aristotle's In linking some of Plato's concepts therein with The definition of tragedy includes the averting of danger and Wizard of Oz I am not assuming (let alone attempting to a dramatic recognition scene. To Polonius' list we must prove) that Baum knew Plato's ideas well enough to have add, of course, the only category that Hamlet was intent used them as the basis for any specific aspects of his own on bringing before his uncle Claudius, namely the psycho­ fantasy world. I leave it to those who may be intimately logical- autobiographical, for want of a better term. In the familiar with any documentation of Baum's reading habits last analysis, however explicitly Oz may owe its characters to establish such a connection, or to show the conclusive to Baum's sympathy for the populist movement, however impossibility of any such direct link. His documented implicitly it may criticize institutionalized religion, and interest in theosophy, though, is a positive sign in this however awkwardly it may demand that we understand regard. For example, the Timaeus begins with the myth of Dorothy's journey as the psycho-sexual maturation of a Atlantis, and the subsequent dialogue, the Critias, details seven year old — to judge by Denslow's illustrations for the circular nature of the citadel at the heart of Atlantis. It the first edition — the journey in The Wizard ofOz not only is tempting to posit a deliberate geometrical kinship be­ constitutes the progress of the monomythical hero (or, tween the utopian urban visions of Plato and Baum — via rather, heroine) but also confirms an ancient paradigm for the writings of Ignatius Donnelly on Atlantis (1882), for understanding the human condition in its totality. We find instance — but that is not my intent here. this paradigm best articulated by Plato. I shall, however, focus on the particular scheme that Baum employs in The Wizard ofOz for dramatizing tire human psyche. It is reasonable to suppose that the many sermons and In The Republic, Plato described in detail Socrates' ideal moralizing texts that appeared in America in the late nine­ city-state; then he appears to have set out to describe how teenth century would have influenced the scheme. An abun­ this city-state would operate when fighting an honorable dance of texts conveyed a pervasive contemporary view of war. He seems to have planned the task in three parts — humanity that was essentially Scriptural with Platonic over­ in three projected dialogues — but he completed at most lays. My aim, then, is not to prove any intentional adoption of only half of the scheme that he envisaged. specific facets of the Platonic heritage, but to assume such an The Timaeus was the first of these dialogues. It largely undergirding as a working hypothesis to explain why Baum's consists of an account of the creation of the world by a fantasy has appealed to so many people of so many ages for so master craftsman, the 'Demiurge,' as a 'cosmos' — an long, despite the dominant technological developments of this orderly and sensually apprehensible copy of an original century. I propose that Dorothy's travels enthrall us because that can be comprehended only by reason. After a complex her journey is our journey, and her companions are ours as description of die establishment of the world soul, Plato well. Indeed, they are us. writes of the formation of matter according to mathemat­ This brings us to the matter of soul. First we must ical principles that arise from two kinds of triangle. Once he has set in order the basic physical elements — fire, air, review Plato's basic teaching on the subject, as it appears earth and water— he describes their particular conforma­ in the Timaeus. There is, however, a problem when Plato's tions in the human body. specific concepts of 'soul,' 'spirit,' and 'psyche' receive modem English equivalents, since the sense of the English The Timaeus proved to be very influential throughout terms can vary according to context. As it will be unneces­ antiquity. In a Latin version it received many commentar­ sary to impose rigorous etymological or philosophical ies in the Middle Ages. Once harmonized with Biblical distinctions on these terms in the present study, they will teachings, its influence extended through philosophers be used synonymously. JWy t I^Lo r g IS S U e 74 A U T U C D N 1993 PA.Q 6 23 In the second half of the Timaeus, once Plato has explained ceived of a soul entering a baby as it is being bom. In in general the basic mechanism of the five physical senses, he Platonic thought, the soul exists before the body and joins analyses in particular the structures and functions of what he it at birth. In the so-called myth of Er at the very end of The sees as the three chief divisions of the human body. Republic (X.620), the souls wait on the hot, treeless plain of Lethe, that is to say, Forgetfulness; when the time comes First, he maintains that the gods shaped a special sec­ for them to be incarnated, there is thunder and an earth­ tion of marrow into a sphere, in order to serve as a recep­ quake, and they are swept up and carried away to be bom. tacle for the divine portion of the human soul. They located Although the soul knew much in the realm of the spirit, that sphere in a spherical construction of flesh and bone: once it has been imprisoned in a body, it knows nothing the head would thus hold the divine part of a human but must slowly learn through the study of philosophy being, while the rest of the body would essentially serve everything that will render its time in the flesh somewhat as a nourishing and transporting mechanism for the con­ more bearable. tainer of the divine soul. In fact they constructed a narrow isthmus, the neck, in order to minimize pollution of the On her second day in Oz, Dorothy meets a talking brain by the mortal portion of the soul that they were going Scarecrow who claims that he does not know where the to locate down below it. Emerald City is because he does not know anything. In the course of their day's journey together, we learn that the Second, the gods fitted the breast and trunk with a mus­ Scarecrow equates brains with knowledge. He quite clearly cular partition, the diaphragm, in order to separate the two is capable of logical processes, and can even describe some­ manifestations and functions of the mortal soul itself.
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